WO2013154177A1 - Cible de type combiné, procédé de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné et dispositif de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné - Google Patents

Cible de type combiné, procédé de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné et dispositif de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné Download PDF

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Publication number: WO2013154177A1
Authority: WO; WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords: target; carbon; beryllium; lithium; composite
Prior art date: 2012-04-12
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Ceased

Application number

PCT/JP2013/061046

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English (en)

Japanese (ja)

Inventor

松本　浩

小林　仁

正和吉岡

俊一栗原

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Kagawa University NUC

Inter University Research Institute Corp High Energy Accelerator Research Organization

Original Assignee

Kagawa University NUC

Inter University Research Institute Corp High Energy Accelerator Research Organization

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2012-04-12

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2013-04-12

Publication date

2013-10-17

2013-04-12 Application filed by Kagawa University NUC, Inter University Research Institute Corp High Energy Accelerator Research Organization filed Critical Kagawa University NUC

2013-04-12 Priority to JP2013533804A priority Critical patent/JP6218174B2/ja

2013-10-17 Publication of WO2013154177A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013154177A1/fr

2014-10-12 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H3/00—Production or acceleration of neutral particle beams, e.g. molecular or atomic beams
- H05H3/06—Generating neutron beams
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
- G21G4/02—Neutron sources
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H6/00—Targets for producing nuclear reactions

Definitions

the present invention relates to a target for generating neutrons by causing a proton to collide with a target, a neutron generation method using the target, and a neutron generation apparatus using the target. More specifically, the present invention provides a new target for generating neutrons using low-energy protons, a neutron generation method using the target, and a neutron generator using the target. And a new target for reducing activation of a target member and the like by protons and neutrons, a neutron generation method using the target, and a neutron generation apparatus using the target.
Patent Document 1 discloses that a deuteron beam of, for example, 30 MeV to 40 MeV of a radio frequency quadrupole linear accelerator (RFQ linac) is caused to collide with lithium to cause Li (d, n) reaction to generate neutrons. It is characterized by generating thermal and epithermal neutrons for treatment via a neutron moderator.
RFQ linac radio frequency quadrupole linear accelerator
Patent Document 2 relates to a target for generating neutrons, and Nb, Pt, Au, Al, Be, Cr, which are low hydrogen absorbers, in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the target to which a high-intensity proton beam collides. It is characterized by using tungsten coated with stainless steel or its alloy.
Patent Document 3 discloses that neutrons are generated by inducing a non-thermofusion reaction by colliding a deuterium ion beam against the surface of an alloy with liquid lithium or a metal having a catalytic action for a fusion reaction. It is characterized by.
neutrons containing spallation reactants are generated by colliding a proton beam generated by a cyclotron or the like with a heavy metal such as tantalum or tungsten with a proton beam having an energy of 20 MeV or more. It is characterized by generating therapeutic thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons by removing harmful spallation reactants and fast neutrons through a configured filter.
Patent Document 5 discloses a method and an apparatus for generating neutrons by a fixed magnetic field strong convergence (FFAG: Fixed Field Alternating Gradient) -internal target (ERIT) system.
FFAG Fixed Field Alternating Gradient
ERIT Internal target
Patent Document 5 is generated by colliding a proton beam or deuteron beam having an energy of 11 MeV or more and less than 15 MeV, which is circulated and enhanced by a cyclone type proton storage ring, with a beryllium target provided in the ring.
the neutrons are adjusted to therapeutic thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons through a moderator such as heavy water.
Patent Document 6 discloses a target for generating neutrons by colliding a proton beam accelerated by an RFQ linac or a drift tube linac with an output of about 30 kW and about 11 MeV on a metal target. It is also disclosed that the target is a metal target, preferably beryllium. Patent Document 6 discloses that the thickness of the target is approximately equal to or slightly larger than the range of the proton beam in the target, and is equal to or more than the heat transfer area of the target to cool the target. It cools through the metal plate which has the heat-transfer area of.
Patent Document 7 discloses that a linear accelerator is used to generate a fast neutron of 10 keV or more by causing a proton beam of 11 MeV to collide with a beryllium target, and the fast neutron is passed through a moderator such as heavy water to be less than 10 keV. It is characterized by adjusting to epithermal neutrons of 0.5 or 0.5 eV or less.
Patent Document 8-10 describes a beryllium target for generating a neutron by colliding a proton beam with an output level of 2 mA-60 kW and an energy level of about 30 MeV to beryllium. Cooling water is placed directly under a beryllium plate having a thickness of 5.5 mm. A copper plate, aluminum alloy plate, or graphite plate with a spiral groove for flow is provided, and in order to suppress the deformation of the target due to heat generated by the target or generated hydrogen, fixing with bolts and nuts around the target It is characterized by that.
Patent Document 11 is characterized in that the method of manufacturing a lithium target is a method of pressing a rolled lithium thin film onto a copper substrate.
Patent Document 12 describes a lithium target for generating a neutron by colliding a proton with energy slightly higher than a threshold (about 2 MeV) of Li (p, n) reaction with the target.
This structure is characterized in that a block having a cooling mechanism is formed with a conical cut, and a beryllium-covered lithium thin film attached on a backing foil substrate is attached to the conical cut surface.
Patent Document 13 describes a lithium target for generating neutrons in which lithium particles have a structure of lithium particles for preventing lithium particles from melting and preventing leakage of lithium liquefied by heat generation.
the lithium particles are made of sintered carbon, silicon carbide, and zirconium carbide. It is characterized by a structure that is sequentially covered in order.
Patent Document 14 is characterized in that a lithium target for BNCT is a lithium target deposited on an iron substrate, a tantalum substrate, or a vanadium substrate.
Patent Document 15 describes a lithium target for generating a neutron by colliding a proton with an energy of about 20 mA-50 kW and an energy of about 2.5 MeV to the target.
the structure of the target for preventing the melting of lithium has a cooling mechanism. It has a structure in which a palladium thin film is provided on the surface of a conical heat transfer plate having a lithium thin film attached on the palladium thin film.
Patent Documents 1 to 10 require high-energy proton beams in which the acceleration energy of the proton beam or deuteron beam colliding with the target is at least 11 MeV. Therefore, in the methods and apparatuses disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 10 described above, a large-scale accelerator for generating proton beams or deuteron beams is necessary, and targets such as targets using high energy proton beams and generated neutrons are required.
a relatively thick target material is attached to a thermally conductive metal material support, and if the target material for generating neutrons is made of a metal such as heavy metal, it is extremely harmful to the human body and is a device member. Because fast neutrons with a high activation capacity are mixed together, a large-scale decelerator is needed to decelerate primary neutrons. Special safety measures are required to absorb or remove harmful and highly radioactive proton beams, fast neutrons and radioactive nuclear reactants, and measures to prevent embrittlement of the target material by active hydrogen are necessary.
the present invention is capable of generating neutrons by irradiation with low-energy protons, reducing activation of a member such as a target such as protons and neutrons,
the main purpose is to provide a new target capable of fundamentally solving the problem of hydrogen embrittlement.
a composite target for generating neutrons by colliding with protons comprising a target portion composed of a composite of beryllium material, lithium material, and non-metallic material, and a vacuum seal applied to one surface of the target portion;
the composite target is characterized by comprising: 2.
3. The composite target according to 1 or 2 above, wherein the carbon-based material is a carbon-based material containing at least one of an isotropic graphite material and a crystal-oriented carbon material. It was. 4).
the proton is a proton of 2 MeV or more and less than 11 MeV
the target is the composite target according to any one of 1 to 3 above
a structure of a neutron generating method characterized by generating neutrons by a nuclear reaction by causing the proton to collide with the composite target under vacuum and cooling the composite target by a cooling mechanism of the composite target; and did. 5.
the accelerator is a linear accelerator
the target is the composite target according to any one of 1 to 3 above.
the composite target of the present invention is a composite target in which a vacuum target is applied to a composite target composed of a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a non-metallic material, and a cooling mechanism having a coolant channel is attached.
the functions of the composite target of the present invention are “reduction of activation of members by protons and neutrons” and “effective cooling of the target” in addition to “neutron generation by nuclear reaction” as main functions. Since the present invention is a composite target formed by combining three types of materials, the function of the target can be performed by sharing the functions of the three types of materials.
the unique properties of protons in beryllium and lithium materials enable the generation of low-energy neutrons using protons that are relatively lower in energy than in the past, and the unique properties of protons and neutrons in non-metallic materials.
the surface area of these materials can be dramatically improved by the combination of beryllium material, lithium material, and non-metallic material, that is, the heat transfer area can be dramatically improved.
the neutron generation method using the composite target of the present invention can stably generate low-energy neutrons while reducing the activation of members such as the target.
the neutron generator to be used can be installed in a small medical institution as a neutron generator for generating medical neutrons such as BNCT.
the target according to the embodiment is a composite target having a configuration of [beryllium material-carbon material-lithium material-carbon material], the surface of the target is vacuum-sealed, and the target
FIG. 2 shows a composite target in which the target according to the embodiment is formed by integrally molding a mixture of beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material, and a vacuum seal is applied to the surface of the target.
FIG. 2 shows a composite type target which attaches the cooling mechanism which provided the refrigerant
FIG. 3 shows a composite target having a configuration of [beryllium material-carbon material-lithium material-carbon material] according to the embodiment, and a vacuum seal is applied to the surface of the target.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a composite target that includes a cooling mechanism provided with a refrigerant flow path and has an independent refrigerant flow path inside the target.
FIG. 4 shows a composite target having a structure of [beryllium material-carbon material-lithium material-carbon material] according to the embodiment, and a vacuum seal is applied to the surface of the target.
a cooling mechanism provided with a cooling medium flow path a cooling medium flow path is also provided inside the target, and the cooling medium flow path is connected to the cooling mechanism. It is sectional drawing illustrated.
FIG. 3 shows a composite target having a configuration of [beryllium material-carbon material-lithium material-carbon material] according to the embodiment, and a vacuum seal is applied to the surface of the target.
FIG. 3 is
FIG. 5 shows a composite target having a configuration in which the target according to the embodiment is composed of a plurality of [complex of beryllium material-carbon-based material] and a plurality of [composite of lithium material-carbon-based material].
a vacuum seal is applied to the surface of the target, and a cooling mechanism is provided in the target with a refrigerant flow path.
a refrigerant flow path is also provided in each composite body. It is sectional drawing which illustrates that the path
FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating a neutron generation method using the composite target of the present invention according to the embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view illustrating a neutron generator using the composite target of the present invention according to the embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional type target for comparison.
the composite target of the present invention is a composite target formed by combining a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a carbon-based material is to share the function of the target among the above three types of materials.
the beryllium material and the lithium material are used as the target material mainly for generating low energy neutrons by collision with low energy protons, and the beryllium material is 9 Be (1) by protons of 4 MeV to 11 MeV.
p, n) reaction can occur and the lithium material can cause a 6 Li (p, n) or 7 Li (p, n) reaction with 2 MeV to 4 MeV protons.
the main reason why the carbon-based material is another target material in the composite target of the present invention is that the carbon-based material is more effective for reducing activation by protons and neutrons than the metal material, and radiation durability. Is relatively high, the absorption of thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons is low, the fast neutron moderating effect is high, and the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for the carbon-based material to conduct and diffuse the heat generated by the target It is similar to or better than metal materials, has a relatively high melting point, and has a lower neutron generation efficiency than beryllium or lithium, but can generate neutrons by nuclear reaction with protons.
carbon-based materials In addition to physical properties such as being capable of stable generation of low-energy neutrons, carbon-based materials adsorb hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules. Therefore, it is possible to suppress hydrogenation and hydrogen embrittlement of beryllium materials or lithium materials, and to cause a coupling reaction between hydrogen atoms and tritium, which adsorbs tritium, which is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. This is because effects such as adsorption of the generated tritiated hydrogen are provided.
the beryllium material in the present invention is a single element material of beryllium element selected from the group 2 elements in the periodic table (being a single metal of beryllium element, hereinafter referred to as beryllium), beryllium compound, beryllium alloy, beryllium Intermetallic compounds and beryllium composite materials.
the lithium material in the present invention is a single element material of a lithium element selected from the group elements in the periodic table (a simple metal of the lithium element, hereinafter referred to as lithium), a lithium compound, a lithium alloy, And a lithium composite material.
beryllium, beryllium compounds, beryllium alloys, beryllium intermetallic compounds, and beryllium composite materials are collectively referred to as beryllium materials
lithium, lithium compounds, lithium alloys, and lithium composite materials are collectively referred to as lithium materials.
the generation principle is based on a specific nuclear reaction in a specific element.
the principle of neutron generation by irradiating the target with accelerated protons is based on a physical nuclear reaction between the proton and the atom of the specific element contained in the target. This is because neutrons are produced by the nuclear reaction similar to the case of the specific element alone even when the material is used.
beryllium and lithium in addition to beryllium and lithium, beryllium compounds, beryllium alloys, beryllium intermetallic compounds, and beryllium composite materials, lithium compounds, lithium alloys, and lithium composite materials can be used.
a compound or composite material of the above specific element is used as the target material, elements other than the specific element (beryllium element and lithium element) contained in the compound or composite material should not be activated by protons or neutrons.
the element does not generate harmful substances by reaction with by-product hydrogen atoms. Examples of such elements include, but are not limited to, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur and the like.
the beryllium material in the present invention refers to beryllium, beryllium compounds, beryllium alloys, beryllium intermetallic compounds, and beryllium composite materials.
beryllium compounds include beryllium oxide (BeO), beryllium nitride (Be3N2), beryllium azide (BeN6), beryllium phosphide (BeP2), beryllium carbide (Be2C), beryllium fluoride (BeF2), and beryllium chloride (BeCl2).
Beryllium halides such as beryllium bromide (BeBr2), beryllium hydroxide (Be (OH) 2), beryllium acetate (Be (CH3CO2) 2), beryllium carbonate (BeCO3), beryllium sulfate (BeSO4), beryllium nitrate ( Be (NO3) 2), beryllium phosphate (Be3 (PO4) 2), beryllium silicate (Be2SiO4), beryllium aluminate (Be (AlO2) 2), beryllium niobate (Be (NbO3) 2), beryllium tantalate (Be (TaO2) 2), various kinds of beryllium aluminum silicate, and the like can be mentioned, but are not limited thereto.
BeBr2 beryllium bromide
Be (OH) 2 beryllium hydroxide
Be (CH3CO2) 2 beryllium carbonate
BeSO4 beryllium sulf
beryllium alloy examples include, but are not limited to, a magnesium beryllium alloy, an aluminum beryllium alloy, and a lithium beryllium alloy.
the type of beryllium intermetallic compound is not limited.
beryllium composite materials include beryllium glass such as beryllium metaphosphate glass, beryllium glass ceramic containing beryllium glass as a main component, beryllium ceramic containing beryllium oxide as a main component, and beryllium solid solution ceramic containing beryllium element as a solid solution. , Beryllium atom-encapsulating fullerene, composite materials obtained by combining various beryllium materials, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
the external shape, porosity, density, content, etc. of the beryllium material are not limited.
beryllium and beryllium oxide have a relatively high 9Be (p, n) reaction threshold (about 4 MeV) but have a high melting point (melting point of beryllium: about 1278 ° C., melting point of beryllium oxide: 2570 ° C.). This is most preferable.
Beryllium glass, beryllium ceramic, and beryllium-containing endohedral fullerenes are preferable because the beryllium element does not elute.
the lithium material in the present invention means lithium, a lithium compound, a lithium alloy, a lithium intermetallic compound, and a lithium composite material.
lithium compounds include lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium nitride (Li3N), lithium carbide (Li4C), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), and lithium iodide (LiI).
Lithium halide such as lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium acetate (LiCH3CO2), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), lithium silicate (Li4SiO4) ), Lithium aluminate (LiAlO2), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO2), various types of lithium aluminum silicate, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
the lithium alloy include, but are not limited to, a lithium magnesium alloy, a lithium aluminum alloy, and a lithium beryllium alloy.
Lithium composite materials include lithium glass such as lithium silicate glass and lithium disilicate glass, lithium glass ceramic containing lithium glass as the main component, lithium ceramic containing lithium oxide as the main component, and lithium element as a solid solution. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, lithium solid-solution ceramics, lithium atom-containing fullerenes, and composite materials obtained by combining various lithium materials.
the external shape, porosity, density, content, etc. of the lithium material are not limited.
lithium is most preferable because it has a low melting point but has a low 6Li (p, n) or 7Li (p, n) reaction threshold (about 2 MeV).
Lithium glass, lithium glass ceramic, and lithium atom-encapsulating fullerene are preferable because lithium alone does not elute.
the carbon-based material in the present invention is a single element material of carbon that is a group 14 element in the periodic table (hereinafter referred to as carbon material), a carbon compound that is a compound of carbon, and two or more types of carbon materials or carbon. It is a carbon-based composite material formed by combining compounds. In the present invention, these carbon materials, carbon compounds, and carbon-based composite materials are collectively referred to as carbon-based materials. Examples of the carbon material in the carbon-based material include isotropic graphite materials, crystal-oriented carbon materials, polycrystalline diamond, diamondlike carbon, and glassy carbon ( Examples include, but are not limited to, glassy carbon, porous carbon, polyacetylene, carbyne, and the like.
Examples of the carbon compound in the carbon material include, but are not limited to, carbon nitride, silicon carbide, and the like.
Examples of the carbon-based composite material include, but are not limited to, carbon fiber reinforced plastics and carbon fiber reinforced ceramics.
isotropic graphite materials and crystal-oriented carbon materials not only have balanced physical properties, but are particularly excellent in thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. It is the most preferable because it is a material that is difficult to produce and surprisingly has the property of hardly causing hydrogen embrittlement.
the isotropic graphite material in the present invention is a graphite material having an isotropic structure and characteristics.
graphite materials are classified into three types: CIP materials (molded products in which graphite raw materials are formed isotropically by Cold Isostatic Press), extruded materials, and molding materials due to differences in molding methods.
CIP materials molded products in which graphite raw materials are formed isotropically by Cold Isostatic Press
extruded materials molded products in which graphite raw materials are formed isotropically by Cold Isostatic Press
molding materials due to differences in molding methods.
It is called isotropic graphite material because the graphite material obtained through the graphitization process after calcining and carbonizing the CIP material is a graphite material having an isotropic structure and characteristics.
an isotropic graphite material is also referred to as a graphite material having an isotropic structure and characteristics.
Isotropic graphite material is a material that has high thermal conductivity and isotropic thermal conductivity like metal materials, is a material that has higher thermal diffusivity than metal materials, and is less likely to be activated. It is most preferable since it has excellent properties such as low absorption of epithermal neutrons, high neutron moderating effect, high radiation durability, and high melting point (melting point: about 3570 ° C.).
the isotropic graphite material in the present invention those having a bulk density in the range of 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 to 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 can be used.
bulk density isotropic graphite material than 1.5Gcm -3 is not unusable, bulk density collisions is less than 1.5Gcm -3 carbon atoms and protons and neutrons Since it may become insufficient, the bulk density is preferably 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 or more. Further, when the bulk density exceeds 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 , the stable phase under normal pressure is diamond, so the maximum value of the bulk density of the graphite material existing as a substance is about 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 .
an isotropic graphite material used as a conventional industrial material can be used, and an isotropic graphite material improved to a higher density is more preferable.
the crystal orientation carbon material in the present invention is a carbon material having a crystal orientation composed of carbon atoms or carbon molecules and having a uniform crystal orientation.
crystallinity means that atoms and molecules constituting a substance are arranged in a spatially repeating pattern
orientation means that the orientation of molecules and crystals is aligned.
the crystal orientation in the present invention also follows this definition.
the crystal-oriented carbon material in the present invention is a carbon material that is a crystalline carbon material composed of carbon atoms or carbon molecules and that has a uniform crystal orientation.
Examples of the crystalline orientation carbon material in the present invention include single crystalline graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), carbon fibers, carbon nanofibers, Vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF), carbon whiskers, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes, single crystalline diamond , Epitaxial diamond, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
Single-crystal graphite has a honeycomb-shaped layer (called a graphite layer) in which six-membered rings of carbon atoms (including cases where a part of the ring contains a five-membered ring) is connected in a plane, and is bonded by a weak van der Waals force.
a layered structure is formed, and the layered structure is regularly arranged like a crystal, and the plane of the graphite layer (hereinafter referred to as a graphite plane) is oriented in the same direction in an orderly manner.
HOPG is a graphite material having a high crystal orientation similar to that of single crystal graphite, although it is not completely crystal orientation like single crystal graphite.
Carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, VGCF, and carbon whisker are graphite materials in which graphite microcrystals are aggregated in a fiber shape and the graphite layer is oriented in the fiber axis direction.
Carbon nanotubes are carbon materials that have a cylindrical hollow at the center of a molecule and are composed of one or more cylindrical graphite layers so as to cover the hollow.
Fullerenes are polyhedral crystalline carbon materials composed of six-membered and five-membered rings of carbon atoms.
Graphene is a carbon material in which molecules are composed of one to several planar graphite layers.
Single crystal diamond is diamond in which the crystal structure of diamond is continuous without interruption.
Epitaxial diamond is a thin-film diamond crystal obtained by growing a diamond crystal on a crystal serving as a substrate, and the crystal growth is diamond aligned in alignment with the crystal plane of the underlying substrate.
single crystal graphite usually has a thermal conductivity value on the graphite surface of 1500 Wm ⁇ 1 K ⁇ 1 , and a thermal diffusivity (thermal conductivity per heat capacity) of 3 It is about .4m 2 h -1 .
copper which is well known as a metal material having high thermal conductivity, has a thermal conductivity of 400 Wm ⁇ 1 K ⁇ 1 and a thermal diffusivity of about 0.42 m 2 h ⁇ 1 .
HOPG carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, VGCF, carbon whisker, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene having crystal orientation similar to single crystal graphite or single crystal graphite
the kind is more preferable because it rapidly conducts and diffuses the heat generated in the target along the graphite surface.
Single crystal diamond has a thermal conductivity value of about 2300 Wm ⁇ 1 K ⁇ 1 and a thermal diffusivity of about 4.6 m 2 h ⁇ 1 . Therefore, among the crystal orientation carbon materials in the present invention, single crystal diamond or epitaxial diamond whose crystal orientation is similar to single crystal diamond conducts and diffuses heat generated in the target isotropically (three-dimensionally) quickly.
the crystal orientation carbon material in the present invention one having a bulk density in the range of 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 to 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 can be used.
bulk density crystal orientation carbon material of less than 1.5Gcm -3 is not unusable, bulk density collisions is less than 1.5Gcm -3 carbon atoms and protons and neutrons Since it may become insufficient, the bulk density is preferably 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 or more.
the bulk density exceeds 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 , the stable phase under normal pressure is diamond, so the maximum value of the bulk density of the carbon material existing as a substance is about 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 .
a crystal orientation carbon material used as a conventional industrial material can be used, and a crystal orientation carbon material improved to a higher density is more preferable.
the carbon-based material in the present invention those having a bulk density in the range of 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 to 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 can be used.
the bulk density is preferably 1.5 gcm ⁇ 3 or more.
the stable phase under normal pressure is diamond, so the maximum value of the bulk density of the carbon-based material existing as a substance is about 3.5 gcm ⁇ 3 .
a carbon-based material used as a conventional industrial material can be used, and a carbon-based material improved to a higher density is more preferable.
the carbon-based material in the present invention can be a carbon-based material containing at least one of the isotropic graphite material and the crystal-oriented carbon material in the carbon material. That is, a preferable isotropic graphite material or crystal orientation carbon material can be used alone among the carbon materials, and a composite carbon system obtained by combining the isotropic graphite material and the crystal orientation carbon material. It is also possible to use a composite carbon-based material obtained by combining an isotropic graphite material or a crystal-oriented carbon material and another carbon-based material. There may be one or more carbon-based materials other than the isotropic graphite material and the crystal-oriented carbon material to be combined.
Examples of such carbon-based materials include polycrystalline diamond, diamond-like carbon, glassy carbon, porous carbon, polyacetylene, carbyne, and carbon nitride listed above. , Silicon carbide, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
a composite of isotropic graphite material and other carbon-based material is a laminate of a molded body of isotropic graphite material and a molded body of other carbon-based material, or a mixture of isotropic graphite material and other carbon-based material. It can be carried out by combining an isotropic graphite material with another carbon-based material.
the component ratio of the isotropic graphite material is not particularly limited, but is usually 50% or more.
a composite of isotropic graphite material and diamond or carbon nanotubes excellent in thermal conductivity can further improve the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusibility of the target by mixing these materials.
a composite of a crystal-oriented carbon material and an isotropic graphite material can be made isotropic in heat conduction by alternately laminating these materials.
the carbon-based material in the present invention can be appropriately added with a reinforcing material as desired in order to improve the mechanical strength during use.
the reinforcing material is preferably a material that is difficult to be activated. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, epoxy resins, glass fibers, and various ceramic materials.
the average energy of neutrons generated at the target is about one fifth of the energy of incident protons (Non-Patent Document 1).
the average energy of neutrons generated by colliding 8 MeV protons with a beryllium material is about 1.6 MeV
the average energy of neutrons generated by colliding 3 MeV protons with a lithium material is about 0.6 MeV.
Expected to be Since the average energy value of this neutron is in the energy range of fast neutrons, in order to use the generated neutrons for medical purposes such as BNCT, it is necessary to decelerate to the energy of thermal neutrons or epithermal neutrons with a moderator. .
Carbon-based materials such as light water (H 2 O), heavy water (D 2 O), beryllium (Be), beryllium oxide (BeO), and graphite (C) are ferrous metals such as iron, non-ferrous metals such as copper, And neutron moderation ratio (the value of neutron moderation divided by the neutron absorption capability, the better the moderator. However, it is generally used as a neutron moderator for nuclear reactors and the like.
carbon-based materials such as graphite materials are larger than the neutron moderation ratio of light water, and the neutron moderation distance (the travel distance from fast neutrons to thermal neutrons, given as the square root of Fermi age ⁇ cm 2 )
the neutron moderation distance the travel distance from fast neutrons to thermal neutrons, given as the square root of Fermi age ⁇ cm 2
carbon-based materials such as graphite materials used in the present invention are Also, it effectively functions as a neutron moderator for decelerating neutrons generated in the composite target of the present invention within the target.
the neutron transmittance in carbon materials such as graphite materials (I / I 0 : against the intensity of incident neutrons)
the thickness of a carbon material such as a graphite material used for the composite target of the present invention is 20 cm or more, it is expected that transmission of fast neutrons is almost completely suppressed, and thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons are obtained.
composite refers to a combination of three different materials, beryllium material and lithium material in the present invention), and a non-metallic material.
Specific examples of the composite include, for example, integration by stacking beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material, integration by mixing these materials, and combining these materials.
One example of the material structure of the composite target of the present invention is a composite target having an integral structure of [beryllium material-carbon material-lithium material-carbon material].
a composite target having this configuration causes neutrons to be generated by protons that exceed a beryllium material threshold (about 4 MeV) when passing through the beryllium material by directing the beryllium material surface in the direction of accelerated protons, Further neutrons can be generated by protons that pass through the lithium material as it passes through the lithium material above the threshold of the lithium material (approximately 2 MeV). Therefore, it is possible to generate more neutrons than a target consisting only of beryllium. Further, since neutrons generated by protons that have passed through the beryllium material do not contain radioactive nuclear reactants such as tritium, it is possible to generate higher quality neutrons than a target composed solely of lithium.
One example of the material structure of the composite target of the present invention has a structure in which a plurality of [composites of beryllium material-carbon-based material] and a plurality of [composites of lithium material-carbon-based material] are stacked. It is a composite target.
a composite target having this configuration can generate more neutrons than a target made of only a beryllium material, like the above-described composite target.
One example of the material structure of the composite target of the present invention is a composite target that is an integrated mixture by mixing a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a carbon-based material. Since the neutron generation by the beryllium material and the neutron generation by the lithium material occur simultaneously in the composite target having this configuration, it is possible to generate more neutrons than the amount of neutron generation by the beryllium material alone. is there.
an interface is formed on the surface of these materials by the composite of beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material. Since exhaust heat generated by the target is principally performed by heat conduction or thermal diffusion at the material interface, the composite of the beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material in the present invention is preferable.
the interface a simple planar shape or various complicated shapes are formed, but a curved or uneven interface is preferable because it has a larger surface area than a plane.
the specific surface area of the material depends on the particle size of the material.
a target including a combination of a beryllium material or a lithium material and a carbon-based material can perform direct heat conduction through the interface between the two materials.
the surface of the target or the target material can be given a curved surface or an uneven shape by the surface treatment of the target or the target material, the surface area of the target can be made larger than the plane area. It is possible to improve thermal conductivity and thermal diffusibility at the interface. In this way, the heat quickly transferred to the target surface by heat conduction or heat diffusion is actually transferred to the outside by the indirect or direct cooling mechanism provided on the side, inside, or bottom of the target.
the specific surface area of the target is a surface area of a material having a unit mass, and is a sum of specific surface areas of the beryllium material, the lithium material, and the carbon-based material constituting the target.
the plane area of the target is an area when the surface of the target is projected onto the parallel plane.
the composite target of the present invention can make the specific surface area of the target larger than the plane area by combining beryllium material, lithium material and carbon-based material.
the standard for actively expanding the specific surface area of the target is preferably at least twice the plane area of the target. If the specific surface area of the target is more than twice the plane area, heat conduction to the target surface will be faster, so efficient heat removal is possible without providing a large heat transfer plate for heat removal on the target surface. Therefore, it is preferable. For example, it is possible to easily double the specific surface area by forming irregularities and grooves on the surface of the beryllium material or lithium material using a surface processing method such as laser ablation.
the specific surface area it is possible to increase the specific surface area by about 100 times by dispersing powdery beryllium material or lithium material in a powdery carbon-based material and forming it into a target shape.
the specific surface area can be increased by about 1000 times by dispersing (or also referred to as) fine particles of beryllium material or lithium material in the pores of the carbon-based material using an impregnation method for catalyst adjustment. is there.
a beryllium material or a lithium material and a carbon-based material are laminated and formed on the target.
Powder which forms powdery beryllium material or a mixture of lithium material and powdered carbonaceous material on the target, or disperses fine particles of beryllium material or lithium material in porous carbonaceous material, and forms this on the target, powder
the beryllium material or lithium material is coated on a carbon-like material and molded into a target, and the beryllium material or lithium material and the carbon-based material are bonded together and then molded into a target.
it is not limited to these.
the target specific surface area of the target by several times the plane area by forming a target having a concavo-convex shape on the surface of beryllium material, lithium material, or carbon-based material.
the target specific surface area can be reduced to a flat area by molding a powdery beryllium material or a mixture of lithium material and powdered carbon-based material to the target. It is possible to improve about 100 times.
the method of combining the target materials in the composite target of the present invention is appropriately determined according to the composite form, the type and thickness of the material used, and is not limited to a specific processing method.
compounding by stacking a beryllium material and a carbon-based material can be performed by hot pressing, HIP processing (hot isostatic pressing), vapor deposition, or the like.
HIP processing hot isostatic pressing
vapor deposition is preferable.
Hot pressing of beryllium material and carbon-based material can be normally performed at a temperature from 200 ° C.
composite by stacking a lithium material and a carbon-based material can be performed by hot pressing, HIP treatment, vapor deposition, or the like.
hot pressing or HIP treatment is preferable, and when laminating a relatively thin lithium material and a carbon-based material, vapor deposition is preferable.
Hot pressing of a lithium material and a carbon-based material can usually be performed at a temperature from room temperature (23 ° C.) to a melting point of the lithium material at normal pressure, and a pressure of 10 3 kilopascals to 10 5 kilopascals.
the treatment can usually be carried out at a temperature from room temperature to the normal temperature up to the melting point of the lithium material, and at a pressure of 10 4 kilopascals to 10 6 kilopascals.
the reaction can be performed at a temperature up to the melting point of the material and a pressure of 10 ⁇ 3 Pa to 10 ⁇ 6 Pa.
the uneven surface treatment of the material surface can be performed by a conventional method such as laser ablation, etching, or molding.
a beryllium material or a lithium material can be coated on a carbon-based material by, for example, a CVD method (chemical vapor deposition).
the fine particles of beryllium material or lithium material can be supported on the carbon-based material by, for example, an impregnation method for catalyst preparation.
the coating by CVD method allows a gaseous beryllium material (or lithium material) precursor to pass over the surface of a carbon-based material under a high temperature in an inert atmosphere, and the pyrolysis of the precursor causes the beryllium material (or Lithium material) can be deposited by a method.
the fine particles of beryllium material (or lithium material) are supported on the carbon-based material by the impregnation method.
the porous carbon-based material is impregnated with an aqueous solution of a precursor of beryllium material (or lithium material) and then in a reducing atmosphere.
the fine particles of the beryllium material or lithium material can be carried on the pores of the carbon-based material by baking with.
the material can be pulverized by conventional methods such as mechanical pulverization, freeze pulverization, plasma atomization, and spray drying.
a binder and a sintering aid can be appropriately added as necessary.
the binder and the sintering aid are preferably materials that are not activated by protons or neutrons. Examples of such binders and sintering aids include, but are not limited to, paste materials such as ceramics such as silica and silica alumina, silicates, and low-melting glass.
Preparation of a molded body by combining the composite target of the present invention is appropriately determined according to the composite form, the type and thickness of the material used, and the like, and is not limited to a specific processing method.
a target in which a plurality of composites of beryllium materials or lithium materials and carbon-based materials are stacked is a sheet produced by vapor-depositing beryllium materials or lithium materials on carbon-based materials, or thin in carbon-based materials. Sheets created by rolling and bonding beryllium materials and lithium materials are laminated so that beryllium materials, lithium materials, and carbon-based materials are alternately in contact with each other, and are formed by pressure forming into a target shape by hot pressing, HIP processing, etc. can do.
the thicknesses of the beryllium material and the lithium material in the composite target of the present invention are not particularly limited because the neutron generation reaction due to the collision of protons can be shared with the carbon-based material. It can be made much thinner than the theoretical range of protons. This is because the carbon-based material functions as a support material and a coolant for the beryllium material and the lithium material. Moreover, it is because the thermal load which each material bears for the said reason is reduced.
the theoretical range can be calculated from the incident energy of protons and the stopping power of matter. For example, when the target material is beryllium, the theoretical range of 11 MeV protons in beryllium is about 0.94 mm.
the thickness is 1 mm or more.
the beryllium in the target of the present invention can be considerably thinner than 1 mm.
the thickness of beryllium is preferably 0.01 mm or more and less than 1 mm. More preferably, the thickness of beryllium is 0.1 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less. If the beryllium thickness is less than 0.01 mm, the heat resistance is remarkably lowered, so that it is preferably 0.01 mm or more.
the thickness of beryllium is preferably less than 1 mm.
the target material is lithium
the theoretical range of 11 MeV protons in lithium is about 2 mm. Therefore, in the case of a target composed only of conventional lithium, the thickness is 2 mm or more. It was necessary.
the lithium material in the composite target of the present invention is lithium
the thickness of lithium can be considerably thinner than 2 mm.
the thickness of lithium in the composite target of the present invention is preferably 0.01 mm or more and 1 mm or less. More preferably, it is 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less.
the thickness of lithium When the thickness of lithium is less than 0.01 mm, the heat resistance is lowered, so that the thickness is preferably 0.01 mm or more. Further, in order to share a part of the reaction caused by proton collision with lithium, the thickness of lithium is preferably 1 mm or less. In order to maintain heat resistance and share a part of the nuclear reaction caused by proton collision with lithium, the thickness of lithium is preferably 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less.
the composite target of the present invention does not limit the ratio of the thickness direction of the carbon-based material to the beryllium material or the lithium material.
the composite target of the present invention can be appropriately set according to the target material using the ratio and the acceleration energy of the irradiation proton.
the thickness of the carbon-based material is 10 times the thickness of the beryllium material or lithium material. Set to more than double. The main reason for this is that the neutron generation efficiency of the carbon-based material is usually smaller by one digit or more than the neutron generation efficiency of the beryllium material or lithium material.
the composite target of the present invention is provided with a cooling mechanism having a refrigerant flow path while vacuum-sealing the composite target.
the main reason for applying a vacuum seal to the target is that in the present invention, since the target is irradiated with protons under vacuum, the target is handled and operated under vacuum. Moreover, it is for preventing the oxidative deterioration in the oxidizing atmosphere by contacting with air
the vacuum seal may be a seal of only a portion where the composite target is in contact with the atmosphere, or a seal of the entire composite target.
the sealing material for vacuum sealing is not particularly limited, but light metal materials and non-metallic materials are preferable because they are less likely to be activated than heavy metals.
the light metal material examples include magnesium, aluminum, tin, zinc, silicon, alloys of these light metal materials, various ceramic materials, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
the non-metallic material examples include glass, epoxy resin, glass fiber reinforced plastic, and the like, but are not limited thereto.
the purpose of attaching the cooling mechanism having the refrigerant flow path to the composite target of the present invention is to cool the target by effectively exhausting heat generated in the target outside the system.
the location where the cooling mechanism is provided on the composite target is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined according to the material configuration, the required cooling performance, and the like.
a cooling mechanism can be provided on the side of the target, a cooling mechanism can be provided on the bottom of the target, A coolant channel can also be provided inside the system material or beryllium material.
a coolant channel is provided inside the carbon-based material, and a target is formed on the side of the target. It is preferable to provide a cooling mechanism having a common refrigerant flow path. In the case where a cooling mechanism is provided on the side portion of the composite type target, it is possible to perform water cooling via a heat transfer plate having high thermal conductivity if necessary. In the case where a cooling mechanism is provided at the bottom of the composite target, it is preferable to use a material that hardly causes the problem of activation by neutrons.
the composite target of the present invention can have a cartridge type structure in which the target and the cooling mechanism are integrated. In this way, the heat generated in the target can be efficiently exhausted out of the system, and when the target is deteriorated, it can be easily replaced with a new one by remote control. In addition, due to these effects, the composite target of the present invention can solve the thermal problem of the target, and can stably generate low-energy neutrons while reducing activation of members such as the target.
the maximum value of the heat load per unit surface area of the target is regarded as the proton output divided by the surface area of the target, so the heat removal capacity from the target surface must be designed to be greater than the heat load of the target.
the output of protons necessary for generating medical neutrons such as BNCT is at least about 30 kW. Therefore, if the surface area of the target is 30 cm 2 , for example, the thermal load is 10 MWm ⁇ 2 . Also become.
the composite target of the present invention which is a composite of a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a carbon-based material, is capable of rapid thermal conduction and thermal diffusion by the carbon-based material. Can be made larger than the conventional output value. For example, protons with an output of about 100 kW can be used.
the composite target of the present invention is very effective for solving the thermal problem of the target as described above.
the neutrons that can be generated using the composite target of the present invention are low energy neutrons containing a large amount of thermal neutrons or epithermal neutrons.
Low-energy neutrons are neutrons that have reduced harmful and high activation fast neutrons.
Fast neutrons are biologically harmful and have a very high activation capacity because their energy is two orders of magnitude higher than thermal neutrons or epithermal neutrons.
Types of neutrons include fast neutrons (also called fast neutrons), epithermal neutrons, thermal neutrons, and cold neutrons, but these neutrons are not clearly separated in terms of energy, Energy categories vary depending on areas such as shielding, dosimetry, analysis, and medical care.
Fast neutrons are those that have a large momentum among fast neutrons (fast neutrons), and this value varies depending on fields such as reactor physics, shielding, and dosimetry. However, it is common for a fast neutron to be 0.5 MeV or more. " In the medical field, epithermal neutrons are generally neutrons in the range of 1 eV to 10 keV, and thermal neutrons are generally neutrons of 0.5 eV or less. The low energy neutron in the present invention means a neutron in which fast neutrons of 0.5 MeV or more are reduced.
the present invention composite target is irradiated with protons having acceleration energy of 2 MeV or more and 4 MeV or less used in the present invention
neutrons having an average energy of about 0.3 MeV can be generated.
the generation amount of fast neutrons of 0.5 MeV or more is at least about 30% as compared with the conventional beryllium-only target. It can be reduced.
the acceleration energy of irradiation protons when using a composite target containing a large amount of beryllium material is preferably 4 MeV or more and 11 MeV or less, and more preferably 6 MeV or more and 8 MeV or less. That is, since the threshold value of the 9 Be (p, n) reaction is about 4 MeV, if the acceleration energy of protons is less than 4 MeV, the generation efficiency of neutrons is remarkably lowered. Therefore, the acceleration energy of protons used in the present invention is 4 MeV. This is because the above is preferable. In addition, when the acceleration energy of protons exceeds 11 MeV, not only the activation of the member such as the target becomes remarkable but also the generation of fast neutrons increases.
the acceleration energy of protons is preferably 11 MeV or less. More preferable protons are 6 MeV or more and 8 MeV or less in order to generate low energy neutrons with reduced harmful and high activation fast neutrons. Further, the acceleration energy of irradiation protons when using a composite target containing a large amount of lithium material is preferably 2 MeV or more and 4 MeV or less. In the present invention, since the 6 Li (p, n) or 7 Li (p, n) reaction threshold is about 2 MeV, and the proton acceleration energy is less than 2 MeV, the generation efficiency of neutrons is significantly reduced. This is because the acceleration energy of the proton used is preferably 2 MeV or more.
the acceleration energy of the proton exceeds 4 MeV, not only the activation of the member such as the target becomes remarkable, but also the generation of radioactive nuclear reactants such as fast neutrons and tritium increases, so the acceleration energy of the proton is 4 MeV or less. This is because it is preferable. More preferable protons are 2 MeV or more and 4 MeV or less in order to generate harmful and high activation fast neutrons or low energy neutrons with reduced radioactive nuclear reactants.
the composite target of the present invention a hydrogen ion generation unit for generating protons, an accelerator for accelerating protons generated in the hydrogen ion generation unit, and a proton irradiation unit for irradiating the target with protons accelerated by the accelerator
the hydrogen ion generator is provided with a hydrogen ion generator for generating hydrogen ions.
the hydrogen ion generator is not particularly limited, and a conventional hydrogen ion generator can be used.
the generated hydrogen ions are sent to an accelerator for accelerating protons.
a linear accelerator may be provided as the accelerator, the composite target of the present invention may be used as the target, and the composite target may be provided in the proton irradiation unit.
a linear accelerator as the accelerator is that for neutron therapy such as BNCT, it is better to increase the generation amount of thermal neutrons or epithermal neutrons. This is because a linear accelerator that can generate protons of current is very suitable.
a large accelerator such as a synchroton or cyclotron was used as the accelerator, so the proton acceleration energy was set very high, while the proton current was set low. While the generation of fast neutrons increased, the neutron dose decreased, which was not preferable.
the linear accelerator is not particularly limited as long as it is a linear accelerator, and a conventional linear accelerator can be used.
a linear accelerator include a high-frequency quadrupole linear accelerator (RFQ linac), an electrostatic linear accelerator, a normal conduction linear accelerator, a superconducting linear accelerator, and a DTL (Drift Tube Linac).
RFQ linac is preferable to the electrostatic linear accelerator because it not only can generate protons with a large current in a small device compared to the electrostatic accelerator, but also generates very little radiation such as gamma rays and X-rays.
the protons in the low-medium energy region can be further accelerated while the protons are focused by the electromagnet.
a linear accelerator capable of accelerating protons in a range of 2 MeV or more and less than 11 MeV generates low energy neutrons in which fast neutrons that are harmful and have high activation ability are reduced by a relatively small linear accelerator. Is very effective for.
the proton irradiator is for irradiating the target with protons accelerated by an accelerator, and a target for generating neutrons, and usually protons for focusing, diffusing, scanning, and classifying proton energy. Beam adjusting means are provided.
the proton irradiation unit is not particularly limited, and a proton irradiation unit including a conventional quadrupole electromagnet or deflection electromagnet can be used.
a linear accelerator which is a significantly smaller accelerator than a conventional synchrotron or cyclotron, can be used as a generation source of protons that collide with the composite target of the present invention. It is possible to generate medical neutrons such as BNCT by being provided in a small linear accelerator that can be installed in a medical institution of scale.
the target portion 3 has a configuration of [beryllium material 4-carbon-based material 6-lithium material 5-carbon-based material 6].
the composite target 10 is accompanied by a cooling mechanism 9 having a refrigerant flow path 8.
This type of composite target can be created, for example, as follows. That is, the target portion 3 is formed by combining [complex 1 of beryllium material 4 and carbon-based material 6] and [composite 2 of lithium material 5 and carbon-based material 6] in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas. It can be produced by pressure bonding under the following temperature under a pressure of 10 4 kilopascals to 10 6 kilopascals.
the target portion 3 includes, for example, a beryllium material 4, a carbon-based material 6, a lithium material 5, and a carbon-based material 6 that are stacked in this order, and in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas, a temperature that is not higher than the melting point of the material It can also be produced by pressure bonding under a pressure of 10 4 kilopascals to 10 6 kilopascals.
[composite 1 of beryllium material 4 and carbon-based material 6] can be [bonded body of beryllium material 4 and carbon-based material 6].
the [composite 2 of the lithium material 5 and the carbonaceous material 6] can be a [bonded body of the lithium material 5 and the carbonaceous material 6].
a beryllium film having a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm is used as the beryllium material 4
a lithium film having a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm is used as the lithium material 5.
an isotropic graphite material having a diameter of 165 mm ⁇ thickness of 30 mm or a HOPG plate-like body can be used and bonded by pressure bonding.
the vacuum seal 7 has a pressure of 10 4 kilopascals to 10 6 kilopascals at a temperature below the melting point of the material in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas with an aluminum foil of 0.1 mm thickness on the surface of the composite target. Can be applied by crimping underneath.
a cylindrical water cooling jacket is brazed to the side portion of the composite target to produce a composite target 10 in which the cooling mechanism is integrated.
the beryllium material is preferably beryllium, beryllium oxide, beryllium glass, beryllium glass ceramic, etc.
the lithium material is preferably lithium, lithium oxide, lithium glass, lithium glass ceramic, etc.
the carbon-based material is isotropic graphite. Preferred are isotropic graphite materials, single crystal graphite, HOPG, carbon fiber, single crystal diamond, epitaxial diamond, silicon carbide, and the like.
the composite target 12 according to the present embodiment shown in FIG. 2 is a composite target in which the target portion is composed of an integrally molded body 11 of a mixture of a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a carbon-based material.
the composite target is provided with a vacuum mechanism 7 and a cooling mechanism 9 having a refrigerant flow path 8.
This type of composite target can be created, for example, as follows. That is, a mixture of a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a carbon-based material is integrally molded in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas at a temperature not higher than the melting point of the material and a pressure of 10 4 kilopascals to 10 6 kilopascals. Can be produced.
This molding can increase the specific surface area of the beryllium component and the lithium component by about 100 times.
the composite target 12 integrated with the cooling mechanism can be manufactured.
the specific surface area of the material increases as the particles of beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material become smaller, so the heat conduction area in the target is further increased than the composite target 10 of FIG. There is an effect that can be done.
a composite target 13 according to this embodiment shown in FIG. 3 has a target portion 3 having the same configuration as the target portion of the composite target 10 in FIG. 1, and a vacuum seal 7 and a refrigerant flow path 8 are provided in the target portion 3.
the composite target is provided with a cooling mechanism 9 having a cooling mechanism 9, but is a composite target in which an independent refrigerant flow path 8 is provided inside the target portion 3.
This type of composite target can be created, for example, as follows. That is, the target portion 3 is produced by the same method as that for the composite target 10 of FIG.
the independent refrigerant flow path 8 inside the target portion 3 can be applied, for example, by cutting the refrigerant flow path in advance on the side surface of the carbon-based material to be used.
the vacuum seal 7 and the cooling mechanism 9 are provided on the target portion 3 in the same manner as in the case of the composite target 10 of FIG. Since this type of composite target has an independent coolant channel in the composite target in addition to the cooling mechanism provided on the side of the composite target, the composite target cooling mechanism of FIGS. 1 and 2 is used. It is possible to further improve the cooling capacity.
a composite target 14 according to the present embodiment shown in FIG. 4 has a target portion 3 having the same configuration as the target portion of the composite target 10 of FIG. 1, and a vacuum seal 7 and a refrigerant flow path 8 are provided in the target portion 3.
This is a composite target that includes a cooling mechanism 9 having a cooling mechanism 9, and is a composite target in which a coolant channel 8 provided inside the target portion 3 is connected to the coolant channel 8 of the cooling mechanism 9.
This type of composite target can be created, for example, as follows. That is, the target portion 3 is produced by the same method as that for the composite target 10 of FIG.
the refrigerant flow path 8 inside the target portion 3 can be applied by cutting a refrigerant flow path connected to the cooling mechanism 9 in advance in the carbon-based material to be used.
the vacuum seal 7 and the cooling mechanism 9 are provided on the target portion 3 in the same manner as in the case of the composite target 10 of FIG.
This type of composite target has a coolant channel connected to the cooling mechanism 9 inside the composite target in addition to the cooling mechanism 9 provided on the side of the composite target, so that the inside of the target is cooled with water. It is possible. Therefore, it is possible to further improve the cooling capacity as compared with the cooling mechanism of the composite type target shown in FIG.
the target portion 16 has a configuration of [beryllium material 4-carbon material 6-lithium material 5-carbon material 6] as in FIG.
Each of the parts [composite 1 of beryllium material 4-carbon-based material 6] and [composite 2 of lithium material 5-carbon-based material 6] is composed of a plurality of composites.
This is a composite target in which a cooling mechanism 9 having a vacuum seal 7 and a refrigerant flow path 8 is attached to a portion 16. 4, similarly to the target portion 3 in FIG. 4, the refrigerant flow path 8 is also provided inside the target portion 16, and this refrigerant flow path is connected to the refrigerant flow path 8 of the cooling mechanism 9. Is the target.
the composite target of the type shown in FIG. 5 can be created as follows, for example. That is, the target portion 16 is formed by a plurality of [composite 1 of beryllium material 4 and carbon-based material 6] and a plurality of [lithium material 5 and carbon-based material] in the same manner as in the case of the composite target 10 of FIG. 6 composite 2] can be superposed and pressure-bonded in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas at a temperature below the melting point of the material under a pressure of 10 4 to 10 6 kilopascals. .
the refrigerant flow path 8 inside the target portion 16 can be applied by cutting the refrigerant flow path in advance inside the carbon-based material to be used by the same method as in the case of the composite target 14 of FIG.
the composite target 15 with the integrated cooling mechanism can be manufactured. Since this type of composite target can increase the heat transfer area of the target material in proportion to the number of target materials stacked, the generated heat is transferred to the cooling mechanism more quickly than the composite target of FIGS. It is possible. Further, similarly to the composite target of FIG. 4, the composite target has a coolant channel connected to the cooling mechanism 9 inside, so that the inside of the target can be cooled with water. Therefore, it is possible to further improve the cooling rate as compared with the cooling mechanism of the composite type target in FIG.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining a neutron generation method using the composite target of the present invention.
the present invention relates to a neutron generation method in which a low energy neutron 31 is generated by causing a proton 30 having a predetermined acceleration energy (2 MeV or more and less than 11 MeV) to collide with the composite target 14 of the present invention under vacuum.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram for explaining a neutron generator using the composite target of the present invention.
the neutron generator is a neutron generator in which a proton irradiation unit 19 including a hydrogen ion generation unit 17, a linear accelerator 18, a proton irradiation unit 19, and a composite target 20 are connected via a flange 21.
the hydrogen ion generator 17 is provided with a hydrogen ion generator.
the generated hydrogen ions 22 are introduced into the linear accelerator 18 and accelerated to become accelerated protons 23.
the acceleration proton 23 is accelerated to a predetermined energy, introduced into the proton irradiation unit 19, becomes an irradiation proton 24, and collides with the composite target 20 to generate a low energy neutron 25.
the linear accelerator 18 is not particularly limited as long as it is a linear accelerator capable of generating protons of 2 Me or more and less than 11 Me.
the proton irradiation unit 19 is usually provided with a quadrupole electromagnet or a deflection electromagnet.
FIG. 8 shows a conventional target in which beryllium (or lithium) 26 is attached to a support 27 made of a metal material, and a cooling mechanism 9 having a coolant channel 8 is provided on the support made of a metal material. .
the presence or absence of melting and activation of the target material when proton irradiation is applied to the composite target of the present invention and the conventional type target can be predicted by the following thermal calculation and theoretical calculation of activation. is there.
the composite type target of the present invention and the conventional type target were irradiated with accelerated protons having an output of 30 kW-2 MeV to 8 MeV under a vacuum of 10 ⁇ 6 Pascal.
the target was cooled by introducing 20 liters of water at a flow rate of 2 m / s into a water cooling jacket attached to the target at a flow rate of 2 m / s. This corresponds to about 100 kW in terms of cooling capacity.
Equation 1 the left term is the amount of heat generated per unit time generated by the target, and the right term is the amount of heat dissipated through the heat conducting material in contact with the target.
⁇ is the thermal conductivity (Wm ⁇ 1 K ⁇ 1 ) of the heat conductive material
S is the heat transfer area (m 2 ) of the target
⁇ is the temperature gradient (Km ⁇ 1 ) of the heat conductive material. Equations 1 to ⁇ are given by Equation 2.
the value of ⁇ in the case of the conventional type target is 3750 Km ⁇ 1 (or 37.5 Kcm ⁇ 1 ). Since this numerical value is a temperature difference at a position in the heat conductive material that is about 1 cm away from the center of the heat source (or the center of the target), for example, a disk-shaped target having a diameter of 165 mm (heat transfer area: about 200 cm 2 ) When the cooling mechanism is provided on the side surface, the temperature difference ( ⁇ T) between the heat source and the refrigerant of the cooling mechanism is about 309 degrees.
the center temperature of the heat source far exceeds the melting point of lithium (about 180 ° C.), so that lithium melting is expected to occur.
melting of beryllium is expected to occur because cooling exceeds the melting point (1278 ° C.) of beryllium when cooling is stopped for 25 minutes.
a carbon material having high thermal conductivity such as the above isotropic graphite material, single crystal graphite material, HOPG, single crystal diamond, epitaxial diamond or the like is used as a target material of the composite target of the present invention, and a disk shape having a diameter of 165 mm is used.
the thermal conductivity of each material is substituted into Equation 2 and the calculation similar to the above is performed.
⁇ T 165 degrees
⁇ T 82.5 degrees
⁇ T 53.6 degrees.
the heat transfer area S (m ⁇ 2 ) of the target can be increased several times to 1000 times as compared with the conventional target, the temperature is inversely proportional to the size of the heat transfer area. It is possible to reduce the gradient ⁇ and reduce the temperature difference ⁇ T between the heat source and the refrigerant of the cooling mechanism. In addition, by doing this, it is possible to dramatically increase the proton output, which was difficult with the conventional neutron generation method using a target.
Equation 3 how the temperature inside the target changes with time can be predicted by the heat conduction equation of Equation 3.
Equation 3 For convenience, a one-dimensional partial differential equation is used.
Equation 3 T is temperature, t is time, x is position, and c is thermal diffusivity. Solving Equation 3 gives the general solution of Equation 4.
Equation 4 means that the thermal relaxation process is represented by vibration.
the relaxation time ⁇ until the target temperature becomes uniform is given by Equation 5.
Non-Patent Document 4 is data of the nuclear reaction cross section of the neutron nuclear reaction, and the Q value of the nuclear reaction (the difference in static mass energy before and after the nuclear reaction is called the Q value). This is performed according to the method (Non-Patent Document 5). An outline of the calculation result will be described below.
Nuclear reactions caused by collisions between 8 MeV protons and beryllium are 9 Be (p, ⁇ ) 10 B, 9 Be (p, n) 9 B, 9 Be (p, pn) 8 Be, 9 Be (p, ⁇ ) 6 Li, 9 Be (p, 2n) 8 B, 9 Be (p, pn) 8 Be, and 9 Be (p, 2p) 8 Li, and these radionuclides have short half-lives (1 second
the effective dose equivalent rate constant ⁇ e of these radionuclides (a measure indicating the degree of gamma-ray emission by activation: ⁇ S v m 2 MBq ⁇ 1 h ⁇ 1 ) is zero.
Nuclear reactions caused by collision of neutrons and beryllium below 6 MeV are 9 Be (n, ⁇ ) 10 Be, 9 Be (n, 2n) 8 Be, and 9 Be (n, ⁇ ) 6 He, The half-life of these radionuclides is short (less than 1 second), and the effective dose equivalent rate constant ⁇ e of these radionuclides is zero.
the reason why the acceleration energy of neutrons is set to 6 MeV or less is that the maximum energy of neutrons generated by the collision between 8 MeV protons and beryllium is 6.1 MeV.
Nuclear reactions caused by collisions of 3MeV neutrons with lithium are: 6 Li (n, ⁇ ) 7 Li, 6 Li (n, p) 6 He, 6 Li (n, t) 4 He, 6 Li (n, ⁇ ) 3 H and 7 Li (n, ⁇ ) 8 Li.
radionuclides radionuclides other than tritium (t or 3 H) have short half-lives, and effective radionuclides other than tritium are effective.
the dose equivalent rate constant ⁇ e is zero or 0.00847.
Radionuclides having a relatively long half-life and a relatively high effective dose equivalent rate constant ⁇ e due to collisions between 6 MeV neutrons and Group 0 elements and Group 1 to 18 elements in the periodic table.
the resulting elements are Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt.
radionuclides generated by the activation of iron materials are 54 Fe (n, p) 54 Mn ( 54 Mn half-life 312days, ⁇ e 0.111), 54 Fe (n, ⁇ ) 51 Cr ( 51 Cr Half-life of 27.7days, ⁇ e 0.0046), 56 Fe (n, p) 56 Mn (half-life of 56 Mn 2.58hours, ⁇ e 0.203), and 58 Fe (n, ⁇ ) 59 Mn (half-life of 59 Mn 44.6days, ⁇ e 0.147), and the radionuclide produced by the activation of copper material is 63 Cu (n, ⁇ ) 64 Cu ( 64 Cu half-life 12.7 hours, ⁇ e 0.0259), 63 Cu (n, ⁇ ) 60 Co ( 60 Co half-life 5.27 years, ⁇ e 0.305) and 65 Cu (n, p) 65 Ni ( 65 Ni half-life 2.52 hours, ⁇ e 0.0671).
the presence / absence of melting of the target material and the presence / absence of activation can be derived from the results of the above-mentioned thermal calculation and theoretical calculation of activation. it can.
the target is irradiated with accelerated protons having an output of 30 kW-2 MeV to 8 MeV.
the composite target of FIGS. 1 to 5 is a composite target having a diameter of 165 mm ⁇ thickness of 30 mm using beryllium as the beryllium material, lithium as the lithium material, and isotropic graphite material or HOPG as the carbon-based material.
the number of target materials stacked in the composite target of FIG. 5 is five.
cooling water at 5 ° C. is allowed to flow at 20 liters per minute at a flow rate of 2 per second. This corresponds to about 100 kW in terms of cooling capacity.
8 is a target in which beryllium or lithium is adhered to a copper plate having a diameter of 165 mm, and the same cylindrical water-cooling jacket as described above is attached to the target. The results are shown in Table 2.
the composite type target of the present invention is attached to a neutron generator as shown in FIG. 7, and the target is irradiated with protons by a neutron generation method as shown in FIG. Can be examined.
a composite target a composite target similar to that used in the above-mentioned thermal calculation and theoretical calculation of activation is used.
the composite target is attached to a proton irradiation unit provided at the tip of the linear accelerator via a flange so as to be perpendicular to the proton traveling direction. Accelerated protons with an output of 30 kW-2 MeV to 8 MeV are collided with the target under a vacuum of 10 ⁇ 6 Pascal.
the accelerated protons are generated by connecting RFQ linac and DTL.
the present invention is a novel target for generating a neutron by colliding a proton with a target. Since the target is a target composed of a composite of beryllium material, lithium material, and carbon-based material as in the embodiments described above, the low energy of harmful and high activation fast neutrons is reduced. Neutron generation is possible, the heat generated by the target can be easily exhausted, the cooling mechanism is attached to the target, efficient cooling is possible, and the target and cooling mechanism are integrated. Therefore, the target is provided at the tip of the proton irradiating unit, so that it can be easily replaced with a new one by remote control when the target is deteriorated.
the carbon-based material that is a constituent material of the composite target of the present invention can have a neutron moderating effect, generation of fast neutrons is reduced. Thereby, in embodiment described above, it is possible to reduce in size the deceleration mechanism for decelerating generated neutrons.
the acceleration energy of the irradiation protons is a relatively low energy proton of 2 MeV or more and less than 11 MeV, activation of a member such as a target by the proton is remarkably reduced, and generation of harmful fast neutrons is suppressed.
the effect that acceleration protons can be generated with a small linear accelerator can be obtained.
the composite target of the present invention is effective as a neutron source of a medical neutron generator for generating medical neutrons such as BNCT that can be installed in a small medical institution.
the composite target of the present invention has higher thermal stability than the conventional type target and can reduce the activation of the target material.
the composite target of the present invention is a composite target composed of a composite of a beryllium material, a lithium material, and a non-metallic material. Can be used to reduce the generation of fast neutrons, can solve the thermal problem of the target by combining beryllium material, lithium material, and non-metallic material, cartridge type with integrated target part and cooling mechanism
the composite target with the structure can efficiently exhaust the heat generated by the target to the outside of the system, and can be safely and easily exchanged with a new one by remote control when the target deteriorates. It has the characteristics of.
the composite target of the present invention is a BNCT or the like. It is very useful for generating medical neutrons.
the composite target of the present invention can be configured as an independent part.

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PCT/JP2013/061046 2012-04-12 2013-04-12 Cible de type combiné, procédé de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné et dispositif de génération de neutrons utilisant une cible de type combiné Ceased WO2013154177A1 (fr)

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JP2015082376A (ja) *	2013-10-22	2015-04-27	株式会社東芝	中性子発生装置及び医療用加速器システム
WO2017155520A1 (fr) *	2016-03-09	2017-09-14	PineSci Consulting	Procédés et appareil pour réactions nucléaires améliorées
CN107799195A (zh) *	2017-11-24	2018-03-13	北京新核医疗科技有限公司	水平中子束照射方法、微型堆中子治疗装置及医疗系统
EP3228591A4 (fr) *	2014-12-04	2018-07-04	Kaneka Corporation	Graphène intercouche pouvant être collé thermiquement pour vide poussé
WO2018142459A1 (fr) *	2017-01-31	2018-08-09	住友重機械工業株式会社	Dispositif cible
CN109074890A (zh) *	2016-04-21	2018-12-21	株式会社钟化	靶、靶的制造方法、及中子发生装置
CN115802578A (zh) *	2022-10-28	2023-03-14	中国原子能科学研究院	一种提升质子加速器中子源产额的方法
JP2024513390A (ja) *	2021-04-02	2024-03-25	ティーエーイーテクノロジーズ，インコーポレイテッド	目的材料の保護のための材料および構成

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CN115802578A (zh) *	2022-10-28	2023-03-14	中国原子能科学研究院	一种提升质子加速器中子源产额的方法

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Publication	Publication Date	Title
JP2013206726A (ja)	2013-10-07	複合型ターゲット、複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生方法、及び複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生装置
WO2012073966A1 (fr)	2012-06-07	Cible de type combiné, procédé de génération de neutrons à l'aide d'une cible de type combiné et appareil de génération de neutrons à l'aide d'une cible de type combiné
JP6218174B2 (ja)	2017-10-25	複合型ターゲット、複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生方法、及び複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生装置
JP5751673B2 (ja)	2015-07-22	複合型ターゲット、複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生方法、及び複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生装置
CN109074890B (zh)	2023-07-04	靶、靶的制造方法、及中子发生装置
JP5697021B2 (ja)	2015-04-08	複合型ターゲット、複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生方法、及び複合型ターゲットを用いる中性子発生装置
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