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WO2013016929A1 - 铝电解槽的预热启动方法 - Google Patents

铝电解槽的预热启动方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013016929A1
WO2013016929A1 PCT/CN2011/084504 CN2011084504W WO2013016929A1 WO 2013016929 A1 WO2013016929 A1 WO 2013016929A1 CN 2011084504 W CN2011084504 W CN 2011084504W WO 2013016929 A1 WO2013016929 A1 WO 2013016929A1
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Prior art keywords
preheating
electrode
electrolytic cell
heating
aluminum
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PCT/CN2011/084504
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
杨建红
唐新平
曹鹏
包生重
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Aluminum Corp of China Ltd
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Aluminum Corp of China Ltd
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Publication of WO2013016929A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013016929A1/zh
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/20—Automatic control or regulation of cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/14—Devices for feeding or crust breaking

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of aluminum electrolytic cells, in particular to a preheating starting method for an aluminum electrolytic cell. Background technique
  • the newly built or overhauled aluminum electrolysis cell undergoes a roasting and start-up process before it enters production.
  • the roasting start-up process of the conventional tank mainly uses the heat generating material placed between the anode and the cathode of the aluminum electrolytic tank to generate heat, so that the temperature of the anode and the cathode (including the lining) of the electrolytic bath rises.
  • the aluminum liquid roasting method and the coke roasting method have different degrees of damage to the cathode, and the roasting of the artificial leg is poor, which adversely affects the life of the groove.
  • the electrolysis cell When the electrolysis cell is started, the electrolysis cell is connected to a series of currents to form the basic technical conditions required for the electrolysis reaction, and the main technical parameters of the aluminum electrolysis cell (pole pitch, cell voltage, bath temperature, electrolyte composition) , alumina concentration, etc.) enter the range required for electrolysis. After the start of the roasting, it is necessary to gradually establish energy balance and material balance through a long period of post management.
  • the roasting start method of the traditional electrolytic cell is prone to current bias current, causing local overheating of the cathode; the aluminum liquid roasting is not suitable for the roasting start of the large preparatory tank due to its own characteristics; the coke grain roasting has poor roasting of the artificial leg, and the electrolyte charcoal residue after starting is required to be removed. Cinder, labor and materials.
  • the inert anode is used for the tank body.
  • the tank body is made of graphite or carbon.
  • the electrode after the installation is like a carbon anode. It can be used during roasting start or pole change to avoid heat, electricity and heat. Corrosive gas impact. After the power is turned on, the can is consumed. When the inert electrode is exposed, the electrode naturally transitions to the working state.
  • a vertical current inert electrolytic cell is used, and the electrolytic cell is started by roasting with a carbon anode. After the electrolytic cell is stably operated, it is replaced with an inert electrode group.
  • Chinese patent 200910043018.9 provides a coke grain roasting starting method for a ceramic-based inert anode aluminum electrolysis cell, firstly plating a metallization layer on the surface of the anode, and laying graphite powder or metallurgy between the anode and the bottom of the tank at the start of the operation of the electrolytic cell. The mixture of coke and calcined petroleum coke is used as a heat generating layer; the preheating roasting of the electrolytic cell is controlled at 48-96 hours.
  • Chinese patent 200910243383.4 provides a preheating start method for an inert anode aluminum electrolytic cell, mainly using an electric heating assembly in which the furnace is laid in accordance with the number of electrode groups, filled with electrolyte in the furnace, and heated to melt the electrolyte to continue to be added.
  • the electrolyte is at the desired level. After that, reduce the power of the heating unit and simulate the heat generation of the electrolytic cell during normal operation. After the technical parameters are stabilized, gradually replace the heating resistor with the inert electrode.
  • the protective layer is overcoated on the cathode during the preheating of the electrolysis cell.
  • the innermost layer of the protective layer contacts the carbon cathode with a titanium boride layer, the intermediate layer is a metal aluminum or alloy, and the outermost layer is carbon.
  • the gas is calcined, and the anode is a cermet anode.
  • the protective layer of the anode is derived from oxidation during the calcination to oxidize its surface layer.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide an aluminum electrolysis which can effectively and uniformly heat the electrolyte, is beneficial to the protection of the cathode, increases the life of the tank, shortens the post management time, and provides a stable electrolysis environment before the inert electrode is operated normally.
  • the preheating start method of the tank is to provide an aluminum electrolysis which can effectively and uniformly heat the electrolyte, is beneficial to the protection of the cathode, increases the life of the tank, shortens the post management time, and provides a stable electrolysis environment before the inert electrode is operated normally.
  • the present invention provides a preheating starting method for an aluminum electrolytic cell, comprising:
  • the carbon or graphite electrode block is drilled downward from the surface, and the heating element is pre-buried into the bore of the carbon or graphite electrode to form an electrolysis cell preheating electrode;
  • the preheating electrode equipped with the heating element is placed in the electrolytic cell, and the preheating electrode is fixed on the large busbar of the electrolytic cell by the clamp; the solid electrolyte is filled in the furnace, and the heating component is first connected to the alternating current, and the heating component is used according to the baking curve. Heating the furnace; After the furnace reaches the target temperature, the solid or liquid electrolyte is added to the required electrolyte level, and then the power of the heating assembly is adjusted until the energy input of the electrolytic cell is normal, and the heat balance required for the electrolytic cell and the inner shape of the furnace are established;
  • the electrolysis cell When the electrolytic cell reaches the expected heat balance state and the inner shape of the furnace, the electrolysis cell is supplied with direct current, and the preheating electrode starts to electrolyze; the heating element power is adjusted or the alternating current heating state is stopped, and the electrolyte temperature is stabilized at the target temperature;
  • the preheating electrode carrying the heating element is replaced with the normal operating electrode one by one to complete the preheating start of the electrolyzer.
  • the preheating starting method of the aluminum electrolytic cell can solve the main shortcomings of the conventional aluminum electrolytic baking start, and the heating is hooked, and the soft connection between the anode and the bus bar is not required during the preheating process, and the cathode can be effectively preheated into a special structure.
  • the traditional trough can improve the life of the traditional aluminum electrolysis cell; it can also effectively preheat the inert electrode aluminum electrolysis cell (vertical current electrolyzer or horizontal current electrolyzer) to establish a stable electrolysis environment before the inert electrode works, improve current efficiency, and increase Electrode life.
  • the preheating electrode can be reused to reduce the startup cost of the cell.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a preheating electrode for a preheating start of a conventional aluminum electrolytic cell according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the structure of a preheated anode for a vertical inertial electrode aluminum electrolytic cell according to an embodiment of the present invention. detailed description
  • the preheating starting method of the aluminum electrolytic cell provided by the embodiment of the invention is as follows: Step 10: The electrolytic cell preheating electrode is drilled on the surface of the carbon or graphite electrode, and the heating element is embedded in the electrode.
  • the number and power of the heating elements can be determined according to the size of the electrolytic cell and the required heating power.
  • the number of preheating electrodes is the same as that of the normal operating electrode of the electrolytic cell, and the structure is similar in size, and can be connected to the large busbar of the electrolytic cell like the normal operating electrode.
  • Step 20 In the preheating stage, the preheating electrode equipped with the heating component is placed in the electrolytic cell, and the preheating electrode is fixed to the large busbar of the electrolytic cell by using a clamp. Fill the furnace with solid electrolyte, first The heating element is energized by alternating current, and the heating element is used to heat the furnace according to the firing curve.
  • Step 30 After the target temperature is reached, the solid or liquid electrolyte is added to the desired electrolyte level, and then the power of the heating element is adjusted until the energy input of the electrolytic cell is normal, and the heat balance and the furnace internal type required for the electrolytic cell are initially established.
  • Step 40 When the electrolytic cell reaches the expected heat balance state and the inner shape of the furnace, the electrolysis cell is supplied with direct current, and the preheating electrode starts to electrolyze. Through the control system, the heating element power is adjusted or the AC heating state is stopped to stabilize the electrolyte temperature at the target temperature, and the electrolytic cell gradually enters the electrolysis and self-heating state.
  • Step 50 After the cell voltage and the electrolysis temperature are stabilized, the preheating electrode carrying the heating element is replaced by the normal running electrode (the conventional electrolytic cell uses a carbon anode, and the inert electrolytic cell uses an inert electrode), and the electrolysis cell preheating starts smoothly. End.
  • the normal running electrode the conventional electrolytic cell uses a carbon anode, and the inert electrolytic cell uses an inert electrode
  • the preheating electrode can adopt the carbon anode for production; for the vertical inert electrode aluminum electrolytic cell, the preheating electrode comprises a preheating anode and a preheating cathode, Carbon or graphite electrodes with the same or similar appearance as inert electrodes (including inert anodes, inert cathodes);
  • the preheating electrodes can be made of carbon or graphite electrodes of the same or similar shape as the inert anodes.
  • the solid electrolyte is filled in the furnace or the solid electrolyte is not filled; the pole pitch of the preheating electrode is the same as or different from the normal electrode pole pitch.
  • the vertical inert electrode aluminum electrolytic cell preheating electrode is composed of carbon or graphite electrode, heating element, corrosion resistant material protective layer, plate bus bar and guide rod.
  • the electrode heating assembly exposes the graphite electrode portion and the guide rod is wrapped by a protective layer of corrosion resistant material.
  • the protective layer of corrosion resistant material is high alumina porcelain, corundum, corrosion resistant castable, boron nitride, and silicon carbide.
  • the furnace before the power is turned on, the furnace is filled with aluminum water or not filled with aluminum water; the preheating cathode has heating elements or no heating elements.
  • a conventional 300KA aluminum electrolytic cell uses a carbon anode to make a preheating electrode.
  • the upper surface of the carbon anode 1 is drilled and placed in the heating element 2.
  • the anode does not need to be connected to the busbar by a soft connection, and the fixture is preheated.
  • the electrode bus bar 3 is fixed on the aluminum bus bar, and the number of preheating electrodes is the same as the number of anodes in normal production.
  • the furnace is filled with solid electrolyte, and cryolite and soda ash are added to the tank and anode to maintain heat and avoid anodization.
  • the heating element is connected to the alternating current, and heating is started according to the heating system.
  • the furnace temperature is heated to 950 ° C, continue to add solid electrolyte until the electrolyte level is 25 cm, add fluoride salt, adjust the electrolyte composition, adjust the heating component power to simulate the electrolysis state heat input, when the electrolyzer reaches the expected thermal equilibrium state and the furnace In the case of type, disconnect the alternating current and apply direct current to make the preheating electrode enter the electrolysis state.
  • the electrolysis cell stops the heating state of the heating element, enters the electrolysis and self-heating state, and adjusts the pole pitch to stabilize the cell voltage and the electrolysis temperature at 3.8V and 935 °C.
  • the preheating electrode was replaced one by one using the normal production carbon anode, and the warm-up start was successfully completed.
  • the traditional 400KA aluminum electrolytic cell has a cathode and a diversion structure. Drilling the upper surface of the carbon anode 1 into the heating element 2, the anode does not need to be connected to the busbar by a soft connection, and the preheating electrode busbar 3 is fixed to the aluminum busbar by a clamp, and the number of preheating electrodes is the same as the number of anodes in normal production. .
  • the furnace is filled with solid electrolyte, and the heating element is connected to alternating current, and heating is started according to the heating system.
  • the furnace temperature is heated to 960 ° C, add liquid electrolyte until the electrolyte level is 23cm, inject 10cm of aluminum water, add fluoride salt, adjust the electrolyte composition, adjust the heating component power to simulate the heat input of the electrolysis state, when the electrolyzer reaches the expected
  • the heat balance state and the furnace inner type the AC power is disconnected, and the direct current is supplied to make the preheating electrode enter the electrolysis state.
  • the electrolysis cell stops heating the heating element, enters the electrolysis and self-heating state, and adjusts the pole pitch to stabilize the cell voltage and electrolysis temperature at 3.82V and 937 °C.
  • the preheating electrode was replaced one by one using the normal production carbon anode, and the preheating start was successfully completed.
  • the vertical inertial electrode aluminum electrolytic cell comprises a graphite electrode 4, a heating element 5, a corrosion resistant material protective layer 6, a plate busbar 7, and a guide rod 8.
  • the upper surface of the graphite electrode 4 is drilled and placed in the heating assembly 5; the preheating electrode heating assembly is wrapped around the exposed graphite electrode portion and the guide rod 8 by the corrosion resistant material protective layer 6.
  • the graphite electrode 4 is connected by a guide bar 8 and a plate bus bar 7.
  • the "preheated cathode” is also made of a graphite electrode, the structure is the same as the "preheated anode", but it is not drilled and there is no heating element.
  • the preheating electrode and the preheating cathode are fixed in the electrolytic cell by means of "one yin, one yang, one yin and one yin".
  • Two electrolytic cells each containing 9 preheated anodes and 10 preheated cathodes.
  • the preheating electrode is connected to the aluminum bus bar, and the preheating electrode pole pitch is smaller than the normal operating electrode pole pitch.
  • the furnace is filled with solid electrolyte, and the heating element is connected to alternating current, and heating is started according to the heating system.
  • the furnace temperature is heated to 800 °C, continue to add solid electrolyte until the electrolyte level is 40cm, add fluoride salt, adjust the electrolyte composition, inject 2cm of aluminum water, adjust the heating component power to simulate the heat input of the electrolysis state, when the electrolyzer reaches the expected
  • the alternating current is turned on, and the direct current is supplied to make the preheating electrode enter the electrolysis state.
  • the electrolysis cell stops the heating state of the heating element, enters the electrolysis and self-heating state, and adjusts the pole pitch to stabilize the cell voltage and the electrolysis temperature at 3.65V and 800°C.
  • the inert anode was used, and the inert cathode was replaced one by one with the preheated anode and the preheated cathode, and the preheating start was successfully completed.
  • Heating anode includes graphite electrode 4, heating element 5, corrosion resistant material protection layer 6, plate busbar 7, guide rod 8.
  • the upper surface of the graphite electrode 4 is drilled and placed in the heating assembly 5; the preheating electrode heating assembly is wrapped around the exposed graphite electrode portion and the guide rod 8 by the corrosion resistant material protective layer 6.
  • the graphite electrode 4 is connected by a guide bar 8 and a plate bus bar 7.
  • the "preheating cathode” is also made of graphite.
  • the "preheating cathode” is also drilled with holes and placed in the heating element; the preheating electrode and the preheating cathode are "one yin_yang"
  • the _Yinyi method is fixed in the electrolytic cell, and there are 4 electrolytic cells, each of which contains 12 preheating anodes and 13 preheating cathodes.
  • the preheating electrode is connected to the aluminum bus bar, and the preheating electrode pole pitch is the same as the normal running electrode pole pitch.
  • the furnace is filled with solid electrolyte, and the heating element is connected to alternating current, and heating is started according to the heating system.
  • the furnace temperature is heated to 800 ° C, continue to add liquid electrolyte until the electrolyte level is 38 cm, add fluoride salt, adjust the electrolyte composition, adjust the heating component power to simulate the electrolysis state heat input, when the electrolyzer reaches the expected thermal equilibrium state and inside the furnace In the case of type, direct current, preheating electrode electrolysis.
  • the power of the heating element is adjusted by the control system to stabilize the electrolysis temperature at 800 °C.
  • the preheated anode and the preheated cathode were replaced one by one with an inert anode and an inert cathode, and the preheating start was successfully completed.
  • preheating electrode adopts carbon anode, drilled in carbon anode, put heating element, fix preheating electrode on aluminum busbar with clamp, preheating electrode number and normal
  • the number of anodes is the same during production, and the pole pitch is slightly smaller than the normal operating electrode pole pitch.
  • the furnace is filled with solid electrolyte, and the heating element is connected to alternating current, and heating is started according to the heating system. When the furnace temperature is heated to

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Abstract

本发明提供一种铝电解槽的预热启动方法，其包括在炭素或石墨电极上表面钻孔，将加热元件预埋在电极中；使用加热组件按照焙烧曲线对炉膛进行加热；待达到目标温度后，加入固态或液态电解质直至所需电解质水平，然后调整加热组件功率，初步建立电解槽需要的热量平衡和炉膛内型；通直流电，预热电极电解；逐一用正常运行电极，将载有加热元件的预热电极换下。本发明方法加热均匀，预热过程中阳极与母线之间不需要软连接，可有效预热阴极为异型结构的传统槽，还可有效预热启动惰性电极铝电解槽，建立稳定的电解环境，提高电流效率，增长电极寿命。预热电极可重复使用，降低电解槽启动成本。

Description

铝电解槽的预热启动方法
技术领域
本发明涉及铝电解槽技术领域， 特别涉及一种铝电解槽的预热启动方 法。 背景技术
新建或大修后的铝电解槽在进入生产前， 要经过焙烧与启动过程。 传 统槽的焙烧启动过程主要是利用置于铝电解槽阴、 阳两极间的发热物质产 生热量， 使电解槽阳极、 阴极（含内衬） 的温度升高。 铝液焙烧法、 焦粒 焙烧法对阴极都有不同程度的损坏， 对人造伸腿的焙烧较差， 进而对槽寿 命产生不利的影响。
电解槽启动， 就是使电解槽在联通了系列电流的状态下， 形成发生电 解反应所需具备的基本技术条件， 并使铝电解槽的主要技术参数（极距、 槽电压、 槽温、 电解质成分、 氧化铝浓度等）进入到电解所需的范围之内。 在焙烧启动后都需要通过一段时间较长的后期管理来逐步建立能量平衡和 物料平衡。
传统电解槽的焙烧启动方法容易出现电流偏流， 造成阴极局部过热； 铝液焙烧由于自身特点不适用大型预备槽的焙烧启动； 焦粒焙烧对人造伸 腿焙烧不良， 启动后电解质炭渣多， 需要清除炭渣， 费工费料。
在目前所能看到的专利文献中， 大部分焙烧启动方法都还是沿用传统 方法， 只是在有些方面做了小的改进， 并未克服传统焙烧启动方法的主要 缺点。对于惰性电极铝电解槽，预热启动的思路也基本上沿用了传统方法。
中国专利 200510031315.3中， 将惰性阳极用罐体承装， 罐体采用石墨 或炭素制品， 承装后的电极如同炭阳极一样， 可以在焙烧启动中或换极时 使用， 以避免热、 电和热腐蚀性气体冲击。 通电后罐体会消耗掉， 当露出 惰性电极时， 电极自然过渡到工作状态。
中国专利 01820302.7中所述， 采用的是垂直电流惰性电解槽， 先用炭 阳极焙烧启动电解槽， 待电解槽稳定运行后， 再用惰性电极组进行替换。 中国专利 200910043018.9提供一种陶瓷基惰性阳极铝电解槽的焦粒焙 烧启动方法， 首先在阳极表面镀覆金属化层， 电解槽启动操作时， 在阳极 和槽底炭块之间铺设石墨粉或冶金焦与煅后石油焦的混合料作为发热层； 电解槽的预热焙烧控制在 48-96小时。
中国专利 200910243383.4提供了一种惰性阳极铝电解槽的预热启动方 法， 主要是采用在炉膛铺设与电极组数相一致的电加热组件， 在炉膛内装 满电解质， 通过加热至熔化电解质， 继续添加电解质至所需水平。 之后， 降低加热组件功率， 模拟正常运行时电解槽发热量， 待各项技术参数稳定 后， 逐步用惰性电极更换加热电阻。
US6,537,438中所述， 在预热启动电解槽时， 将阴极外涂保护层。 保护 层中最里层接触炭阴极的为硼化钛层， 中间层为金属铝或合金， 最外层为 炭。 采用气体焙烧的方法， 阳极为金属陶瓷阳极。 阳极的保护层来源于焙 烧过程中的氧化作用使其表层氧化。
对于采用惰性电极的铝电解槽来说， 传统电解槽的焙烧启动方法已经 完全不适用。 因为惰性阳极抗扰动性能差， 焙烧过程中显然不能使用惰性 电极发热来加热电解质。 这就必须在电解槽启动前为惰性电极提供稳定的 电解环境， 以便将电极放入电解槽内可以立即进入正常生产。 发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种能够有效、 均勾加热电解质， 有利于对阴极的保护， 增加槽寿命， 缩短后期管理时间， 为惰性电极正常 运行前， 提供稳定的电解环境的铝电解槽的预热启动方法。
为解决上述技术问题， 本发明提供了一种铝电解槽的预热启动方法， 包括：
将炭素或石墨电极块从表面向下钻孔， 再将加热元件预埋入炭素或石 墨电极的钻孔中制成电解槽预热电极；
将装有加热元件的预热电极放置在电解槽中， 用夹具将预热电极固定 于电解槽大母线上； 将炉膛内填满固态电解质， 先对加热组件通交流电， 使用加热组件按照焙烧曲线对炉膛进行加热； 待炉膛达到目标温度后， 再加入固态或液态电解质直至所需电解质水 平， 然后调整加热组件功率， 直至电解槽正常运行时的能量输入， 建立电 解槽需要的热量平衡和炉膛内型；
当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 对电解槽通直流电， 预热电极开始电解； 调整加热元件功率或停止交流电加热状态， 稳定电解 质温度在目标温度；
在槽电压和电解温度稳定后， 逐一用正常运行电极将载有加热元件的 预热电极换下， 完成电解槽预热启动。
本发明提供的铝电解槽的预热启动方法， 可以解决传统铝电解焙烧启 动的主要缺点， 加热均勾， 预热过程中阳极与母线之间不需要软连接， 可 有效预热阴极为异型结构的传统槽， 提高传统铝电解槽寿命； 还可有效预 热启动惰性电极铝电解槽 （垂直电流电解槽或水平电流电解槽） ， 为惰性 电极工作前建立稳定的电解环境， 提高电流效率， 增长电极寿命。 预热电 极可重复使用， 降低电解槽启动成本。 附图说明
图 1为本发明实施例提供的铝电解槽的预热启动方法用于传统铝电解 槽预热启动用的预热电极结构示意图；
图 2为本发明实施例提供的用于竖式惰性电极铝电解槽的用预热阳极 结构示意图。 具体实施方式
本发明实施例提供的一种铝电解槽的预热启动方法，预热启动步骤为： 步骤 10、 电解槽预热电极是在炭素或石墨电极上表面钻孔， 将加热元 件预埋在电极中， 加热元件的数量和功率可根据电解槽大小及所需加热功 率确定。预热电极的数量与电解槽正常运行电极数量相同， 结构尺寸相似， 能够与正常运行电极一样连接到电解槽大母线上。
步骤 20、 在预热阶段， 将装有加热组件的预热电极放置在电解槽中， 用夹具将预热电极固定于电解槽大母线上。 将炉膛内填满固态电解质， 先 对加热组件通交流电， 使用加热组件按照焙烧曲线对炉膛进行加热。
步骤 30、 待达到目标温度后， 再加入固态或液态电解质直至所需电解 质水平， 然后调整加热组件功率， 直至电解槽正常运行时的能量输入， 初 步建立电解槽需要的热量平衡和炉膛内型。
步骤 40、 当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 对电解槽通 直流电， 预热电极开始电解。 通过控制系统， 调整加热元件功率或停止交 流电加热状态， 以稳定电解质温度在目标温度， 电解槽逐步进入电解、 自 热状态。
步骤 50、 在槽电压和电解温度稳定后， 逐一用正常运行电极（传统电 解槽使用炭阳极， 惰性电解槽使用惰性电极） 将载有加热元件的预热电极 换下， 电解槽预热启动顺利结束。
本发明的一种铝电解槽预热启动方法， 对于传统铝电解槽， 预热电极 可以采用生产用炭阳极； 对于竖式惰性电极铝电解槽， 预热电极包括预热 阳极和预热阴极， 采用与惰性电极（包括惰性阳极、 惰性阴极） 外形一样 或相近的炭素、 石墨电极； 对于垂直电流惰性电极铝电解槽， 预热电极可 以采用与惰性阳极外形一样或相近的炭素、 石墨电极。
本发明的一种铝电解槽预热启动方法， 放入预热电极前， 炉膛内填固 体电解质或不填固体电解质；预热电极的极距与正常电极极距相同或不同。 竖式惰性电极铝电解槽预热电极， 由炭素或石墨质电极、 加热元件、 耐蚀 材料保护层、 极板母线和导杆构成。 电极加热组件露出石墨电极部分和导 杆由耐蚀材料保护层包裹。 耐蚀材料保护层为高铝瓷， 刚玉， 耐蚀浇注料， 氮化硼， 碳化硅的一种。
本发明的一种铝电解槽预热启动方法， 通电启动前， 炉膛灌入铝水或 不灌入铝水； 预热阴极中有加热元件或没有加热元件。
下面结合图 1、2对本发明实施例提供的铝电解槽预热启动方法的应用 进行详细说明。
实施例 1
传统 300KA铝电解槽， 用炭阳极来制作预热电极。 在炭阳极 1上表面 钻孔， 放入加热元件 2 , 阳极不需要用软连接与母线连接， 用夹具将预热 电极母线 3固定于铝母线上， 预热电极数目与正常生产时阳极数目一致。 炉膛内装满固态电解质， 将冰晶石与纯碱添加到槽内和阳极上， 起保温和 避免阳极氧化作用。 对加热组件通交流电， 按照升温制度开始加热。 当炉 膛温度加热至 950°C时， 继续添加固态电解质， 直至电解质水平为 25cm, 加入氟盐， 调整电解质成分， 调整加热组件功率模拟电解状态热量输入， 当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 断开交流电，通入直流电， 使预热电极进入电解状态。 此时， 电解槽停止加热组件加热状态， 进入电 解、 自热状态， 通过调整极距， 使槽电压和电解温度稳定在 3.8V , 935 °C。 在随后 48小时内，使用正常生产用炭阳极逐一更换预热电极，预热启动顺 利结束。
实施例 2
传统 400KA铝电解槽， 阴极为异型， 具有导流结构。 在炭阳极 1上表 面钻孔， 放入加热组件 2 , 阳极不需要用软连接与母线连接， 用夹具将预 热电极母线 3固定于铝母线上，预热电极数目与正常生产时阳极数目一致。 炉膛内装满固态电解质， 对加热组件通交流电， 按照升温制度开始加热。 当炉膛温度加热至 960°C时， 添加液态电解质， 直至电解质水平为 23cm, 灌入铝水 10cm, 加入氟盐， 调整电解质成分， 调整加热组件功率模拟电解 状态热量输入， 当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 断开交流 电， 通入直流电， 使预热电极进入电解状态。 此时， 电解槽停止加热组件 加热状态， 进入电解、 自热状态， 通过调整极距， 使槽电压和电解温度稳 定在 3.82V , 937 °C。 在随后 72小时内， 使用正常生产用炭阳极逐一更换 预热电极， 预热启动顺利结束。
实施例 3
竖式惰性电极铝电解槽， "预热阳极"包括石墨质电极 4、 加热组件 5、 耐蚀材料保护层 6、 极板母线 7、 导杆 8。 在石墨质电极 4上表面钻孔， 放 入加热组件 5 ; 预热电极加热组件在露出石墨电极部分和导杆 8由耐蚀材 料保护层 6包裹。 石墨电极 4通过导杆 8和极板母线 7连接。 "预热阴极" 也是用石墨电极制成， 结构与 "预热阳极"一样， 但不钻孔， 没有加热组件。 将预热电极和预热阴极以"一阴一阳一阴一"的方式固定于电解槽中， 共有 2个电解池， 每个电解池包含 9块预热阳极， 10块预热阴极。 预热电极与 铝母线连接， 预热电极极距小于正常运行电极极距。 炉膛内装满固态电解 质， 对加热组件通交流电， 按照升温制度开始加热。 当炉膛温度加热至 800°C时， 继续添加固态电解质， 直至电解质水平为 40cm, 加入氟盐， 调 整电解质成分， 灌入铝水 2cm,调整加热组件功率模拟电解状态热量输入， 当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 断开交流电，通入直流电， 使预热电极进入电解状态。 此时， 电解槽停止加热组件加热状态， 进入电 解、 自热状态， 通过调整极距， 使槽电压和电解温度稳定在 3.65V , 800°C。 在随后 24小时内，使用惰性阳极，惰性阴极逐一更换预热阳极和预热阴极， 预热启动顺利结束。
实施例 4
竖式惰性电极铝电解槽， "预热阳极"包括石墨质电极 4 , 加热组件 5 , 耐蚀材料保护层 6 , 极板母线 7 , 导杆 8。 在石墨质电极 4上表面钻孔， 放 入加热组件 5 ; 预热电极加热组件在露出石墨电极部分和导杆 8由耐蚀材 料保护层 6包裹。 石墨电极 4通过导杆 8和极板母线 7连接。 "预热阴极" 也是用石墨制成， 与"预热阳极"结构一样， "预热阴极"中也钻有孔， 放入 加热组件； 将预热电极和预热阴极以 "一阴 _阳_阴一"的方式固定于电解 槽中， 共有 4个电解池， 每个电解池包含 12块预热阳极， 13块预热阴极。 预热电极与铝母线连接， 预热电极极距与正常运行电极极距相同。 炉膛内 装满固态电解质， 对加热组件通交流电， 按照升温制度开始加热。 当炉膛 温度加热至 800°C时， 继续添加液态电解质， 直至电解质水平为 38cm, 加 入氟盐， 调整电解质成分， 调整加热组件功率模拟电解状态热量输入， 当 电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 通直流电， 预热电极电解。 通过控制系统， 调整加热元件功率， 使电解温度稳定在 800°C。 在随后 36 小时内， 使用惰性阳极和惰性阴极逐一更换预热阳极和预热阴极， 预热启 动顺利结束。
实施例 5
垂直电流式惰性电极电解槽，预热电极采用炭阳极，在炭阳极中钻孔， 放入加热元件， 用夹具将预热电极固定于铝母线上， 预热电极数目与正常 生产时阳极数目一致， 极距略小于正常运行电极极距。 炉膛内装满固态电 解质， 对加热组件通交流电， 按照升温制度开始加热。 当炉膛温度加热至
850°C时， 添加液态电解质， 直至电解质水平为 25cm, 加入氟盐， 调整电 解质成分， 调整加热组件功率模拟电解状态热量输入， 当电解槽达到预期 的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 通直流电， 预热电极电解。 通过控制系统， 调整加热元件功率， 使电解温度稳定在 800 °C。 在随后 24小时内， 使用陶 瓷基或金属基惰性阳极逐一更换预热电极， 预热启动顺利结束。 而非限制， 尽管参照实例对本发明进行了详细说明， 本领域的普通技术人 员应当理解， 可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换， 而不脱离 本发明技术方案的精神和范围，其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 一种铝电解槽的预热启动方法， 其特征在于， 包括：
将炭素或石墨电极块从表面向下钻孔， 再将加热元件预埋入炭素或石 墨电极的钻孔中制成电解槽预热电极；
将装有加热元件的预热电极放置在电解槽中， 用夹具将预热电极固定 于电解槽大母线上； 将炉膛内填满固态电解质， 先对加热组件通交流电， 使用加热组件按照焙烧曲线对炉膛进行加热；
待炉膛达到目标温度后， 再加入固态或液态电解质直至所需电解质水 平， 然后调整加热组件功率， 直至电解槽正常运行时的能量输入， 建立电 解槽需要的热量平衡和炉膛内型；
当电解槽达到预期的热平衡状态和炉膛内型时， 对电解槽通直流电， 预热电极开始电解； 调整加热元件功率或停止交流电加热状态， 稳定电解 质温度在目标温度；
在槽电压和电解温度稳定后， 逐一用正常运行电极将载有加热元件的 预热电极换下， 完成电解槽预热启动。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 对于传统铝电解槽， 采用铝电解槽用炭阳极来制作预热电极。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 采用炭素或石墨电极块为竖式惰性电极铝电解槽用预热电极， 包括预 热阳极和预热阴极。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 所述炉膛达到的目标温度是 800°C ~960°C。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 所述所需电解质水平为 23cm~40cm。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 所述稳定电解质温度在目标温度是 800°C ~937°C。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 所述预热电极包括预热电极加热组件、 炭素或石墨电极、 耐蚀材料保 护层、 极板母线和导杆； 所述预热电极加热组件露出石墨电极部分和导杆 由耐蚀材料保护层包裹； 所述石墨电极通过导杆和极板母线连接。
8. 根据权利要求 1所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征在于： 所述耐蚀材料保护层是高铝瓷、 刚玉、 耐蚀浇注料、 氮化硼、 碳化硅 的一种。
9. 根据权利要求 1-8任一项所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法，其特征在 于， 还包括：
通电启动前， 炉膛灌入铝水或不灌入铝水； 预热阴极中有加热元件或 没有加热元件。
10. 根据权利要求 1-8任一项所述的铝电解槽预热启动方法， 其特征 在于：
在槽电压和电解温度稳定后的 24小时 ~78小时内逐一用正常运行电极 将载有加热元件的预热电极换下， 完成电解槽预热启动。
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