WO2013008712A1 - X線ct装置、計算装置、x線ct装置用記録媒体およびx線ct装置のメンテナンス方法 - Google Patents
X線ct装置、計算装置、x線ct装置用記録媒体およびx線ct装置のメンテナンス方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013008712A1 WO2013008712A1 PCT/JP2012/067186 JP2012067186W WO2013008712A1 WO 2013008712 A1 WO2013008712 A1 WO 2013008712A1 JP 2012067186 W JP2012067186 W JP 2012067186W WO 2013008712 A1 WO2013008712 A1 WO 2013008712A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating thereof
- A61B6/582—Calibration
- A61B6/583—Calibration using calibration phantoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5258—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving detection or reduction of artifacts or noise
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
- G06T11/003—Reconstruction from projections, e.g. tomography
- G06T11/005—Specific pre-processing for tomographic reconstruction, e.g. calibration, source positioning, rebinning, scatter correction, retrospective gating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
- G06T2207/10072—Tomographic images
- G06T2207/10081—Computed x-ray tomography [CT]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for correcting deterioration in uniformity of a CT image caused by an X-ray beam hardening effect in an X-ray CT apparatus.
- the X-ray CT apparatus captures transmission X-ray data of a subject while rotating a pair of an X-ray tube and an X-ray detector (hereinafter referred to as an imaging system) arranged opposite to each other with the subject interposed therebetween, and obtains a tomogram thereof.
- An apparatus for reconstructing an image hereinafter referred to as a CT image
- a CT image An apparatus for reconstructing an image
- the X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube are usually polychromatic X-rays, the X-ray transmission path length of the X-rays in the subject becomes longer and is detected by the X-ray detector.
- BH beam hardening
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the relationship between the X-ray transmission path length L and the projection data p (hereinafter referred to as X-ray absorption characteristics) of X-rays transmitted through a subject composed of a uniform material and density. is there.
- the projection data p is a value corrected by a known air correction.
- ⁇ o is the X-ray absorption coefficient of the subject with respect to the monochromatic X-ray.
- the X-ray energy detected by the X-ray detector increases as the X-ray transmission path length L becomes longer due to the influence of the BH phenomenon. Absorption coefficient decreases. As a result, X-rays absorption characteristics as shown in FIG.
- the CT image obtained by reconstructing the projection data represents the spatial distribution of the X-ray absorption coefficient ⁇ 0 of the subject. For this reason, the CT image of the subject composed of the uniform material and density as described above should have a uniform CT value. However, in practice, there is a problem that the density of the CT image changes depending on the position due to the influence of the BH effect.
- the BH correction function representing the relationship between the projection data p o projection data p m and monochromatic X-ray of the polychromatic X-ray (hereinafter, referred to as BH correction function) is used to correct the projection data of the polychromatic X-ray To do.
- the BH correction function is a function A (p m ) as shown in FIG. 21.
- the BH correction function is approximated by a polynomial as shown in the following equation (1), and a coefficient of the polynomial (hereinafter referred to as BH). (Referred to as correction coefficient) is used for BH correction.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 propose a method using a phantom.
- a water phantom is used as a phantom.
- the water phantom WP is obtained by filling a cylindrical container formed of a material such as acrylic with water.
- a medical X-ray CT apparatus it is necessary to optimize BH correction for a human body that is an imaging target. It is known that 60 to 70% of the human body is composed of water, and there is an advantage that the accuracy of BH correction can be improved by deriving the BH correction coefficient using a water phantom having a composition close to that of the human body. is there.
- the CT value which is the density of the CT image, is defined as a value obtained by subtracting 1000 after normalizing the density so that the density difference between air and water is 1000 (hereinafter referred to as CT value normalization).
- a unit called Hounsfield Unit (HU) is used.
- HU Hounsfield Unit
- Patent Document 3 discloses a method of deriving a BH correction function without using phantom measurement.
- a BH correction function is directly calculated using a well-known ray trace simulation or Monte Carlo simulation. For this reason, there exists an advantage which can abbreviate
- FIG. 1 discloses a method of deriving a BH correction function without using phantom measurement.
- the CT value normalization cannot be performed only with the measurement data of the polyethylene phantom because of the definition of the CT value normalization. Therefore, in the method of Patent Document 1, it is necessary to measure the water phantom separately in order to standardize the CT value, and there is a problem that it involves an increase in work cost and water phantom manufacturing cost associated with the water phantom measurement.
- Patent Document 2 employs a method of using the reconstructed CT image of the water phantom to derive the BH correction coefficient so that the CT value of the water portion in the CT image becomes a predetermined value.
- the above method involves a large number of CT reconstruction operations in the calculation process, there is a problem that it takes a long calculation time.
- the BH correction method disclosed in Patent Document 3 is most advantageous in terms of both work cost and manufacturing cost because it does not require measurement of a phantom when deriving a BH correction coefficient.
- a method similar to the method disclosed in Patent Document 1 can be used to derive the BH correction coefficient, and an actual measurement value of a projected image of the polyethylene phantom may be replaced with a simulation value. If phantom data of various sizes is calculated on the simulation, it is easy to increase the number of measurement samples of projection data.
- a virtual water phantom without a container can be set in the simulation, if the above virtual water phantom is used instead of the polyethylene phantom, a BH correction coefficient for simultaneously performing BH correction and CT value normalization can be obtained. Easy to derive.
- An object of the present invention is to improve the accuracy of BH correction in an X-ray CT apparatus, thereby improving the quantification of CT values and reducing ring artifacts and band artifacts, thereby providing more accurate diagnostic information. To provide to users.
- Another object of the present invention is to reduce the number of phantoms and the number of phantom measurements while maintaining high BH correction accuracy in the phantom measurement for deriving the BH correction coefficient, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost of the phantom and the operation cost of the measurement. It is to reduce.
- Another object is to reduce the calculation cost for deriving the BH correction coefficient.
- An X-ray CT apparatus is detected by an X-ray generation unit, an X-ray detection unit disposed opposite to the X-ray generation unit and having a plurality of X-ray detection elements, and the X-ray detection unit A correction unit that corrects data; and an image reconstruction unit that reconstructs a CT image using the corrected data.
- the correction unit includes a target value of an X-ray absorption characteristic of a predetermined subject, beam hard A beam hardening correction unit that corrects the detected data based on a BH correction function that represents a relationship with the X-ray absorption characteristics of the predetermined subject under the influence of the scanning, the beam hardening correction unit, X-ray absorption characteristics using an error between a simulation calculation value of an X-ray absorption characteristic obtained in advance for a virtual object by simulation and an actual measurement value of an X-ray absorption characteristic measured using an object equivalent to the virtual object.
- a linear absorption characteristic calculation unit Calculate A linear absorption characteristic calculation unit; and a BH correction function calculation unit that calculates the BH correction function using the X-ray absorption characteristic calculated by the X-ray absorption characteristic calculation unit, and is calculated by the BH correction function calculation unit. Based on the BH correction function, the data measured for the inspection object is corrected.
- correction data used by the X-ray absorption characteristic calculation unit and the BH correction function calculation unit should be calculated in advance using the same or different X-ray CT apparatus or an independent calculation apparatus. Can be stored and used in a table.
- the X-ray absorption characteristic is calculated by using an error between the simulation calculation value and the actual measurement value of the X-ray absorption characteristic.
- a highly accurate BH correction coefficient reflecting the above can be obtained.
- highly accurate BH correction can be performed, and it is possible to improve CT value quantification and reduce ring-shaped artifacts and band-shaped artifacts.
- a calculation apparatus is a calculation apparatus for calculating BH correction data used for beam hardening correction in an X-ray CT apparatus, and is a virtual phantom of a water phantom in which water is filled in a container, and transmits X-rays.
- the projection data including the effects of the beam hardening effect is simulated under multiple imaging conditions, and the X-ray absorption characteristics are the relationship between the X-ray transmission path length and the projection data.
- a first calculation unit that calculates a simulation calculation value S of the first calculation unit, and a second calculation unit that calculates a target value T of an X-ray absorption characteristic that does not include a beam hardening effect for the plurality of types of virtual phantoms. And the second calculation unit measures the projection data calculated by simulation for the virtual subject or the subject equivalent to the virtual subject.
- Image reconstruction means for reconstructing a CT image using the projected data, and calculating a ratio ( ⁇ ) of an X-ray absorption coefficient of the container of the virtual phantom and water from the profile of the CT image, Is used to calculate the target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristics.
- the first calculation unit calculates the thickness of the virtual phantom container as 0.
- correction used for deriving the BH correction function Data can be easily created and provided.
- the correction data created by the calculation apparatus of the present invention can be used in common by a plurality of X-ray CT apparatuses.
- the X-ray CT apparatus recording medium of the present invention is an X-ray CT apparatus recording medium for storing BH correction data used for beam hardening correction in the X-ray CT apparatus, and the BH correction data is stored in the X-ray CT apparatus.
- the target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristic not including the influence of the beam hardening effect is
- the BH correction data can further include the X-ray transmission path length of the water portion calculated for each of a plurality of types of virtual phantoms.
- the maintenance method of the X-ray CT apparatus of the present invention includes a step of imaging a plurality of types of phantoms under a plurality of imaging conditions and acquiring measured values of X-ray absorption characteristics of the plurality of types of phantoms, For a virtual phantom equivalent to a phantom, a step of inputting a simulation calculation value of an X-ray absorption characteristic obtained in advance by simulation, calculating an error between the simulation value and the actual measurement value, and using the error, the simulation calculation value A step of inputting a target value of an X-ray absorption characteristic calculated in advance, a step of calculating a BH correction coefficient using the target value of the X-ray absorption characteristic and a simulation calculation value after correction, and a calculation Storing the BH correction coefficient as a table.
- the schematic diagram which shows the outline
- the perspective view which shows the detail of a X-ray detector.
- the flowchart which shows the imaging
- the graph which represented the relationship between the simulation value S of an X-ray absorption characteristic, and the target value T of an X-ray absorption characteristic using the X-ray transmission path length L as a variable.
- amendment X-ray transmission path length of a water phantom, the simulation value of an X-ray absorption characteristic, and the target value of an X-ray absorption characteristic
- the flowchart which shows the procedure which calculates a BH correction coefficient.
- FIG. The figure for demonstrating fitting of 2nd error rate E2ij (Ln) by 2nd approximation function Gij (L).
- amendment preserve
- amendment (The simulation value S of X-ray absorption characteristic, and the target value T of X-ray absorption characteristic) preserve
- the flowchart which shows a part of calculation procedure for obtaining the target value T of an X-ray absorption characteristic.
- the flowchart for demonstrating the other example of the calculation method of the target value T of a X-ray absorption characteristic The figure showing the profile of CT image of the water phantom reconfigure
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic front view of an X-ray CT apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the horizontal direction, the vertical direction, and the vertical direction on the paper surface are X, Y, and Z directions, respectively.
- the X-ray CT apparatus includes an X-ray tube 1, an X-ray detector 2, a rotating plate 3, a bed top 4, a gantry 5, a quality filter 7, a bow tie filter 8, a collimator 9, and a control system 10.
- the signal processing system 20 and the like.
- the control system 10 includes an operation console 11 having a display and a photographing controller 12.
- the signal processing system 20 performs calculations such as correction and image processing on the data detected by the X-ray detector 2.
- the signal processing system 20 mainly includes a first calculation unit 21 that mainly performs calculations for correction such as preprocessing.
- a second calculation unit 22 that performs reconstruction and image processing, memories 23 and 24, a monitor 25, and the like are provided.
- the X-ray tube 1, the quality filter 7, the bow tie filter 8, the collimator 9, and the X-ray detector 2 are disposed on the rotating plate 3, and these are hereinafter collectively referred to as a rotational imaging system.
- the entire rotating photographing system is stored inside the gantry 5.
- An opening 6 is provided at the center of the gantry 5, and the subject SB is disposed near the center of the opening 6.
- a human body is assumed as the subject SB, and the subject SB is normally placed on the bed top 4 in a lying state.
- the rotating plate 3 is rotated by a drive motor (not shown), whereby an X-ray transmission image from the entire circumference of the subject SB is taken.
- the rotating plate 3 rotates around a rotation axis that passes through the center of the opening 6 and is parallel to the Z axis.
- the bed top 4 can be moved in the Z direction by a driving device (not shown).
- a known spiral scan can be performed by simultaneously rotating the rotating plate 3 and moving the bed top 4.
- a typical example of the distance between the X-ray generation point of the X-ray tube 1 and the X-ray input surface of the X-ray detector 2 is 1040 [mm].
- a typical example of the diameter of the opening 6 is 650 [mm].
- a representative example of the rotation speed of the rotating plate 3 is 3 [rotation / second].
- a typical example of the number of times of photographing in one rotation of the rotating photographing system is 1000 times, and one photographing is performed every time the rotating plate 3 rotates 0.36 degrees.
- the wire quality filter 7 is a publicly known filter configured by superimposing a single material or a plurality of metal plates.
- the X-ray filter 7 is arranged in the path of the X-ray beam irradiated from the X-ray tube 1 toward the X-ray detector 2, and the X-ray quality (energy spectrum) after passing through the X-ray filter 7 is measured. It has a function to change. In particular, it is used for the purpose of reducing the exposure of the subject SB or reducing the influence of the BH effect by blocking low-energy X-rays.
- Typical examples of the metal plate used for the wire quality filter 7 include a copper plate having a thickness of about 0.05 to 0.2 mm, an aluminum plate having a thickness of about several mm, or a laminate of these.
- a plurality of types of the quality filter 7 are prepared, and the user can change the above types according to the photographing application.
- the designated quality filter 7 is placed in the path of the X-ray beam prior to imaging by a moving mechanism (not shown).
- the bow tie filter 8 is a known one formed of a material such as aluminum.
- the bow tie filter 8 is disposed in the path of the X-ray beam irradiated from the X-ray tube 1 toward the X-ray detector 2.
- the bow tie filter 8 has a shape in which the thickness thereof changes so that the transmission path length of the X-ray beam in the bow tie filter 8 is the shortest at the center position of the opening 6 and becomes longer as it approaches the peripheral position. Yes.
- the intensity of the X-ray incident on the X-ray detector 2 after passing through the subject SB is made uniform in the XY plane direction (the direction parallel to the XY plane, the same applies hereinafter).
- the bow tie filter 8 is prepared in a plurality of shapes according to the size of the subject SB and the imaging region, and the user can change the type. At this time, the designated bow tie filter 8 is placed in the path of the X-ray beam prior to imaging by a moving mechanism (not shown).
- the collimator 9 is a known X-ray shielding plate formed of a material such as lead, and limits the irradiation range of X-rays irradiated from the X-ray tube 1 in the XY plane direction and the Z direction.
- the irradiation range of the X-ray in the XY plane direction is limited to coincide with the input range of the X-ray detector 2 in the XY plane direction.
- the irradiation range in the Z direction (hereinafter referred to as slice width) can be variously changed by the user in accordance with the photographing purpose.
- a moving mechanism (not shown) moves the position of the collimator 9 to limit the slice width to a specified size.
- the X-ray detector 2 is a well-known one composed of a scattered radiation removing collimator, a scintillator array, a photodiode array, and the like (not shown). As shown in FIG. 2, the X-ray detector 2 has a two-dimensional input surface in which a large number of X-ray detection elements are arranged in a matrix, and is arranged so that the input surface faces the X-ray tube 1. Has been.
- a typical example of the number of arrayed X-ray detection elements is 1000 elements (XY plane direction) ⁇ 64 elements (Z direction).
- the X-ray detection elements are arranged on an arc that is substantially equidistant in the XY plane direction with respect to the X-ray tube 1.
- a representative example of the size in the XY plane direction and the Z direction of each X-ray detection element is 1 [mm].
- each X-ray detection element is represented by PX (i, j).
- i, j is the position of the X-ray detection element, where i is a direction perpendicular to the Z axis and j is a direction parallel to the Z axis.
- the i direction is referred to as a channel direction
- the j direction is referred to as a slice direction.
- the console 11 inputs tube conditions, tube current, rotation speed of the rotating plate 3, slice width, types of the quality filter 7 and the bow tie filter 8, the imaging range of the subject SB, and the operation mode. This is for inputting selection, start / end, and the like, and includes a keyboard and a display for displaying a GUI.
- the imaging controller 12 moves various filters in accordance with the imaging conditions input from the console 11, and the rotating plate 3, the X-ray tube 1, and the X-ray detector 2 are operated under the selected operation mode. Control the behavior.
- the first calculation unit 21 of the signal processing system 20 includes a reference correction unit, an air correction unit, a BH correction unit, and the like. For the raw data detected by the X-ray detector 2, reference correction, air correction, BH correction, and the like. And the corrected data is stored in the memory 23. Data required for preprocessing (reference data, air data, BH correction coefficient values, etc.) is provided in the table TBL1 in advance, and the first calculation unit 21 reads these data from the table TBL1 and performs correction. The first calculation unit 21 can also have a function of calculating a BH correction coefficient described later. Data necessary for this calculation is provided in the table TBL2.
- the second calculation unit 22 reconstructs the CT image using the corrected data stored in the memory 23 and stores the image data in the memory 24.
- the second calculation unit 22 reads out CT image data from the storage unit 24 and displays a CT image using a known image processing technique such as a volume rendering method, a MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) method, or an MPR (Multi Planar Reconstruction) method. An image is created and displayed on the screen of the monitor 25.
- a dedicated arithmetic unit or a known general-purpose arithmetic unit can be used for the first arithmetic unit 21 and the second arithmetic unit 22.
- the memory 23 the memory 24, the table TBL1, and the table TBL2, well-known recording means such as a RAM (Random Access Memory), a hard disk, an SSD (Solid State Drive), or a combination of these is used.
- the X-ray CT apparatus is provided with two types of measurement modes, a main measurement mode and a maintenance measurement mode.
- the selection of the main measurement mode and the maintenance measurement mode is specified through the console 11.
- the maintenance measurement mode is photographing for acquiring a correction parameter used in the first calculation unit 21 and is normally used only by a maintenance worker.
- the main measurement mode is imaging for acquiring a CT image to be inspected, and a general user uses only the main measurement mode.
- the data flow in the main measurement mode is indicated by solid arrows
- the data flow in the maintenance measurement mode is indicated by broken arrows.
- the imaging data is represented by an X-ray intensity I (i, j, m) for each X-ray detection element PX (m represents an imaging number).
- the first calculation unit 21 performs reference correction, air correction, and BH correction as preprocessing for the captured image data (steps S303 to S305).
- the reference correction is a process for normalizing the output fluctuation of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray tube 1 and is performed by dividing the raw data I raw by the reference data I ref according to the following equation (2).
- the value of the reference data I ref (m) is an average value of X-ray imaging data detected by the X-ray detection elements near both ends in the i direction of the X-ray detector 2 without passing through the subject SB. Is used.
- the air correction is an operation for normalizing the imaging data of the subject with data (air data) taken without arranging the subject, and is performed by the following equation (3).
- the air data I o (i, j) is averaged in the m direction after performing reference correction on the imaging data I o (i, j, m) acquired without arranging the subject SB and the couch top 4 It has become.
- the air data is recorded in the table TBL1 that is measured in advance for a plurality of types of all imaging conditions that can be realized by the X-ray CT apparatus.
- the first calculation unit 21 reads out air data of the imaging conditions corresponding to the air correction from the TBL 1 and calculates the expression (3).
- the data after air correction is referred to as projection data.
- BH correction is a process that eliminates the influence of the BH effect caused by using polychromatic X-rays.
- X-ray absorption characteristics and polychromatic X-rays are assumed when monochromatic X-rays are used.
- the projection data is corrected by the following equation (4).
- a 1 (i, j), a 2 (i, j), ..., a K (i, j) are coefficients (BH correction coefficients) of each term of the BH correction function expanded in terms of terms. Yes, those calculated for a plurality (H types) of imaging conditions are recorded in the table TBL1.
- parameters that define the imaging conditions include the tube voltage of the X-ray tube 1, the type of the quality filter 7, and the bow tie filter 8.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of the data content of the BH correction coefficient stored in the table TBL1.
- the BH correction coefficient is made into a small table for each imaging condition defined by a combination of three types of parameters, that is, the tube voltage of the X-ray tube 1, the type of the quality filter 7, and the type of the bow tie filter 8.
- TBL1-1, TBL1-2, TBL1-3,..., TBL1-H are stored for all H shooting conditions.
- BH correction coefficients a 1 (i, j), a 2 (i, j),..., A K (i, i, j) calculated for each X-ray detection element PX (i, j) are stored.
- j) is recorded.
- the correction unit (BH correction unit) 21 reads out the BH correction coefficient corresponding to the imaging condition at the time of BH correction from the table TBL1, and performs calculation of Expression (4).
- the first calculation unit 21 stores the shooting data p o (i, j, m) after BH correction in the memory 23 (step S306).
- a series of processes from steps S302 to S305 are repeatedly performed every time the X-ray detector 2 acquires the m-th new imaging data.
- the imaging controller 12 stops the operation of the X-ray tube 1, X-ray detector 2, and rotating plate 3. Further, the second calculation unit 22 reads out the projection data of the total number of imaging times from the memory 23, reconstructs the CT image by a known reconstruction method (step S307), and further displays the CT image using a known image processing technique. An image is created and displayed on the screen of the monitor 25 (step S308).
- the maintenance measurement mode is performed in order to obtain data necessary for calculating a correction parameter such as a BH correction coefficient used in the main measurement mode.
- a correction parameter such as a BH correction coefficient used in the main measurement mode.
- the shape of the water phantom WP is typically a cylindrical shape as shown in FIG. 5, and in the maintenance measurement mode, shooting is performed with the central axis of the cylinder substantially aligned with the rotational axis of the rotating plate 3. .
- the maintenance measurement mode measurement is performed for each of these N water phantoms for all of the H shooting conditions.
- two types of tube voltages 100 kV, 120 kV
- three types of the quality filter 7 two types of the bow tie filter 8
- photographing for obtaining a BH correction coefficient is performed.
- the N types of water phantoms WP are each measured H times under all types of imaging conditions, and the total number of measurements is N ⁇ H times.
- the slice width may be fixed to the maximum slice width (a value that matches the maximum input size in the Z direction of the X-ray detector 2), but is generated in the water phantom WP as the slice width changes. Since the scattered X-ray dose may change and the BH effect may be affected, the slice width may be added as the fourth parameter of the imaging conditions.
- step S601 when the maintenance worker starts photographing the water phantom (step S601), first, 1 is set to the phantom number n (step S602). Next, it is determined whether or not the phantom number n is greater than the total number N of water phantom types (step S603), and if it is determined to be yes, all photographing is terminated (step S609). When it is determined to be no in step S603, the maintenance worker arranges the water phantom having the phantom number n in the central opening of the rotating plate 3 (step S604). At this time, it arrange
- the maintenance worker performs imaging of the arranged water phantom using predetermined standard imaging conditions designated in advance (step S605).
- the imaging controller 1 first starts rotating the rotating plate 3, and when the rotation of the rotating plate 3 enters a constant speed state at a predetermined rotational speed, the X-ray tube 1
- the X-ray irradiation start and the X-ray detector 2 imaging start are instructed to start imaging.
- the imaging data output from the X-ray detector 2 is preprocessed (reference correction and air correction) by the first calculation unit 21, and the projection data after the air correction is sequentially stored in the memory 23.
- preprocessing and reconstruction calculation processing are performed on the data acquired by imaging in the same procedure as the calculation procedure shown in this measurement mode, and a CT image of the water phantom is calculated (step S606).
- the central axis position of the water phantom is calculated by the second calculation unit 22 (step S607).
- the central axis position can be easily calculated as the center of gravity position of the water phantom in the CT image.
- a method of determining yes or no is used based on whether the distance between the center of gravity of the water phantom and the rotation axis of the rotating plate 3 is a predetermined threshold value (for example, 1 mm) or less. If it is determined as no in step S608, the maintenance worker returns to step S604 and adjusts the position of the water phantom. Note that the procedure from step S604 to step S608 is repeated until it is determined as yes in step S608.
- step S609 If it is determined as “yes” in step S608, the water phantom is photographed for all H photographing conditions (step S609).
- the acquired photographing data is converted into projection data by preprocessing (reference correction and air correction) as described above, and stored in the memory 23.
- 1 is then added to the phantom number n (step S610), and then the process returns to step S603.
- the procedure from step S603 to S610 is repeated until it is determined yes in step S603. All the projection data obtained by each photographing is stored in the memory 23, and the photographing in the maintenance measurement mode is completed.
- a BH correction coefficient which will be described below, is calculated using projection data obtained by imaging in the maintenance measurement mode.
- the BH correction coefficient is the X-ray absorption characteristic (target value) T of a predetermined phantom when monochromatic X-rays are used (that is, when the BH effect is not included), and when multicolor X-rays are used (that is, the BH effect is If the X-ray absorption characteristics S of the same phantom are obtained, it can be calculated from a function (BH correction function) representing the relationship.
- the X-ray absorption characteristics S in the case of using multicolor X-rays can be calculated by simulation, and the above-mentioned patent document 3 discloses the method.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the simulation value S (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic and the target value T (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic, with the X-ray transmission path length L as a variable.
- the represented graph is shown.
- the X-ray absorption characteristic (simulation value) S obtained in advance by simulation calculation is corrected with actually measured data (actually measured value) obtained by actually imaging the phantom, so An X-ray absorption characteristic S for color X-rays is calculated, and a BH correction coefficient is calculated based on the X-ray absorption characteristics S.
- Table TBL2 used for calculation First, correction data used for calculating the BH correction coefficient will be described.
- the target value T and the simulation value S of the X-ray absorption characteristics necessary for calculating the BH correction coefficient are obtained in advance for all of the multiple types (H types) of imaging conditions possible with the X-ray CT apparatus.
- H types multiple types
- the phantom path length L used for calculating the BH correction coefficient the phantom path length calculated for each element is stored in the table TBL2 for each of a plurality of types of phantoms.
- FIG. 8 shows the phantom path length L, X-ray absorption characteristic target value T, and simulation value S stored in the table TBL2.
- TBL2A is a table for storing the phantom path length L
- TBL2B is a table for storing the target value T and the simulation value S of the X-ray absorption characteristics
- TBL2B has the same number of tables as the number of imaging conditions. There is.
- the X-ray transmission path length L n (i, j) of the water phantom is the transmission path length of the X-ray beam in the water phantom WP, as shown in FIG.
- the straight line connecting the X-ray generation point S and the X-ray detection element PX (i, j) can be geometrically calculated as the distance transmitted through the water phantom WP.
- the simulation value S (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic is a simulation calculation value of projection data detected by the X-ray detection element PX (i, j) when the X-ray transmission path length is L. Represents.
- the target value T (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic is the target value of the X-ray absorption characteristic after conversion by BH correction.
- T (i, j, L) is calculated for each photographing condition, and the calculation results are in the form of tables TBL2B-1, TBL2B-2,..., TBL2B-H, respectively. Stored.
- FIG. 10 shows a procedure for calculating the BH correction coefficient based on the projection data. This calculation is performed by the first calculation unit 21 in the present embodiment.
- the projection data p n (i, j, m) is recorded in the memory 23.
- the projection data is recorded for each of the H types of imaging conditions, and the following calculation is performed individually for each imaging condition.
- the projection data p n (i, j, m) is read from the memory 23, and the average projection data P n (i, j) is calculated by the following equation (6).
- M is the total number of shots. Normally, a water phantom is photographed in a period corresponding to one rotation of the rotational photographing system. Therefore, if the number of photographing in one rotation is 1000, the value of M becomes 1000.
- the number of M may be increased by performing a plurality of imaging operations.
- Step S102 Next, the X-ray transmission path length L n (i, j) and the X-ray absorption characteristic simulation value S (i, j, L) of the water phantom are read from the table TBL2, and between the measured value and the simulation value of the X-ray absorption characteristic The first error rate corresponding to the error rate is calculated by the following equation (7).
- the calculation of the first error rate is mainly for calculating an error caused by scattered X-rays, and is calculated for each slice position of the X-ray detector 2.
- j is used as a subscript for the first error rate E j (i, L n ).
- the simulation value S (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic is calculated over the entire area on the (i, L) plane (more precisely, each L of L 1 ⁇ L ⁇ L U ).
- the measured projection data P n (i, j) is measured only on the curve (i, L n (i, j)). For example, if the total number N of types of water phantoms used is 4, actual projection data is obtained only at positions on the curves L 1 (i, j) to L 4 (i, j) shown in FIG. Therefore, the first error rate shown in Expression (7) is also measured only at the position on the curve.
- the first error rate E j (i, L n ) is fitted using the first approximation function shown in Expression (8).
- b 1 ⁇ b 4 are the coefficients of the approximate polynomial, b 1 ⁇ by least squares approximated with the first error rate E j (i, L n) of the first approximate function F j (i, L) the value of b 4 can be calculated.
- the first approximation function is not limited to the equation (8), and may be replaced with various polynomials having i and L as variables. Further, a part or all of the polynomial may be replaced with various functions (for example, exponential function, power function, etc.) having i or L as a variable.
- Step S104 Next, using the first approximate function F j (i, L) calculated in step S103, the first modified X-ray absorption characteristic is calculated by the equation (9). As can be seen from the equation (9), the first modified X-ray absorption characteristic S1 (i, j, L) is the total error on the (i, L) plane that S (i, j, L) had. The distribution is corrected to be close to the actual measurement value.
- Step S105 Next, using the first modified X-ray absorption characteristic S1 (i, j, L) calculated in step S104, the second error rate is calculated by equation (10).
- Equation (10) is obtained by replacing S (i, j, L) with S1 (i, j, L) in the first error rate equation shown in equation (7). Since the non-random error component generated due to the principle factor of the simulation is excluded from the first modified X-ray absorption characteristic S1 (i, j, L), the second error rate E2 ij (L n The information included in () corresponds to a random error component caused by characteristic variations of individual X-ray detection elements.
- the second error rate E2 ij (L n ) is fitted using the second approximation function shown in Expression (11).
- c 1 ⁇ c 3 are the coefficients of the approximate polynomial, the value of c 1 ⁇ c 3 by least square approximation second error rate E2 ij a (L n) in the second approximate function G ij (L) Can be calculated.
- the second approximation function is not limited to the expression (11), and may be replaced with various polynomials having L as a variable. Further, a part or all of the polynomial may be replaced with various functions having L as a variable (for example, exponential function or power function).
- FIG. 12 shows how the second error rate E2 ij (L n ) is fitted by the second approximate function G ij (L).
- the second error rate E2 ij (L n ) is an error rate between the actually measured projection data P n (i, j) and the first modified X-ray absorption characteristic S1 (i, j, L), S1 (i , j, L) is calculated to some extent accurately, it is considered that the change in the L direction of E2 ij (L n ) is relatively gradual. Therefore, a relatively high fitting accuracy can be secured even with the second approximation function G ij (L) of the low-order polynomial as shown in the equation (11).
- FIG. 12 shows an example in which the second error rate is sampled at four positions L 1 to L 4.
- the number of sample points is the both ends of the channel direction (i direction). It decreases from 4 points to 3 points, 2 points, 1 point, and 0 points as it approaches the part.
- the number of sample points is 2 or less, fitting cannot be performed with the quadratic polynomial shown in Equation (11), so it is necessary to reduce the order of the polynomial.
- the number of sample points is 2
- Step S107 Using the second approximate function G ij (L) calculated in step S106, the second modified X-ray absorption characteristic is calculated by the equation (12).
- the BH correction function A is calculated using the same equation (13) as the equation (5).
- the target value T (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic is read from the table TBL2.
- a table of data obtained by the calculation is stored in a portable medium 40 such as a ROM, and the portable medium is stored in each of the X-ray CT apparatuses A to Z101.
- the correction unit of each X-ray CT apparatus 101 can read the data in the table by connecting to or using known data communication means.
- the functions of the computer or X-ray CT apparatus that performs the above calculation are simulation calculation means, X-ray absorption characteristic target value calculation means, and memory means for storing parameters used for these calculations, as shown in FIG.
- Simulation value calculation a method for calculating the simulation value S (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristic will be described.
- a simulation method of a physical process of X-rays a ray tracing method, a Monte Carlo method, and the like are well known.
- a well-known simulation method including these can be adopted, but the ray tracing method is used as an example.
- the calculation method is described.
- S (i, j, L) is projection data for the X-ray beam BM connecting the X-ray generation point S and the X-ray detection element PX (i, j).
- the influence of the BH effect during transmission through the wire quality filter 7, the bow tie filter 8, and the water phantom (water phantom filled with water in the container) WP is considered.
- the shooting data I (i, j, L) is calculated by the following equation (14), for example.
- ⁇ is the energy of X-rays
- E ( ⁇ ) is the energy spectrum of X-rays radiated from the X-ray generation point S
- ⁇ w ( ⁇ ) are the X-ray absorption coefficients of the quality filter 7, the bow tie filter 8, the water phantom WP container 1401, and the water 1400, respectively.
- L f , L b , L c , and L w are total values of the transmission path lengths of the X-ray beam BM in the quality filter 7, the bow tie filter 8, the container 1401, and the water 1400, respectively.
- I (i, j, L) and I (i, j, 0) are respectively subjected to reference correction using an expression similar to expression (2), and a reference correction value I cor (i, j, L) , I cor (i, j, 0) is calculated.
- the transmission path length L is given first. Therefore, the water phantom WP having the radius R with the transmission path length L being the computer. Virtually created above.
- the value of the radius R can be calculated geometrically because the center position of the water phantom WP coincides with the rotation center O of the rotating plate 3.
- the thickness W c of the container 1401 is the same as the thickness of the real water phantom used when measuring the actual projection data in the maintenance measurement mode.
- Genuine water phantom, having a thickness W c of specific containers in everything that N type is used.
- the container thickness is fixed to a constant value that is the same as W c described above.
- W c 0.5R.
- S (i, j, L) is calculated for a plurality of combinations with different tube conditions (X-ray energy), radiation quality filters, and bow tie filters as imaging conditions.
- S (i, j, L) calculated in this way is stored in tables TBL2B-1 to TBL2B-H as shown in FIG.
- T (i, j, L) is projection data for the X-ray beam BM connecting the X-ray generation point S and the X-ray detection element PX (i, j) shown in FIG. 14, and the X-ray is a monochromatic X-ray. Is projection data that is not affected by the BH effect.
- the target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristic is also calculated for each of a plurality of imaging conditions with different imaging parameters, as in S described above.
- the actually usable water phantom is a container in which water is filled, and is calculated by the equation (16).
- ⁇ c is the container X-ray absorption coefficient for monochromatic X-rays
- ⁇ ⁇ c / ⁇ w
- L c is the X-ray transmission path length in the container of the X-ray beam BM.
- ⁇ is a substantial ratio between the X-ray absorption coefficient of the container and the X-ray absorption coefficient of water, and is derived using measured data or by simulation calculation. Since the value of ⁇ differs for each imaging condition, it is derived for all H imaging conditions.
- FIG. 15 shows the procedure. First, an image of a water phantom WP in which water is put in a container is taken, and a CT image is reconstructed without performing BH correction (step S151). This image reconstruction procedure is the same as that shown in FIG. 3 except for BH correction.
- FIG. 16 shows a schematic diagram of a CT image reconstructed based on the imaging data of the water phantom WP. As shown in FIG. 16, the CT image of the water phantom WP includes an air part 1600, a water part 1601, and a container part 1602.
- FIG. 17 shows an example of a profile 1700. Since this reconstructed image is not subjected to BH correction, the profile 1700 has a curved shape as illustrated in the water portion.
- a curve in the water part of the profile 1700 is approximated by a polynomial or the like and extrapolated to obtain a curve 1701 corresponding to the container part (1602 in FIG. 16) (step S154).
- This curve 1701 is an expected profile when it is assumed that the container of the water phantom WP is composed of water.
- the value of the curve 1701 at the position C corresponding to the center position c of the container portion 1602 on the straight line 1603 can be approximately regarded as the water X-ray absorption coefficient ⁇ w ( ⁇ ) at the position c.
- ⁇ is an angle of the straight line 1603 with respect to the coordinate axis X of the CT image.
- the signal shown in the profile 1700 includes random noise components caused by X-ray quantum noise, circuit noise of the X-ray detector 2, and the like.
- the angle ⁇ of the straight line 1603 passing through the origin o is changed, and ⁇ ( ⁇ ) with respect to various angles ⁇ (0 to 360 degrees). Is preferably used as the value of ⁇ (steps S156 and S157).
- ⁇ is similarly obtained from the reconstructed CT image, but simulation projection data created for calculating the simulation calculation value S is used instead of projection data obtained by actually measuring the CT image (without BH correction). Used to reconstruct the CT image.
- the simulation projection data is obtained by simulation calculation considering the BH effect, and a profile similar to that in FIG. 17 is obtained.
- the curve of the water part of this profile is approximated and extrapolated to calculate the X-ray absorption coefficient ⁇ w of water in the container part (position c), and from the calculated ⁇ w and the X-ray absorption coefficient ⁇ c of the container, ⁇ Is calculated in the same manner as in the case of using a CT image reconstructed from measured projection data.
- the CT image does not include X-ray quantum noise or circuit noise, so it is not necessary to calculate ⁇ ( ⁇ ) for various angles ⁇ in order to reduce noise. Accordingly, for example, ⁇ (0) may be calculated as the value of ⁇ , and there is an advantage that the value of ⁇ can be calculated at high speed.
- the target value T o of the X-ray absorption characteristics of virtual water phantom target (i, j, L) to calculate the (step S182).
- B ij is calculated (step S183).
- This BH correction coefficient is data having the same structure as the BH correction coefficient used in this measurement mode, as shown in FIG. 4, and the table TBL3 of the computer that performs this calculation (when the X-ray CT apparatus performs the calculation). For example, it is stored in the table TBL1).
- a simulation value S (i, j, L) of X-ray absorption characteristics is calculated for this water phantom WP (step S184).
- the calculation method of the simulation value S (i, j, L) is the same as that already described with reference to FIG.
- T (i, j, L) B ij (S (i, j, L) using the BH correction coefficient calculated in step S183.
- BH correction is performed according to L)), and BH corrected data is obtained.
- the relationship between the simulation value S and the corrected data is the same as the relationship between the X-ray absorption characteristic S before correction shown in FIG. 7 and the target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristic.
- a target value T (i, j, L) is set (step S185).
- the target value T (i, j, L) of the X-ray absorption characteristics is calculated for each of a plurality of combinations in which the tube voltage (X-ray energy), the quality filter, and the bow tie filter, which are imaging conditions, are different.
- T (i, j, L) calculated in this way is stored in tables TBL2B-1 to TBL2B-H as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 19 shows a CT image profile 1900 of the water phantom reconstructed based on the projection data after the BH correction. This profile is also assumed to be on the straight line 1603 shown in FIG. Compared to the profile 1700 when BH correction is not performed as shown in FIG. 17, the CT image output at the water portion is almost 1000 in the profile 1900 when the BH correction is performed, and the water portion has a uniform output. You can see that The main image output value indicates a value before conversion into a CT value, and the final CT image is obtained by uniformly subtracting 1000 from the main image output value.
- the CT value of the water part can be made uniform, and the above-mentioned effect of homogenization can be obtained even in a CT image of a human body that is mostly water.
- the TBL2 value required for calculating the BH correction coefficient can be pre-calculated, it can be shared by X-ray CT apparatuses of the same specification, so that simulation calculation and CT image reconstruction calculation can be performed.
- the BH correction coefficient can be calculated at high speed without performing complicated calculations such as for every maintenance measurement.
- the position of the central axis of the water phantom WP is substantially matched with the position of the rotation axis of the rotating plate 3 has been described.
- the position may be intentionally shifted. .
- an effect of further improving the BH correction accuracy can be expected.
- a method using ray-trace simulation for the simulation calculation of the X-ray absorption characteristic S (i, j, L) is shown.
- other known simulation methods such as Monte Carlo simulation are used. May be.
- the calculation method is not limited to the method shown in Equation (14).
- the simulation accuracy can be improved by introducing an X-ray detection process using an X-ray detection element. Needless to say, it is also possible to improve the simulation speed by omitting some calculation processes.
- the function of the calculation unit can be provided in a calculation apparatus independent of the X-ray CT apparatus.
- this calculation device is a calculation device for calculating BH correction data used for beam hardening correction in an X-ray CT apparatus, and assumes a virtual phantom of a water phantom in which water is filled in a container, and the beam path length is calculated.
- the projection data including the influence of the beam hardening effect is simulated and calculated under a plurality of imaging conditions, and the simulation calculation value S of the X-ray absorption characteristic that is the relationship between the beam path length and the projection data
- a second calculation unit for calculating a target value T of an X-ray absorption characteristic that does not include a beam hardening effect for a plurality of types of virtual phantoms.
- the calculation unit 2 calculates projection data calculated for the virtual subject or a subject equivalent to the virtual subject.
- Image reconstruction means for reconstructing the CT image using the actually measured projection data is provided, and the ratio ( ⁇ ) of the X-ray absorption coefficient of the container of the virtual phantom and the water is calculated from the profile of the CT image, and the ratio is calculated.
- a calculation device for calculating a target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristics is provided.
- a calculation device for calculating BH correction data used for beam hardening correction in an X-ray CT apparatus assuming a virtual phantom of a water phantom in which water is filled in a container, and a plurality of types of virtual having different beam path lengths
- the projection data including the influence of the beam hardening effect is simulated and calculated under a plurality of imaging conditions, and the simulation calculation value S of the X-ray absorption characteristic that is the relationship between the beam path length and the projection data is calculated.
- the second calculation unit for calculating the target value T of the X-ray absorption characteristic not including the beam hardening effect for a plurality of types of virtual phantoms Assuming that the simulation calculated value S calculated by the first calculation unit and the thickness of the container of the virtual phantom are zero,
- the second calculation unit includes a third calculation unit that calculates a BH correction function from the target value T calculated by the second calculation unit, and the second calculation unit varies the thickness of the virtual phantom container.
- the simulation value after the BH correction is calculated by applying the BH correction function calculated by the third calculation unit to the simulation calculation value S calculated by the first calculation unit, and the X-ray absorption This is a calculation device for setting the characteristic target value T.
- the BH correction data created by the calculation unit of the X-ray CT apparatus or the above-described calculation apparatus can be stored in a general-purpose recording medium and can be shared by X-ray CT apparatuses of the same specification.
- the X-ray CT apparatus recording medium for storing the BH correction data used for the beam hardening correction in the X-ray CT apparatus is the BH correction data created by the calculation unit of the X-ray CT apparatus or the calculation apparatus.
- the BH correction data can further include the X-ray transmission path length of the water portion calculated for each of a plurality of types of virtual phantoms.
- the operation in the maintenance measurement mode of the X-ray CT apparatus described above can be performed independently of imaging by the X-ray CT apparatus and BH correction.
- the maintenance method for the X-ray CT apparatus includes a step of performing imaging under a plurality of imaging conditions for a plurality of types of phantoms, and acquiring measured values of X-ray absorption characteristics of the plurality of types of phantoms, and the plurality of types of phantoms.
- the simulation calculation value of the X-ray absorption characteristic obtained by simulation in advance is input to the virtual phantom equivalent to the step of calculating an error between the simulation value and the actual measurement value, and the simulation calculation value is calculated using the error.
- the step of correcting the step of inputting the target value of the X-ray absorption characteristic calculated in advance, the step of calculating the BH correction coefficient using the target value of the X-ray absorption characteristic and the simulation calculation value after correction, and the calculation Storing the BH correction coefficient as a table.
- the step of calculating an error includes a first error calculation step of calculating an error for each column of X-ray detection elements constituting the X-ray detector, and an X-ray detector.
- the present invention it is possible to improve the accuracy of BH correction in a medical X-ray CT apparatus, thereby reducing misdiagnosis caused by CT value non-uniformity and improving CT value quantification. Performance improvement. Further, the operation cost can be reduced by reducing the number of measurements in the maintenance measurement necessary for obtaining the basic data for BH correction.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のX線CT装置は、X線発生部と、前記X線発生部に対向して配置され、複数のX線検出素子を有するX線検出部と、前記X線検出部で検出されたデータを補正する補正部と、補正後のデータを用いてCT画像を再構成する画像再構成部とを備え、前記補正部は、所定の被検体のX線吸収特性の目標値と、ビームハードニングの影響下における前記所定の被検体のX線吸収特性との関係を表すBH補正関数に基き、前記検出されたデータを補正するビームハードニング補正部を備え、前記ビームハードニング補正部は、仮想被検体について予めシミュレーションによって求めたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値と、前記仮想被検体と等価な被検体を用いて実測したX線吸収特性の実測値との誤差を用いてX線吸収特性を算出するX線吸収特性算出部と、当該X線吸収特性算出部で算出されたX線吸収特性を用いて前記BH補正関数を算出するBH補正関数算出部とを備え、前記BH補正関数算出部で算出されたBH補正関数に基き、検査対象について計測したデータを補正する。
本発明の計算装置は、X線CT装置におけるビームハードニング補正に用いるBH補正用データを計算する計算装置であって、容器内に水を充填した水ファントムの仮想ファントムであって、X線透過パス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムに対し、複数の撮影条件で、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含む投影データをシミュレーション計算し、X線透過パス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sを算出する第1の計算部と、前記複数種類の仮想ファントムに対し、ビームハードニング効果を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する第2の計算部と、を備え、前記第2の計算部は、前記仮想被検体についてシミュレーション計算された投影データまたは前記仮想被検体と等価の被検体について実測された投影データを用いてCT画像を再構成する画像再構成手段を備え、前記CT画像のプロファイルから、前記仮想ファントムの容器および水のX線吸収係数の比(α)を算出し、当該比を用いてX線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する。
本発明のX線CT装置用記録媒体は、X線CT装置におけるビームハードニング補正に用いるBH補正用データを保存するX線CT装置用記録媒体であり、BH補正用データは、X線CT装置の演算部または上記計算装置で作成されたBH補正用データであり、X線透過パス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについての、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含むX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sおよびビームハードニング効果の影響を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tである。
本発明のX線CT装置のメンテナンス方法は、複数種のファントムについて、複数の撮影条件で、撮影を行い、前記複数種のファントムのX線吸収特性の実測値を取得するステップ、前記複数種のファントムと等価の仮想ファントムについて、予めシミュレーションによって求めたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値を入力し、当該シミュレーション値と、前記実測値との誤差を算出するステップ、前記誤差を用いて前記シミュレーション計算値を修正するステップ、予め算出されたX線吸収特性の目標値を入力し、当該X線吸収特性の目標値と修正後のシミュレーション計算値とを用いてBH補正係数を算出するステップ、および、算出したBH補正係数をテーブルとして保存するステップを含む。
その他の本発明の特徴および効果は、以下の実施形態において詳述する。
図1に、本発明の実施の形態に係るX線CT装置の正面模式図を示す。図1において紙面左右方向、上下方向、および垂直方向をそれぞれX、Y、Z方向とする。
次に、本実施の形態に係るX線CT装置の動作を説明する。本X線CT装置には、本計測モードおよびメンテナンス計測モードの2種類の計測モードが用意されている。本計測モードおよびメンテナンス計測モードの選択は、操作卓11を通して指定される。メンテナンス計測モードは、第一演算部21で使用される補正パラメータを取得するための撮影であり、通常、メンテナンス作業員のみによって使用される。本計測モードは、検査対象のCT画像を取得するための撮像であり、一般ユーザーは本計測モードのみを使用する。なお図1には本計測モード時におけるデータの流れを実線の矢印で、メンテナンス計測モードにおけるデータの流れを破線の矢印で示してある。
まず、本計測モードにおけるX線CT装置の動作を、図3を参照して説明する。ユーザーは操作卓11を通して撮影条件を設定し、撮影開始を指示する。撮影開始が指示されると、撮影コントローラー12は回転板3の回転を開始し、回転板3の回転が指定された回転速度で定速状態に入った時点で、X線管1のX線照射開始およびX線検出器2の撮影開始を指示し、撮影を開始する(ステップS301)。
次にメンテナンス計測モードにおける本X線CT装置の動作を説明する。メンテナンス計測モードは、本計測モードで用いるBH補正係数等の補正パラメータを計算するために必要なデータを得るために行われる。以下、ファントムが水ファントムの場合を説明する。
メンテナンス計測モードの撮影によって得られた投影データを用いて、以下説明する、BH補正係数の計算が行われる。
BH補正係数は、単色X線を用いた場合(すなわちBH効果を含まない場合)の所定のファントムのX線吸収特性(目標値)Tと、多色X線を用いた場合(すなわちBH効果を影響を含む場合)の同ファントムのX線吸収特性Sが求められれば、その関係を表す関数(BH補正関数)から計算することができる。多色X線を用いた場合のX線吸収特性Sは、シミュレーションによって計算することができ、前述した特許文献3ではその手法を開示している。
まず、BH補正係数の計算に用いる補正用データについて説明する。BH補正係数の計算に必要な、X線吸収特性の目標値Tおよびシミュレーション値Sは、それぞれ、本X線CT装置で可能な複数種類(H種類)の全撮影条件に対して予め求めたものが、テーブルTBL2に格納されている。またBH補正係数の計算に用いるファントムのパス長Lも、複数種のファントムについて、それぞれ、素子毎に計算したファントムのパス長がテーブルTBL2に格納されている。
図10に、投影データに基づきBH補正係数を計算する手順を示す。この計算は、本実施の形態では、第一演算部21が行う。
水ファントムの撮影が終了した時点では、メモリ23には投影データpn(i,j,m)が記録されている。ここでn(=1~N)はファントム番号を表すものとする。投影データはH種類の撮影条件に対してそれぞれ記録されており、各撮影条件に対して個別に以下の計算を実施する。まず、投影データpn(i,j,m)をメモリ23から読み出し、次式(6)により、平均投影データPn(i,j)を計算する。
次にテーブルTBL2より、水ファントムのX線透過パス長Ln(i,j)およびX線吸収特性シミュレーション値S(i,j,L)を読み出し、X線吸収特性の実測値-シミュレーション値間の誤差率に相当する第1誤差率を次式(7)により計算する。
次に、式(8)に示される第1近似関数を用いて第1誤差率Ej(i,Ln)をフィッティングする。
次に、ステップS103にて計算された第1近似関数Fj(i,L)を用いて、第1修正X線吸収特性を式(9)により計算する。
次に、式(11)に示される第2近似関数を用いて第2誤差率E2ij(Ln)をフィッティングする。
そこで、式(5)と同様の式(13)を用いてBH補正関数Aを計算する。
最後に、計算されたBH補正係数ak(i,j)(k=1~K)をテーブルTBL1に保存する(ステップS109)。
以上、ステップS101~S109の一連の計算を、H種類の撮影条件に対して繰り返し実施し、最終的に図4に示したようなBH補正係数のデータが保存される。
次に上述したBH補正係数の計算に用いたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション値S(i,j,L)、およびX線吸収特性の目標値T(i,j,L)の計算方法について説明する。
まずX線吸収特性のシミュレーション値S(i,j,L)の計算方法について説明する。X線の物理過程のシミュレーション方法としては、レイトレース法やモンテカルロ法等が良く知られており、本発明ではこれらを含む公知のシミュレーション法を採用することもできるが、一例としてレイトレース法を用いた計算方法を説明する。
次にX線吸収特性の目標値T(i,j,L)の計算方法について説明する。T(i,j,L)は、図14に示される、X線発生点SとX線検出素子PX(i,j)を結ぶX線ビームBMに対する投影データであり、X線が単色X線であると仮定した場合のBH効果の影響を受けない投影データである。X線吸収特性の目標値Tについても、上述したSと同様に、撮影パラメータを異ならせた複数の撮影条件について、それぞれ計算される。
図19に、BH補正を実施後の投影データに基づいて再構成された水ファントムのCT画像のプロファイル1900を示す。このプロファイルも図16に示した直線1603上におけるものとする。図17に示した、BH補正を実施しない場合のプロファイル1700に比べ、BH補正を実施した場合のプロファイル1900は水部におけるCT画像出力がほぼ1000となっており、水部が均一の出力を有していることがわかる。なお本画像出力値はCT値に換算する前の値を示しており、最終的なCT画像では本画像出力値から一様に1000が減算されたものが出力される。このように、BH補正を行うことで水部のCT値を均一化することが可能となり、大部分が水である人体のCT画像においても、上記均一化の効果が得られる。これにより、CT値の不均一性に起因する誤診断の低減や、CT値の定量性向上に伴う診断能の向上を実現できる。
2・・・X線検出器
3・・・回転板
4・・・寝台天板
5・・・ガントリー
6・・・開口部
7・・・線質フィルタ
8・・・ボウタイフィルタ
9・・・コリメータ
11・・・操作卓
12・・・撮影コントローラー
21・・・第一演算部(補正部)
22・・・第二演算部(画像再構成部)
23・・・メモリ(MEM1)
24・・・メモリ(MEM2)
TBL1・・・テーブル
TBL2・・・テーブル
SB・・・被検体
WP・・・水ファントム
Claims (16)
- X線発生部と、前記X線発生部に対向して配置され、複数のX線検出素子を有するX線検出部と、前記X線検出部で検出されたデータを補正する補正部と、補正後のデータを用いてCT画像を再構成する画像再構成部とを備えたX線CT装置において、
前記補正部は、所定の被検体のX線吸収特性の目標値と、ビームハードニングの影響下における前記所定の被検体のX線吸収特性との関係を表すBH補正関数に基き、前記検出されたデータを補正するビームハードニング補正部を備え、
前記ビームハードニング補正部は、仮想ファントムについて予めシミュレーションによって求めたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値と前記仮想ファントムと等価なファントムを用いて実測したX線吸収特性の実測値との誤差を用いてX線吸収特性を算出するX線吸収特性算出部と、当該X線吸収特性算出部で算出されたX線吸収特性と予め計算したX線吸収特性の目標値とを用いて前記BH補正関数を算出するBH補正関数算出部とを備え、前記BH補正関数算出部で算出されたBH補正関数に基き、検査対象について計測したデータを補正することを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置であって、
前記補正部は、前記X線検出部で検出されたデータをエア補正するエア補正部を備え、前記BH補正関数算出部で用いる実測データは、前記エア補正部でエア補正後の実測データであることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置であって、
前記X線吸収特性算出部は、前記X線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値と前記X線吸収特性の実測値との誤差を算出し、その誤差を用いて前記シミュレーション計算値を修正する第1修正部と、当該第1修正部で修正されたシミュレーション計算値と前記X線吸収特性の実測値との誤差を算出し、その誤差を用いて前記修正されたシミューション計算値をさらに修正する第2修正部とを備え、当該第2修正部で修正されたシミュレーション計算値をX線吸収特性とすることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置であって、さらに、
前記X線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値と前記X線吸収特性の目標値とを保存する第一のテーブルと、前記BH補正関数算出部で算出されたBH補正関数を保存する第二のテーブルとを備えたことを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置であって、
前記仮想ファントム及びファントムは、容器に充填された水であることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線CT装置であって、さらに、前記X線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値および前記X線吸収特性の目標値を算出する補正用データ算出部を備えたことを特徴とするX線CT装置。
- 請求項6に記載のX線CT装置であって、
前記補正用データ算出部は、
容器内に水を充填した水ファントムの仮想ファントムを想定し、ビームパス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについて、それぞれ、複数の撮影条件で、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含む投影データをシミュレーション計算し、ビームパス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sを算出する第1の計算部と、
前記仮想被検体についてシミュレーション計算された投影データまたは前記仮想被検体と等価の被検体について実測された投影データを用いて再構成されたCT画像を用い、当該CT画像のプロファイルから、前記仮想ファントムの容器および水のX線吸収係数の比(α)を算出し、当該比を用いて前記X線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する第2の計算部と、
を備えたことを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項6に記載のX線CT装置であって、
前記補正用データ算出部は、
容器内に水を充填した水ファントムの仮想ファントムを想定し、ビームパス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについて、それぞれ、複数の撮影条件で、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含む投影データをシミュレーション計算し、ビームパス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sを算出する第1の計算部と、
前記複数種類の仮想ファントムに対し、ビームハードニング効果を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する第2の計算部と、
前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを0に想定して前記第1の計算部が算出したシミュレーション計算値Sと、前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを0に想定して前記第2の計算部が算出した目標値Tとから、BH補正関数を計算する第3の計算部とを備え、
前記第2の計算部は、前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを種々に変更した仮想ファントムについて、前記第1の計算部が算出したシミュレーション計算値Sに対し、前記第3の計算部が算出したBH補正関数を適用して、BH補正後のシミュレーション値を算出し、前記X線吸収特性の目標値Tとすることを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - X線CT装置におけるビームハードニング補正に用いるBH補正用データを計算する計算装置であって、
容器内に水を充填した水ファントムの仮想ファントムを想定し、ビームパス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについて、それぞれ、複数の撮影条件で、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含む投影データをシミュレーション計算し、ビームパス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sを算出する第1の計算部と、
前記複数種類の仮想ファントムに対し、ビームハードニング効果を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する第2の計算部と、を備え、
前記第2の計算部は、前記仮想被検体についてシミュレーション計算された投影データまたは前記仮想被検体と等価の被検体について実測された投影データを用いてCT画像を再構成する画像再構成手段を備え、
前記CT画像のプロファイルから、前記仮想ファントムの容器および水のX線吸収係数の比(α)を算出し、当該比を用いて前記X線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出することを特徴とする計算装置。 - X線CT装置におけるビームハードニング補正に用いるBH補正用データを計算する計算装置であって、
容器内に水を充填した水ファントムの仮想ファントムを想定し、ビームパス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについて、それぞれ、複数の撮影条件で、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含む投影データをシミュレーション計算し、ビームパス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sを算出する第1の計算部と、
前記複数種類の仮想ファントムに対し、ビームハードニング効果を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tを算出する第2の計算部と、
前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを0に想定して前記第1の計算部が算出したシミュレーション計算値Sと、前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを0に想定して前記第2の計算部が算出した目標値Tとから、BH補正関数を計算する第3の計算部とを備え、
前記第2の計算部は、前記仮想ファントムの容器の厚みを種々に変更した仮想ファントムについて、前記第1の計算部が算出したシミュレーション計算値Sに対し、前記第3の計算部が算出したBH補正関数を適用して、BH補正後のシミュレーション値を算出し、前記X線吸収特性の目標値Tとすることを特徴とする計算装置。 - X線CT装置におけるビームハードニング補正に用いるBH補正用データを保存するX線CT装置用記録媒体であって、
前記BH補正用データは、請求項9又は10に記載の計算装置によって算出された、X線透過パス長の異なる複数種類の仮想ファントムについての、ビームハードニング効果の影響を含むX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値Sおよびビームハードニング効果の影響を含まないX線吸収特性の目標値Tであることを特徴とするX線CT装置用記録媒体。 - 請求項11に記載のX線CT装置用記録媒体であって、さらに
前記BH補正用データは、前記複数種類の仮想ファントムについて、それぞれ算出された水部分のX線透過パス長を含むことを特徴とするX線CT装置用記録媒体。 - X線CT装置のメンテナンス方法であって、
複数種のファントムについて、複数の撮影条件で、撮影を行い、前記複数種のファントムのX線吸収特性の実測値を取得するステップ、
前記複数種のファントムと等価の仮想ファントムについて、予めシミュレーションによって求めたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値を入力し、当該シミュレーション値と、前記実測値との誤差を算出するステップ、
前記誤差を用いて前記シミュレーション計算値を修正するステップ、
予め算出されたX線吸収特性の目標値を入力し、当該X線吸収特性の目標値と修正後のシミュレーション計算値とを用いてBH補正係数を算出するステップ、および
算出したBH補正係数をテーブルとして保存するステップ
を含むX線CT装置のメンテナンス方法。 - 請求項13に記載のX線CT装置のメンテナンス方法であって、
前記誤差を算出するステップは、前記シミュレーション計算値を、X線検出器を構成するX線検出素子の列毎に誤差を算出する第1誤差算出ステップと、X線検出器を構成するX線検出素子毎に誤差を算出する第2誤差算出ステップとを含むことを特徴とするX線CT装置のメンテナンス方法。 - X線管、前記X線管に対向配置されたX線検出器、および前記X線管およびX線検出器を検査対象の周りで回転させる回転板を有する撮影手段と、前記撮影手段の動作を制御する制御手段と、前記X線検出器で検出された信号を処理し、前記検査対象のCT画像を作成する演算部と、前記演算部が用いる補正用データを格納するテーブルとを備えたX線CT装置において、
前記演算部は、前記X線検出器が検出した信号をエア補正するエア補正手段と、前記エア補正された信号をビームハードニング補正係数を用いて補正するBH補正部とを備え、
前記テーブルは、前記補正用データとして、前記ビームハードニング補正係数を保存する第一のテーブルと、仮想ファントムについて、ファントム中のX線透過パス長と投影データとの関係であるX線吸収特性をビームハードニング効果を含めてシミュレーションして求めたシミュレーション計算値と、前記仮想ファントムについて、前記X線吸収特性をビームハードニング効果を含めずに計算した目標値とを保存する第二のテーブルとを含み、
前記第二のテーブルに保存されたX線吸収特性のシミュレーション計算値および目標値と、前記仮想ファントムと等価のファントムについて撮影することによってX線検出器が検出した信号とを用いて、前記BH補正係数を計算し、第一のテーブルに保存するBH補正係数算出部を備えたことを特徴とするX線CT装置。 - 請求項15記載のX線CT装置であって、前記第二のテーブルに保存される補正用データは、請求項9又は10に記載の計算装置によって計算された補正用データであることを特徴とするX線CT装置。
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103648392B (zh) | 2016-01-13 |
| US9888902B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 |
| US20140321608A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
| CN103648392A (zh) | 2014-03-19 |
| JPWO2013008712A1 (ja) | 2015-02-23 |
| JP5745054B2 (ja) | 2015-07-08 |
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