WO2013018638A1 - 表面フッ素化b型酸化チタン粉末を含むリチウムイオン電池用負極材料とその製造方法、およびそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
表面フッ素化b型酸化チタン粉末を含むリチウムイオン電池用負極材料とその製造方法、およびそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
- H01M4/1315—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx containing halogen atoms, e.g. LiCoOxFy
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a titanium oxide-based negative electrode material that can be used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a B-type titanium oxide (TiO 2 (B)) negative electrode material having a high capacity, a manufacturing method thereof, and a lithium ion battery using the same.
- a B-type titanium oxide (TiO 2 (B)) negative electrode material having a high capacity, a manufacturing method thereof, and a lithium ion battery using the same.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 has a flat discharge potential near 1.55 V (vs. Li / Li + ) and exhibits extremely good cycle characteristics, while its theoretical capacity is low (175 mAh / g, 607 mAh / cm). 3 ) It is not attractive from the viewpoint of energy density.
- Non-patent Document 1 Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 pretreated at 120 ° C. is fluorinated for 2 minutes under heating (70 ° C., 100 ° C.) and pressure (3 atm), thereby charging and discharging at a high current density. It is disclosed that the characteristics are improved. However, the effect of fluorination at 25 ° C. is not obtained, and the improvement of the charging characteristics is observed only at high current densities (300 mA / g, 600 mA / g). The conditions under which good effects can be obtained were limited.
- B-type titanium oxide [TiO 2 (B)], which is a kind of TiO 2 , as a negative electrode material, and have been conducting research.
- B-type titanium oxide is a metastable phase, but its theoretical capacity per weight (335 mAh / g) is comparable to that of graphite, and its theoretical capacity per volume (1246 mAh / cm 3 ) exceeds that of graphite. Therefore, it is expected as a high capacity high potential negative electrode material.
- the present inventors have already had a capacity of 1.6 V average discharge voltage and a discharge capacity of 200 to 250 mAh / g by ion exchange and dehydration using K 2 Ti 4 O 9 obtained by the solid phase method as a precursor.
- B-type titanium oxide powder having good cycle characteristics and rate characteristics has been successfully obtained (Non-patent Document 2).
- the present inventors have repeatedly studied to solve the above-mentioned problems.
- B By performing fluorination treatment on the B-type titanium oxide powder, B has a high charge / discharge capacity and exhibits excellent rate characteristics.
- the present inventors have found that type titanium oxide powder can be obtained and completed the present invention.
- the present invention is a negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery, and includes B-type titanium oxide powder having a fluorinated surface.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder whose surface has been fluorinated by the fluorination treatment preferably has a BET specific surface area of 1 m 2 / g to 20 m 2 / g.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a B-type titanium oxide powder having a fluorinated surface, which is a negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder is usually at 0 to 200 ° C., preferably 20 to 150 ° C.
- It is characterized by having a step of reacting in a fluorine-containing gas atmosphere for 1 minute to 10 days at 10 ° C., preferably 10 minutes to several hours (for example, 1 hour or 2 hours) and performing a fluorination treatment. .
- Non-Patent Document 1 the charging characteristics of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 that has been fluorinated at 70 ° C. or 100 ° C. for 2 minutes are improved and obtained by fluorination treatment at 25 ° C.
- the material exhibits charging characteristics equivalent to or lower than that of the untreated material.
- B-type titanium oxide can be fluorinated from a relatively low temperature range including normal temperature, and the degree of surface fluorination is moderately controlled by wide adjustment of treatment time or treatment temperature. It is characterized by producing a powder. Since such treatment can be carried out from a relatively low temperature range, detection and control of the temperature in the reaction field is unnecessary particularly in the case of room temperature treatment, and the cost of the reactor and the energy cost for the treatment are kept low. Can do.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder subjected to such fluorination treatment has at least the surface fluorinated, and the shape of the powder is maintained substantially unchanged before and after the treatment except that the surface becomes slightly smooth.
- the fluorinated B-type titanium oxide powder subjected to such fluorination treatment has a significantly improved charge / discharge capacity as compared with an untreated product, and further improved charge / discharge rate characteristics at all current densities. Rate characteristics are obtained.
- Fluorination treatment is preferably performed in the range of 0.01 atm to 2 atm.
- processing is performed at normal pressure, it is not necessary to provide a sealing mechanism in the processing apparatus or to make the processing apparatus have a pressure-resistant structure, which is advantageous in terms of apparatus cost.
- the treatment is carried out at a normal pressure or higher, there is an advantage that the treatment time can be shortened as compared with the treatment at a normal pressure.
- a lithium ion battery having a negative electrode material produced using B-type titanium oxide powder having fluorine on the surface obtained by the method of the present invention has an excellent charge / discharge capacity (mAh / g) per unit weight. It was confirmed that this could be achieved.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder having a fluorinated surface according to the present invention is a B-type titanium oxide powder having a high discharge capacity per weight and a stable improvement in charge capacity at various charging speeds. It is very useful as a high potential negative electrode material.
- the result of having performed powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement about the B-type titanium oxide powder of the Example of this invention and a comparative example is shown. It is the result of having observed the surface form about the B type titanium oxide powder of the Example and comparative example of this invention using the field emission type
- EDS measurement about B type titanium oxide powder of the example of the present invention is shown.
- the result of having performed XPS measurement about the B type titanium oxide powder of the example and comparative example of the present invention is shown.
- the schematic diagram of the bipolar coin type cell which performed the performance evaluation of the lithium secondary battery using the B-type titanium oxide powder of the Example of this invention and a comparative example is shown.
- the charging / discharging curve of the lithium secondary battery using the B-type titanium oxide powder of the Example of this invention and a comparative example is shown.
- the charging / discharging rate characteristic of the lithium secondary battery using the B-type titanium oxide powder of the Example and comparative example of this invention is shown.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder contained in the negative electrode material for the lithium ion battery of the present invention may be produced immediately before the fluorination treatment, and the B-type titanium oxide powder produced and stored in advance is treated with fluorine as necessary. May be processed.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder subjected to the fluorination treatment can be produced by a known production method, and the production method is not particularly limited, but for example, produced by the following method.
- Step 1 Firing Step
- a known titanium oxide raw material for example, a rutile type and / or anatase type titanium oxide, and an alkali metal (sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium) carbonate, nitrate, or hydroxide is used.
- An alkali metal salt selected from the group is mixed and baked to obtain an alkali titanate (precursor).
- the alkali metal salt sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) or cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ) is particularly preferable.
- the particle size of the titanium oxide raw material is not particularly limited, but rutile type and / or anatase type titanium oxide of about 30 nm to 10 ⁇ m can be used.
- the mixing ratio of the titanium oxide raw material and the alkali metal salt is, for example, 2 to 6: 1 in molar ratio when the alkali metal salt is M 2 CO 3 (M is an alkali metal) (more preferably 3 ⁇ 0 when the sodium salt is used). 2: 1, 4 ⁇ 0.2: 1 for the potassium salt, and 5 ⁇ 0.2: 1 for the cesium salt.
- An alkali titanate can be obtained by firing the mixed sample mixed at such a ratio at 850 ° C. to 1100 ° C., preferably 900 to 1000 ° C.
- Firing is performed in air or in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, and the firing time can be about 30 minutes to 100 hours, preferably about 2 to 30 hours.
- the precursor obtained after firing is Na 2 Ti 3 O 7
- K 2 CO 3 is used as the alkali metal salt
- the precursor is K 2 Ti 4 O 9
- Cs 2 CO 3 is used as the alkali metal salt
- the precursor obtained after firing is Cs 2 Ti 5 O 11 .
- Step 2 Ion Exchange Step
- titanic acid is prepared by ion exchange of alkali metal ions of alkali titanate (precursor) obtained in step 1 to hydrogen ions.
- the ion exchange can be performed by immersing the precursor powder in 0.01 to 5 mol / L hydrochloric acid (HCl) with stirring for 1 to 300 hours.
- HCl hydrochloric acid
- sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid or the like may be used.
- Ion exchange may be performed at room temperature, but can also be performed under heating conditions of about 30 to 60 ° C. When performed under heating conditions, the immersion time can be shortened.
- the obtained titanic acid powder is preferably filtered, washed, dried and then used in the next step.
- Step 3 Dehydration Step
- B-type titanium oxide powder is obtained by dehydrating the titanic acid powder obtained in the ion exchange step.
- Dehydration can be performed by heat-treating the titanic acid powder at about 350 to 600 ° C. for 10 minutes to 10 hours. More preferable heat treatment conditions are about 400 to 550 ° C. and 30 minutes to 2 hours.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained by the above steps 1 to 3 is basically obtained as acicular crystals.
- the shape of the powder is not particularly limited.
- part of titanium is replaced with niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), etc.
- part of oxygen is replaced with other metals such as nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), etc. It is also possible to use metal-doped B-type titanium oxide powder.
- the BET specific surface area of the B-type titanium oxide powder is preferably 1 m 2 / g to 20 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface area exceeds 20 m 2 / g, the bulk density of the electrode active material is lowered and the electrode density is reduced, which causes a problem that the effective capacity is lowered.
- the specific surface area is less than 1 m 2 / g, it takes time to sufficiently diffuse and store lithium ions inside the active material, and the problem is that electrode characteristics such as rapid charge or rapid discharge as a reverse reaction deteriorate. is there.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder is exposed to a fluorine-containing gas to perform the fluorination treatment.
- the exposure to the fluorine-containing gas can be performed by a known method.
- B-type titanium oxide powder may be placed in an annular furnace, and the exposure may be performed by circulating a fluorine-containing gas in the furnace, or the furnace may be filled with a fluorine-containing gas and sealed. Good.
- the fluorination treatment is usually performed at 0 ° C. to 200 ° C., preferably 20 to 150 ° C. If it is less than 0 degreeC, there exists a problem that sufficient fluorination is not performed. When the temperature exceeds 200 ° C., there is a problem that the titanium oxide powder becomes a gas called TiF 4 due to fluorination and gradually vaporizes from the surface and is consumed.
- the treatment time is between 1 minute and 10 days, preferably 1 minute to several hours (for example, 1 hour or 2 hours). If the treatment time is less than 1 minute, sufficient fluorination will not be performed, and if it exceeds 10 days, the crystal structure of titanium oxide will change, so that the function as an active material is impaired.
- the treatment temperature and time are determined in accordance with the shape of B-type titanium oxide powder to be used, the amount of treatment, the flow rate of the fluorine-containing gas, etc., and suitable treatment conditions can be determined by conducting preliminary experiments as necessary. Generally, when the processing temperature is high, the processing time tends to be short.
- fluorine-containing gas used for the fluorination treatment in addition to fluorine (F 2 ) gas, nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), perfluorotrimethylamine (N (CF 3 ) 3 ), chlorine trifluoride (ClF 3 ) gas Etc. can be used.
- NF 3 nitrogen trifluoride
- N (CF 3 ) 3 perfluorotrimethylamine
- ClF 3 chlorine trifluoride
- Etc chlorine trifluoride
- concentration of the fluorine-containing compound in the gas used for the fluorination treatment is preferably 100%, but is 0.01% by volume or more, preferably 0.1% by volume or more diluted with nitrogen, argon gas or the like. More preferably, 1% by volume or more of fluorine-containing gas can also be used.
- the concentration of the fluorine-containing compound is less than 0.01%, the treatment efficiency is low, so that fluorination is not efficiently performed.
- Example 1 As a starting material for producing the fluorinated B-type titanium oxide powder, TiO 2 anatase (Aldrich, purity 99% or more) having an average particle diameter of 100 nm and K 2 CO 3 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, purity 99.8%) was used. First, TiO 2 ana- tease and K 2 CO 3 were weighed so as to have a molar ratio of 4: 1 and mixed using a planetary ball mill at 400 rpm for 1 hour so that the sample was uniformly mixed. Subsequently, the sample was placed in an alumina crucible and baked twice in air at 1000 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the obtained samples were each ion-exchanged in 1M HCl for 72 hours at room temperature. After ion exchange, it was washed, filtered and dried in a vacuum dryer at 80 ° C. for about 24 hours. After drying, the sample was dehydrated by heat treatment at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes to synthesize B-type titanium oxide. Thereafter, the synthesized B-type titanium oxide was transferred to a Ni tray and placed in a 3 L annular furnace. After reducing the pressure in the annular furnace to 0.001 atm, 100% fluorine gas was exposed for 1 hour at room temperature and a processing pressure of 1 atm to obtain a fluorinated B-type titanium oxide powder.
- test electrode Fluorinated B-type titanium oxide powder obtained, carbon (Lion Co., Ltd., Ketjen Black EC600JD) and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) (Kureha Chemical Co., KF polymer) ) At a weight ratio of 8: 1: 1.
- a planetary ball mill was used for 40 minutes at 400 rpm.
- Application onto a copper plate using a doctor blade gave a test electrode.
- the thickness of the mixed material containing the fluorinated B-type titanium oxide powder was about 50 ⁇ m and the electrode area was about 1.54 cm 2 .
- Example 1 A B-type titanium oxide powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the fluorination treatment was not performed. In addition, a test electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 using such B-type titanium oxide powder.
- Example 2 Analysis of powder crystal structure
- the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was analyzed for bulk crystal structure using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).
- Rint 2500 manufactured by Rigaku
- Cu K ⁇ is used as the X-ray source, and the measurement is performed under the conditions of tube voltage 40 kV, tube current 200 mA, measurement range 5 ° ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 60 °, light receiving slit 0.3 mm, divergence slit 1 °, and scattering slit 1 °. went.
- XRD powder X-ray diffraction
- Example 3 Observation of surface morphology of powder The surface morphology of the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). JSM7001FD made by JEOL was used as an electron microscope. Since the sample has low electron conductivity, the surface was observed at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV after gold sputtering. As a result of the observation, as shown in FIG. 2A, no remarkable change in the surface morphology was observed between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 in the 5000 ⁇ observation. Moreover, as shown in FIG.2 (b), it was confirmed by the 30000 times observation that the surface of Example 1 was slightly smoothed compared with the comparative example 1. FIG.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was measured for specific surface area using a BET specific surface area meter.
- a BET specific surface area meter As a measuring device, an automatic specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device TriStar 3000 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation was used, and the sample powder was vacuum-dried at 80 ° C. for 40 minutes, and then evaluated using helium as a filling gas and liquid nitrogen as an adsorption gas. .
- the BET specific surface area of Example 1 is 7.3 (m 2 / g)
- the BET specific surface area of Comparative Example 1 is 8.6 (m 2 / g)
- the specific surface area of Example 1 is fluorine. It was observed that there was a slight decrease compared to Comparative Example 1 due to the effect of the etching treatment.
- Example 4 Analysis of elemental structure on powder surface
- the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Example 1 was subjected to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis (EDS) using an electron microscope JSM7001FD manufactured by JEOL described in Example 3 above. The fluorine atoms present on the surface were investigated. Further, the B-type titanium oxide powders obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were subjected to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm fluorine atoms on the sample surface, and further to chemicals of titanium and oxygen on the sample surface layer. ⁇ We examined changes in the electronic state. As a result of the analysis, as shown in FIG.
- a peak representing a fluorine atom was detected by EDS measurement, and it was confirmed that a fluorine atom was present on the surface of the B-type titanium oxide powder of Example 1. Further, as shown in FIG. 4, even in XPS measurement, the peak of F 1s can be confirmed in Example 1, and the peak of Ti 2p is shifted to the high energy side as compared with Comparative Example 1.
- the titanium atoms are attracted to electrons by fluorine atoms, and the introduced fluorine atoms are considered to exist in a chemical bond with the titanium atoms.
- Example 5 Performance Evaluation of Lithium Secondary Battery
- the charge / discharge characteristics of the B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were evaluated by the bipolar half-cell method shown below. The potentials shown below are based on a lithium metal foil as a counter electrode.
- the separator (Celgard 2325) is sandwiched between the fluorinated B-type titanium oxide test electrode manufactured in Example 1 and a lithium metal counter electrode (thickness 0.5 mm, diameter 15 mm). A coin battery was produced. The cell was assembled in an argon glove box with a circulation device.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC diethyl carbonate
- a coin battery was produced in the same manner for the test electrode of B-type titanium oxide powder obtained in Comparative Example 1. In the charge / discharge cycle test, charging was started by a constant current charging method (CC mode) 24 hours after the coin battery was assembled.
- CC mode constant current charging method
- the current value at the time of constant-current charging is set such that the theoretical capacity of B-type titanium oxide is 335.6 mAh / g, and the rate is C / 6 (theoretical at 6 h based on the capacity calculated from the weight of each working electrode powder.
- constant current charging was performed with the current value obtained by the above method until the charging potential reached 1.4V. After a 30-minute rest period, the discharge was performed until the cut-off potential reached 3.0V. The rest period between the subsequent charge and discharge was 30 minutes.
- the initial 3 cycles were set to C / 6 rate, and thereafter, every 3 cycles, C / 30, C / 10, C / 6, C / 3, C, 3C, 6C were changed, Other conditions were the same as described above by measuring the discharge capacity.
- FIG. 6 and Table 1 show the results of the charge / discharge characteristic test of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- charging / discharging was observed at around 1.6V.
- Both charge capacity and discharge capacity were significantly improved in Example 1 as compared with Comparative Example 1, and approached the theoretical capacity of 335 mAh / g.
- the charge / discharge capacity was a substantially constant value.
- Figure 7 shows the results of the rate characteristic test.
- Example 1 showed a higher discharge capacity than Comparative Example 1. Further, the test was performed three times at each current density, and almost constant discharge capacity was exhibited at any current density.
- the B-type titanium oxide powder subjected to the fluorination treatment by the method of the present invention can significantly improve the discharge capacity compared to the B-type titanium oxide powder not subjected to the treatment.
- the rate characteristics are remarkably improved and contribute to the increase in capacity of the B-type titanium oxide negative electrode material.
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Abstract
Description
Li4Ti5O12は1.55V(vs. Li/Li+)付近に平坦な放電電位を持ち、極めて良好なサイクル特性を示す一方で、その理論容量は低く(175mAh/g、607mAh/cm3)、エネルギー密度の観点からは魅力に欠ける。Li4Ti5O12について、表面フッ素化処理を行った報告がある(非特許文献1)。この報告では、120℃で前処理したLi4Ti5O12を、加熱(70℃、100℃)・加圧(3atm)下で2分間フッ素化処理することにより、高電流密度での充放電特性が向上することが開示されている。しかしながら、25℃でのフッ素化処理では効果が得られないこと、充電特性の向上がみられたのは高電流密度(300mA/g、600mA/g)の場合に限られること等、フッ素化処理による良好な効果を得られる条件は限定されていた。
これに対し、本発明では、常温を含む比較的低温度域からのフッ素化処理が可能であり、処理時間または処理温度の幅広い調整により表面フッ素化の程度が適度に制御されたB型酸化チタン粉末を製造することを特徴とする。かかる処理は、比較的低温度域から処理が行えるため、特に、常温処理の場合には反応場における温度の検知及び制御が不要であり、反応装置のコストや処理にかかるエネルギーコストを低く抑えることができる。
<B型酸化チタン粉末>
本発明のリチウムイオン電池用の負極材料に含まれるB型酸化チタン粉末は、フッ素化処理の直前に製造されてもよく、予め製造され、保存されたB型酸化チタン粉末を必要に応じてフッ素化処理してもよい。フッ素化処理に供されるB型酸化チタン粉末は公知の製造方法によって作成することができ、製造方法は特に限定されるものではないが、例えば以下の方法で製造される。
焼成工程では、公知の酸化チタン原料、例えば、ルチル型及び/又はアナターゼ型酸化チタンと、アルカリ金属(ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウム)の炭酸塩、硝酸塩、水酸化物からなる群より選択されるアルカリ金属塩とを混合し、焼成することによって、チタン酸アルカリ(前駆体)を得る。アルカリ金属塩としては、ナトリウムの炭酸塩(Na2CO3)、カリウムの炭酸塩(K2CO3)又はセシウムの炭酸塩(Cs2CO3)が特に好ましい。酸化チタン原料の粒径は特に限定されないが、30nm~10μm程度のルチル型及び/又はアナターゼ型酸化チタンを使用できる。
酸化チタン原料とアルカリ金属塩との混合割合は、例えばアルカリ金属塩がM2CO3の場合(Mはアルカリ金属)、モル比で2~6:1(より好ましくはナトリウム塩の場合3±0.2:1、カリウム塩の場合4±0.2:1、セシウム塩の場合5±0.2:1)である。このような割合で混合された混合試料を、850℃~1100℃、好ましくは900~1000℃で焼成することにより、チタン酸アルカリを得ることができる。焼成は空気中、又は窒素等の不活性ガス雰囲気中で行われ、焼成時間は30分~100時間程度、好ましくは2時間から30時間程度とできる。
本工程においてアルカリ金属塩としてNa2CO3を使用した場合は、焼成後に得られる前駆体はNa2Ti3O7となり、アルカリ金属塩としてK2CO3を使用した場合は、焼成後に得られる前駆体はK2Ti4O9となり、アルカリ金属塩としてCs2CO3を使用した場合は、焼成後に得られる前駆体は、Cs2Ti5O11となる。
イオン交換工程では、工程1で得られたチタン酸アルカリ(前駆体)のアルカリ金属イオンを、水素イオンにイオン交換することによりチタン酸を調製する。
イオン交換は、前駆体粉末を0.01~5mol/Lの塩酸(HCl)中で1~300時間撹拌しながら浸漬することによって行うことができる。HClの代わりに、硫酸、硝酸、過塩素酸等を用いてもよい。イオン交換は室温で行っても良いが、30~60℃程度の加熱条件下で行うこともできる。加熱条件下で行う場合には、浸漬時間を短縮することが可能である。イオン交換後は、得られたチタン酸粉末を、ろ過、洗浄した後、乾燥してから次工程で使用することが好ましい。
脱水工程では、イオン交換工程で得られたチタン酸粉末を脱水することによりB型酸化チタン粉末を得る。
脱水は、チタン酸粉末を、350~600℃程度にて10分間~10時間熱処理することによって行うことができる。より好ましい熱処理条件は、400~550℃程度、30分~2時間である。
フッ素化処理の効果をより好適に得るためには、B型酸化チタン粉末のBET比表面積は1m2/g~20m2/gであることが好ましい。比表面積が20m2/gを超えると、電極活物質の嵩密度が低下し電極密度が減少することから実効容量が低下するという問題が生じる。比表面積が1m2/g未満であれば、リチウムイオンの活物質内部への十分な拡散および収納に時間がかかり、急速充電、あるいはこの反対の反応として急速放電といった電極特性が低下するという問題がある。
本発明のフッ素化処理では、B型酸化チタン粉末をフッ素含有ガスに暴露させてフッ素化処理を行う。フッ素含有ガスへの暴露は公知の方法によって行うことができる。例えば、環状炉内にB型酸化チタン粉末を載置し、炉内にフッ素含有ガスを循環させることで暴露を行ってもよく、また炉内にフッ素含有ガスを充填し密閉して行ってもよい。
処理温度及び時間は、用いるB型酸化チタン粉末の形状、処理量、フッ素含有ガスの流量等に従って定められ、必要に応じて予備的な実験を行い、好適な処理条件を定めることができる。一般的に、処理温度が高いと処理時間は短くて済む傾向にある。
フッ素化B型酸化チタン粉末の製造
出発原料として、平均粒径が100nmのTiO2 anatase(Aldrich社製、純度99%以上)とK2CO3(和光純薬社製、純度99.8%)を用いた。まず、TiO2 anataseとK2CO3をモル比で4:1となるように秤量し、遊星ボールミルを用いて400rpmにて1時間、試料が均一に混ざるよう混合を行った。続いて、試料をアルミナるつぼの中に入れ、空気中で1000℃にて24時間、2回焼成を行った。得られた試料をそれぞれ1MのHCl中にて常温で72時間イオン交換を行った。イオン交換後、洗浄、濾過して真空乾燥機にて80℃にて約24時間乾燥を行った。乾燥後、試料を500℃にて30分熱処理を行うことで脱水を行い、B型酸化チタンを合成した。その後、合成したB型酸化チタンをNi製トレイに移し、容量3Lの環状炉内に設置した。環状炉内を0.001atmに減圧した後、常温、処理圧力1atmでフッ素ガス100%を1時間曝露し、フッ素化B型酸化チタン粉末を得た。
得られたフッ素化B型酸化チタン粉末と、導電助剤のカーボン(ライオン社製、ケッチェンブラック EC600JD)および結着剤のポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)(呉羽化学社製、KFポリマー)を8:1:1の重量比で秤量・混合した。混合には遊星ボールミルを用い400rpmで40分間混合を行った。ドクターブレードを用いて銅版上に塗布をし、試験電極を得た。フッ素化B型酸化チタン粉末を含有する混合材料の塗布時の厚さは約50 μm、電極面積は約1.54 cm2とした。
フッ素化処理を行わない以外は実施例1と同様にして、B型酸化チタン粉末を得た。また、かかるB型酸化チタン粉末を使用して、実施例1と同様に試験電極を製造した。
粉末の結晶構造の分析
実施例1及び比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末について、粉末X線回折法(XRD)を用いてバルクの結晶構造を分析した。粉末X線回折装置として、 Rint2500(Rigaku社製)を用いた。X線源にはCu Kαを使用し、測定は管電圧 40kV、管電流200mA、測定範囲5゜≦2θ≦60゜、受光スリット0.3 mm、発散スリット1゜、散乱スリット1゜の条件で行った。
分析の結果、図1に示すとおり、実施例1及び比較例1に関してXRDピーク形状の変化及びピークのシフトは見られず、フッ素化処理によってB型酸化チタン粉末のバルク構造が変化していないことが確認された。
粉末の表面形態の観察
実施例1及び比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末について、フィールドエミッション型走査型電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM)を用いて表面形態の観察を行った。電子顕微鏡として日本電子製のJSM7001FDを用いた。試料は電子伝導性が低いため、金スパッタを施した後、加速電圧15kVにて表面観察を行った。
観察の結果、図2(a)に示すとおり、5000倍観察では実施例1と比較例1とで顕著な表面形態の変化は見られなかった。また、図2(b)に示すとおり、30000倍観察では、実施例1は比較例1と比較して、わずかに表面が平滑化されていることが確認された。
また、実施例1及び比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末について、BET比表面積計を用いて比表面積測定を行った。測定装置として、島津製作所製の自動比表面積/細孔分布測定装置TriStar3000を用い、試料粉末を80℃で40分真空乾燥させた後、充填ガスとしてヘリウム、吸着ガスとして液体窒素を用いて評価した。
測定の結果、実施例1のBET比表面積は7.3(m2/g)、比較例1のBET比表面積は8.6(m2/g)であり、実施例1の比表面積はフッ素化処理のエッチングの効果により、比較例1に比べてわずかに減少していることが観察された。
粉末表面における元素構成の分析
実施例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末について、上記実施例3に記述の日本電子製の電子顕微鏡JSM7001FDを用いてエネルギー分散型X線分光分析(EDS)を行い、表面に存在するフッ素原子を調査した。また、実施例1及び比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末について、X線光電子分光分析(XPS)を行い、試料表面のフッ素原子の確認、更に試料表面層のチタンや酸素の化学的・電子的状態の変化を検討した。
分析の結果、図3に示すとおり、EDS測定ではフッ素原子を表すピークが検出され、実施例1のB型酸化チタン粉末の表面にはフッ素原子が存在することが確認された。また、図4に示すとおり、XPS測定においても、実施例1ではF 1sのピークが確認でき、更に、Ti 2pでは、比較例1と比較してピークが高エネルギー側にシフトしていることから、チタン原子はフッ素原子により電子吸引を受けており、導入されたフッ素原子はチタン原子と化学結合を形成して存在しているものと考えられる。O 1sにおいても、Ti 2pと同様に高エネルギー側へのシフトが見られ、またピーク強度が低下していることから、試料表面の一部の水酸基(-OH)がフッ素原子と入れ替わり、その量が減少したことが示唆される。
リチウム二次電池の性能評価
実施例1及び比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末の充放電特性を下記に示す二極式ハーフセル法により評価した。なお、以下に示す電位は対極であるリチウム金属箔を基準としたものである。
図5に示す二極式コイン型セルを用い、実施例1で製造したフッ素化B型酸化チタン試験電極と、リチウム金属対極(厚さ0.5mm、 直径15mm)でセパレーター(Celgard2325)を挟んで、コイン電池を作製した。セルの組み立ては循環装置付アルゴングローブボックス内で行った。電解液にはエチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DMC)とを1:2とした混合溶媒に、電解質として六フッ化リン酸リチウムを1M(mol/L)溶解したものを用いた。
比較例1で得られたB型酸化チタン粉末の試験電極についても、同様にしてコイン電池を作製した。
充放電サイクル試験は、コイン電池を組み立ててから24時間後に定電流充電方式(CCモード)で充電を開始した。定電流充電の際の電流値は、B型酸化チタンの理論容量を335.6mAh/gとし、それぞれの作用極粉末の重量から計算される容量を基準にしてレートがC/6(6hで理論容量となる電流値)になるように設定した。
まず、充電電位が1.4Vに達するまで上記方法で求めた電流値で定電流充電を行なった。30分の休止時間を経て、放電をカットオフ電位3.0Vに達するまで行った。その後の充電-放電間の休止時間は全て30分とした。
充放電レート特性の評価については、初期3サイクルをC/6レートとし、その後3サイクル毎に、C/30、C/10、C/6、C/3、C、3C、6Cと変化させ、他の条件は上記と同様にして放電容量を測定し、行った。
Claims (6)
- 表面がフッ素化されたB型酸化チタン粉末を含むことを特徴とする、リチウムイオン電池用の負極材料。
- 前記B型酸化チタン粉末のBET比表面積が、1m2/g~20m2/gであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の負極材料。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のリチウムイオン電池用の負極材料の製造方法であって、B型酸化チタン粉末を、0℃~200℃にて、1分~10日、フッ素含有ガス雰囲気下にて反応させ、フッ素化処理を行う工程を有する方法。
- 前記フッ素化処理が、0.01atm~2atmで行われることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記フッ素含有ガスが、フッ素(F2)、三フッ化窒素(NF3)、ペルフルオロトリメチルアミン(N(CF3)3)、三フッ化塩素(ClF3)ガスからなる群から選択されるフッ素化合物を含有するガスであることを特徴とする、請求項3又は4に記載の方法。
- 負極材料として、請求項3~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造されたフッ素化B型酸化チタン粉末を使用することを特徴とする、リチウムイオン電池。
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| US14/235,679 US20140170497A1 (en) | 2011-07-29 | 2012-07-26 | Negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries containing surface-fluorinated b-type titanium oxide powder, method for producing same, and lithium ion battery using same |
| KR1020147001681A KR20140042874A (ko) | 2011-07-29 | 2012-07-26 | 표면 불소화 b형 산화 티타늄 분말을 포함하는 리튬 이온 전지용 부극 재료와 그 제조 방법 및 그것을 사용한 리튬 이온 전지 |
| EP12820524.2A EP2738843A4 (en) | 2011-07-29 | 2012-07-26 | NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES WITH A SURFACE FLUORINATED B-TITANIUM DIOXIDE POWDER, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THEREOF AND LITHIUM ION BATTERY THEREWITH |
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| JP5535160B2 (ja) * | 2011-09-20 | 2014-07-02 | 株式会社東芝 | 非水電解質電池及び電池パック |
| JP2014063702A (ja) * | 2012-09-24 | 2014-04-10 | Kaneka Corp | 負極活物質の製造方法及び非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2016077933A1 (fr) * | 2014-11-20 | 2016-05-26 | HYDRO-QUéBEC | Reseau d'anatase nanometrique stabilize par des lacunes cationiques, procedes pour leur preparation et leurs utilisations |
| CN109904439B (zh) * | 2017-12-11 | 2022-02-22 | 中信国安盟固利动力科技有限公司 | 一种新型钛基材料的低温制备方法 |
| EP3954673A1 (en) * | 2020-08-14 | 2022-02-16 | Paul Scherrer Institut | A method for preparing surface fluorinated battery materials |
| SE546073C2 (en) * | 2020-08-14 | 2024-05-07 | Tiotech As | An electrode material and a battery comprising titanium dioxide bronze |
| CN112563499B (zh) * | 2020-12-03 | 2022-04-15 | 南通百川新材料有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池TiO2负极的改性方法 |
| IT202100000704A1 (it) * | 2021-01-15 | 2022-07-15 | Milano Politecnico | Fluorurazione superficiale con fluoro elementare di litio metallico usato come anodo in batterie a litio metallico |
| CN114759172A (zh) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-07-15 | 广州倬粤电能科技有限公司 | 一种用于锌基电池的石墨烯/氧化锌负极材料的制备方法 |
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| EP2738843A4 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
| US20140170497A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
| KR20140042874A (ko) | 2014-04-07 |
| CN103782421A (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
| TW201338252A (zh) | 2013-09-16 |
| EP2738843A1 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
| JP2013030420A (ja) | 2013-02-07 |
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