WO2013156658A1 - Method for determining the probability that a subject will quit tobacco consumption in response to treatment with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist - Google Patents

Description

 METHOD FOR PREACHING SUCCESS IN THE ABANDONMENT OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN RESPONSE TO A PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

 The present invention relates, in general, to methods for predicting success in cessation of tobacco use in response to a pharmacological treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, based on the presence of certain polymorphisms and, optionally, in combination, with some clinical variables.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

 Tobacco use is one of the biggest public health problems of today because it constitutes one of the main risk factors for various chronic diseases, for example, lung, cardiovascular and cancer diseases. Despite this, tobacco use continues to be widespread throughout the world. In fact, it is estimated that there are about 1 billion smokers in the world. In Spain alone, about 500,000 people a year become ill from passive smoking, 65% of them being young children. Likewise, tobacco smoke is responsible for bronchitis and pneumonia in children under 18 months, between approximately 25,000 and 51,000 cases per year, which require around 1,300 hospitalizations / year for that reason. On the other hand, the average number of non-smoking adults killed by lung cancer is about 400 cases annually. To all this we must add the high number of affected (between 6,000 and 11,000 approximately) of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris that have also required hospitalization. Despite this, in Spain 31.8% of adults are current smokers, and this rate has remained stable during the last years (National Drug Plan, 2009).

 In countries where tobacco education has already been established, for example Spain, more than 80% of smokers are interested in quitting tobacco use and more than 40% of people try to quit smoking every year (Shiffman et al. 2008, Am J Prev Med, 35 (2): 158-176).

Two main therapeutic lines are distinguished in the approach to the treatment of nicotine dependence: non-nicotinic drug therapy and therapy Nicotine substitute since nicotine is the main psychoactive compound in tobacco. In both cases, it is considered that the coadjuvant of the psychological predisposition and its cognitive-behavioral approach is essential to overcome the dependence.

 Non-nicotinic drug therapy is carried out with the use of drugs that mimic the nicotine molecule and replace it in the fixation in nicotinic receptors, or through other medications with an approved indication to quit smoking; Among the most commonly used medications are bupropion, nortriptyline, varenicline and citisine. By administering these drugs, a success rate is obtained in attempts to quit tobacco consumption that doubles the rate obtained in their absence, so that these drugs contribute substantially to improving health and reducing the risk of premature mortality. (Fant et al. 2009, Handb Exp Pharmacol (192): 487-510).

 Therapy based on administering nicotine in limited doses through alternative means (chewing gum, patches, pills and inhalers), known as nicotine replacement therapy (TSN), presents the problem of its contraindication for those with problems precisely derived from the consumption of nicotine through tobacco and even the possibility that she herself creates addiction. However, smoked nicotine substitutes can help overcome withdrawal from dependent smokers who quit smoking if used for short periods of time, not exceeding 9 weeks. In general, patches are used daily with a constant concentration of nicotine for 3 weeks and then they are exchanged for others with a lower dose of nicotine. Meanwhile the brain adapts to function without nicotine and acquires other healthy habits. The fact that the patches release nicotine steadily does not generate addiction since there is no blood nicotine peak that reinforces the desire to smoke.

TSN, psychological support, and pharmacological treatment with bupropion, varenicline or nortriptyline have been shown to have a clinically significant effect. Currently, the efficacy of all treatments can be considered identical at 52 weeks (Aubin et al. 2008, Thorax 63 (8): 717-24). Unfortunately, without treatment, approximately 3-5% of smokers who wish to quit smoking It achieves one year abstinence rates, but many of those who achieve one year abstinence will fall within the next 2 years (World Health Organization, 2004).

 Smoking represents a complex behavior that includes the beginning of tobacco consumption, its progression to regular use, dependence, abandonment and relapse. Together with environmental factors, there is evidence of the genetic influence on the establishment, maintenance and cessation of tobacco consumption. Association studies report a genotype influence of 40-60% (Uhl et al. 2007, BMC Genet 3: 8-10).

 Genetic information can be useful to identify smokers with reasonable possibilities of quitting tobacco use against those who lack them. In fact, specific gene polymorphisms have been described that contribute to the variability of the cognitive response to nicotine, which influences the process of dependence on withdrawal, and influences the processes of initiation, addiction and cessation of consumption. . Therefore, it is expected that genetic variations can influence the pharmaco-therapeutic response of the drugs used in smoking cessation. Since nicotine is the main psychoadictive component of tobacco, most candidate genes in pharmacogenetic studies focus on nicotinic receptors involved in nicotine metabolism. However, other genes with biological relevance, with proven phenotypic and genotypic variations, may affect the efficacy of the drugs used to quit smoking.

 A complete genome association study (GWA) has identified different genes involved in the success of withdrawal among subjects treated with mecamilamina and TSN (Uhl et al. 2007, BMC Genet 3: 8-10). In addition, a recent systematic review has identified 75 genes associated with 13 different metabolic pathways that appear to influence smoking cessation (Wang & Li 2010, Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (3): 702-719). Pharmacogenetic variants that selectively distinguish between the therapeutic response to TSN and bupropion have also been published (Uhl et al. 2008, Arch Gen Psychiatry 65 (6): 683-693).

Pharmacogenetic studies are a powerful method to identify genetic variants that help establish the basis of complex diseases, including addictions (Detera-Wadleigh & McMahon 2004, Int Rev Psychiatry 16 (4): 301-310). The most frequent polymorphisms known currently they are single nucleotide polymorphisms (S Ps). S Ps occur throughout the genome, both in extragenic regions and in coding regions or in their regulatory sequences. The change of a single nucleotide can cause: (i) the substitution of an amino acid, if it is in an exonic sequence, varying the function of the protein, (ii) the modification of the amount of the protein, if the SNP is in a regulatory region, or (iii) the change in protein structure, if the change is in a splicing zone. These individual differences provide the basis of the pharmacogenetic model.

 Since nicotine is the main psychoactive compound in tobacco, most of the candidate genes analyzed in pharmacogenetic studies have focused on nicotinic receptors and genes involved in nicotine metabolism. Among the genes involved in nicotine vulnerability are those genes linked to the dopaminergic neurotransmission pathways, especially those of the D2 receptor (DRD2) and the dopamine transporter (DAT or SLC6A3). Likewise, the enzymes of the dopaminergic metabolism COMT and MAO-B present interindividual variability that could contribute to the different responses to substances with addictive potential (Barrueco et al. 2005, Med Clin (Barc) 124 (6): 223-8). On the other hand, the metabolism of nicotine is subject to genetic variants in the cytochrome P450, responsible for its metabolism to cotinine.

 In the case of TSN, it has been suggested that variants in the nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunits may affect the intensity of its effects. The most common type of nicotinic cholinergic receptor (CHRN) present in the central nervous system (CNS) is α4β2. Tobacco use modifies the expression of other subunits such as a7 and a5, thus modifying the structure of the receptor and its coupled functions. On the other hand, nicotine metabolism is very sensitive to SNPs in CYP2A6. Certain variants, such as * 2 and * 4 are less active, which means greater sensitivity to the adverse effects of nicotine patches.

Bupropion is a drug that uses the DAT dopamine transporter and the consequent dopaminergic modulation as a mechanism for smoking cessation. Certain variants of the DAT could represent a resistance to its effects. On the other hand, it has been described, in one of the few methodologically well-designed studies (Berrettini et al. 2007, Biol Psychiatry 61 (1): 111- 118), that bupropion responses may vary depending on the greater or lesser synaptic availability of dopamine controlled by COMT variants. The metabolism of bupropion is also dependent on cytochrome CYP2B6, thus some of its variants, for example, * 4, provides a greater clearance of bupropion and as a consequence, a lower efficacy thereof.

 In the case of varenicline, given its recent commercial introduction, only a non-independent study of association with genetic variants focused on pharmacogenetics has been published (King et al. 2012, Neuropsychopharmacology 37: 641-650). In this study, continued abstinence is related in patients under treatment with varenicline during weeks 9-12 of treatment with SNPs present in genes related to cholinergic nicotinic receptors (CHRN) and in genes in union imbalance of the Chrl5q25 chromosomal region. However, the genes related to nicotinic receptors described in this study refer to a pharmacological target of varenicline, which is not extensible to neurobiological dependence processes, since in the state of the art there is no evidence to indicate that the genes described in this study are related to neurobiological dependence processes, they are only described in their relationship with nicotine dependence. On the other hand, the interrelation of the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 cluster with dependence has not been reproduced in the latest meta-analyzes and published studies (Maes HH et al. 2004 Psychol Med 34 (7): 1251-6; Rodríguez S et al . 2011 J Psychopharmacol 25 (7): 915-23; Wang J & Li MD 2010 Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (3): 702-19; Trinidad DR et al. 2011 Am J Public Health 101 (4): 699-706; Budulac SE et al. 2012 PLoS One 7 (3): e33386; De Ruyck K et al. 2010 Pharmacogenomics 11 (8): 1053-6; Verde Z et al. 2011 PLoS One 6 (10): e26668, Marques- Vidal P et al. 2011 Nicotine Tob Res 13 (9): 833-9).

 Since genetic variations influence pharmacotherapeutic responses to medications used to quit smoking, it would be convenient to know the relationship between these two factors. The increased likelihood of a subject abandoning tobacco use presents a promising scenario in which pharmacogenomics could provide substantial health improvements.

Therefore, there is still a need for studies to determine the success derived from the use of drugs aimed at abandoning drug use. tobacco, in particular, from nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs, among which are varenicline, cytisine and dianicline, among others. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodologies to determine the success of a drug treatment with these drugs in the cessation of smoking.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The authors of the present invention have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose presence, optionally together with a compendium of clinical variables, is related to a greater or lesser probability of success in quitting tobacco use in response to a treatment Pharmacological based on varenicline, a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug. The inventors conducted a study to determine the pharmacogenomic profile associated with the efficacy of a pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation based on varenicline, evaluating the results obtained in terms of withdrawal from smoking at 3 months (short-term efficacy) and 12 months ( long term effectiveness). 384 SNPs were genotyped in a total of 807 subjects, of which 479 had received, or were receiving, pharmacological treatment with varenicline, and the association of their genotypes with smoking cessation in response to said pharmacological treatment was found, finding that the alleles of certain SNPs, specifically the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and / or rs2023239, or any SNP of their corresponding linkage blocks, were significantly associated. The SNPs identified in the present application are located in genes that are involved in neurobiological dependency processes, a process that involves the different brain reward systems (mesolimbic and mesocortical areas) and their neurotransmitters and receptors (Lingford-Hughes A & Nutt D 2003 Brit J Psych 182: 97-100; Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence 2004 WHO). Thus, the SNP rs678188 is located in the PARD3 gene (partitioning defective 3), the SNP rs9658498 is located in the NOS1 gene (nitric oxide synthase 1), the SNP rs4821566 is located in the CSF2RB gene (colony stimulating factor 2 beta receptor) , the SNP rsl0891510 is located in the NCAM1 gene (neural cell adhesion molecule 1), the SNP rsl 1932367 is located in the GRID2 gene (glutamate ionotrophic delta receptor) and the SNP rs2023239 is located in the CNR1 gene (cannabinoid receiver 1). These genes have been described in the literature in relation to neurobiological processes of dependence in all cases, as in Weruaga E at al. 2002 J Neurosci Res 67: 689-697 (in relation to the NOS gene), Chen P et al. 2011 World J Biol Psychiatry 12 (3): 233-238 (in relation to the CSFR2B gene), Nelson EC et al. 2013 JAMA Psychiatry: E1-E9 (in relation to the NCAM1 gene), Nikpay M et al. 2012 Hypertension Res 35: 585-591 (in relation to the GRID2 gene) and Benyamina A et al. 2010 Addiction Biol 16: 1-6 (in relation to the CNR1 gene). This finding opens the door to new genetic predictors useful in predicting success in smoking cessation by a subject in response to a pharmacological treatment based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, such as, for example, varenicline. , citisine and dianicline, among others. Based on these findings, the inventors have developed the methods of the present invention. The information provided by these methods can be used efficiently by the specialist in the design of personalized treatments for smoking cessation.

 The inventive aspects of the present invention are mentioned in the claims.

In a particular embodiment, applicable to each and every one of the inventive aspects of the invention object of the present patent application [method to determine the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, a method to predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject, a method to select a subject for a therapy to quit tobacco use based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, a method for selecting a therapy for a subject in need of therapy to quit smoking, a kit comprising at least one reagent necessary to determine the presence of at least one allele of one or more of the SP according to the present invention, use of the previous kit and use of an SNP according to the pres [invention]], said SNP is selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566 and any combination of said SNPs and / or corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks; these SNPs (or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks), alone or in combination with each other, can be used to predict the effectiveness of the response to treatment at 3 months. Alternatively, in a particular embodiment, applicable to each and every one of the inventive aspects of the invention object of the present patent application, said SNP is selected from the group formed by SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and any combination of said SNPs and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks; these SNPs (or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks), alone or in combination with each other, prove to be particularly useful for predicting the efficacy of the 12-month treatment response.

 In another particular and preferred embodiment, applicable to each and every one of the inventive aspects of the invention object of the present patent application, said SNP is SNP rs678188 and / or the corresponding SNPs of its linkage block.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

 Figure 1 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate models

(upper graph) and multivariate (lower graph) in relation to SNP rs678188.

 Figure 2 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to the SNP rs9658498.

 Figure 3 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to the SNP rs4821566.

Figure 4 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to SNP rsl0891510. Figure 5 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate models

(upper graph) and multivariate (lower graph) in relation to SNP rsl 1932367.

 Figure 6 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graph) and multivariate (lower graph) models in relation to SNP rs2023239. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The authors of the present invention have identified alleles of SNPs whose presence is related to a greater or lesser probability of success in abandonment. of tobacco consumption in response to a pharmacological treatment based on varenicline or drugs with a similar mechanism of action such as cytisine and dianicline, among others. Based on that finding, the methods of the present invention have been developed which are described in detail below.

 For the avoidance of doubt, the methods of the invention are carried out with a sample that is previously removed from the subject. The kits of the invention, described below, may include means for extracting the sample from the subject.

Definitions

 The following definitions are presented to illustrate and define the meaning and scope of different terms and expressions used to describe the invention itself.

In the present invention, the terms "abandonment" or "cessation" are used interchangeably, in relation to tobacco use, to refer to abstinence, termination or termination of tobacco consumption. The abandonment of tobacco consumption can be (i) complete, when there is a total absence of consumption of any type or form of tobacco product from the moment in which it is decided to abandon its consumption, (ii) continued, when the subject who abandons tobacco use has relapses, continuous or punctual, during the 15 days after the date on which he decides to cease or abandon tobacco use, or (iii) punctual, when the subject abandons tobacco consumption for a period variable time although short, in general, a few weeks or months. Advantageously, the cessation of tobacco use is a complete cessation. In clinical practice, the verbal declaration of cessation of tobacco consumption, when it is inhaled (smoked), can be validated by determining the levels of carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaled air, being the most common technique cooximetry for such determination. Levels of 10 or more ppm of CO in exhaled air correspond to smoking subjects. Levels of 6 to 10 ppm for sporadic smokers, and figures below 6 ppm for non-smokers.

The expression "addiction or dependence on tobacco", as used herein, refers to the abuse of tobacco consumption, causing the consumer of tobacco to suffer a physical and psychological dependence that generates a withdrawal syndrome. Tobacco has addictive power mainly due to nicotine, which also has Antidepressant effects and symptomatic relief of anxiety. The term "smoking" is sometimes used as a synonym for "tobacco addiction"; however, the term "smoking" is also used in relation to chronic intoxication that occurs due to tobacco abuse and groups the effects of repeated tobacco use and developed addiction. Tobacco addiction constitutes a risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and is especially harmful during pregnancy. Smoking is related to the occurrence of a high number of diseases, including several types of cancer, the most frequent being lung. In addition, tobacco not only harms active smokers, but also those who breathe the same air (passive smokers).

 The term "agonist" refers to a compound capable of generating a response in a cell after binding to a cellular receptor. The agonist compound binds to a receptor and has an intrinsic effect and, therefore, increases the basal activity of a receptor when it comes into contact with the receptor. On the other hand, the term "antagonist" refers to a compound that by binding to a cellular receptor blocks the activation of said cellular receptor by the agonist. The antagonist compound competes with the agonist compound for binding to a receptor, thereby blocking the action of the agonist on the receptor. However, an antagonist (also known as a "neutral" antagonist) has no effect on the constitutive activity of the receptor. Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to the active site or to allosteric sites in the receptors, or they can interact at unique binding sites that are not normally involved in the biological regulation of receptor activity. The antagonist activity can be reversible or irreversible depending on the longevity of the antagonist-receptor complex, which, in turn, depends on the nature of the antagonist-receptor binding. Also, the agonists can be partial or complete. A "partial agonist" is defined as a compound that has an affinity for a receptor, but unlike a complete agonist, it will cause only a small degree of the peculiar pharmacological response to the nature of the receptor involved, even if a high proportion of receptors are occupied by the compound ..

The term "allele", as used herein, refers to one, two or more forms of a gene, locus or genetic polymorphism. Sometimes, different alleles can give rise to different phenotypes; however, other times, different alleles will have the same result in the expression of a gene. Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes, that is, they are diploid. These chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Diploid organisms have a copy of each gene (and an allele) on each chromosome. If both alleles are equal, they are homozygous. If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous.

 The term "linkage block" or "haplotypic block", as used herein, refers to the set of SNPs on a particular chromosome that are statistically associated and configure a haplotype (combination of genetic markers).

 The term "cytisine", as used herein, refers to the compound (1R, 5S) -l, 2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-l, 5-methane-8H-pyrido [l, 2a] [1, 5] diazocine-8-one, of formula:

La citisina es un alcaloide vegetal de conformación relativamente rígida, de estructura molecular similar a la de la nicotina y de la acetilcolina. La citisina es un insecticida natural que se encuentra en las hojas de Cytisus laburnum y Ulex europaeus, entre otros. Se ha descrito la síntesis de citisina y derivados en Coe JW 2000 Org Lett 2:4205- 4208 y O'Neill BT et al. 2000 Org Lett 2:4201-4204. El término "citisina", tal como aquí se utiliza incluye los derivados mencionados en dichas publicaciones científicas, entre otros.

Citisine is a plant alkaloid of relatively rigid conformation, of molecular structure similar to that of nicotine and acetylcholine. Citisine is a natural insecticide found in the leaves of Cytisus laburnum and Ulex europaeus, among others. The synthesis of citisine and derivatives has been described in Coe JW 2000 Org Lett 2: 4205-4208 and O'Neill BT et al. 2000 Org Lett 2: 4201-4204. The term "citisine", as used herein includes the derivatives mentioned in said scientific publications, among others.

Citisine is marketed under the brand name Tabex ^® and is part of the group of agonist drugs of nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is a compound that has an affinity for the a4B2 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Citisine is a natural insecticide found in the leaves of Cytisus laburnum and Ulex europaeus, among others. The synthesis of citisine and derivatives is described in Coe JW 2000 Org Lett 2: 4205-4208 and O'Neill BT et al. 2000 Org Lett 2: 4201-4204.

The term "tobacco consumption", as used herein, includes any form of tobacco consumption, constituting the inhalation of the products of the combustion of tobacco its most common form of consumption. The term "smoking", in the sense used in this description, refers to the action of sucking and firing tobacco smoke. When consuming a cigarette, there are 2 types of smoke currents: (i) the first, or mainstream, which is the one that when aspirating a draft passes through the inside of the cigarette until it reaches the lungs of the active smoker; and (ii) the second, or secondary current, which is the one that is released to the environment from the incandescent end of the cigarette and that can be inhaled by a subject breathing in that contaminated environment, said subject being the passive smoker. When inhaling tobacco smoke, the average smoker consumes between 1 and 2 mg of nicotine per cigarette. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine quickly reaches its maximum levels in the bloodstream and penetrates the brain.

 Although cigarette smoking is the most common and popular form of tobacco consumption, other forms of smokeless tobacco consumption are also contemplated in the present invention, such as, for example, the consumption of tobacco powder or snuff and tobacco consumption to chew, that suppose forms of tobacco consumption by chewing, sucking, snorting, etc. These smokeless tobacco products also contain nicotine. In the case of not inhaling the smoke, for example, when smoking pipes or cigars, or when consuming smokeless tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the mucous membranes and reaches maximum levels in the blood and in the brain more slowly.

Another form of tobacco consumption, whose prediction of success or failure of cessation of consumption in subjects undergoing treatment with varenicline also falls within the objectives of the methods provided by the present invention, is given by electronic cigarettes. "Electronic cigarettes"("e-Cig") are devices that vaporize the substance contained in the cartridges, causing the expulsion of steam that mimics the smoke in the traditional cigarette and achieving a similar effect on the user. The mouthpiece of the device contains a replaceable or refillable cartridge filled with liquid. The main substances of said liquid are propylene glycol and / or vegetable glycerin, nicotine in different doses optionally (between 0 and 36 mg / ml in general), optional flavors and aromas. The term "dianicline" refers to the compound (5aS, 8S, 10aR) -5a, 6.9, 10-tetrahydro, 7H, HH-8, 10a-methanopyrid [2 ', 3': 5.6] pyran [2 , 3-d] azepine and has as formula:

La dianiclina se encuadra dentro del grupo de los fármacos agonistas de los receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos y es un compuesto que tiene afinidad por el subtipo a4B2 de los receptores nicotínicos neuronales de la acetilcolina.

Dianicline is part of the group of agonist drugs of nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is a compound that has an affinity for the a4B2 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

The term "nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug" is understood as that drug capable, after interaction with any of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunits, to modify cellular response processes and generate a biological response (Florez et al., Pharmacology Humana, 4th edition, Masson, Barcelona, 2003). Illustrative, non-limiting examples of such drugs include cytisine, dianicline and varenicline, among others.

 The term "biological sample", as used herein, includes any biological material that can be obtained from a subject, susceptible to conservation and that can house information on the genetic endowment characteristic of the subject. The sample of the invention can be of the cellular, tissue or fluid type. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the sample is of blood and / or saliva.

The term "nicotine," as used herein, refers to an alkaloid compound found in the tobacco plant, responsible for the psychoactive and addictive effects of tobacco. Although about 5,000 chemical compounds have been identified in the different phases (gas, solid or particulate) of tobacco smoke, their nicotine content is what makes tobacco addictive. Nicotine is considered to be responsible for both tobacco addiction and the maintenance of smoking. As an example, when inhaling tobacco smoke, nicotine is rapidly absorbed both in the oral mucosa and in the lungs, from where it passes to the circulatory system, distributed throughout the body, and, in 7-10 seconds, nicotine arrives to the brain, where it binds to the nicotinic receptors producing a stimulating and / or sedative, pleasant and rewarding effect, which triggers the appearance of dependence on tobacco (pharmacological or physical dependence). In general, the smoker adapts his nicotine inhalation pattern in terms of frequency, depth of inhalations and smoke retention time, depending on his own characteristics and the effect he intends to cause in each circumstance. These variations of the smoking pattern produce different concentrations of nicotine in the blood that yield different levels of nicotine supply to the body and different effects on its action. When the smoker quits smoking for a while, he begins to have a series of symptoms that are what causes the withdrawal syndrome. In addition to this pharmacological or physical dependence, nicotine also causes a psychological and social dependence that depends fundamentally on the personality configuration of each smoker. Nicotine produces a series of effects in the body, among which are an increase in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate or tachycardia, an increase in blood glucose and an increase in bowel movement.

 The most common genetic polymorphisms are S Ps and variations in the number of copies (VNCs). As used herein, the term "polymorphism" refers to substitutions of a single nucleotide for another and that are observed in the general population at a frequency greater than 1%. In a specific case, when said variation in the nucleotide sequence occurs in a single nucleotide (A, C, T and G), it is known as "SNP" (from the English "single nucleotide polymorphism" or "single nucleotide polymorphism" ").

 SNPs represent one of the most common forms of genetic variation, where each version of the sequence with respect to the polymorphic site is referred to as an allele of the polymorphic site. SNPs occur throughout the entire genome, both in extragenic regions and in coding regions or their regulatory sequences. The change of a single nucleotide can cause: 1) the substitution of an amino acid, if it is in an exonic sequence, and vary the effectiveness of the protein's function; 2) modify the amount of the protein, if the SNP is in a regulatory region; or 3) change the structure of the protein, if the change is in a splicing zone.

Mutations can be used as diagnostic and / or prognostic tools for the identification of subjects with a predisposition to a disease or to a rapid evolution of the disease, genotyping the subject suffering from the disease and facilitating the development of medicines based on the knowledge generated on the role of proteins in the pathogenesis process. Likewise, S Ps can also be used as diagnostic and / or prognostic tools for the identification of subjects that respond well (or do not respond) or that present adverse effects to a specific therapy or to a specific pharmacological treatment since inherited interindividual differences In the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs they are due to genetic variants that affect gene function or expression. These polymorphisms affect drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters and drug targets and can have a great influence on the efficacy and safety of a particular drug therapy or therapy.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the genetic markers used in the invention are specific alleles at "polymorphic sites" associated with the success or failure of the cessation or abandonment of tobacco use by a subject under treatment with a cholinergic receptor agonist drug. nicotinics to stop using tobacco. A nucleotide position in the genome in which more than one sequence is possible in a population is known as a "polymorphic site." When a polymorphic site is only one nucleotide in length, the site is commonly called SP, as mentioned above, for example, if at a particular chromosomal location, a member of a population has an adenine (A) and another member of the population has a thymine (T) in the same position, so this position is a polymorphic site and, more specifically, the polymorphic site is an SNP. Each version of the sequence with respect to the polymorphic site is known as an allele of the polymorphic site. Thus, in the previous example, the SNP allows both an A allele and a T allele. These alleles are "allelic variants". Variants of the nucleotide sequence, whether in coding or non-coding regions, can lead to changes in the sequence of the encoded polypeptide, which affects their properties (activity alteration, distribution alteration, altered stability , etc.). On the other hand, variants of the nucleotide sequence, whether in coding or non-coding regions, may result in changes that affect the transcription of a gene or the translation of its messenger RNA. In all cases, the alterations can be qualitative, quantitative, or both. The term "probability", as used herein, measures the frequency with which a result (or set of results) is obtained when conducting a randomized experiment, of which all possible outcomes are known, under sufficiently stable conditions. Said term "probability", in combination with the cessation of tobacco use in response to a varenicline-based therapy, as used herein, refers to the propensity, or actual probability, of a subject to abandon tobacco use in response to said therapy for a certain period of time, for example, for a period of at least 3 months, counted from the start of treatment with varenicline. The probability can be "high" or "low." As those skilled in the art will understand, the probability does not have to be 100% for all the subjects evaluated, although preferably it should be. This term, however, requires that a statistically significant part of the subjects who quit smoking in response to pharmacological treatment with varenicline can be identified as subjects that have a high probability of obtaining a certain result, specifically, abandoning consumption. tobacco. If a subject is statistically significant or not, it can be determined without major complications, by a person skilled in the art, using different known tools of statistical evaluation, for example, by determining confidence intervals, determining the value of p, the Student test, Mann-Whitney test, etc. Additional information on these statistical tools can be found in Dowdy and Wearden, Statistics for Research, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Preferred confidence intervals are at least 50%, at least 60%), at least 70%, at least 80%>, at least 90%, or at least 95%. P values are preferably 0, 1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01 or less.

The term "subject", as used herein, refers to a human being, female or male, and of any race or age. In a particular embodiment, the subject is an active consumer of tobacco, that is, consumes tobacco regularly or sporadically; In a more concrete embodiment, said subject is an active smoker. Although there is no unanimity about who should be considered mild, moderate or severe smokers, or the exact limit that separates the habitual smoker from the sporadic, by way of example, a smoker of more than 20 cigarettes a day could be considered a "severe smoker ", a smoker of between 10 and 20 cigarettes at day could be considered a "moderate" smoker, and a smoker of less than 10 cigarettes a day could be considered a "mild" smoker. Also, although the time necessary to consider a smoker as an "ex-smoker" has not been established, the most common is to consider the term of one year of complete cessation or abandonment of tobacco use. On the other hand, those subjects who have not had an active or maintained exposure to tobacco are considered "non-smokers".

 The term "tobacco", as used herein, refers to a product processed from the leaves of several plants of the Nicotiana genus, including N. tabacum, N. petunoides, N rustica and N. polidiclia. The N. tabacum species can be classified into four varieties, havanensis, brasilensis, virginica and purpurea, which are the origin of the different varieties used in the commercialization of tobacco. The tobacco-based products to which the methods of the invention are directed related to the prediction of success or failure of cessation of consumption in subjects undergoing treatment with varenicline include those products that are made totally or partially of tobacco, contain nicotine, and whose consumption occurs, for example, when smoking, sucking, chewing or snorting them. By way of illustration, not limitation, tobacco can be presented in the form of cigarettes [(also called cigarettes, cigarettes, etc.) that can be emboquillados or without filter, blond or black, "lights", "semi-lights" or integers] , cigars, rolling tobacco, pipe smoking tobacco, snuff or snuff, etc.

 The term "treatment" or "therapy", as used herein, refers to the administration of a drug to alleviate or eliminate a pathology or to reduce or eliminate one or more symptoms associated with said pathology. In the context of the present invention, the treatment applied to the subject is a pharmacological treatment and is aimed at reducing or eliminating tobacco consumption in said subject and is based on the use of varenicline. In a particular embodiment, the subject to whom the treatment is directed is an active consumer of tobacco, for example, an active smoker.

 The term "personalized treatment" or "personalized medicine", as used herein, refers to the design and application of prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions adapted to the patient's genetic substrate and the molecular profile of the disease.

e incluye también sus sales farmacéuticamente aceptables, tales como, por ejemplo, las mencionadas en la solicitud de patente internacional W099/35131, así como sus derivados, por ejemplo, N-formil-vareniclina y N-metil-vareniclina. La vareniclina se comercializa en España en forma de su sal de tartrato bajo la marca Chantix^® o Champix^®. The term "varenicline" as used herein refers to the compound 7,8,9, 10-tetrahydro-6, 10-methane-6H-pyrazino [2,3-h] [3] benzacepin, of the formula:

and also includes its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as, for example, those mentioned in the international patent application W099 / 35131, as well as its derivatives, for example, N-formyl-varenicline and N-methyl-varenicline. Varenicline is marketed in Spain in the form of its tartrate salt under the brand Chantix ^® or Champix ^® .

 Varenicline is part of the group of agonist drugs of nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is a compound that acts as a selective partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which binds with great affinity and selectivity to the a4B2 subtype of neuronal nicotinic receptors of Acetylcholine

 Varenicline is used in the treatment of various diseases, including, by way of illustration, not limitation, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (including, but not limited to, ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, dystonia spasmodic, chronic pain, acute pain, celiac disease, reservoritis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorder, time shift ("jet lag"), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction , hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrhythmia, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcer, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear paralysis, addiction and chemical dependence (nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepine, barbiturates, opioids, cocaine), headache, migraine, sudden attack, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis , Huntington's chorea, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, dyslexia, schizophrenia, multi-infarct dementia, age-related cognitive decline, epilepsy, senile dementia of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit disorder (ADHD) and Gilies syndrome Tourette

The usual treatment for cessation of tobacco use with varenicline includes oral administration, twice a day, of 1 mg of compound, for 12 weeks Absorption is complete and systemic availability high. Maximum plasma concentrations typically occur at 3-4 hours after taking (Faessel HM et al. 2010, Clin Pharmacokinet 49 (12): 799-816). Method for determining the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug ("first method of the invention").

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for determining the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (hereinafter, "first method of the invention" ), which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject, at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or of any SNP of its corresponding ligation blocks, where

 the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a high probability that said subject will quit smoking in response to said therapy.

In an alternative embodiment of the first method of the invention, the invention also relates to a method for determining the probability of a subject quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, which comprises determining in an biological sample of said subject, at least one allele of one or more of the S Ps rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or of any SP of its corresponding linkage blocks, where

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one A allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a low probability that said subject will cease tobacco consumption in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 In accordance with the first method of the invention, at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of their subjects is determined in a biological sample of the subject under study corresponding ligation blocks, and the results obtained are correlated with the probability (high or low) that the subject under study quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs include cytisine, dianicline and varenicline. In a particular embodiment, said nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug is varenicline.

The subject is a human being of any sex, race or age. In a particular embodiment, the subject is an active consumer of tobacco, for example, a smoker of cigars, electronic cigars, cigars or pipes, or a consumer of snuff or snuff. In an even more particular embodiment, said subject is an active consumer of tobacco who voluntarily wishes to stop using tobacco, or who must stop using tobacco, for example, by medical prescription.

 The biological sample from the subject under study is a biological sample that contains a nucleic acid, for example, DNA, genomic DNA (cDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), RNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (mRNA), mRNA, etc., of the subject to evaluate. Said biological sample may be isolated or extracted from a tissue, or it may be present in a biological fluid, for example, blood, saliva, etc. Methods for the isolation of biological samples from cells and tissues are well known to those skilled in the art. In a particular embodiment, said biological sample is a blood or saliva sample.

In general, when the biological sample is a whole blood sample, it can be used directly in the practice of the first method of the invention. However, on other occasions, it is necessary to first extract the nucleic acid from the biological samples, for example, cells present in a biological fluid; in that case, the total nucleic acids extracted from said biological samples represents the work material. The isolation of nucleic acids from a biological sample that contains can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art [see for example, Sambrook et al, 2001 "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 3rd edition , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, vol. 1.3]. Also, sometimes, it may be necessary to amplify the extracted nucleic acid before proceeding with its analysis. Numerous methods of nucleic acid amplification are known; many of them are based on an enzymatic reaction, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), rolling circle amplification assays, "rolling-circle", etc. . Information on such nucleic acid amplification methods can be found in Sambrook et al, 2001 (cited supra).

After isolating and amplifying (if necessary) the nucleic acid, one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of their corresponding binding blocks are analyzed, and the nucleotides are determined present in said SNPs, in particular, nucleotides present in the polymorphic site the SNP that allows to identify the corresponding allele of the SNP.

 Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the analysis of nucleotides present in one or more of said SNPs in the sample containing nucleic acid of the subject under study can be performed by any method or technique capable of determining nucleotides present in a polymorphic site. (eg, SNP), for example, by sequencing, mini-sequencing, hybridization, restriction fragment analysis, oligonucleotide binding assays, allele-specific PCR, HRM (High Resolution Melt) analysis, etc., or by any combination of these methods. The person skilled in the art can use any appropriate method or technique to achieve that determination. Nucleotides present in SNPs and, in particular, at polymorphic sites, can be detected from any strand of nucleic acid or from both strands.

 Illustrative, non-limiting examples of suitable methods, techniques or systems for analyzing nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of the SNPs identified in the present invention include mini-sequencing methods, nucleic acid sequencing, hybridization, restriction fragment analysis. , oligonucleotide ligation assays, allele-specific PCR, HRM analysis, nucleic acid matrices ("DNA arrays"), for example, the technology available from Aclara BioSciences, Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies, Illumina Inc., Ion Torrent, Fluidigm, Nanopore Tech etc., techniques based on changing the mobility of amplified nucleic acid fragments, single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), CMC ("chemical mismatch cleavage" ), WAVE analysis, etc., or by any combination of such methods. Additional information on the analysis of the nucleotides present in the polymorphic sites of the SNPs can be found in Sambrook et al, 2001, cited above, as well as, for example, in US patent application US2007 / 0105128.

The first method of the invention comprises genotyping or determining at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their binding blocks, in the biological sample of the subject under study. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the first method of the invention comprises determining a single allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or the corresponding allele of any of the SNPs of its corresponding ligation blocks, that is, determining the nucleotide present in the polymorphic site of said SNP. Thus, in a particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rs678188 is determined; In another particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rs9658498 is determined; in another particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rs4821566 is determined; in another particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rsl0891510 is determined; in another particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rsl 1932367 is determined; in another particular embodiment, a single allele of SNP rs2023239 is determined; while, in another particular embodiment, a single allele of any of the SNPs of the corresponding binding blocks of the SNPs is determined rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 or rs2023239. Information on the linkage blocks of said SNPs will be provided below. The person skilled in the art can obtain information on the SNPs present in a linkage block of a particular SNP using appropriate databases, for example, the International HapMap Project database (www.hapmap.org and http: // hapmap. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and / or appropriate programs such as the Haploview program using Gabriel's confidence interval method or algorithm (Gabriel et al, Science, 2002, 296 (5576): 225-9) or any another more updated version (Barrett et al., 2005, Bioinformatics 21 (2): 263-265).

In another particular embodiment, the first method of the invention comprises determining the two alleles of one or more of said SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or of any of the SNPs of their corresponding binding blocks . Thus, in a particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rs678188 are determined; in another particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rs9658498 are determined; in another particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rs4821566 are determined; in another particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rsl0891510 are determined; in another particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rsl 1932367 are determined; in another particular embodiment, the two alleles of SNP rs2023239 are determined; while, in another embodiment In particular, the two alleles of any of the S Ps of the corresponding binding blocks of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 or rs2023239 are determined.

 In another particular embodiment, the first method of the invention comprises determining one or both alleles of any 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SNPs of any of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or of the SNPs of their corresponding ligation blocks, while in another particular embodiment, said method comprises determining one or both alleles of the 6 SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their corresponding ligation blocks

 The SNPs identified in the present invention, associated with the probability (high or low) of a subject giving up tobacco use in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, or with the prediction of the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, or with the selection of a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, or with the Selection of a therapy to be administered to a subject in need of therapy to abandon consumption, have the following characteristics:

 SNP rs678188 is located in the PARD3 gene (partitioning defective 3), on human chromosome 10 (lOpl 1.21), corresponds to the sequence [ACGCCGCCCATTTCCTATTTCCTACC [C / T] GTGCTGGATTTGCTGA AACCGTCAC] (SEQ ID NO: 1), and is located in the ligation block that extends from nucleotide 34484338 to nucleotide 34509032; SNP rs9658498 is located in the NOS1 (nitric oxide synthase /) gene, on human chromosome 12 (12q24.2-q24.31), corresponds to the sequence [GGTCTCTGATTGTAAAATGAACCAAA [C / T] GTAGCCTCTACCACC TTGCTTAGAA] (SEQ ID NO: 2), and is located in the linkage block that extends from nucleotide 117657521 to nucleotide 117681829;

SNP rs4821566 is located in the CSF2RB gene (colony stimulating factor 2 beta receptor), on human chromosome 22 (22ql3.1), corresponds to the sequence: [GGGATCATCCTCATATTCTTGCAAGA [C / G] GAAAAGTTT ACCAGTGAGAACTAGG] (SEQ ID NO: 3), and is located in the linkage block that extends from nucleotide 37306899 to nucleotide 37319081;

 - SNP rsl0891510 is located in the NCAM1 gene {mural cell adhesion molecule /), on human chromosome 11 (1 lq23.1), corresponds to the sequence:

 [CCTTTGCAGAAAGAAGGAAATCACAT [G / T] ATGTACAAACGTTGT TAATTACTCA] (SEQ ID NO: 4), and is located in the linkage block that extends from nucleotide 112999832 to nucleotide

113008370;

 SNP rsl 1932367 is located in the GRID2 gene (glutamate ionotrophic delta receptor), on human chromosome 4 (4q22), corresponds to the sequence:

 [ATTCC AGAACTTAAAACCACAAATTT [A / G] C ACTGCACTTGAAAA

TACACACACA] (SEQ ID NO: 5), and is located in the linkage block that extends from nucleotide 94555780 to nucleotide 94579593; Y

 SNP rs2023239 is located in the CNR1 gene {cannabinoid receptor /), on human chromosome 6 (6ql4-ql5), corresponds to the sequence:

[CTAGGTTTGTGGATGTGCCAGGACCA [C / T] GTAAGGAACAGCTCT CTCATATATT] (SEQ ID NO: 6), and is located in the ligation block that extends from nucleotide 88858648 to nucleotide 88864063. SNPs rs678188, rs9658, rs96548, rs96548, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658, rs9658 and rs2023239 according to the present invention correspond to SNPs as they are collected in the NCBI single site polymorphism database (dbSNP, NCBI, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp; March 2011) and according to HapMap Genome Browser (version 24, Phase 1 & 2). The nucleotide positions indicated for the linkage blocks are defined according to the Haploview software version 4.2 (corresponding to the September 2009 version). Polymorphic sites (nucleotide positions within the genome where it is possible that there is more than one nucleotide sequence in a population) present in said SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 referred to in the present invention are the following:

 the polymorphic site of SNP rs678188 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1;

 - the polymorphic site of SNP rs9658498 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2;

 the polymorphic site of SNP rs4821566 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3;

 the polymorphic site of SNP rsl0891510 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4;

 the polymorphic site of SNP rsl 1932367 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 5; Y

 the polymorphic site of SNP rs2023239 corresponds to position 27 of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6.

 The specific nucleotide present at the polymorphic site of said SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 allows to identify the corresponding allele; thus, the C allele of SNP rs678188 corresponds to the allele in which there is a C in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the T allele of SNP rs9658498 corresponds to the allele in which there is a T in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the G allele of SNP rs4821566 corresponds to the allele in which there is a G in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the G allele of SNP rsl0891510 corresponds to the allele in which there is a G in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the G allele of SNP rsl 1932367 corresponds to the allele in which there is a G in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the C allele of SNP rs2023239 corresponds to the allele in which there is a C in the polymorphic site of said SNP.

Studies carried out by the inventors (Example 1) have allowed the identification of nucleotides present in the polymorphic sites of the SNPs described in this document associated with a high probability that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a varenicline-based therapy. , sometimes referred to in this description as "alleles associated with a high probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors "or simply" alleles of success. "These" alleles of success "are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Alleles associated with a high probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug ("success alleles") for the various SNPs identified in the present invention

The success alleles indicated in Table 1 correspond to the TOP strand of the DNA according to the Ilumina nomenclature for the identification of DNA strands. As is known, the simplest case for the denomination of a strand occurs when one of the possible variations of the SNP is an adenine (A), and the remaining variation is either a cytosine (C) or a guanine (G). In that case, the sequence of that SNP is called TOP. Similar to the rules of inverse complementarity, when one of the possible variations of the SNP is a thymine (T), and the remaining variation is either a C or a G, the sequence of this SNP is called BOT. If the SNP is a [A / T] or a [C / G], then the above rules do not apply. Illumina uses a "sequential walk" technique to name the strand [A / T] and [C / G] of the SNPs. For this sequential walk method, the actual SNP is considered to be in the 'n' position. The sequences immediately before and after the SNP are 'η- and' η +, respectively. Similarly, two base pairs before the SNP are at 'n-2' and two base pairs after the SNP 'n + 2', etc. Using this method, the sequential walk continues until an unambiguous pairing occurs (A / G, A / C, T / C, or T / G). To designate the strand, when nucleotide A or T of the first unambiguous pair is on the 5 'side of the SNP, then the sequence is called TOP. When nucleotide A or T of the first unambiguous pair is on the 3 'side of the SNP, then the sequence is called BOT.

 According to the first method of the invention, once at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / is determined in a biological sample of said subject or of any SNP of its corresponding linkage blocks, it is possible to determine the likelihood that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, for example, varenicline, cytisine, dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action. The establishment of the probability (high or low) for the subject under study to quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors can be carried out based on the presence or absence of success alleles (that is, based on the presence or absence of nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs associated with a probability (high or low) that the subject under study quit smoking in response to therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug) of said SNPS in the genome of the subject under study. Therefore, as previously mentioned:

 the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block; it is indicative of a high probability that said subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 Also, in a particular embodiment, of the first method of the invention: - the presence of both alleles C of the S P rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;

 the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 - the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

it is indicative of a high probability that said subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 The term "high" applied to the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, as used herein, refers to the frequency with which a result is obtained, in this case, that a subject stops using tobacco in response to a treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, is greater than 50%.

 Alternatively, as previously mentioned, based on the results obtained in the present invention, it can be established that:

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs4821566, or of alleles corresponding to the S Ps of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of S P rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one A allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a low probability that said subject will cease tobacco consumption in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 The specific nucleotide present at the polymorphic site of said SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 allows to identify the corresponding allele; thus, the T allele of SNP rs678188 corresponds to the allele in which there is a T in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the C allele of SNP rs9658498 corresponds to the allele in which there is a C in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the C allele of SNP rs4821566 corresponds to the allele in which there is a C in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the T allele of SNP rsl0891510 corresponds to the allele in which there is a T in the polymorphic site of said SNP; the A allele of SNP rsl 1932367 corresponds to the allele in which there is an A at the polymorphic site of said SNP; the T allele of SNP rs2023239 corresponds to the allele in which there is a T in the polymorphic site of said SNP.

 More specifically, in a more particular embodiment of this alternative: the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 - the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both T alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

the presence of both A alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I the presence of both T alleles of SP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a low probability that said subject will cease tobacco consumption in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 The term "low" applied to the likelihood that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, as used herein, refers to the frequency with which it obtains a result, in this case, that a subject stops using tobacco in response to a treatment with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, is less than 50%.

 Additionally, tests carried out by the inventors have shown that SNPs analyzed according to the first method of the invention can be classified into two groups:

- Group 1: formed by SNPs rs678188, rs9658498 and rs4821566; these SNPs are related to a high probability that a subject in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors will quit smoking for a period of at least 3 months from the start of said therapy; Y

 - Group 2: formed by SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239; These SNPs are related to a high probability that a subject in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors will quit smoking for a period of at least 12 months from the start of said therapy.

 In a more concrete embodiment, the first method of the invention contemplates the possibility of analyzing the presence or absence in a biological sample of said subject at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566 or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage block, wherein

the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one T allele of SP rs9658498, or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a high probability that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for a period of at least 3 months from the start of treatment with said drug. agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 In another specific embodiment, the first method of the invention contemplates the possibility of analyzing the presence or absence in a biological sample of said subject at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566 or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage block, where

 - the presence of both C alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block; I

 the presence of both G alleles of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

It is indicative of a high probability that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for a period of at least 3 months from the start of treatment with said drug. agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 Also, in another more concrete embodiment, the first method of the invention contemplates the possibility of analyzing the presence or absence in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage block, wherein

the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one G allele of SP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of a high probability that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for a period of at least 12 months from the start of treatment with said drug. agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

 Also, in another more concrete embodiment, the first method of the invention contemplates the possibility of analyzing the presence or absence in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage block, wherein

 - the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

It is indicative of a high probability that the subject under study will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for a period of at least 12 months from the start of treatment with said drug. agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

The first method of the invention makes it possible to establish the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. If said probability is high, for example, due to the presence of a successful allele in at least one of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 or rs2023239 (Table 1), or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block, then said subject may be an a priori appropriate candidate to receive a therapy based on a agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in order to quit smoking, for example, varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, among others. On the contrary, if said probability is low, then said subject is not an appropriate a priori candidate to receive a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and therefore should receive an alternative therapy to quit smoking .

 Additionally, the inventors have studied the possible influence of clinical variables, such as subjective stress, reasons for smoking and dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, on the results of efficacy of said therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors with the in order to abandon tobacco consumption, as well as its role as confusing or modifying variables of the association studied, through the use of multiple logistic regression models. The results obtained show that the combination of SNPs with clinical variables provides better models since the prediction is better for the multivariate model (genotype + clinical variables) than for the univariate model (genotype); in fact, the significance of pw or for nested models (genotype vs genotype + clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is better than the univariate in predicting the result, as mentioned in Example 1, Tables 2-5 and Figures 1-6.

 Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the first method of the invention further comprises analyzing at least one clinical variable related to tobacco consumption. Although virtually any clinical variable related to tobacco consumption can be analyzed, in a particular embodiment, said clinical variable related to tobacco consumption is selected from the group consisting of subjective stress, reasons for smoking, dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, and Any of your combinations.

This probabilistic model based on the determination of at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs identified in the present invention, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block, optionally together with a structured clinical evaluation, constitutes a valuable tool for predicting success or failure, based on a high or low probability, of smoking cessation by a subject, in response to treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, for example, varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action. In view of the results provided by this invention, the specialist (eg, a doctor) may optimize the therapeutic care of the subject by choosing, from the outset, the most appropriate therapy based on the probability (high or low) that the subject quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug and closely monitor the subjects under treatment. Therefore, the methods and means provided by the present invention can help physicians select the therapy to quit smoking more appropriate for a subject. On the other hand, side effects associated with treatment with nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists in subjects whose treatment with that drug is ineffective can be avoided.

Method for predicting the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug ("second method of the invention").

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for predicting the efficacy of a therapy for quitting tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject (hereinafter, "second method of the invention"), comprising determining in an biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (S Ps) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SP of their corresponding blocks ligation where

 - the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one G allele of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative that such therapy will be effective.

 In an alternative embodiment of the second method of the invention, the invention also relates to a method of predicting the efficacy of a therapy for quitting tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject, which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject, at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or of any SNP of its corresponding ligation blocks, wherein

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one A allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

It is indicative of such therapy will be ineffective.

The term "predict the efficacy of a therapy", as used herein, in combination with smoking cessation, refers to the determination of the result obtained by a subject in response to a therapy to quit based tobacco use. in a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, for example, varenicline, cytisine and dianicline, among others. The consideration that such therapy will be effective implies that such therapy provides the desired effect, that is, that the subject quits smoking in response to said therapy, for a period of time. of a certain time, for example, for a period of time of at least 3 months.

 The characteristics of the biological sample, the subject, the S Ps (rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239) and their corresponding binding blocks, as well as those of their polymorphic sites, have already been mentioned previously in relation to the first method of the invention, as well as the methods for detrminating said SNPs and identifying the nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs; All this is incorporated into this method by reference.

 In accordance with the second method of the invention, at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of their subjects is determined in a biological sample of the subject under study corresponding ligation blocks, and the results obtained are correlated with the prediction of the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs include cytisine, dianicline and varenicline. In a particular embodiment, said nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug is varenicline.

Once it is determined in a biological sample of said subject at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or of any SNP of their corresponding binding blocks According to the second method of the invention, it is possible to predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. The prediction that such therapy will be effective or ineffective in a subject can be carried out based on the presence or absence of the success alleles (i.e., based on the presence or absence of nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs associated with a prediction that said therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective or ineffective) of said SNPS in the genome of the subject under study. Such alleles of success (in this case, alleles whose presence is associated with a prediction that therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors will be effective) are mentioned in Table 1. In a particular embodiment, of the second method of the invention:

 the presence of both alleles C of S P rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;

 the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 - the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

It is indicative that such therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective.

 Alternatively, in another particular embodiment of the alternative embodiment of the second method of the invention:

 the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 - the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both T alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 the presence of both A alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;

It is indicative that such therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be ineffective. In another particular embodiment, the second method of the invention contemplates the possibility of determining at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566 or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of their block of ligation where

 - the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

it is indicative that said therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective in a subject for a period of at least 3 months from the start of said therapy.

 Also, in another particular embodiment, the second method of the invention contemplates the possibility of determining at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239, or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of its linkage block, where

 the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block;

it is indicative that said therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective in a subject for a period of at least 12 months from the start of said therapy.

 In a particular embodiment, the second method of the invention further comprises analyzing at least one clinical variable related to tobacco consumption.

Although virtually any clinical variable related to tobacco consumption can be analyzed, in a particular embodiment, said clinical variable related to tobacco consumption is selected from the group consisting of subjective stress, reasons for smoking, dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, and any of your combinations The combination of SNPs with clinical variables generally provides better models.

 The second method of the invention makes it possible to predict the efficacy of a therapy for abandoning tobacco consumption based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject, so that if the result of said prediction is that the therapy will be effective, then the subject can be treated with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug to quit smoking, while, otherwise, if the result of such prediction were that the therapy will be ineffective, then the subject should not be treated with a agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs include varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action.

 This predictive model based on the determination of at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs identified in the present invention, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block, optionally together with a structured clinical evaluation, constitutes a valuable tool for predicting the efficacy or ineffectiveness of a treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, for example, varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action. In view of the results provided by this invention, the specialist (eg, a doctor) will be able to optimize the therapeutic attention to the subject by choosing, from the outset, the most appropriate therapy based on the prediction of the efficacy or ineffectiveness of the subject quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and closely monitor the subjects under treatment.

Therefore, the methods and means provided by the present invention can help physicians select the therapy to quit smoking more appropriate for a subject. On the other hand, side effects associated with treatment with nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists in subjects whose treatment with that drug is ineffective can be avoided. In a particular embodiment, said nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug is varenicline. Method for selecting a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug (hereinafter, "third method of the invention").

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for selecting a subject for a therapy to quit tobacco use based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug (hereinafter, "third method of the invention"), which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (S Ps) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SP of its corresponding ligation blocks, where said subject is selected for said therapy if he has

 at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one T allele of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the

SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 - at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block.

 In a particular embodiment of the third method of the invention, a subject is selected for a therapy to quit smoking based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, when said subject has

 both C alleles of SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block; both alleles G of SP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of their linkage block;

 both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 - both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block.

 The characteristics of the biological sample, the subject, the SNPs (rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239) and their corresponding ligation blocks, as well as those of their polymorphic sites, have already been mentioned previously in relation to the first method of the invention, as well as the methods for detrminating said SNPs and identifying the nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs; All this is incorporated into this method by reference.

 In accordance with the third method of the invention, at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of its subjects is determined in a biological sample of the subject under study corresponding ligation blocks, and the results obtained are correlated with the possibility of selecting a subject to receive a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs include cytisine, dianicline and varenicline. In a particular embodiment, said nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug is varenicline.

Once it is determined in a biological sample of said subject at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or of any SNP of their corresponding binding blocks It is possible, according to the third method of the invention, to select a subject to receive or not a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. The selection of the subject can be carried out based on the presence or absence of the alleles of success (ie, based on the presence or absence of the nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said S Ps associated with a prediction that said therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective) of said SNPS in the genome of the subject under study. Such alleles of success (in this case, alleles whose presence is associated with a prediction that therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors will be effective) are mentioned in Table 1.

 In a particular embodiment, the third method of the invention further comprises analyzing at least one clinical variable related to tobacco consumption. Although virtually any clinical variable related to tobacco consumption can be analyzed, in a particular embodiment, said clinical variable related to tobacco consumption is selected from the group consisting of subjective stress, reasons for smoking, dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, and Any of your combinations. The combination of SNPs with clinical variables generally provides better models.

 The third method of the invention allows selecting a subject to receive a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, so that if the subject is selected then said subject can be treated with an agonist drug. of nicotinic cholinergic receptors to quit smoking, while, otherwise, if the subject is not selected for such therapy then the subject should not be treated with a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug.

This selective model based on the determination of at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs identified in the present invention, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block, optionally together with a structured clinical evaluation, constitutes A valuable tool for predicting the efficacy or ineffectiveness of a treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. In view of the results provided by this invention, the specialist (eg, a physician) may select the subject to be subjected to a therapy based on an agonist drug of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and closely monitor the subjects subjected to such therapy. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of receptor agonist drugs Nicotinic cholinergics include varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action.

Method for selecting a therapy to quit smoking for a subject in need of therapy (hereinafter, "fourth method of the invention").

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for selecting a therapy for a subject in need of therapy to quit smoking (hereinafter, "fourth method of the invention"), which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (S Ps) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of their corresponding linker blocks, wherein a therapy is selected for abandon tobacco use based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug if said subject has

 - at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;

 at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I

 - at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block.

 In a particular embodiment of the fourth method of the invention, a therapy is selected to quit smoking based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, when said subject has

 - both C alleles of SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

both T alleles of SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block;

 both alleles G of the S P rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;

 both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;

 both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I

 both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block.

 The characteristics of the biological sample, the subject, the SNPs (rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239) and their corresponding ligation blocks, as well as those of their polymorphic sites, have already been mentioned previously in relation to the first method of the invention, as well as the methods for detrminating said SNPs and identifying the nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs; All this is incorporated into this method by reference.

 In accordance with the fourth method of the invention, at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of its subjects is determined in a biological sample of the subject under study corresponding ligation blocks, and the results obtained are correlated with the possibility of selecting a therapy for a subject in need of receiving therapy to quit smoking.

Once it is determined in a biological sample of said subject at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, and / or of any SNP of their corresponding binding blocks It is possible, according to the fourth method of the invention, to select (or not) a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject to be applied to the subject. The selection of such therapy can be carried out based on the presence or absence of the success alleles (i.e., based on the presence or absence of nucleotides present at the polymorphic sites of said SNPs associated with a prediction that said therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective) of said SNPS in the genome of the subject under study. Such alleles of success (in this case, alleles whose presence is associated with a prediction that therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug will be effective) are mentioned in Table 1.

 In a particular embodiment, the fourth method of the invention further comprises analyzing at least one clinical variable related to tobacco consumption. Although virtually any clinical variable related to tobacco consumption can be analyzed, in a particular embodiment, said clinical variable related to tobacco consumption is selected from the group consisting of subjective stress, reasons for smoking, dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, and Any of your combinations. The combination of SNPs with clinical variables generally provides better models.

 The fourth method of the invention allows to select a therapy to abandon the consumption of tobacco to be administered to a subject based on an agonist drug of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, so that such therapy is selected, among other therapies to quit smoking , when the genotype of the subject to be subjected to therapy has the previously mentioned characteristics, while, otherwise, if the subject does not have those characteristics, then one would have to select a therapy to quit the consumption of tobacco that was not based on drugs Nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists.

This selective model based on the determination of at least one of the alleles of one or more of the SNPs identified in the present invention, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block, optionally together with a structured clinical evaluation, constitutes A valuable tool for predicting the efficacy or ineffectiveness of a treatment with an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject. In view of the results provided by this invention, the specialist (eg, a doctor) may select the therapy to be administered to the subject, in particular, a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (or other therapy based on others drugs), and closely monitor the efficacy of said selected therapy in subjects undergoing such therapy. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drugs include varenicline, cytisine or dianicline, or any other drug with a similar mechanism of action. Kits of the invention

The invention also contemplates the preparation of kits for use in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Therefore, in another aspect, the invention relates to a kit, hereinafter "kit of the invention", comprising at least one reagent for determining the presence of at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239, and / or the corresponding SNPs of its linkage block, and / or at least one reagent for determining the nucleotide present at the polymorphic site of said SNPs.

 In a particular embodiment, the kit of the invention comprises at least one reagent for determining the presence of a single SNP selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and the corresponding SNPs of their blocks ligation, and at least one reagent to determine the nucleotide present in the polymorphic site of said SNP.

 In another particular embodiment, the kit of the invention comprises at least one reagent necessary to determine the presence of any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or even 6, SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 , and / or in the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks, and / or at least one reagent necessary to determine the nucleotide present in said SNPs.

 Optionally, the kit of the invention may also include means for extracting the sample from the subject and / or means or reagents for amplifying the nucleic acid present in said sample.

The kits of the invention include one or more reagents for use in accordance with the present invention in suitable containers and packaging materials, including tubes, vials, and packaging techniques such as shrink wrapping and blow molding. Materials suitable for inclusion in a kit according to the present invention comprise one or more of the following: pairs of PCR-specific primers (oligonucleotides) that hybridize with domains of the DNA or cDNA sequence flanking the SNPs of interest (SNPs) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks); reagents capable of amplifying a domain of a specific sequence, either in the CDNA or cDNA without having to perform the PCR; reagents necessary to discriminate between the different alleles in the sequence of the domains amplified by PCR and PCR-not amplification (for example, restriction endonucleases, oligonucleotides that preferentially hybridize to a polymorphism allele, including those modified to contain enzymes or chemical groups fluorescents that amplify the signal of the oligonucleotides and that make the discrimination of the alleles more robust); reagents necessary to physically separate products derived from the different alleles (for example, agarose or polyacrylamide and a buffer to be used in electrophoresis, HPLC columns, SSCP gels, formamide gels or a MALDI-TOF matrix support), etc.

 Kits comprising one or more allele-specific oligonucleotides or polymorphism-specific or pairs of oligonucleotides are specifically contemplated, where each pair of allele-specific oligonucleotides or polymorphism-specific is directed to one of the polymorphism cited herein, i.e. S Ps rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks. The person skilled in the art will understand that in this context the term "directed to" means an oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide pair capable of identifying the allele present in a given SNP.

 By way of illustration, not limitation, the present invention contemplates kits comprising a set of probes, comprising a plurality of oligonucleotide probes that interrogate SNPs selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks, wherein said oligonucleotide probes account for at least 50% of the oligonucleotide probes of the probe set. Therefore, said set of probes, comprising a plurality of oligonucleotide probes that interrogate for SNPs selected among said SNPs, wherein said oligonucleotide probes account for at least 50% of the oligonucleotide probes of the probe set, constitutes a further embodiment of this invention.

In a particular embodiment, the kit comprises one or more pairs of polymorphism-specific or allele-specific oligonucleotides directed to two or more of the SNPs cited above, while another embodiment contemplates one or more oligonucleotides or pairs of polymorphism-specific or allele-specific oligonucleotides targeting all SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and / or the corresponding SNPs of their ligation blocks

 The kit of the invention allows prediction of success in smoking cessation in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Therefore, in another aspect, the invention relates to the use of the kit of the invention for:

 determine the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug; or for

 predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject; or for

 select a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or for

 select a therapy to be administered to a subject in need of therapy to abandon consumption.

Uses of the invention

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of at least one SNP to: determine the likelihood that a subject will quit smoking in response to therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or for

 predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject; or for

- select a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or for select a therapy to be administered to a subject in need of therapy to abandon consumption,

wherein said S P is selected from the group consisting of S Ps rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and any combination thereof and / or any SNP of their corresponding linkage blocks.

 In a particular embodiment, said SNP is selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of its linkage block. In another particular embodiment, said SNP is it selects from the group formed by the SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239, or any combination of said SNPs, and / or the corresponding SNPs of its linkage block.

 In another aspect, the invention relates to a therapy for abandoning tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for use in the treatment of a subject in need of therapy to abandon tobacco use, wherein said subject is selected by the third method of the invention. In a particular embodiment, said nictoinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug is selected from varenicline, cytisine and dianicline, preferably carenicline.

 The following example serves to illustrate the invention and should not be considered as limiting its scope.

EXAMPLE 1

 Identification of SNPs associated with success in smoking cessation in subjects treated with varenicline

1. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Groups and study parameters

In a study conducted on 807 patients of the Smoking Units of 22 Hospitals and Health Centers in Spain and Portugal, more than 300 SNPs related to relevant pathways were evaluated regarding the efficacy of the 3 first-line pharmacological treatments in smoking cessation: therapy of replacement with nicotine (TSN), bupropion and varenicline. Efficacy was assessed in terms of withdrawal from smoking at 3 months (short-term effectiveness) and 12 months (long-term efficacy). After applying the usual checks to correct errors in the data entry, the analysis process was carried out. First, the status of the subjects was characterized either as "cases" or as "controls", depending on the efficacy results obtained at 3 months and at 12 months of follow-up after the establishment of smoking cessation treatment of choice. Those cases that were successful in the treatment of smoking cessation were considered as "cases", and, thus, the different statistical analysis models will provide information on the probability of success associated with the presence of a certain genetic pattern at different times of evaluation of the result.

 To assess the possibility of confusion biases as a result of the analysis of mixed populations, and also as a control of genotyping errors, the Hardy-Weinberg imbalance test was performed both in the "cases" and in the corresponding "controls". The result of this test was assessed before analyzing the results obtained in the various logistic regression models that have been used to assess the association between the specific S Ps and the efficacy results of the prescribed treatments. The following penetrance models have been used in the logistic regression models: dominant, recessive, additive, super-dominant and logistic. Statistical analyzes were performed with both allelic frequency and genotypic frequency, the latter being the ones that provide the most information on the associations that are intended to be replicated. All results were presented with odds ratios, with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals, and their statistical significance value.

The possible influence of clinical variables, such as subjective stress, reasons for smoking, and dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, on the efficacy results as well as their role as confusing or modifying variables of the association studied, was assessed with logistic regression models. multiple. Finally, the discriminant power of the different genetic and clinical indicators (SNPs) analyzed with respect to efficacy results was assessed by operator-receiver curves and Analysis of the area under the curve. The final objective of this analysis strategy was to be able to estimate the probability of success that a subject with a certain genotypic profile could have that begins a smoking cessation treatment (in particular, with veranicline) and adjust and monitor their treatment in based on this information.

Genotyping

 Nucleic acid samples can be genotyped to determine the alleles that are present in a particular gene region of interest, for example, the position of a particular SNP, by methods well known in the state of the art. Candidate SNPs were identified by 3 different strategies, mainly aimed at including SNPs with a potential functional impact on protein structure and / or gene expression, as well as from the information of common variations throughout a given gene.

 According to a first strategy, non-synonyms coding SNPs were searched

(nsSNPs) and SNPs located in potential regions (5 'upstream, 5'-UTR, coding region, splicing sites, first intron, 3'-UTR and downstream 3'). SNPs were searched from 20 kilobases (kb) upstream 5 'from the start codon to 10 kb downstream 3' from the stop codon for a given gene. The SNPs included in this group were those with a possible functional effect, specifically those that alter potential binding sites to transcription factors such as those that can be predicted through the use of Pupas View software (Conde et al. 2005, Nucleic Acid Res 33: W501-5) and SNPs located in conserved sequences between species, as determined by the use of UCSC Genome Browser Datábase (http://genome.ucsc.edu/index.html).

In a second strategy, several target SNPs were selected. The main objective of this selection was to identify a set of SNPs targeting almost all known SNPs in a gene, including those located in potential regulatory regions that showed no evidence of functionality. In this study, the target SNPs were defined as common SNPs with an estimated R2 greater than 0.8 (r2> 0.8) with other SNPs in subjects with European ancestry (CEU) in the HapMap database (Tagger, Haploview 3.2 ) (Barrett et al, 2005, Bioinformatics 21 (2): 263-265). Finally, in the third strategy, S Ps previously described in the literature were considered.

 In all cases, only those SNPs with a described frequency of minor allele greater than 5% (MAF> 0.05) were selected in Caucasian populations of HapMap-CEU and PERLEGEN-EUR-Panel North America (ENSEMBL genome browser v. 3.3 -3.6; www.ensembl.org), with the objective of guaranteeing informative SNPs. All selected SNPs were filtered using the Illumina technology criteria (score> 0.6 or GoldengateValidated Status, Illumina Inc., San Diego, USA). The genotyping of SNPs was carried out at the National Genotyping Center (CeGen), Spain, using the Illumina Bead Array system (Illumina Inc., San Diego; USA).

Illumina Bead Array technology is based on particles ("beads") of 3 μιη that self-aggregate in microwells on one of the substrates: fiber optic beams or flat silica surfaces. When the particles are randomly assembled on one of these 2 substrates, they are arranged with a uniform separation of approximately 5.7 mm. Each particle is coated by hundreds of thousands of copies of a specific oligonucleotide that acts by capturing the sequences in one of Illumina's assays. On average, each type of particle is represented 30 times per sample, allowing a high degree of accuracy. The GoldenGate Genotyping assay genotyping assay was selected. In this approach, during the liquid phase, allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASO) hybridize to gDNA, extend and bind to a locus-specific oligonucleotide (LSO). PCR was carried out using universal primers. The products of the multiplex reaction were hybridized for detection and analysis to a universal Sentrix Array. The results obtained in DNA samples of blood duplicates were consistent with all SNPs genotyped by this method. The DNA was quantified at the National Genotyping Center (CeGen) using the PicoGreen technique and diluted to a final concentration of 50 ng / ml. With this technique, the DNA concentration was determined by a fluorescent marker (PicoGreen ^® , Molecular Probes) that binds to double stranded DNA and subsequent quantification in a fluorimeter.

2. RESULTS In order to determine the ethical pharmacogen profile associated with the efficacy of a drug treatment for smoking cessation, the results obtained in terms of withdrawal from smoking at 3 months (short-term efficacy) and 12 months (long-term efficacy) were evaluated. term). The success of the treatment is understood as the withdrawal of tobacco use in a prospective study with 3 groups of subjects who demanded an intervention of health professionals and were treated with TSN, bupropion and varenicline.

This is an observational study that included the intervention of 21 smoking units of public health services in Spain and Portugal. A total of 807 subjects were invited to participate in the study of which 798 patients provided their sociodemographic and clinical data by conducting a 144-item test. They also provided a biological sample for subsequent genotyping. A total of 483 individuals were treated with varenicline. Information on both phenotypic and genotypic variables was collected for 479 patients treated with varenicline before the initiation of pharmacological treatment.

 The general description of the sample is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristics of the sample evaluated and treated with varenicline

 Variables Mean (SD) N (%)

 Gender:

 Men 241 (49.9) Women 242 (483)

Age (years) 46.2 (10.8)

 Cigarette consumption / day 23.9 (10.9)

 Age beginning tobacco consumption (years) 15.5 (3.6)

 Age start daily consumption (years) 18.1 (4.5)

 Number attempts to quit smoking 2.8 (7.1)

 Method used in previous attempts:

 TSN 115 (31.1)

Bupropion / Varenicline 36 (9.7) Without drugs 219 (5.2)

Months since the last attempt to quit smoking 41.5 (86.4)

 Maximum withdrawal time reached (months) 29.0 (80.1)

 DE: standard deviation; TSN: nicotine replacement therapy

The clinical results were related to the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. The efficacy was evaluated 3 and 12 months after the start of treatment, according to previously established withdrawal criteria such as carbon monoxide measurement, clinical interviews and patient information.

80 candidate genes were selected based on their biological relevance and literature search as well as based on the bets of the candidate candidate genes. In the samples, 384 SNPs, insertion / deletion and tandem repeats were analyzed. For each gene the selection of the SNP was based on the following criteria:

 1. Target SNPs, R2> 0.98 with other SNPs in European ancestor HapMap individuals (CEU) (The International HapMap Project, 2003)

(Tagger, Haploview 3.2).

 2. SNPs located in regions that may influence the function of the gene (upstream, 5'UTR, coding region, splicing sites, intron 1, 3'UTR and downstream).

 3. SNPs previously associated with dependence and cessation of tobacco consumption.

 The results obtained showed the association between SNPs and the efficacy of smoking cessation treatment only for those genes that show a p-value of less than 0.01. The genetic results are presented with their corresponding OR (odds ratio), their accuracy (95% confidence intervals) and the corresponding p-value. With all this, the 6 SNPs associated with varenicline efficacy are shown, which are shown in Tables 3-6.

The results shown below present the adjustment of two prediction models. The first is a univariate model that only includes the genotype as an explanatory variable, while the second also includes clinical variables (subjective stress, reasons for smoking, and dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale). The explanatory power of both models has been checked using the likelihood ratio test for nested models. A significant value indicates the need to explain the result through the multivariate model, while a non-significant p-value implies that the univariate model (genotype) would be sufficient to explain the result.

Table 3

 Univariate (genotype) and multivariate (genotype and clinical variables) results of the efficacy of a varenicline treatment for smoking cessation - 3-month withdrawal rs678188 (Chr 10; PARD3)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 T / T C / T C / C

 1 109 165 69

 0 61 55 16

 OR 1.00 1.68 2.41 0.0073 557.6

 Linear OR 1.59 0.0018 555.7 0.5849

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value

 T C

 1 383 303

 0 177 87

 Total 560 390 1.61 (1, 19 - 2, 17) 0.002

Genotype Univariate results Multivariate results P-value

 (nested models)

OR (95% CI) -value AUC OR (95% CI) -value AUC

T / T 1.0 1.0

 C / T 1.68 (1.08 to 0.020 1.67 (1.06 to 0.028

 2.60) 2.63)

C / C 2.57 (1.36 to 0.004 0.5886 2.47 (1.26 to 0.008 0.6633 0.0002 4.88) 4.83)

Comments The C / T and C / C genotypes are associated with greater withdrawal at 3 months, with the C allele being the most important factor in explaining the success of withdrawal. The prediction is better for the multivariate model (66% based on the area under the curve) than for the univariate. The significance of «-value for nested models (genotype versus genotype plus clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is significantly better than the univariate in predicting the outcome.

 Figure 1 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to the SNP rs678188. rs9658498 (Chr 12; US 1)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 T / T C / T C / C

 1 154 151 37

 0 52 49 32

 OR 1.00 1.04 0.39 0.0019 556.8

 Linear OR 0.68 0.0081 560.3 0.5628

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value

 T C

 1 459 225

 0 153 113

 Total 612 338 0.66 (0.50 - 0.89) 0.006

Genotype Univariate results Multivariate results P-value

 (nested models)

OR (95% CI) -value AUC OR (IC -value AUC

 95%)

 T / T 1.0 1.0

 C / T 1.06 (0.67 to 0.793 1, 13 (0.71 to 0.598

 1.67) 1.81)

 C / C 0.39 (0.22 to 0.001 0.5718 0.39 (0.22 to 0.002 0.6682 0.0001

0.69) 0.72) Comments The C / T and T / T genotypes are associated with greater withdrawal at 3 months, with the C allele being the most important factor in explaining withdrawal failure. The prediction is better for the multivariate model (66% based on the area under the curve) than for the univariate. The significance of «-value for nested models (genotype versus genotype plus clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is significantly better than the univariate in predicting the outcome.

 Figure 2 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to the SNP rs9658498. rs4821566 (Chr 22; CSF2RB)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 C / C C / G G / G

 1 84 169 91

 0 48 62 24

 OR 1.00 1.56 2, 17 0.0226 565.6

 Linear OR 1.48 0.0061 563.7 0.5742

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value

 C G

 1 337 351

 0 158 110

 Total 495 461 1.50 (1, 12 - 1.99) 0.006

Comments G / G and C / G genotypes are associated with greater withdrawal at 3 months. The G allele being the most important factor in explaining success in withdrawal. Prediction is better for the multivariate model (66% in

In 3 month withdrawal, the SNP rs678188 and rs4821566 are significantly associated with the response and in both cases a dose-response relationship was observed. Of these SNPs, a higher statistical significance was observed for the SNP rs678188 (p = 0.0049). On the other hand, the authors of the present invention have evaluated the ability to predict the response to the 3-month treatment of the set of SNPs formed by rs678188, rs9658498 and rs4821566 with respect to the predictive value of each of these SNPs separately observing that, when said SNPs are taken together, the reliability of the prediction of treatment response (AUC = 0.68582) is improved with respect to that of each of said SNPs separately (AUC (rs678188) = 0.5886; AUC ( rs9658498) = 0.5718; AUC (rs4821566) = 0.5747). Therefore, SNPs rs678188, rs9658498 and rs4821566 have a predictive value of efficacy at three months of a pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation based on varenicline when analyzed together.

Table 4

 Univariate (genotype) and multivariate (genotype and clinical variables) results of the efficacy of a varenicline treatment for smoking cessation - 12-month withdrawal rsl0891510 (Chr 11; NCAM1)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 G / G G / T T7T

 1 72 114 36

 0 65 115 68

 OR 1.00 0.89 0.48 0.0115 647.2

 Linear OR 0.71 0.0080 647, 1 0.5639

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value GT

 1 258 186

 0 245 251

 Total 503 437 0.70 (0.54 - 0.91) 0.008

Comments The G / G genotype is associated with withdrawal at 12 months. Being the allele

 T the most important factor in the explanation of failure in withdrawal. The prediction is better for the multivariate model (64% based on the area under the curve) than for the univariate. The significance of «-value for nested models (genotype versus genotype plus clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is significantly better than the univariate in predicting the outcome.

 Figure 4 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graphic) and multivariate (lower graphic) models in relation to SNP rsl0891510. rsl 1932367 (Chr 4; GRID2)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 G / G A / G A A

 1 125 84 13

 0 109 120 21

 OR 1.00 0.61 0.54 0.0211 650.9

 Linear OR 0.67 0.0077 649.6 0.5654

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value

334 110 338 162

 Total 672 272 0.68 (0.52 - 0.91) 0.010

Comments The genotype G / G is associated with withdrawal at 12 months, the allele being

 To the most important factor in the explanation of failure in withdrawal. The prediction is better for the multivariate model (64% based on the area under the curve) than for the univariate. The significance of «-value for nested models (genotype versus genotype plus clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is significantly better than the univariate in predicting the outcome.

 Figure 5 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graph) and multivariate (lower graph) models in relation to SNP rsl 1932367. rs2023239 (Chr 6; CNR1)

 Result Genotype P-value AIC AUC

 T / T C / T c / c

 1 126 83 13

 0 175 65 10

 OR 1.00 1.77 1.81 0.0115 649.7

 Linear OR 1.57 0.0049 648.7 0.5664

Result OR alleles (95% CI) P-value

 T C

 1 335 109

 0 415 85

Total 750 194 1.59 (1.16 - 2, 18) 0.004 Genotype Univariate results Multivariate results P-value

 (nested models)

OR (95% CI) -value AUC OR (IC P- AUC

 95%) value

 T / T 1.0 1.0

 C / T 1.76 (1.18 to 0.005 1.85 (1.22 a

 2.62) 2.81)

 c / c 1.79 (0.76 to 0. 180 0.5657 1.73 (0.71 to 0.228 0.6577 0.0002

 4.22) 4.20)

Comments The C / T and C / C genotypes are associated with greater abstinence at 12 months, with the C allele being the most important factor in explaining success in withdrawal. The prediction is better for the multivariate model (66% based on the area under the curve) than for the univariate. The significance of «-value for nested models (genotype versus genotype plus clinical variables) indicates that the multivariate model is significantly better than the univariate in predicting the outcome.

 Figure 6 shows the ROC curves corresponding to the univariate (upper graph) and multivariate (lower graph) models in relation to SNP rs2023239.

Likewise, the authors of the present invention have evaluated the prediction capacity of the 12-month treatment response of the SNP set formed by rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 with respect to the predictive value of each of these SNPs separately, observing that when said SNPs are considered together, the reliability of the prediction of treatment response (AUC = 0.6305) is also improved with respect to that of each of said SNPs separately (AUC (rsl0891510) = 0.5655; AUC ( rsl 1932367) = 0.5637; AUC (rs2023239) = 0.5657). These results show that the SNP rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239 have a predictive value of efficacy at 12 months of a pharmacological treatment to stop smoking based on varenicline when analyzed together.

Table 5

 Varenicline - 3 month withdrawal

 Gene ID SNP Linked MAF Function

PARD3 rs678188 rs624056C / TC 0.442 IP (10pll. 21) (p-0.0073) C rs626385 C / TT 0.376 IP-CG

 rsl765160 A / G G 0.449 INF rs 1274478 A / G A0.338 INF-CG rs678188 C / T C0.407 INF-CG rs7959232 A / G G 0.394 IP rs904658 G / T G 0.399 INF rs 10774910 C / T T 0.381 INF

 NOSl

 rs9658498 rs3741476 C / T C 0.397 INF

 (12q24.2-

(p-0.0019) T

 q24.31) rs 12830203 C / TT 0.347 INF-CG rs2291908A / GG 0.363 INF-CG rs2293046 A / GA 0.336 IP-CG rs9658498 C / TC 0.399 INF-CG rs4821565 C / T 0.5 AARRP rs9607391 A / TT 0.486 AA F rs2413435 G / T 0.5 IGRT rs4239882 A / GG 0.492 AART rs4821561 C / TT 0.473 IGRT-CG rs2049908 A / GG 0.471 IGRT-CG rs4821560 G / TG 0.473 IGRT rsl 807546 A / CC 0.492 IGRT rs9 03977777/73977 48 AART rs2413436A / GG 0.473 IG F

 CSF2RB rs4821566 rs9607390 C / T T 0.439 AA F

 (22ql3.1) (p-0.0226) G rs9607396 A / C A 0.453 AART

 rs2075941C / TT 0.492 INF rsl 0222238G / TG 0.469 AART-CG rsl0222232A / GA 0.491 AART rs4821567 G 0.478 AART rs4820262C / TT 0.492 AART rs4820261A / GG 0.483 AART-CG rs575648768 A7 IGRT rs4821566 C / GG 0.482 AANI

AAIGRT: Upstream intergenic transcriptional regulator; AANF: Upstream non-functional; AARR: Upstream regulatory region; AARRP: Upstream promoter region regulator; AART: Upstream transcriptional regulator; ABNF: Downstream non-functional; ABRT: Downstream transcriptional regulator; CG: CpG Site; YOU ARE: Exonic regulator assembly synonym; IGNF: Non-functional intergenic; IGRT: Intergenic transcriptional regulator; Intronic non-functional INF; IP: Intronic enhancer; IRT: Intronic transcriptional regulator; ISI: Intronic without information; ND: Data not available. Table 6

 Varenicline - 12 month withdrawal

 Gene ID SNP Linked MAF Function

 rs4936263 A / G G 0.46 IGRT-CG rsl0891518 C / T T 0.458 IGRT-CG

NCAM1 rsl0891510

 rs4937993 A / G A 0.491 IGRT-CG (llq23.1) (p-0.0115) G

 rs7932647 A / G A 0.458 IGRT rsl0891510 G / T T 0.491 IGRT rs6848888 C / T T 0.363 IRT rs4519763 C / T C 0.363 IRT-CG

GRID2 rsl 1932367

 rs7671794 A / G A 0.363 IRT-CG (4q22) (p-0.0211) G

 rsl 1097378 G / T T 0.381 IRT rsl 1932367 A / G A 0.385 INF-CG rs9450898 C / T T 0.158 INF rs6928813 A / G G 0. 159 INF-CG

CNR1 rs2023239

 rs9444584 C / T T 0.2 IRT-CG (6ql4-ql5) (p-0.0115) C

 rs6928499 C / T C 0, 175 INF rs2023239 C / T C 0.167 INF-CG

AAIGRT: Upstream intergenic transcriptional regulator; AANI: Upstream no information; AANF Upstream non-functional; AARR: Upstream regulatory region; AARRP: Upstream promoter region regulator; AART: Upstream transcriptional regulator; ABNF: Downstream non-functional; ABRT: Downstream transcriptional regulator; CG: CpG Site; YOU ARE: Exonic regulator assembly synonym; IGNF: Non-functional intergenic; IGRT: Intergenic transcriptional regulator; Intronic non-functional INF; IP: Intronic enhancer; IRT: Intronic transcriptional regulator; ISI: Intronic without information; ND: Data not available.

TRANSLATION TO ENGLISH OF ENGLISH TERMS THAT APPEAR ON THE LIST OF SEQUENCES

 The term "SEQUENCE LISTING" means "LIST OF SEQUENCES".

Claims

A method for determining the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject, at least one allele of one or more of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SP) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or of any SNP of its corresponding linkage blocks, where the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rs 10891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I  the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block; it is indicative of a high probability that said subject will quit smoking in response to said therapy; or alternatively, where the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one C allele of SP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  - the presence of at least one A allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; It is indicative of a low probability that said subject will cease tobacco consumption in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Method according to claim 1, wherein: the presence of both C alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; it is indicative of a high probability that said subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or alternatively, in which the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both C alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both T alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both A alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; I  the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block; It is indicative of a low probability that said subject will cease tobacco consumption in response to a therapy based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. A method for predicting the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject, which comprises determining in an biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the polymorphisms single nucleotide (SNPs) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of its corresponding ligation blocks, where the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of at least one G allele of SNP rs4821566, or of alleles corresponding of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I  the presence of at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block; It is indicative that such therapy will be effective; or alternatively, where the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one C allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  the presence of at least one A allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I  the presence of at least one T allele of the SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; It is indicative that such therapy will be ineffective. Method according to claim 3, wherein: the presence of both C alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the alleles corresponding to the S Ps of its linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of S P rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both G alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; and / or the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs2023239, or the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; It is indicative that such therapy will be effective; or alternatively, in which - the presence of both T alleles of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both C alleles of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both C alleles of SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage block;  the presence of both T alleles of SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; the presence of both A alleles of SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; and / or - the presence of both T alleles of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of their linkage block; It is indicative that such therapy will be ineffective. 5. A method of selecting a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug, which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (S Ps) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of its corresponding ligation blocks, wherein said subject is selected for said therapy if you have at least one C allele of the SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of your linkage block;  at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  at least one G allele of the SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; I  at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block. A method for selecting a therapy for a subject in need of therapy to quit smoking, which comprises determining in a biological sample of said subject at least one allele of one or more of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367 and rs2023239, or any SNP of their corresponding ligation blocks, where a therapy is selected to abandon tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors if said subject has at least one allele C of SNP rs678188, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  at least one T allele of the SNP rs9658498, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; at least one G allele of SNP rs4821566, or of the corresponding alleles of the S Ps of its linkage block;  at least one G allele of the SNP rsl0891510, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block;  at least one G allele of the SNP rsl 1932367, or of the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of its linkage block; and / or at least one C allele of SNP rs2023239, or of the corresponding alleles of SNPs of its linkage block. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said SNP is selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566 and any combination of said SNPs and / or corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks, or, alternatively , of the group formed by SNPs rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and any combination of said SNPs and / or the corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said subject is an active tobacco consumer, preferably, an active smoker. 9. Method according to any of claims 1 to 8, further comprising analyzing at least one clinical variable related to tobacco consumption. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said clinical variable related to tobacco consumption is selected from the group consisting of subjective stress, reasons for smoking, dependence according to the Fagerstrom scale, and any combination thereof. 11. A kit comprising at least one reagent necessary to determine the presence of at least one allele of one or more of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and / or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their ligation blocks, and / or at least one reagent for determining the nucleotide present at the polymorphic site of said one or more SNPs, wherein said at least one reagent necessary for determining the presence of at least one allele of one or more of said SNPs and / or the corresponding alleles of the SNPs of their linkage blocks, and / or at least one reagent to determine the nucleotide present in the polymorphic site of said one or more SNPs comprises: - one or more pairs of allele-specific or polymorphism-specific oligonucleotides, where each pair of allele-specific or polymorphism-specific oligonucleotides is directed to one of the SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and / or corresponding SNPs of their linkage blocks, or  - a set of probes, wherein said set of probes comprises a plurality of oligonucleotide probes that interrogate for SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, s2023239 and / or their corresponding SNPs of their ligation blocks, where said oligonucleotide probes account for at least 50% of the oligonucleotide probes of said set of probes. 12. Use of a kit according to claim 11, for:  determine the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug; or for  predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject; or for  - select a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or for  select a therapy to be administered to a subject in need of therapy to abandon consumption, 13. Use of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to: determine the probability that a subject will quit smoking in response to a therapy based on a nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist drug; or for  predict the efficacy of a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a subject; or for  select a subject for a therapy to quit smoking based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors; or for  - select a therapy to be administered to a subject in need of therapy to abandon consumption;  wherein said SNP is selected from the group consisting of SNPs rs678188, rs9658498, rs4821566, rsl0891510, rsl 1932367, rs2023239 and any combination thereof and / or any SNP of their corresponding linkage blocks. 14. A therapy to quit tobacco use based on an agonist drug of nicotinic cholinergic receptors for use in the treatment of a subject, wherein said subject is selected by the method of claim 5. 15. Method according to any of claims 1 to 10, kit according to claim 11, use of a kit according to claim 12, use of a SNP according to claim 13, or therapy according to claim 14, wherein said agonist drug of the Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are selected from the group consisting of varenicline, cytisine and dianicline.