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WO2013122821A1 - Composés cyclopropylés substitués utiles comme agonistes de gpr119 - Google Patents

Composés cyclopropylés substitués utiles comme agonistes de gpr119 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013122821A1
WO2013122821A1 PCT/US2013/025241 US2013025241W WO2013122821A1 WO 2013122821 A1 WO2013122821 A1 WO 2013122821A1 US 2013025241 W US2013025241 W US 2013025241W WO 2013122821 A1 WO2013122821 A1 WO 2013122821A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
alkyl
3alkyl
pharmaceutically acceptable
compounds
Prior art date
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PCT/US2013/025241
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English (en)
Inventor
Ping Liu
Jason W. Szewczyk
Liping Wang
Harold B. Wood
Cheng Zhu
Scott D. Edmondson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Organon Pharma UK Ltd
Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
Original Assignee
Merck Sharp and Dohme Ltd
Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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Publication of WO2013122821A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013122821A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to G-protein coupled receptor agonists.
  • the present invention is directed to agonists of GPR 119 that are useful for the treatment of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, as well as related diseases and conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.
  • Diabetes is a disease derived from multiple causative factors. It is characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia) in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • T2DM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • insulin is still produced in the body, and patients demonstrate resistance to the effects of insulin in stimulating glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, namely, muscle, liver and adipose tissue.
  • T2DM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • T2DM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • These patients often have normal levels of insulin, and may have hyperinsulinemia (elevated plasma insulin levels), as they compensate for the reduced effectiveness of insulin by secreting increased amounts of insulin.
  • GDIS glucose-dependent insulin secretion
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptors
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula:
  • the present invention further relates to methods of treating diabetes and related diseases and conditions.
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula:
  • ring A is phenyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl
  • each R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of
  • heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1-2 oxo
  • R 4 and R 5 are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, comprising C, O, N, and S ring atoms, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 R 6 ;
  • each R 6 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 0, 1, or 2.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • ring A is a phenyl, pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl. In one class of this embodiment, is para with respect to the amine linkage of ring A.
  • ring A is phenyl
  • ring A is pyrimidinyl. In a subclass of this class, is para with respect to the amine linkage of pyrimidinyl. class of this embodiment, ring A is
  • ring A is
  • ring A is ⁇ N
  • R 3 and the piperidinyl group in formula I are in the para orientation.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; hydroxy; Ci ⁇ alkyl; C]. 6 alkyl-OH; Ci- 6 alkyl-0-Ci. 3 alkyl; haloCi. 6 alkyl; C ⁇ alkoxy; C 3-6 cycloalkyl; Ci -3 alkyl-C 3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl group is optionally substituted with hydroxy, or 1-3 fluoro; Ci -3 alkyl(C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl) 2 ; Ci -3 alkyl-C 3 .
  • R 4 and R 5 are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a
  • 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring comprising C, O, N, and S ring atoms, wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 R 6 .
  • R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; hydroxy; Ci- 6 alkyl; Q.galkyl-OH; Ci- 6 alkyl-0-Ci. 3 alkyl; haloCi.6alkyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, comprising C, O,
  • R 4 and R 5 are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are linked.
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • R 4 is cyclopropyl; and R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • each R 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci -3 alkyl, haloCi -3 alkyl, C ]-3 alkoxy, Ci -3 alkyl-OH, C ]-3 alkyl-0-Ci -3 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, C(0) 2 C, -3 alkyl, C(0)NH 2 , C(0)N(H)Ci -6 alkyl, C(0)C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, Ci -3 alkyl-phenyl, phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, containing 1-3 N, O, or S.
  • each R 6 is hydrogen.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • each R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci. 3 alkyl, Ci_ 3 alkoxy, haloCi. 3 alkyl, haloCi. 3 alkoxy, halo, and cyano.
  • each R 2 is selected from the group consisting of CI, F, methyl, methoxy, and cyano.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a
  • n 0, 1 , or 2.
  • n is 0. In another class of this embodiment, n is 1. In yet another class of this embodiment, n is 2. In one embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a harmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein R 3 is selected from the rou consisting
  • the cyclopropyl ring of formula I has the IS and 2S stereocenters.
  • the cyclopropyl ring of formula I has the 1R and 2R stereocenters.
  • the cyclopropyl ring of formula I has the 1 S and 2R stereocenters.
  • the compound is present in at least 90% diastereomeric excess.
  • the compound is present in at least 95% diastereomeric excess.
  • the compound is present in at least 99% diastereomeric excess.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • R 3 is halo
  • R is A CI .
  • R 3 is halo.
  • R is A CI .
  • R 3 is Ci-6alkyl.
  • R is .
  • R 3 is
  • R is * ⁇ .
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof, wherein ring A is pyrimidinyl.
  • R 3 is halo
  • R is A CI .
  • R 3 is Ci -6 alkyl.
  • R 3 is A / .
  • R 3 is -C].3alkyl-0-Ci-3alkyl.
  • R 3 is . O ⁇ .
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-A:
  • R 3 ; R 4 , and R 3 are previously defined.
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-B:
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are previously defined.
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-C:
  • R 3 ; R 4 , and R 5 are previously defined.
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-D:
  • R 3 and R 6 are previously defined.
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-E:
  • R 3 and R 6 are previously defined.
  • R 6 is hydrogen
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-F:
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-G:
  • R 4 and R 5 are previously defined.
  • the present invention relates to compounds represented by the formula I-H:
  • R 4 and R 5 are previously defined.
  • Alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix "alk”, such as alkoxy, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched, or combinations thereof, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. If no number is specified, 1-6 carbon atoms are intended for linear and 3-7 carbon atoms for branched alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and the like.
  • Alkyl-OH or hydroxyalkyl means an alkyl group linked to a hydroxy group.
  • Aryl means a mono- or polycyclic aromatic ring system containing carbon ring atoms.
  • the preferred aryls are monocyclic or bicyclic 6-10 membered aromatic ring systems. Phenyl and naphthyl are preferred aryls. The most preferred aryl is phenyl.
  • cycloalkyl means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms designated if no number of atoms is specified, 3-7 carbon atoms are intended, forming 1-3 carbocyclic rings that are fused.
  • Cycloalkyl also includes monocyclic rings fused to an aryl group in which the point of attachment is on the non-aromatic portion. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, indanyl and the like.
  • Alkoxy refers to an alkyl group linked to oxygen.
  • Haloalkoxy and “haloalkylO” are used interchangeably and refer to halo substituted alkyl groups linked through the oxygen atom.
  • Haloalkoxy include mono- substituted as well as multiple halo substituted alkoxy groups, up to perhalo substituted alkoxy. For example, trifluoromethoxy is included.
  • Haloalkyl include mono- substituted as well as multiple halo substituted alkyl groups, up to perhalo substituted alkyl. For example, trifluoromethyl is included.
  • heterocyclyl refers to nonaromatic cyclic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include: piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, azetidine, oxirane, or aziridine, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl (HAR) unless otherwise specified, means an aromatic or partially aromatic ring system that contains at least one ring heteroatom selected from O, S and N. Heteroaryls thus includes heteroaryls fused to other kinds of rings, such as aryls, cycloalkyls and heterocyclyls that are not aromatic.
  • heteroaryl groups include: pyrrolyl or pyrrole, isoxazolyl or isoxazole, isothiazolyl or isothiazole, pyrazolyl or pyrazole, pyridyl, oxazolyl or oxazole, oxadiazolyl or oxadiazole, thiadiazolyl or thiadiazole, thiazolyl or thiazole, imidazolyl or imidazole, triazolyl or triazole, tetrazolyl or tetrazole, furyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, benzisoxazolyl or benzisoxazole, benzoxazolyl or benzoazole, benzothiazolyl or benzothiazole, benzothiadiazolyl or benzothiadiazole, dihydrobenzofuranyl or dihydrobenzofurane, indolinyl or ind
  • dihydrobenzothienyl indolizinyl or indolizine, cinnolinyl or cinnoline, phthalazinyl or phthalazine, quinazolinyl or quinazoline, naphthyridinyl or naphthyridine, carbazolyl or carbazole, benzodioxolyl or benzodioxole, quinoxalinyl or quinoxaline, purinyl or purine, furazanyl or furazane, isobenzylfuranyl or isobenzylfurane, benzimidazolyl or benzimidazole, benzofuranyl or benzofurane, benzothienyl or benzothiene, quinolyl or quinoline, oxo- dihydroqunoline, indolyl or indole, oxindole, isoquinolyl or isoquinoline, dibenzofuranyl or dibenz
  • Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature.
  • the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of the formulas described herein.
  • different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium ( K) and deuterium (3 ⁇ 4).
  • Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
  • Isotopically-enriched compounds within the formulas described herein can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.
  • Tautomers are defined as compounds that undergo rapid proton shifts from one atom of the compound to another atom of the compound.
  • Some of the compounds described herein may exist as tautomers with different points of attachment of hydrogen. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form known as keto-enol tautomers.
  • any enantiomer of a compound of the formulas described herein may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration.
  • Racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual enantiomers by any of a number of conventional methods. These include chiral
  • Compounds described herein may contain an asymmetric center and may thus exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds according to the invention possess two or more asymmetric centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers.
  • bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the formulas of the invention, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the formulas.
  • the present invention includes all such possible stereoisomers as substantially pure resolved enantiomers, racemic mixtures thereof, as well as mixtures of diastereomers. Except where otherwise specified, the formulae encompassing compounds of the present invention are shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions.
  • the present invention therefore may be understood to include all stereoisomers of compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Diastereoisomefic pairs of enantiomers may be separated by, for example, fractional crystallization from a suitable solvent, and the pair of enantiomers thus obtained may be separated into individual stereoisomers by conventional means, for example by the use of an optically active acid or base as a resolving agent or on a chiral HPLC column.
  • any enantiomer or diastereomer of a compound of the general Formula I or la may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known
  • crystalline forms for compounds of the present invention may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention.
  • some of the compounds of the instant invention may form solvates with water or common organic solvents. Solvates, and in particular, the hydrates of the compounds of the structural formulas described herein are also included in the present invention.
  • GPR 119 Compounds of the present invention are potent agonists of the GPR 119 receptor. These compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are modulators of the receptor known as GPR 119, and are therefore useful in the treatment of diseases that are modulated by GPRl 19 ligands and agonists. Many of these diseases are summarized below. Said compounds may be used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating one or more of diseases or conditions, including, without limitation:
  • neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and impaired cognition
  • hypertriglyceridemia (elevated levels of triglyceride-rich-lipoproteins);
  • the compounds are agonists of the GPRl 19 receptor, the compounds will be useful for lowering glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance in diabetic patients and in non-diabetic patients who have impaired glucose tolerance and/or are in a pre-diabetic condition.
  • the compounds are useful to ameliorate hyperinsulinemia, which often occurs in diabetic or pre- diabetic patients, by modulating the swings in the level of serum glucose that often occurs in these patients.
  • the compounds are useful for treating or reducing insulin resistance.
  • the compounds are useful for treating or preventing gestational diabetes.
  • the compounds are useful to delay or for preventing vascular restenosis and diabetic retinopathy.
  • the compounds of this invention are useful in improving or restoring ⁇ -cell function, so that they may be useful in treating type 1 diabetes or in delaying or preventing a patient with type 2 diabetes from needing insulin therapy.
  • the compounds, compositions, and medicaments as described herein are further useful for reducing the risks of adverse sequelae associated with metabolic syndrome, or Syndrome X, and in reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis, delaying the onset of atherosclerosis, and/or reducing the risk of sequelae of atherosclerosis.
  • Sequelae of atherosclerosis include angina, claudication, heart attack, stroke, and others.
  • the compounds may be useful for reducing appetite and body weight in obese subjects and may therefore be useful in reducing the risk of co-morbidities associated with obesity such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
  • the compounds are useful in treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment and control of mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, and/or hypertriglyceridemia, which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound may be used alone or advantageously may be administered with a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, particularly an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (e.g., simvastatin, atorvastatin, and the like).
  • the compound may also be used advantageously in combination with other lipid lowering drugs such as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., stanol esters, sterol glycosides or azetidinones such as ezetimibe), ACAT inhibitors (e.g., avasimibe), CETP inhibitors (e.g. anacetrapib), niacin, bile acid sequestrants, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, and bile acid reuptake inhibitors.
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitors e.g., stanol esters, sterol glycosides or azetidinones such as ezetimibe
  • ACAT inhibitors e.g., avasimibe
  • CETP inhibitors e.g. anacetrapib
  • niacin niacin
  • bile acid sequestrants e.g. anacetrapib
  • microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors e
  • hypercholesterolemia atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, high LDL, and low HDL.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment and control of obesity or metabolic syndrome, which comprises administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having the fonnulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound may be used alone or
  • an anti-obesity agent such as a lipase inhibitor (e.g., orlistat,) or a monoamine neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor (e.g., sibutramine or phentermine).
  • a lipase inhibitor e.g., orlistat
  • a monoamine neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor e.g., sibutramine or phentermine
  • the compound may also be used advantageously in combination with CB-1 inverse agonists or antagonists (e.g., rimonabant or taranabant).
  • the present invention further relates to a method of treating hyperglycemia, diabetes or insulin resistance in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said patient a compound in accordance with the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount that is effective to treat hyperglycemia, diabetes or insulin resistance.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating atherosclerosis in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with a compound in accordance with the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount that is effective to treat atherosclerosis.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of delaying the onset of one of the aforementioned conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component in a mammalian patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a compound in accordance with the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount that is effective to delay the onset of said condition.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of reducing the risk of developing one of the aforementioned conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component in a mammalian patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a compound in accordance with the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount that is effective to reduce the risk of developing said condition.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition or reducing the risk of developing a condition or delaying the onset of a condition selected from the group consisting of (1) hyperglycemia, (2) impaired glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity, (5) lipid disorders, (6) dyslipidemia, (7) hyperlipidemia, (8) hypertriglyceridemia, (9) hypercholesterolemia, (10) low HDL levels, (11) high LDL levels, (12) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (13) vascular restenosis, (14) pancreatitis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) neurodegenerative disease, (17) retinopathy, (18) nephropathy, (19) neuropathy, (20) Syndrome X, (21) hypertension and other conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a compound in accordance with the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount that is effective to treat said condition,
  • DPP-IV inhibitors e.g., sitagliptin, alogliptin, MK-3102, linagliptin, vildagliptin
  • insulin sensitizers selected from the group consisting of (i) PPAR agonists and (ii) biguanides; (c) insulin and insulin mimetics (e.g., insulin degludec, insulin glargine, insulin lispro);
  • GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists e.g., dulaglutide, exenatide, semaglutide, albiglutide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, taspoglutide
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists e.g., dulaglutide, exenatide, semaglutide, albiglutide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, taspoglutide
  • PACAP PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor 3 agonists
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, (ii) sequestrants, (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid and salts thereof, (iv) PPARa agonists, (v) PPAR a /ydual agonists (e.g., aleglitazar), (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, (vii) acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors, and (viii) anti-oxidants;
  • SGLT inhibitors e.g., empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, BI-10773, tofogliflozin, ipragliflozin, LX-4211, PF-4971729, remogloflozin, TS-071;
  • antihypertensives including those acting on the angiotensin or renin systems, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists or renin inhibitors, (e.g., lisinopril, losartan); said compounds being administered to the patient in an amount that is effective to treat said condition.
  • angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors e.g., angiotensin II receptor antagonists or renin inhibitors, (e.g., lisinopril, losartan); said compounds being administered to the patient in an amount that is effective to treat said condition.
  • any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human, with an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
  • Dosage forms may include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
  • compounds of the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are administered orally.
  • the effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. Such dosage may be ascertained readily by a person skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the present invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 milligram to about 100 milligram per kilogram of animal body weight, preferably given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form.
  • the total daily dosage is from about 1.0 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams.
  • the total daily dose will generally be from about 1 milligram to about 350 milligrams.
  • the dosage for an adult human may be as low as 0.1 mg.
  • the dosage regimen may be adjusted within this range or even outside of this range to provide the optimal therapeutic response.
  • Oral administration will usually be carried out using tablets or capsules. Examples of doses in tablets and capsules are 0.1 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 3.5 mg, 4 mg, 4.5 mg, 5 mg, 5.5 mg, 6 mg, 6.5 mg, 7 mg, 7.5 mg, 8 mg, 8.5 mg, 9 mg, 9.5 mg, 10 mg, 12 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 350 mg, 500 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg and 1000 mg.
  • Other oral forms may also have the same or similar dosages.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt as an active ingredient, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
  • Salts of basic compounds encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds described herein which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid.
  • Representative salts of basic compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, the following: acetate,
  • benzenesulfonate benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride,
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include, but are not limited to, salts derived from inorganic bases including aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, mangamous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion-exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N- dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
  • basic ion-exchange resins such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N- di
  • a pharmaceutical composition may also comprise a prodrug, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, if a prodrug is administered.
  • compositions are typically suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (nasal or buccal inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated and on the particular active ingredient selected. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art.
  • compounds of the formulas described herein, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with the pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
  • any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations.
  • oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions
  • carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparation
  • tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage form.
  • Solid pharmaceutical carriers are therefore typically employed.
  • tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
  • Such compositions and preparations typically comprise at least about 0.1 percent of active compound, the remainder of the composition being the carrier.
  • the percentage of active compound in these compositions may, of course, be varied and is conveniently between about 2 percent to about 60 percent of the weight of the dosage form. The amount of active compound in such
  • therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage will be delivered.
  • the active compound can be administered intranasally as, for example, in the form of liquid drops or a spray.
  • the tablets, capsules and the like also typically contain a binder.
  • suitable binders include gum tragacanth, acacia, gelatin and a synthetic or semisynthetic starch derivative, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC); excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and in some instances, a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin.
  • a liquid carrier such as fatty oil.
  • tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
  • Syrups and elixirs typically contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl or propylparabens as a preservative, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
  • the compound of the formulas described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be administered parenterally.
  • Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds can be prepared in water, saline or another biocompatible vehicle, suitably mixed with a surfactant, buffer, and the like.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in an oil. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations can also contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions and dispersions, and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions and dispersions.
  • the preparation should be prepared under sterile conditions and be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It should be sufficiently stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and suitable oils.
  • the compounds of the present invention are further useful in methods for the prevention or treatment of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions in combination with other therapeutic agents.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, suppression or amelioration of diseases or conditions for which compounds of formula I or the other drugs may have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone.
  • Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of formula I.
  • a compound of formula I is used
  • a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the compound of formula I is preferred.
  • the combination therapy may also include therapies in which the compound of formula I and one or more other drugs are administered on different overlapping schedules.
  • the compounds of the present invention and the other active ingredients may be used in lower doses than when each is used singly.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of formula I.
  • Examples of other active ingredients that may be administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition in combination with a compound of the formulas described herein include, but are not limited to:
  • dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors e.g., sitagliptin, alogliptin, MK-3102, linagliptin, vildagliptin;
  • insulin sensitizers including (i) PPARy agonists, such as the glitazones (e.g.
  • PPARa/ ⁇ Ddual agonists e.g., ZYH2, ZYH1, GFT505, chiglitazar, muraglitazar, aleglitazar, sodelglitazar, and naveglitazar
  • PPARa agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (e.g., gemfibrozil, clofibrate, ciprofibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate)
  • SPPARyM's selective PPARy modulators
  • PPARy Dpartial agonists such as metformin and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in particular, metformin hydrochloride, and extended-release formulations thereof, such as GlumetzaTM, FortametTM, and GlucophageXRTM; and
  • PTP-1B protein tyrosine phosphatase- IB (PTP-1B) inhibitors (e.g., ISIS-113715 and TTP814);
  • insulin or insulin analogs e.g., insulin detemir, insulin glulisine, insulin degludec, insulin glargine, insulin lispro and inhalable formulations of each
  • insulin or insulin analogs e.g., insulin detemir, insulin glulisine, insulin degludec, insulin glargine, insulin lispro and inhalable formulations of each
  • amylin and amylin analogs e.g., pramlintide
  • sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues e.g., tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, mitiglinide, meglitinides, nateglinide and repaglinide
  • insulin secretagogues e.g., tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, mitiglinide, meglitinides, nateglinide and repaglinide
  • a-glucosidase inhibitors e.g., acarbose, voglibose and miglitol
  • glucagon receptor antagonists e.g., MK-3577, MK-0893, LY-2409021 and KT6-
  • incretin mimetics such as GLP-1, GLP-1 analogs, derivatives, and mimetics
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists e.g., dulaglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, taspoglutide, CJC-1131, and BIM-51077, including intranasal, transdermal, and once-weekly formulations thereof
  • LDL cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, crivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin and rosuvastatin), (ii) bile acid sequestering agents (e.g., colestilan, colestimide, colesevalam hydrochloride, colestipol, cholestyramine, and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran), (iii) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, (e.g., ezetimibe), and (iv) acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors, (e.g., avasimibe);
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors e.g., simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, crivastatin, fluvastat
  • HDL-raising drugs e.g., niacin and nicotinic acid receptor agonists, and extended- release versions thereof; MK-524A, which is a combination of niacin extended-release and the DP-1 antagonist MK-524);
  • agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 or COX-2 inhibitors;
  • antihypertensive agents such as ACE inhibitors (e.g.,lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, captopril, quinapril, and tandolapril), A-II receptor blockers (e.g., losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, valsartan, telmisartan, and eprosartan), renin inhibitors (e.g., aliskiren), beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers;
  • ACE inhibitors e.g.,lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, captopril, quinapril, and tandolapril
  • A-II receptor blockers e.g., losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, valsartan, telmisart
  • GKAs glucokinase activators
  • inhibitors of 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, e.g., such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,730,690, and LY-2523199;
  • CETP inhibitors e.g., anacetrapib, and torcetrapib
  • inhibitors of acetyl Co A carboxylase- 1 or 2 (ACC1 or ACC2);
  • AMPK AMP -activated Protein Kinase
  • GPR-109 e.g., MBX2982 and PSN821
  • GPR-119 e.g., MBX2982 and PSN821
  • GPR-40 e.g., TAK875
  • neuromedin U receptor agonists e.g., such as those disclosed in WO 2009/042053, including, but not limited to, neuromedin S (NMS)
  • NMS neuromedin S
  • GPR-105 antagonists e.g., such as those disclosed in WO 2009/000087;
  • SGLT inhibitors e.g., ASP1941, SGLT-3, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin,
  • TGR5 receptor also known as GPBAR1, BG37, GPCR19, GPR131, and M-BAR
  • PACAP PACAP
  • PACAP mimetics PACAP
  • PACAP receptor 3 agonists PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor 3 agonists
  • PTP-1B protein tyrosine phosphatase- IB
  • IL-lb antibodies e.g., XOMA052 and canakinumab
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
  • inhibitors include, without limitation, sitagliptin (disclosed in US Patent No. 6,699,871), MK-3102, SYR-472, teneligliptin, KRP104, TS021, AMG222, SK0403, LCl ' 5-0444, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, melogliptin, linagliptin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and fixed-dose combinations of these compounds with metformin hydrochloride, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, simvastatin, atorvastatin, or a sulfonylurea.
  • GPR-40 agonists that can be used in combination with compounds of the formulas described herein include, but are not limited to:
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
  • Antiobesity compounds that can be combined with compounds of formula I include topiramate; zonisamide; naltrexone; phentermine; bupropion; the combination of bupropion and naltrexone; the combination of bupropion and zonisamide; the combination of topiramate and phentermine; fenfluramine; dexfenfluramine; sibutramine; lipase inhibitors, such as orlistat and cetilistat; melanocortin receptor agonists, in particular, melanocortin-4 receptor agonists; CCK-1 agonists; melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor antagonists; neuropeptide Yl or Y5 antagonists (such as MK-0557); CB1 receptor inverse agonists and antagonists (such as rimonabant and taranabant); ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor agonists; ghrelin antagonists; bombesin receptor agonists (such as bombesin receptor sub
  • Glucagon receptor antagonists that can be used in combination with the compounds of formula I include, but are not limited to:
  • composition which comprises one or more of the following agents:
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, alogliptin, MK-
  • insulin sensitizers including (i) PPARy agonists, such as the glitazones (e.g. AMG 131, MBX2044, mitoglitazone, lobeglitazone, IDR-105, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, and balaglitazone) and other PPAR ligands, including (1) PPARa/ ⁇ Ddual agonists, such as ZYH1, YYH2, chiglitazar, GFT505, muraglitazar, aleglitazar, sodelglitazar, and naveglitazar, (2)
  • PPARy agonists such as the glitazones (e.g. AMG 131, MBX2044, mitoglitazone, lobeglitazone, IDR-105, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, and balaglitazone) and other PPAR ligands, including (1) PPARa/
  • PPARa agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (e.g., gemfibrozil, clofibrate, ciprofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (3) selective PPARy modulators (SPPARyM's), and (4) PPARy partial agonists;
  • biguanides such as metformin and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in particular, metformin hydrochloride, and extended-release formulations thereof, such as
  • PTP-1B protein tyrosine phosphatase- IB
  • sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues e.g., tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, mitiglinide, and meglitinides, such as nateglinide and repaglinide
  • insulin secretagogues e.g., tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, mitiglinide, and meglitinides, such as nateglinide and repaglinide
  • a-glucosidase inhibitors e.g., acarbose, voglibose and miglitol
  • LDL cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin), (ii) bile acid sequestering agents (e.g., colestilan, cholestyramine, colestimide, colesevelam hydrochloride, colestipol, and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran), (iii) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, (e.g., ezetimibe), and (iv) acyl CoAxholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors (e.g., avasimibe);
  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastat
  • HDL-raising drugs such as niacin or a salt thereof and extended-release versions thereof
  • MK-524A which is a combination of niacin extended -release and the DP-1 antagonist MK-524
  • nicotinic acid receptor agonists such as antiobesity compounds
  • agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors;
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • COX-2 selective cyclooxygenase-2
  • antihypertensive agents such as ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, captopril, quinapril, and tandolapril), A-II receptor blockers (e.g., losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, valsartan, telmisartan, and eprosartan), renin inhibitors (e.g., aliskiren), beta blockers (e.g., calcium channel blockers);
  • ACE inhibitors e.g., enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, captopril, quinapril, and tandolapril
  • A-II receptor blockers e.g., losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, valsartan
  • GKAs glucokinase activators
  • inhibitors of 11 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 e.g., such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,730,690; WO 03/104207; and WO 04/058741;
  • CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein
  • inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase- 1 or 2 (ACC1 or ACC2);
  • AMPK AMP-activated Protein Kinase
  • agonists of the G-protein-coupled receptors (i) GPR-109, (ii) GPR-119 (e.g., MBX2982, and PSN821), and (iii) GPR-40 (e.g., TAK875, 5-[4-[[(lR)-4-[6-(3-hydroxy-3- methylbutoxy)-2-methylpyridine-3-yl]-2,3-dihydro-lH-indene-l-yl]oxy]phenyl]isothiazole-3-ol 1 -oxide, 5-(4-((3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-
  • SSTR3 antagonists e.g., such as those disclosed in WO 2009/011836
  • neuromedin U receptor agonists e.g., such as those disclosed in WO2009/042053, including, but not limited to, neuromedin S (NMS)
  • NMS neuromedin S
  • GPR-105 antagonists e.g., such as those disclosed in WO 2009/000087;
  • (22) inhibitors of glucose uptake such as sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) inhibitors and its various isoforms, such as SGLT-1; SGLT-2 (e.g., ASP1941, TS071, BI10773, tofogliflozin, LX4211, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and remogliflozin; and SGLT-3);
  • SGLT sodium-glucose transporter
  • TGR5 receptor also known as GPBAR1, BG37, GPCR19, GPR131, and M-BAR
  • IL-lb antibodies e.g., XOMA052, and canakinumab
  • compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of the present invention.
  • the weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the present invention is combined with another agent, the weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the other agent will generally range from about 1000: 1 to about 1 : 1000, preferably about 200: 1 to about 1 :200. Combinations of a compound of the present invention and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
  • the compound of the present invention and other active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction.
  • the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s).
  • HEK 293 cell lines stably transfected with human GPR119 were maintained in DMEM media containing FBS, penicillin-streptomycin, HEPES, and hygromycin.
  • DMEM non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution
  • the transfected cells were harvested using a non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution (GIBCO 2672), pelleted and resuspended in stimulation buffer (DMEM, 25 mM Hepes, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4 in the presnce of ⁇ phosphodiesterase inhibitors).
  • DMEM non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution
  • the adenylate cyclase assay was constructed following the LANCETM cAMP Kit (Perkin Elmer, AD0264) instructions.
  • CHO cell lines stably transfected with the permissive guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha 15 (Gal 5) and murine GPR119 were maintained in DMEM media containing FBS, penicillin-streptomycin, puromycin, and G418 (geneticin).
  • human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 Flp-In cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) were stably transfected with a human SNP variant (S309L) of GPR119 and maintained in DMEM media containing FBS, penicillin-streptomycin, and hygromycin.
  • Agonist activation of the GPR119 receptor was measured in receptor transfected cells described above, treated with compounds of this invention, using a commercial homogenous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) kit for measurement of cAMP (CisBio, Bedford, MA).
  • the assay was performed in 96-well half- volume plates (murine) or 384-well plates (human) following the manufacturers instructions. Briefly, suspended cells were incubated with a dose titration of test compound at room temperature for 60 min, lysed, and incubated with HTRF reagents for an additional 60 min. The plate was read using an Envision multilabel reader (Perkin Elmer) adjusted to read time resolved fluorescence and the cAMP concentrations were extrapolated from a cAMP calibration curve.
  • Envision multilabel reader Perkin Elmer
  • GPR119 agonists will exhibit a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP.
  • concentration of test compound required to stimulate a half-maximal response (EC50), and efficacy as compared to an internal agonist control, was determined from a sigmoidal 4- parameter curve fit of the resulting plot of normalized activity versus compound concentration.
  • GDIS glucose dependent insulin secretion
  • Pancreatic islets of Langerhans were isolated from the pancreata of 10-12 wk-old C57BL/6 mice by collagenase digestion and discontinuous Ficoll gradient separation, a modification of the original method of Lacy and Kostianovsky (Lacy & Kostianovsky, 1967
  • the islets were cultured overnight in RPMI 1640 medium (11 mM glucose, 10% FCS) before experimental treatment.
  • the acute effects of compounds of this invention on GDIS were determined by 60-min static incubation with islets in Krebs-Ringers' bicarbonate (KRB) medium.
  • the KRB medium contained, in mM, 143.5 Na + , 5.8 K + , 2.5 Ca 2+ , 1.2 Mg 2+ , 124.1 CI " , 1.2 P0 4 3" , 1.2 S0 4 2+ , 25 C0 3 2 ⁇ , and 10 HEPES, pH 7.4, in addition to 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and either 2 (G2) or 16 (G16) mM glucose (pH 7.4).
  • the static incubation was performed with round-bottomed 96-well plates (one islet/well with 200 ⁇ KRB medium). The compounds were added to KRB medium just before the initiation of the 60-min incubation. Insulin concentration in aliquots of the incubation buffer was measured by the ultra-sensitive rat insulin EIA kit from ALPCO Diagnostics (Windham, NH).
  • the compounds of the invention can be prepared using the synthetic schemes described herein as well as any of several alternate methods which will be apparent to a chemist skilled in the art.
  • BOP is benzotriazol-l-yloxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
  • BuTMDOB is trans 2-butyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane-4,5-dicarboxamide, as specified R,R or S,S;
  • DCM is dichloromethane;
  • DEAD is diethyl azodicarboxylate;
  • DIAD is diisopropylazodicarboxylate;
  • DIPEA is ⁇ , ⁇ -Diisopropylethylamine, or Hunig's base;
  • DMAP is dimethylaminopyridine;
  • DMF is NN-dimethylformamide;
  • DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide;
  • EDC is l-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide HCl;
  • EtOAc is ethyl acetate;
  • EtOH is ethanol;
  • HCl is hydrochloric acid;
  • HOBt is 1 -hydroxy
  • TPAP is tetrapropylammonium perruthenate,.
  • Substituted aryl and heteroaryl coupling intermediates shown in the schemes are commercially available or may be prepared from readily accessible aryl, heterocyclic, or other congeners via a host of routes. Many intermediates are accessible through either modification of a pre-formed heteroaryl scaffold or through de novo ring synthesis.
  • the substituted alkyl piperidines of this invention can be prepared by any of several methods. The specific examples detailed below may employ some of the following general procedures. Many functionalized piperidines are commercially available. Where they are not, one of the most useful synthetic routes for their preparation utilizes a reduction of a suitable pyridine. Low pressure reductions with hydrogen and 5-10% Pd on charcoal or similar hydrogenation catalyst in acetic acid- or stepwise reduction of an activated pyridinium acyl by hydride followed by similar hydrogenation will lead to the appropriate piperidine.
  • the side chain may be present in its desired final configuration, or it may be elaborated by well known methods after the piperidine ring is generated. (Scheme 1)
  • R represents lower alkyl
  • Rp and Rm represents para and meta substitution on ring A
  • cyclopropyl residue in the connecting chain of the present examples may be introduced by any of several methods.
  • a particularly convenient method is outlined in Scheme 2 below. Conversion of the readily available hydroxymethyl piperidine to the acetylene by a multistep protocol allows ready access to the indicated cis olefins after Lindlar reduction. (See for example; Eymery, et al, Synth 2000, 185-213. Page 196 for a convenient protocol.)
  • R' represents lower alkyl, R represents H or PG 2 .
  • PG 2 is a protecting group, preferably benzyl
  • Piperidine nitrogen substituent can be accomplished by a particularly wide variety of routes. Some of the most versatile routes for the examples reported here are represented in scheme 3. Direct displacement of labile heteroaryl halides or similar leaving groups can often be used to introduce the nitrogen substituent directly. Subsequent
  • Buchwald R equals H or PG heat, ⁇ pp h
  • the well known pyrimidine synthesis shown in Scheme 5 is one example of a broad variety of such methods.
  • R m , R p and R m ' are selected from R 3 and R 4
  • R is H or PG
  • R is H or PG
  • Solvents specified as “dry” or “anhydrous” may be commercial anhydrous solvent or solvent distilled from the appropriate diying agent under inert gas. (See Purification of Laboratory Chemicals D.D. Perrin, Elsevier Science.) Cyclopropanation reactions are run under rigorous exclusion of air in distilled solvent. Note the exotherm warning reported by A. B. Charette, et al in J ACS 120, 46, 11943-11952, page 11945.
  • Heptane alcohol mixtures are typically used to elute the enantiomers.
  • Step A Preparation of racemic teri-butyl 4-[(lZ)-4-(benzyloxy)but-l-en-l-yl]piperidine-l- carboxylate.
  • Step C rac cis ter/-Butyl 4-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate, i.e. (tert- butyl 4-[(lS,2R)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate and tert-butyl 4-[(lR,2S)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate).
  • Racemic- cis ier -butyl 4- ⁇ 2-[2-(benzyloxy)ethyl]cyclopropyl ⁇ piperidine-l-carboxylate from step 2 (140 mg, 0.39 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL ethyl acetate and ethanol (1 :1). The solution was degassed and purged with nitrogen 3 times, before palladium hydroxide (20% on carbon, 54.6 mg, 0.08 mmol) was added. The mixture was degassed and purged with hydrogen three times. The reaction was stirred under a hydrogen balloon at RT for 1 hour and filtered through a small plug of silica gel to remove catalyst. The silica gel plug was thoroughly washed with acetone. The eluent was concentrated to give the crude product, which was used without further purification. LRMS calc: 269.2 ; obs: 270.2 (M+l).
  • Step A Preparation of tert-butyl 4-[(4R)-5-(benzyloxy)-4-hydroxypent-l-yn-l-yl]piperidine-l- carboxylate.
  • ter/-butyl 4-ethynylpiperidine-l-carboxylate was dissolved in 40 ml of THF and cooled to -78 °C forming a white slurry. Titrated n-BuLi (2.2 M in hexanes, 23.9 ml, 52.6 mmol ) was added dropwise with stirring. The clear colorless solution was stirred at -78 °C for 5 minutes. A solution of the R-(+) benzyl glycidyl epoxide (8.63 g, 52.6 mmol) in THF (20 ml) was added dropwise.
  • BF 3 etherate (8,43 g, 59.7 mmol) was then added dropwise with a syringe and the solution stirred at -78 °C for 1 hour. Sat'd aq. NH 4 C1 was added (100ml), the mixture warmed to RT, diluted with water to dissolve any remaining solids, and extracted with iPrOAc (3 x 100 ml). The organic fractions were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and stripped. Crude product was purified by chromatography on Si0 2 eluting with 30% EtOAc : Hexanes.
  • the alcohol was repurified by chromatography on a C18 reversed phase column (12-100% water: acetonitrile 0.1 % TFA as two runs.). Product containing fractions were combined, reduced in volume by approximately 50%, - made basic by addition of sat'd aq. NaHC0 , water was added to dissolve some white solids, and the mixture extracted with iPrOAc (3 x 100). The organic fractions were combined, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and stripped.
  • Step B Preparation of tert- x&y ⁇ 4-[(lZ,4R)-5-(benzyloxy)-4-hydroxypent-l-en-l-yl]piperidine- 1-carboxylate
  • step 1 of this example The alcohol from step 1 of this example (9.1 g, 24.4 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (100 ml) and quinoline (0.48 ml, 4.03 mmol) was added. Lindlar's catalyst (1.04g) was added and the vessel evacuated and refilled three times with H 2 . The slurry was stirred under a H 2 atmosphere for 40 min. The starting material was completely consumed. The mixture was filtered through celite and rinsed with EtOAc (4 x 50ml). The volume of EtOAc was reduced -80% in vac. The remaining solution was diluted with ether (100 ml) and washed with 2N HCl (100 ml).
  • aqueous fraction was re-extracted with ether (2 x 50ml), organics combined and washed with 15 ml 2 N HCl.
  • the organic fraction was washed with sat'd aq. NaHC0 3 , brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and stripped.
  • the resulting oil was purified by chromatography on Si0 2 30% eluting with EtOAc : Hexanes.
  • Step C Preparation of cis fert-butyl 4- ⁇ 2-[(2i?)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]cyclopropyl ⁇ piperidine- 1 -carboxylate.
  • Dichloromethane stabilized with EtOH was distilled from CaH 2 under N 2 and sparged with N 2 to maintain oxygen free solvents.
  • a 500 ml three neck round bottom flask was equipped with an addition funnel topped with a 3 way stopcock and internal thermal couple. The apparatus was evacuated and backfilled with N 2 4 times. 20 mL DCM, Diethyl Ether (5.06 g, transferred by weight) and a solution of Et 2 Zn (8.43 g, 68.2 mmol, in 30 ml DCM) was added to this degassed vessel under a N 2 atmosphere. The solution was cooled to -20 °C and a solution of CH 2 I 2 (36.5 g, 136 mmol, in 20 ml DCM) was added dropwise.
  • the temperature was monitored with an internal temperature probe. The rate of addition was altered to maintain a constant -20 °C internal temperature. A fine precipitate formed after the addition was -80% complete.
  • the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes.
  • a solution of the commercially available (S, S) dioxaborolane ligand (7.37 g, 27.3 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. The precipitate dissolves yielding a clear solution.
  • a solution of the alkene from step B of this example (8.53 g, 22.7 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added. The solution was warmed to 0 °C and stirred for 24 hours. The solution remains clear after stirring for 24 hours.
  • the reaction was quenched after 24 hr by addition of 50 ml of sat'd aq. NH 4 C1.
  • the mixture was placed in a separatory funnel, 250 ml DCM and 200 ml 10 % HCl (aq) added, shaken, and the layers separated.
  • the aqueous layer was re-extracted with DCM (2 x 150ml), the organic layers combined, transferred to a Morton flask. 2N NaOH (300 ml) and 50 ml of 30% H 2 0 2 were added.
  • the biphasic solution was stirred vigorously for 12 hours.
  • the desired product is obtained as a mixture with the minor diastereomer and the residual SM.
  • the desired diastereomer was isolated by Chiralpak LA stationary phase chromatography.
  • Step D Preparation of cis tert-butyl 4-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate.
  • Step E benzyl 4-[-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate
  • Cis ter/-butyl 4-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate (2.0g, 7.44 mmol) was treated with 4M HCI in dioxane (200 mL) at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue taken up in 200 mL DCM. To this solution was added TEA (10.0 mL, 7.64 mmol) followed by benzylchloroformate (1.30 g, 7.64 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature overnight.
  • Step F Separation of benzyl 4-[(lR, 2S)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l- carboxylate and benzyl 4-[(lS, 2R)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l- carboxylate.
  • Step F-l Preparation of 4-[2-(2- ⁇ l-[(benzylox)carbonyl]piperidin-4-yl ⁇ cyclopropyl)ethyoxy]-4- oxobutanoic acid
  • Step F-2 Preparation of benzyl 4-[(lR, 2 ⁇ S)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l- carboxylate.
  • Codexis BS3 (110 mg, -5% by wt of the starting material) was added and the reaction temperature was monitored to make sure it did not exceed 25°C.
  • the reaction mixture was then aged at 21°C for 7 hours and then the pH was adjusted to 11 by addition of a solution of potassium carbonate in water.
  • the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and the aqueous was separated.
  • the organics were washed with aqueous potassium carbonate solution (25 mL) and all the aqueous cuts were combined.
  • the combined aqueous was then cooled to 5°C and treated with 47% sodium hydroxide solution (5 mL) keeping the temperature at less than 40°C.
  • the pH of the mixture was -14 and >99% hydrolysis had occurred after 30 minutes of treatment based on HPLC.
  • the mixture was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (75 mL).
  • the biphasic mixture was filtered through a pad of Solka Floe and the clarified phases separated. The organics were separate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (1.40 g, 71%) with an ee of 96%.
  • Step B 2- ⁇ ( lS,2R)-2-[ 1 -(5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]cyclopropyl ⁇ ethanol
  • Step B Preparation of 2-[(lS,2R)-2- ⁇ l-[5-(methoxymethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]piperidin-4- yl ⁇ cyclopropyl]ethanol
  • rac-cis-tert-butyl 4-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate (lOOmg, 0.37mmol) from step 2 of this example was dissolved in dichloromethane (3.7mL), triphenylphosphine (195mg, 0.74mmol), iodine (94mg, 0.37mmol) and imidazole (51mg, 0.74mmol) were added.
  • Step 1 2- ⁇ (7S,2R)-2-[l-(5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]cyclopropyl ⁇ ethyl 4- methylbenzenesulfonate.
  • Example 2 2- ⁇ (lS,2R)-2-[ 1 -(5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]cyclopropyl ⁇ ethanol (176mg, 0.63mmol) from Step 6,
  • Example 2 was dissolved in dichloromethane (3mL), then added triethylamine (190mg, 1.87mmol), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (15.3mg, 0.13mmol), last tosylchloride (167mg, 0.87mmol), stirred under N 2 for 1.5 hours.
  • the reaction solution was poured into ice water (lOmL), extracted with dichloromethane (10mLx2).
  • Step 2 2- ⁇ 4-[(7S,2S)-2-(2-azidoethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidin-l-yl ⁇ -5-chloropyrimidine.
  • Step A tert-butyl (2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)acetate
  • Step C benzyl 4-[(lS,2S)-2-(2- ⁇ [5-(2- eri-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)pyrimidin-2- yl]amino ⁇ ethyl)cyclopropyl]piperidine-l-carboxylate
  • Step D [2-( ⁇ 2-[(lS,2S)-2- ⁇ l-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]piperidin-4- yl ⁇ cyclopropyl] ethyl ⁇ amino)pyrimidin-5 -yl] acetic acid
  • Step E benzyl 4- ⁇ (lS,2S)-2-[2-( ⁇ 5-[2-(azetidin-l-yl)-2-oxoethyl]pyrimidin-2- yl ⁇ amino)ethyl]cyclopropyl ⁇ piperidine-l -carboxylate
  • Step F l-(azetidin-l-yl)-2-[2-( ⁇ 2-[(lS,2S)-2-(piperidin-4- yl)cyclopropyl] ethyl ⁇ amino)pyrimidin-5-yl] ethanone
  • 50 mg of any of the examples is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gelatin capsule.
  • pharmacologic response may vary depending upon the particular active compound selected, formulation and mode of administration. All such variations are included within the present invention.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés cyclopropylés substitués de la formule I : et des sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables de ceux-ci qui sont utiles pour le traitement ou la prévention de diabète de type 2 et d'états similaires. Les composés sont utiles en tant qu'agonistes du récepteur GPR-119 couplé à la protéine G. L'invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques et des procédés de traitement.
PCT/US2013/025241 2012-02-14 2013-02-08 Composés cyclopropylés substitués utiles comme agonistes de gpr119 Ceased WO2013122821A1 (fr)

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US8957062B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2015-02-17 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
US9006228B2 (en) 2011-06-16 2015-04-14 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds, and methods of treatment
US9018224B2 (en) 2011-11-15 2015-04-28 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds useful as GPR119 agonists
US9018200B2 (en) 2011-10-24 2015-04-28 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted piperidinyl compounds useful as GPR119 agonists
US9422266B2 (en) 2011-09-30 2016-08-23 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
WO2021174048A1 (fr) 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 Kallyope, Inc. Agonistes de gpr40
US11279702B2 (en) 2020-05-19 2022-03-22 Kallyope, Inc. AMPK activators
US11407768B2 (en) 2020-06-26 2022-08-09 Kallyope, Inc. AMPK activators

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US20090270409A1 (en) * 2007-09-20 2009-10-29 Irm Llc Compounds and compositions as modulators of gpr119 activity
US20110028501A1 (en) * 2008-04-14 2011-02-03 Harold B Wood Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
WO2011019538A1 (fr) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Composés cyclopropyle substitués, compositions contenant de tels composés et procédés de traitement
WO2011113947A1 (fr) * 2010-03-18 2011-09-22 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Combinaisons d'agonistes de gpr119 et d'inhibiteurs de dpp-iv, linagliptine, pour le traitement du diabète et d'états apparentés

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090270409A1 (en) * 2007-09-20 2009-10-29 Irm Llc Compounds and compositions as modulators of gpr119 activity
US20110028501A1 (en) * 2008-04-14 2011-02-03 Harold B Wood Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
WO2011019538A1 (fr) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Composés cyclopropyle substitués, compositions contenant de tels composés et procédés de traitement
WO2011113947A1 (fr) * 2010-03-18 2011-09-22 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Combinaisons d'agonistes de gpr119 et d'inhibiteurs de dpp-iv, linagliptine, pour le traitement du diabète et d'états apparentés

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8957062B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2015-02-17 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
US9006228B2 (en) 2011-06-16 2015-04-14 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds, and methods of treatment
US9422266B2 (en) 2011-09-30 2016-08-23 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds, compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment
US9018200B2 (en) 2011-10-24 2015-04-28 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted piperidinyl compounds useful as GPR119 agonists
US9018224B2 (en) 2011-11-15 2015-04-28 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Substituted cyclopropyl compounds useful as GPR119 agonists
WO2021174048A1 (fr) 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 Kallyope, Inc. Agonistes de gpr40
US12264171B2 (en) 2020-02-28 2025-04-01 Kallyope, Inc. GPR40 agonists
US11279702B2 (en) 2020-05-19 2022-03-22 Kallyope, Inc. AMPK activators
US11851429B2 (en) 2020-05-19 2023-12-26 Kallyope, Inc. AMPK activators
US11407768B2 (en) 2020-06-26 2022-08-09 Kallyope, Inc. AMPK activators

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