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WO2013017892A1 - Améliorations des pavages bitumineux ou les concernant - Google Patents

Améliorations des pavages bitumineux ou les concernant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013017892A1
WO2013017892A1 PCT/GB2012/051887 GB2012051887W WO2013017892A1 WO 2013017892 A1 WO2013017892 A1 WO 2013017892A1 GB 2012051887 W GB2012051887 W GB 2012051887W WO 2013017892 A1 WO2013017892 A1 WO 2013017892A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ash
bituminous
aggregate
bituminous mixture
constituent material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/GB2012/051887
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English (en)
Inventor
Hassan Al Nageim
Shakir AL-BUSALTAN
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Liverpool John Moores Univ
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Liverpool John Moores Univ
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Publication of WO2013017892A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013017892A1/fr
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L95/00—Compositions of bituminous materials, e.g. asphalt, tar, pitch
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L95/00—Compositions of bituminous materials, e.g. asphalt, tar, pitch
    • C08L95/005—Aqueous compositions, e.g. emulsions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
    • E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
    • E01C7/18—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders
    • E01C7/26—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders mixed with other materials, e.g. cement, rubber, leather, fibre
    • E01C7/262—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and bituminous binders mixed with other materials, e.g. cement, rubber, leather, fibre with fibrous material, e.g. asbestos; with animal or vegetal admixtures, e.g. leather, cork
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2555/00—Characteristics of bituminous mixtures
    • C08L2555/20—Mixtures of bitumen and aggregate defined by their production temperatures, e.g. production of asphalt for road or pavement applications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2555/00—Characteristics of bituminous mixtures
    • C08L2555/30—Environmental or health characteristics, e.g. energy consumption, recycling or safety issues
    • C08L2555/34—Recycled or waste materials, e.g. reclaimed bitumen, asphalt, roads or pathways, recycled roof coverings or shingles, recycled aggregate, recycled tires, crumb rubber, glass or cullet, fly or fuel ash, or slag
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2555/00—Characteristics of bituminous mixtures
    • C08L2555/40—Mixtures based upon bitumen or asphalt containing functional additives
    • C08L2555/50—Inorganic non-macromolecular ingredients
    • C08L2555/52—Aggregate, e.g. crushed stone, sand, gravel or cement

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to paving materials, and particularly to paving materials containing a bituminous binder (for example, but not limited to an emulsion) when applied, such as for roads or other paving surfaces.
  • a bituminous binder for example, but not limited to an emulsion
  • the invention relates to cold bituminous emulsion mixtures.
  • CBEM cold bituminous emulsion mixture
  • RAP Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
  • cationic or anionic bitumen emulsion which may be a normal bitumen emulsion or may be modified by addition of a polymer or solvent.
  • Cold bituminous emulsion mixtures may be prepared on site using special equipment or by hand mixing, using an asphalt mixture plant. The mixture may be stockpiled before final laying. The process of spreading and laying may be performed by hand, by graders or using asphalt pavers. Cold bituminous emulsion mixture is typically used as a structural layer in heavily trafficked base layers, and low trafficked wearing courses, and as a non-structural layer in surface treatment layers.
  • cold bituminous emulsion mixtures have many restrictions and therefore have been considered poorer than Hot Mix Asphalt mixtures for a number of reasons. These include that the compacted cold mixtures are high in air-void content, which reduces strength and is undesirable. They have weak early life strength (caused mainly by the trapped water), and long curing times (evaporation of water, volatiles content and setting of emulsion).
  • the present invention aims, desirably, to address at least some of these problems.
  • the invention proposed is the use of ashes in a bituminous mixture (hot, warm or cold).
  • the ashes may be a by-product, or waste materials.
  • Surprising benefits have been found when utilizing such ashes in bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixtures. Firstly, an improvement in engineering properties is observed. In general, an enhancement of ultimate strength is observed due to the cementitious properties of the ashes within the mixture.
  • trapped liquid water may be reacted with the ash materials to complete the hydration process with the result that trapped liquid water is removed. This reduces the curing period of the bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixture, particularly when a cold mixture.
  • Paving materials such as for roads or other paving surfaces, may cure more quickly and be stronger when cured.
  • the invention may provide a bituminous mixture for paving including:
  • a first constituent material comprising a bituminous binder
  • a second constituent material comprising an ash containing by % weight of the ash: from 20% to 80% CaO; from 10% to 60% Si0 2 ; from 1 % to 10% Al 2 0 3 ; from 1 % to 10% MgO.
  • bituminous binder may be a bituminous emulsion, or foamed asphalt binder, or warm asphalt binder.
  • the bituminous binder may comprise an asphaltene.
  • the asphaltene may be defined by the chemical formula CTSHSI NLOSU 0 2 2 (e.g. ASP-H), or Cei Hsi NkoSzo O 2 0 (e.g. ASP-M), or C51 H55NL0S1.0 O1.0 (e.g. ASP-D).
  • the bituminous emulsion may be a water-based emulsion.
  • Foamed asphalt may be prepared by heating asphalt to reduce viscosity and subject it to high pressure water to produce a foam.
  • Warm asphalt binder may be prepared by adding an additive(s) which serve to reduce the temperature at which the viscosity becomes suitable for mixing with aggregate.
  • the bituminous binder may be, or may include, a bituminous emulsion mixture such as a cold bituminous mixture (CBEM).
  • CBEM cold bituminous mixture
  • the mixture may be made by mixing together open or dense-graded aggregates, virgin aggregates or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), and cationic or anionic bitumen emulsion which may be a normal bitumen emulsion or may be modified by addition of a polymer or solvent.
  • the second constituent material may comprising an ash containing by % weight of the ash: from 45% to 75% CaO; from 15% to 45% Si0 2 ; from 1 % to 10% Al 2 0 3 ; from 1 % to 10% MgO.
  • the ash may contain from 0.1 % to 10% of iron, such as Fe 2 0 3 , by % weight of the ash. Other forms of iron than Fe 2 0 3 may be present in this.
  • the ash may contain, by % weight of the ash, from 45% to 75%, or preferably from 50% to 70% CaO, or more preferably from 50% to 65% CaO, or yet more preferably, from 50% to 60% CaO.
  • the ash may contain, by % weight of the ash, from 15% to 45%, or preferably from 20% to 40% Si0 2 , or more preferably from 20% to 35% Si0 2 .
  • the ash may contain, by % weight of the ash, from 1 % to 5% Al 2 0 3 , or more preferably from 2% to 5% Al 2 0 3 .
  • the ash may contain, by % weight of the ash, from 2% to 6% MgO.
  • the mixture may comprise a third constituent material comprising silica (Si0 2 ) particles with an average diameter of less than 75 microns.
  • the third constituent material comprising silica (Si0 2 ) particles composed of at least 75% silica.
  • the average diameter may be less than 10 microns, or more preferably less than 5 microns, such as 2 microns or less, or most preferably less than about 1 micron.
  • the surface area of the particles (e.g. as determined by BET analysis, the well-known Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method for determining specific surface area) may be between 13,000 and 30,000 m 2 /kg.
  • the Silica particles are composed of at least 90% Silica, or preferably at least 95% Silica (e.g. at least 98% Silica).
  • the composition preferably comprises a blend of the first and second constituent materials provided separately and blended together.
  • the third constituent material may comprise silica fume (SF).
  • Silica fume is also known commercially as microsilica, condensed silica fume, silica dust or volatilized silica, and it may be provided as a by-product of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys.
  • Silica fume consists primarily of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ). The individual particles are extremely small. Because of its fine particles, large surface area and the high Si0 2 content, Silica fume has been found to be a very reactive pozzolan.
  • the Si0 2 content of Silica fume may range from 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96% or 97.5%.
  • Silica fume may be defined according to the ASTM C 1240 Standard Specification for silica fume, though this is by no means exhaustive or exclusive in the present invention.
  • the silica of the third constituent material may comprise particles with an average diameter of less than 50 microns.
  • the particles may comprise agglomerates of smaller particles of silica.
  • the smaller particles of silica may have an average diameter of less than 5 microns.
  • the smaller particles of silica may be agglomerates of yet smaller particles of silica which may have an average diameter of preferably less than a few microns (e.g. 1 micron or less).
  • the mixture may comprise a fourth constituent material comprising an aggregate.
  • the aggregate particles may be of organic or non-organic nature with an average diameter of 0.001 microns to 75mm.
  • paper sludge waste About eleven million tonnes of paper sludge waste are produced annually in Europe.
  • a newsprint mill may produce new paper form recycled paper in a process which creates unusable waste called "paper sludge” containing cellulose fibres.
  • This waste paper sludge is typically incinerated to generate energy for use in the same industry.
  • the fly ash resulting from the incineration of waste paper sludge is very white coloured and its alkalinity is typically very high. It is generally known as paper sludge ash.
  • the second constituent material may comprise paper sludge ash (PSA). It has been found that calcinations of paper sludge occur by incineration of the sludge at a temperature of about 700°C for about 2 hours. This has been found to convert kaolinite within the incinerating sludge in to reactive amorphous metakaolinite. This increases the pozzolanicity of the paper sludge ash.
  • the paper sludge ash of the first constituent material is prepared accordingly.
  • the paper sludge ash may be in the form of a fly ash.
  • fly ash includes a reference to a fine particulate ash typically sent up by the combustion of fuel, such as a solid fuel, and discharged as an airborne emission or recovered or captured as a byproduct. Examples of the properties of some fly ashes include those defined according to European Standard BS EN 450.
  • the alkalinity of the paper sludge ash is high or very high.
  • the main chemical components of paper sludge ash preferably include: calcium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminium oxide and magnesium oxide.
  • the main mineralogical components preferably include one, some or all of: gehlinite, calcite, lime and anorthite.
  • Paper sludge ash can be generated from burning paper waste.
  • One example is a boiler ash residue resulting from the incineration of paper sludge in energy production. Annually 125,000 tonnes of PSA is generated in the UK by paper mills.
  • the main ingredients of PSA are Si0 2 , and CaO. It has been found that a pozzolanic reaction can be generated when PSA is mixed with a cold mixture component. Furthermore, the water absorptive ability of PSA has been found to be high and to be surprisingly useful for absorbing trapped water in CBEMs.
  • the present invention relates to use of waste paper sludge ash, with or without other different wastes such as steel slag products, or silica fume, also known commercially as microsilica, (in powder or slurry forms), to improve a cold bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixtures' compactability, strength and durability for use in construction.
  • the PSA is a fly ash.
  • waste materials have been found to chemically react with traditionally cold mixture components, to improve the final cold mix product.
  • the final product is suitable, for example, for use in producing a surface such as a street surface, base layers for streets, highways, airfields and other roads and walkways, pavements and or other civil engineering construction applications.
  • Waste or by-product material such as paper sludge ash, with or without other waste materials and/or (silica fume/microsilica) may be employed.
  • the present invention may provide a cold bituminous mixture (e.g. comprising foamed asphaltic binders or emulsion mixtures (e.g. CBEMs)) using waste paper sludge ash and, optionally, with other waste materials with or without silica fume (microsilica) for use in the production of a road, airfield or other civil construction.
  • a cold bituminous mixture e.g. comprising foamed asphaltic binders or emulsion mixtures (e.g. CBEMs)
  • CBEMs foamed asphaltic binders or emulsion mixtures
  • a process of preparing cold bituminous mixtures using waste paper sludge ash, optionally with other waste materials, and optionally with silica fume is provided.
  • the process may principally comprise replacement of the mineral filler of traditional bituminous mixtures (e.g. Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixture) with the second constituent material defined above (e.g. PSA).
  • PSA may be added in conjunction with other fillers.
  • the other fillers may be mineral, organic or inorganic such as fine fibres, rubber, plastic or polymer powders or slurry, or limestone dust or rock dust.
  • the second constituent material e.g. waste PSA
  • the second constituent material is preferably ground to fine powder before being incorporated to the mix in order to increase its particle surface area.
  • the chemical reactivity of the ground material has been found to be increased by the grinding.
  • bituminous mixtures e.g. CBEMs
  • CBEMs bituminous mixtures
  • Such mixtures have shown a significant improvement in terms of mechanical properties and durability.
  • the aggregate may be of any type normally used in paving or road engineering such as granite, limestone, steel slag, basalt or the like.
  • the second constituent material e.g. PSA
  • the high absorb ability of the second constituent material will reduce the trapped water between the aggregate surfaces and the bitumen residue.
  • a hydration process is initiated as the ash (e.g. PSA) has pozzolanic properties which develop a cemintitous composition in the presence of water.
  • the cemintitious product and the absence of the previously trapped water accelerate and improve the strength of the bituminous mixture.
  • the aforesaid other waste materials and silica fume have also been found to accelerate the chemical reactivity of the second constituent material (e.g.
  • a cold bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixture may be provided in this way for use in low, medium and heavy trafficked flexible pavement constructions. It may comprise an aggregate comprising a course aggregate and/or a fine aggregate and/or a filler, a bitumen binder (e.g. emulsion), and a further material wherein the course aggregates may comprise crushed aggregates (e.g. green granite), and the fine aggregates may comprise crushed aggregates (e.g. green granite or steel slag).
  • the filler may comprise, for example, crushed aggregate dust.
  • the bitumen binder may comprise standard bitumen emulsion and or polymer based emulsions, or equivalent, or a foamed asphalt or a warm asphalt binder.
  • the aforementioned further material may comprise the ash of the second constituent material, such as paper sludge ash.
  • the further material may further comprise any one or more of steel slag (SS), granulated ground blast furnace slag (GGBFS), pulverised fuel ash (PFA), biomass fly ash, Ely Ash, The ford bag fly ash, and straw ash.
  • the cold bituminous emulsion mixture may further comprise an additive comprising silica fume.
  • the percentage proportion of the second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the percentage proportion of the second constituent material may be at least 0.25% or optionally at least 1.0% of the total aggregate content (e.g. by % weight).
  • the percentage proportion of the second constituent material may range from 0.1 % to 5.5% of the total aggregate content.
  • the silica fume content may range from 0.0% to 4 % of the total aggregate content.
  • the invention may provide a method of preparing the cold bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixture as described above comprising the mixing of the aggregate including the ash, with pre-wetting water and then adding the bitumen mixture.
  • the second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the mixing of the aggregate with pre-wetting water may then be followed by adding the bitumen mixture (e.g. emulsion).
  • the second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the method may comprise mixing into the aggregate any added silica fume with pre- wetting water in a proportion of silica fume ranging from 0% to 28% of the total aggregate content (e.g. by % weight), and then adding the bitumen mixture (e.g. emulsion).
  • the second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the micro-silica may serve as an activator of/for the second constituent material and increase the mechanical properties (e.g. strength when cured, reduced porosity to water etc.) of the mix.
  • the invention may provide a product comprising a surface layer, road base layer (e.g. suitable for low, medium and heavy traffic roads), a highway or airfield paved using the cold bituminous (e.g. emulsion) mixture.
  • road base layer e.g. suitable for low, medium and heavy traffic roads
  • cold bituminous e.g. emulsion
  • the products may desirably be cured and open to traffic in less than 3 days.
  • the paper sludge ash particle size/fineness second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the ash particle sizes range from 1 ⁇ to ⁇ ⁇ , or preferably 5 ⁇ to 60 ⁇ - ⁇ .
  • the invention in a further aspect provides the use of the mixture to produce the product.
  • a yet further aspect comprises the use of the product.
  • the product may be formed after mixing at roadside, on a construction site or on/in a mixing plant.
  • the use of the product includes engineering construction projects such as pavements, roads, yards, car parks, school playgrounds, tennis yards, channel lining etc.
  • the invention preferably provides hot, medium and cold bituminous mixtures containing ashes (e.g. especially paper sludge ash) as additives or filler materials to improve the mechanical properties of the products for use in paving construction.
  • ashes e.g. especially paper sludge ash
  • PSA paper sludge ash
  • a multi-stage mixing technique may comprise traditional techniques which include pre-wetting the aggregate then adding a bituminous emulsion.
  • the second constituent material may be wetted together with the aggregate then the bituminous binder may be added to the mixture of the aggregate and the second constituent material.
  • the aggregate may be wetted, the bitumen may then be added and the second constituent then added.
  • the second constituent material may be added together with one or more "further materials" and/or the silica fume.
  • the entire mixing process is to be preformed within 3 minutes.
  • the invention may provide a method of preparing a bituminous mixture comprising: providing a first constituent material comprising a bituminous binder; providing a second constituent material comprising an ash containing by % weight of the first ash: from 20% to 80% CaO; from 10% to 60% Si0 2 ; from 1 % to 10% Al 2 0 3 ; from 1 % to 10% MgO; providing an aggregate; and pre-wetting the aggregate with water; and adding the second constituent material to the aggregate; and adding the bituminous binder to the aggregate; wherein the adding of the second constituent material is performed before or after the pre-wetting of the aggregate is performed; and, the adding of the bituminous binder is performed before or after the adding of the second constituent material is performed.
  • the second constituent material may be as described above.
  • the adding of the second constituent material may be performed before the pre-wetting of the aggregate is performed; and, the adding of the bituminous binder may performed before the adding of the second constituent material is performed.
  • the adding of the second constituent material may be performed before the pre- wetting of the aggregate is performed; and, the adding of the bituminous binder may performed after the adding of the second constituent material is performed.
  • the adding of the second constituent material may be performed after the pre-wetting of the aggregate is performed; and, the adding of the bituminous binder may performed before the adding of the second constituent material is performed.
  • the adding of the second constituent material may be performed after the pre-wetting of the aggregate is performed; and, the adding of the bituminous binder may performed after the adding of the second constituent material is performed.
  • the second constituent material e.g. paper sludge ash
  • the second constituent material may be used as at least a partial replacement of the traditional mineral filler portion in the bituminous mixture, with the replacement percentage range from 5% to 100% or preferably 25% to 100%.
  • the further material(s) listed above may be used as extra material to the mix to increase the chemical and physical activity of the second constituent material within the mix.
  • Silica fume can be used also as an activator of the paper sludge ash with a content level ranging from 0% to 4% of the weight of aggregate in the mix.
  • Paper sludge ash has beneficial pozzolanic reactivity characteristics which generate cementitous/binding properties within the bitumen (e.g. emulsion) mixture, where its water and or liquid absorptive ability reduces the quantity trapped water and/or liquid within the mixture. This improves the early- and long-term strength of the mixture when cured, and its mechanical and durability properties improve rapidly.
  • the silica fume and the slag (SS, GGBFS & PFA) materials collectively or individually play the role of activating the second constituent material within the mix.
  • Figure 1 illustrates aggregate particle size grading
  • Figure 2 illustrates the effects of different proportions of PSA on the resulting strength of a cured sample, according to a first two-stage curing regime
  • Figure 3 illustrates the effects of different proportions of PSA on the resulting strength of a cured sample, according to a second two-stage curing regime
  • Figure 4 illustrates the effects of different proportions of PSA on the resulting strength of a cured sample, according to a third two-stage curing regime
  • Figure 5 illustrates a comparison of predicted strength values in samples versus measured strength values, the prediction being made according to a statistical model
  • Figure 6 illustrates measured values of accumulative creep strain in samples
  • Figure 7 illustrates the effects upon creep stiffness of different % PSA contents in samples
  • Figure 8 illustrates the effects upon creep rate of different % PSA contents in samples.
  • like items are assigned like reference symbols.
  • PSA paper sludge ash
  • the embodiments described below concern the use of paper sludge ash (PSA) as the second constituent material defined above, as a filler in a cold bitumen emulsion mixture to overcome the problem of inferiority of cold mixes, namely low tensile stiffness and creep stiffness.
  • Paper sludge ash (PSA) which is used in the following embodiments is boiler ash residue resulting from incineration of paper sludge in energy production.
  • the main ingredients of PSA are Si0 2 and Al 2 0 3 .
  • a pozzolanic reaction may be generated when mixed with cold mixture components.
  • the water absorptive ability of PSA is high, and PSA has been found useful for absorbing trapped water in CBEMs.
  • the CBEMs presently employed used PSA in the proportion from 0% to 5.5% of the aggregate weight.
  • the improvements in mechanical properties were determined using the indirect tensile stiffness modulus and unaxial compressive cyclic test. These are respected indicators of the mechanical properties.
  • a statistical model is also built to identify the change in stiffness modulus due to parameters, namely, filler percentage, and curing time. 1. Materials and sample preparation method.
  • the aggregate used in the present embodiments is crushed green granite from Cliffe Hill quarry and the aggregate gradation is given in Table 1.
  • the physical properties of the aggregates are given in Table 2.
  • the aggregate were dried, riffled and bagged with sieve analysis achieved in according with standards BS EN 933-1 and BS EN 12697-28.
  • mix gradation was selected according to standard BS EN 4987-1 : 0/10 mm close graded surface course gradation has been used in the following embodiments.
  • the grading of 0/10 mm mix is shown in Figure 1 .
  • Table (2) Physical properties aggregates. The selection of this gradation is due firstly to this gradation having been used successfully in the heavy traffic surface coarse hot coated macadam (BS EN 4987:1 , 2005). Secondly, the dense gradation has a greater proportion of coarse aggregates as compared with close gradation. The more coarse aggregate grading results in insufficient compactability and specimens tended disintegrated upon extrusion.
  • Cationic bitumen emulsion was selected to ensure high adhesion between aggregates particles.
  • Cationic slow setting emulsion (K3) was used in the present embodiments.
  • Table 3 show the properties of the selected emulsion, whereas Table 4 shows the chemical composition of the paper sludge ash used in these embodiments.
  • a mix density test was used to determine the optimum total liquid content at compaction (i.e. emulsion plus pre-wetting water contents which give highest mix density). According to the selected material characteristics, the pre-wetting water content was observed to be 4%, the optimum bitumen emulsion was 1 1 .5% and optimum total liquid content at compaction was 14.5%.
  • Specimens of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures were prepared using different ratios of Paper Sludge Ash (0% to 5.5%) as a replacement of mineral filler. Impact compacting (using a Marshall Hammer) was applied with 50 blows to each face of the specimens.
  • Stage one was performed at a temperature of 20°C for 24 hours. A sample was left in mould before being extruded, to prevent specimen disintegration. Stage two conditioning was achieved using one of three curing temperatures, namely: 20°C; 40°C; and 60°C, each for 24 hours. In each case, the samples were tested at ages of 2, 7, 14, 28, 90 and 180 days.
  • the second stage curing for 24 hours at 20°C, or at 40°C, or at 60°C curing temperatures were adopted to identify the evolution of the stiffness modulus with different curing times and temperatures.
  • the curing conditioning was selected as follows. The specimens were left in the moulds for 24 hour at room temperature before being extruded. Then the specimens placed in an oven for 14 days at 40 °C to make sure a full curing condition was attained.
  • the Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus is a non- destructive test used mainly to evaluate the stiffness modus of hot mixes. ITSM at 20 °C was used to evaluate the effect of the PSA on stiffness modulus. The test was conducted in accordance with standard BS EN 12697-26:2004, a Cooper Research Technology HYD 25 testing apparatus was used. The test conditions are tabulated in Table 5.
  • the unaxial compressive cyclic test is a destructive test used mainly to evaluate the permanent deformation characteristics of hot mixes.
  • UCCT at 40 °C was used to evaluate the effect of the PSA on creep stiffness.
  • the test was conducted in accordance with standard BS EN 12697-25:2005, a Cooper Research Technology HYD 25 testing apparatus was used. The test conditions are tabulated in Table 6.
  • results of ITSM tests shown in Figure 2 indicate that the stiffness modulus of CBEMs increased dramatically with the increased percentage of the PSA, and reached its ultimate values when all of the traditional mineral filler is replaced with PSA. Additionally, the ITSM were increased significantly with time, at the same time the hot mix asphalt (HMA) shows unnoticeable changes in ITSM with time. With no or low PSA percentage, no results after two days are shown in figure 2 as the specimens could not withstand the testing load. An outstanding gain in ITSM values were experienced at the other curing methods (i.e. stage two with curing temperatures of 40°C and 60 °C) with the increase in curing time and PSA percentage. Furthermore, the results show a significant increase in the ITSM for a given curing time but with increasing curing temperatures. 2.3.2 Statistical model
  • ITSM c 0 + (PSA) + c 2 (T) + c 3 (CT) + c 4 (PSA) 2 + c 5 (T) 2 + c 6 (CT) 2 + c 7 (PSA x T) + c, (PSA x CT) + c g (T x CT)
  • ITSM Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus
  • Figure (5) shows the ITSM observed values plotted against the predicted values. By examining this plot, it can be seen that the predicted values are in close agreement with those observed. The plot confirms the second order polynomial model assumption, mentioned previously.
  • the specimen with 5.5 % PSA had creep stiffness approximately 26 times bigger than the control specimens under the same testing conditions Figure 7; additionally, the same specimen had creep stiffness approximately 9 and 6 times bigger than 100-150 pen, and 40-50 pen hot asphalt mixtures respectively. This is a significant modification viewing the positive effect of PSA in CBEMs. At the same time, the creep rate of the PSA modified specimens drop to 154 times when compared the control specimen with specimen have 5.5% PSA, Figure 8.
  • control specimens showed a total collapse, whereas the 5.5% PSA specimen does not show any sign of collapse.
  • specimen with 2.5% PSA showed partial signs of collapse, where hot mix shown a mark of the upper loading plate.
  • the embodiments have focused on studying the effect of the paper sludge ash (PSA) on improving the engineering properties of close graded surface course cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) in terms of stiffness modulus and creep stiffness.
  • PSA paper sludge ash
  • CBEMs cold bitumen emulsion mixtures
  • the invention encompasses other ashes for this purpose.
  • the high water absorptive ability of PSA was shown during the mixture preparation process especially in mixing. This property did not affect the coating of the aggregates with emulsion.
  • the PSA has a cementitous property clearly shown through the increment in the stiffness modulus with time of curing at all curing temperature.
  • test results indicate that there may be a significant improvement in the permanent resistance of mixture comprising PSA, More than a 26-fold improvement was achieved in the creep stiffness using a mixture content of 5.5% PSA. It is to be understood that the illustrative embodiments are described above are not intended t be limiting and that variations, modifications and equivalents thereto, such as would be readily apparent to the skilled person are encompassed by the scope of the invention as defined e.g. by the claims.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne l'utilisation des cendres dans un mélange bitumineux (brûlant, chaud ou froid). Les cendres peuvent être un sous-produit, ou des déchets. Des bénéfices surprenants ont été observés quand ces cendres ont été utilisées dans des mélanges bitumineux (par ex., émulsion). Tout d'abord, une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques est observée. De manière générale, une amélioration de la résistance à la rupture due aux propriétés cimentaires des cendres contenues dans le mélange est également observée.
PCT/GB2012/051887 2011-08-03 2012-08-03 Améliorations des pavages bitumineux ou les concernant Ceased WO2013017892A1 (fr)

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GB201113346A GB201113346D0 (en) 2011-08-03 2011-08-03 Improvements in and relating to bituminous paving
GB1113346.9 2011-08-03

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GB2535401A (en) * 2013-12-13 2016-08-17 Delfortgroup Ag Wrapping material for smoking articles with directionally dependent diffusion capacity
CN110437639A (zh) * 2019-09-20 2019-11-12 山东华特知新化工有限公司 一种路用特种改性沥青及其制备方法
WO2020215168A1 (fr) * 2019-04-23 2020-10-29 Universidad Austral De Chile Charge minérale en poudre et mélange asphaltique la contenant

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2535401A (en) * 2013-12-13 2016-08-17 Delfortgroup Ag Wrapping material for smoking articles with directionally dependent diffusion capacity
GB2535401B (en) * 2013-12-13 2020-09-09 Delfortgroup Ag Wrapping material for smoking article with directional diffusion capacity
WO2020215168A1 (fr) * 2019-04-23 2020-10-29 Universidad Austral De Chile Charge minérale en poudre et mélange asphaltique la contenant
CN110437639A (zh) * 2019-09-20 2019-11-12 山东华特知新化工有限公司 一种路用特种改性沥青及其制备方法

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