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WO2013082636A1 - Exploitation de dépôts carbonés - Google Patents

Exploitation de dépôts carbonés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013082636A1
WO2013082636A1 PCT/ZA2012/000091 ZA2012000091W WO2013082636A1 WO 2013082636 A1 WO2013082636 A1 WO 2013082636A1 ZA 2012000091 W ZA2012000091 W ZA 2012000091W WO 2013082636 A1 WO2013082636 A1 WO 2013082636A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gasification
carbonaceous
gas
strata
vaporisation
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Ceased
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PCT/ZA2012/000091
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English (en)
Inventor
Hans Helmut Hahn
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Publication of WO2013082636A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013082636A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/295—Gasification of minerals, e.g. for producing mixtures of combustible gases

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of exploring and/or exploitation of carbonaceous deposits while mitigating damage to surface and overburden features and/or other adverse impacts accompanying carbonaceous deposit exploitation.
  • the invention is, in particular, applicable to gas-rich deposits.
  • the present invention aims at overcoming or mitigating the aforesaid adverse effects and offers potential commercial benefits arising from the novel procedures proposed in what follows, besides potential revenue in appropriate circumstances from so-called "carbon trading".
  • the present invention may also assist in exploiting carbonaceous deposits, which, for various reasons, would be difficult to extract or otherwise exploit by more conventional methods.
  • a method of exploring and/or exploitation of carbonaceous deposits while mitigating damage to surface and overburden features and/or other adverse impacts accompanying carbonaceous deposit exploitation including, as a first step, in preparation for exploiting a carbonaceous solids content of the carbonaceous rock strata, creating gas passage means extending into the carbonaceous rock strata and, where appropriate, also including underlying strata, passing from there through intervening non-carbonaceous rock strata, if present, and through the overburden up to the surface; extracting through the gas passage means methane and, if present, other combustible gases or vapours from the carbonaceous rock strata and overlying or underlying or intervening non-carbonaceous rock strata to surface to a gas-recovering and/or utilisation locality; as a further step, once the so extractable underground gas and vapour content has been depleted to a desired extent, subjecting the carbonaceous strata, at least where suitable, to further exploitation, and
  • the extent to which the passage means extend into non-carbonaceous strata depends on whether or to what extent combustible gases and vapours are trapped in such strata. Exploratory procedures, e.g. by drilling, are preferably performed before deciding on details of how the invention is to be performed at a given locality.
  • the gas passage means may be created by drilling. Optionally, such drilling may be deflected laterally into the gas-bearing strata in order to improve access to combustible gases and vapours trapped in the strata. If necessary, the gas permeability of the gas-bearing strata may be increased by subterranean procedures such as hydraulic pressure or blasting or by what has become known as tracking.
  • the further step is performed and includes subjecting the residual carbonaceous solids content and/or any residual non-solid carbonaceous content to underground in situ conversion into gaseous and/or vaporous products such as by in situ pyrolysis and/or gasification to produce gaseous and/or vaporous carbonaceous and/or combustible products which are then likewise extracted to surface and forwarded to a gas recovery and/or utilisation locality and/or for conveyance, e.g. by pipeline, to a different locality for use.
  • the infrastructure established in preparation for the initial gas extraction procedures including underground gas passage means and above- ground installations are reused at least in part in the further step.
  • the further step includes partial or full thermochemical vaporisation/gasification or microbiological vaporisation/gasification or combinations of such methods.
  • the passage means In the preliminary phase of drilling the passage means first downwardly and then deflected horizontally or inclined to follow the stratification ore already gains far more extensive knowledge concerning the quality and composition of the coal seams and interlayered lower grade carboniferous strata than would otherwise be available.
  • the pore structure is opened up by first extracting the groundwater in the carboniferous seams and strata and salvage that water (probably poor quality) for use as process water in the next sub-step which could involve hydraulic fracturing or other alternatives in order to release and extract the methane gas, which is utilized as a source of energy or as a chemical feedstock.
  • the first step on the one hand prepares the strata for the step of extracting the solid carbonaceous matter, but at the same time provides maximum information concerning the qualities and quantities of the carbonaceous matter for purposes of decision-taking concerning whether or not and if so, how the extraction is to take place. Up to that stage, the ecological cost has been minimal, and no significant disturbance or damage to the overburden has taken place.
  • the gases can be conveyed by pipeline to where needed, or to ecologically less sensitive sites (no rail or road transport needed). This, in turn, means that power stations can more easily be set up (decentralised) close to where the power is to be consumed. Moreover, if gas buffer storage is provided, power output can be matched to demand.
  • any substances injected into the strata for enhancing the permeability of the strata should be preferably selected and applied with a view to minimising pollution, in particular, of groundwater.
  • the extraction of methane and other gases is enhanced by extracting the underground water content of the strata and saving the water for recycling or further use, thereby simultaneously protecting the water against pollution by subsequent procedures to which the strata may be exposed, or, alternatively use such water as process water in subsequent operations.
  • the extraction of water itself enhances the strata permeability.
  • substances are injected into the strata as part of the process whether for enhancing the permeability or otherwise, these may in appropriate cases include substances for improving the thermochemical gasification properties of the carbonaceous content, e.g. by modifying the baking or bloating characteristics, which, in turn, are relevant to the progress of underground gasification.
  • the pre-removal of methane greatly reduces the risk of unplanned underground explosions during any underground preparations for the in situ gasification step or during the gasification by the reaction of oxygen in the gasification medium with gases already present in the coal seam or the like.
  • the preparation of the gas passage means is performed, at least in part, by drilling, this, where necessary, involves cementing, installing casings or other precautions against groundwater contamination and using deflection techniques, wherever appropriate, to follow the orientation of and to access carbonaceous strata.
  • the gas passage means are created, at least in part, by rock vaporisation using millimetre waves.
  • gaseous and volatile gasification products may be passed to surface through gas passage means and, optionally, using other equipment previously used for the extraction of methane and/or other combustible gases and vapours from the underground strata.
  • the methane extraction procedures are preferably such that they enhance the amenability to subsequent thermochemical gasification of the degassed carbonaceous strata.
  • the further step of underground producing, extracting and forwarding gaseous and/or vapours carbonaceous and/or combustible products is performed in stages.
  • the performance in stages is selected from one or more of the following sequences of operations:- (1) Microbiological vaporisation/gasification followed by thermochemical vaporisation and/or gasification;
  • thermochemical vaporisation/gasification a gasification medium to be injected is initially selected to provide sufficient oxygen to perform only pyrolysis to completion or to a selected stage of partial completion in order to recover a desired quality of pyrolysis or partial pyrolysis products, whereafter, once the aforegoing phase has been achieved, the character of injected gasification media is changed in terms of composition and/or preheating temperature in order to perform pyrolysis and/or gasification to a next level of partial or full completion.
  • a thermochemical vaporisation/gasification procedure includes performing a succession of changes in parameters, selected from composition, temperature, pressure and combinations of these of the gasification media injected into the carbonaceous strata.
  • the actual gasification phase sets in (partly endothermal and partly exothermal), wherein the carbon content of the residual carbonaceous solids reacts with externally-introduced oxygen- containing gasification media to be converted into gaseous compounds, including combustible gases: hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and other lower hydrocarbons, by the following reactions:
  • a source of oxygen is injected into the strata to achieve partial combustion as a heat source for the pyrolysis and/or more extensive gasification.
  • source of oxygen may be air, air enriched with oxygen or a higher technical grade of oxygen.
  • other gasification media may be added, e.g. CO 2 and/or water in the form of steam. This may be varied in accordance with the desired composition of gas and vapour products, in the sense that C0 2 will favour the formation of CO in the gas, whereas H 2 0 will favour the formation of H 2 .
  • the source of oxygen and/or other gasification media is/are preferably injected in a preheated condition, preheating being preferably performed, at least in part, by recycling heat recovered from the gases and vapours produced.
  • thermochemical gasification technologies such as updraft counter-current gasification and fluidised bed gasification
  • the injected gasification medium is initially selected to only provide sufficient oxygen to perform pyrolysis to completion or to a selected stage of partial completion in order to recover a desired quality of pyrolysis or partial pyrolysis products.
  • the character of injected gasification media may be changed in terms of composition and/or preheating temperature in order to perform pyrolysis and/or gasification to a next level of partial or full completion.
  • the step of underground pyrolysis and/or gasification may allow carbonaceous contents of strata to be utilised which would be considered unextractable for economic or technical reasons by conventional mining procedures.
  • the technical grades of oxygen or oxygen-enriched air used for commercial-scale gasification are produced by air liquefaction and distillative fractionation.
  • the present invention proposes to perform oxygen enrichment by reversible adsorption processes using selected xylites.
  • the creation and control of these growth conditions can be used according to the present invention to regulate the rate and duration of the microbiological stage of the process, for example to confine it to the more readily microbiologically- convertible ingredients, preferably those which would cause bloating under thermochemical conditions, so that the residual balance of carbonaceous solids can subsequently be converted, likewise at a controlled rate (e.g. matching demand requirements) by thermochemical vaporisation/gasification.
  • Both the methane and combustible gases and vapours originally present and extracted from the strata as well as the gases and vapours resulting from underground gasification may optionally be piped from the extraction locality, optionally after some treatment, e.g. removal of condensable components which would foul the pipeline, to a more remote, e.g. environmentally less sensitive region for final recovery or use.
  • the underground vaporisation/gasification may be adapted by the composition of the gasification media, temperature and pressure in a manner known per se, to the final contemplated use of the gas or vapours produced, e.g. as a synthesis gas or as a fuel gas, e.g. for fuelling a gas turbine or internal combustion engine, e.g. for power generation or as a reducing agent for metallurgical process, e.g. direct reduction of iron ore, e.g. in rotary kilns to produce sponge iron.
  • the gases produced by underground gasification are to be piped to a different locality for any of the uses mentioned above or otherwise, e.g.
  • More complete purification or upgrading may follow or be included, either on site or after piping to a more distant locality. This may include subjecting the gases to the rectisol process or other procedures suitable to remove sulphur compounds, CO 2 and whatever other compounds need to be removed.
  • a further modification may provide for fuel cell extraction and conversion into electrical energy of gas ingredients so convertible by the fuel cell(s). Hydrogen, which causes pre-ignition in diesel engines, could thus be selectively removed with high conversion rates from the gas stream, before the balance of the gas stream is used to fuel diesel engines.
  • Solid fines may be removed by gas filters such as filter bags, tubes or other devices and/or by dry or wet electrostatic precipitation.
  • adsorbents such as activated carbon or, preferably, xylites, the micro pore structure of which can be selected in a known manner to determine the selectivity for gases or vapours to be adsorbed.
  • adsorbents e.g. xylites
  • These adsorbents are preferably cyclically stripped of the adsorbed substance(s), e.g. CO 2 and thereby reactivated, e.g. by heating, e.g. using recovered waste heat.
  • Water vapour is, therefore, to be removed first, optionally by a combination of condensation by cooling and/or compression, followed by desiccant action, preferably using a desiccant which can be reactivated by heating, e.g. silica gel.
  • C0 2 thus recovered may be captured biologically, e.g. using algae or other micro-organisms and converted into biomass, e.g. usable as an energy source for animal or human nutrition or as a feedstock for biofuel production.
  • the C0 2 may also be recycled to the underground gasification process as part of the thermochemical gasification media.
  • Selective adsorbents such as xylites can also, in accordance with the invention, be used for concentrating and/or purifying hydrocarbons, in particular methane, by selectively adsorbing methane and desorbing it in more purified or concentrated form, and/or by selectively adsorbing diluting or contaminating components of the gas mixture and leaving behind the non-adsorbed methane in more purified or concentrated form.
  • hydrocarbons in particular methane
  • selectively adsorbing methane and desorbing it in more purified or concentrated form and/or by selectively adsorbing diluting or contaminating components of the gas mixture and leaving behind the non-adsorbed methane in more purified or concentrated form.
  • Fig. 1 a diagrammatic three-dimensional representation of a block of strata, ranging from surface down to and including a black coal seam;
  • Figs. 2 - 5 diagrammatic representations of the block according to Fig. 1 at various stages of exploration and exploitation of the coal seam.
  • the diagram shows the surface layer 1 including ecologically sensitive top soil and vegetation.
  • 2 Represents the carbonaceous strata, in this example a coal seam which could include inter-layered bands of sediment such as shale or sandstone with or without carbonaceous contents and could include underlying and overlying sediments which, though not qualifying as commercial coal grade, may still contain significant carbonaceous solids and/or combustible gas in their pore structures.
  • Fig. 2 after conventional exploratory pre-assessment of the coal seam(s) layout and other relevant parameters, boreholes serving as wells 4 for water extraction are sunk at the lowest and most distal point 5 of each block provisionally identified for exploitation, followed by extracting as much as possible of the water content of the carbonaceous strata.
  • This water usually of poor quality but suitable as process water, is stored for subsequent use, e.g. in nearby previously mined excavations, filled back with high porosity rubble, gravel or such like to form artificial aquifers wherein the water is protected against loss by evaporation.
  • the water extraction not only opens up the natural porosity of the carbonaceous strata but also cracks normal to the stratification. It also reduces hydrostatic pressure, thereby facilitating the desorption of methane gas and possible other coal gas volatiles.
  • a system of passage means for gas extraction and exploration is created by drilling a pair of down-holes 6 and 7 from the surface layer 1 through the overburden 3 towards and into the carbonaceous strata 2.
  • drilling is hence deflected to follow the stratification horizon drilled along passages 8 and 9 respectively over the distance of the block, e.g. hundreds of meters up to a km or more to meet in a loop 10 at or near the water pump well 4, i.e. the most distal point 5 of the block.
  • Debris or cores from this drilling operation are recovered for analysis and chemical, physical and mineralogical evaluation in the evaluation step of the method.
  • thermochemical gasification/gasification The results of the evaluation step determine the next step and the details thereof.
  • the water pumping well 4 is now sealed.
  • the head of down- hole 6 is now connected to feed means 12 for thermochemical gasification media.
  • the head of down-hole 7 is connected to take off means 13 (1 1 ) for thermochemical vaporisation/gasification and associated forwarding and processing means, which preferably include the previously used gas extraction means11 .
  • Various techniques can be employed to start and maintain thermochemical vaporisation/gasification.
  • a heating element 14 in the form of a coiled wire tube, is inserted through the down-hole 6 and passage 8 to the far end near 5, heated to e.g. 1000 - 1350°C, say 1200°C, while oxygen-containing gasification medium 16, e.g. air or 0 2 -enriched air, is introduced through down- hole 6 and passage 8, causing the coal near 5 to be ignited and be gasified at 15.
  • oxygen-containing gasification medium e.g. air or 0 2 -enriched air
  • Suction is applied through the take off means 13 (1 1) and down-hole 7 to the passage 9 in order to extract the gases formed.
  • the heating element 14 is slowly withdrawn towards the down-hole 6, until the gasification has been completed to the desired or feasible extent.
  • thermochemical gasification may be feasible up to ash contents of about 50% by weight.
  • Microbiological gasification can be an option even where average ash contents are higher or for gasifying carbonaceous residual contents remaining after a thermochemical gasification as just described, alternatively preceding the thermochemical gasification step in order to reduce the content of bloating components which can interfere with thermochemical gasification.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'exploration et/ou d'exploitation de dépôts carbonés tout en réduisant les dommages causés à la surface et les caractéristiques de morts-terrains et/ou d'autres effets négatifs accompagnant l'exploitation de dépôts carbonés. La première étape prépare le dépôt pour l'extraction de méthane, suivie de l'extraction et de l'utilisation du méthane relâché et d'autres espèces volatiles. Une étape intermédiaire évalue les informations collectées dans la première étape pour une étape ultérieure suivant de façon synergique la première étape et utilisant la même infrastructure pour une gazéification souterraine in situ, en utilisant des techniques de gazéification/vaporisation thermochimiques et/ou microbiologiques. Les gaz des deux étapes sont utilisés localement ou sont transportés ailleurs par conduite comme source d'énergie ou comme matière première chimique.
PCT/ZA2012/000091 2011-11-29 2012-11-28 Exploitation de dépôts carbonés Ceased WO2013082636A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA2011/08755 2011-11-29
ZA201108755 2011-11-29
ZA201204992 2012-07-04
ZA2012/04992 2012-07-04

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WO2013082636A1 true WO2013082636A1 (fr) 2013-06-06

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103592687A (zh) * 2013-11-22 2014-02-19 中国石油化工集团公司 煤岩吸附气含量的定量计算方法
RU2541999C1 (ru) * 2013-10-11 2015-02-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт горного дела Севера им. Н.В. Черского Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук Способ подземной газификации угля в условиях многолетней мерзлоты
CN107273636A (zh) * 2017-07-06 2017-10-20 安徽建筑大学 一种深部煤层巷道帮部软弱煤岩锚杆索支护合理性评价方法
CN110646280A (zh) * 2019-09-03 2020-01-03 山东大学 适用于煤层回采及充填模拟的试验系统和方法
CN114515506A (zh) * 2022-01-04 2022-05-20 河南中煤矿业科技发展有限公司 一种瓦斯消化液的组配方法及使用方法
CN120626141A (zh) * 2025-08-08 2025-09-12 东北大学 压裂造储方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2140818A1 (fr) * 1994-01-24 1995-07-25 John Nenniger Procede de stimulation de la production et dispositif de commande correspondant
DE102006021330A1 (de) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Werner Foppe Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur optimalen Nutzung von Kohlenstoff-Ressourcen wie Ölfelder, Ölschiefer, Ölsande, Kohle und CO2 durch Einsatz von SC(super-critical)-GeoSteam
WO2009043055A2 (fr) * 2007-09-28 2009-04-02 Bhom Llc Système et procédé d'extraction d'hydrocarbures par chauffage par radiofréquence in situ de formations géologiques carbonifères

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2140818A1 (fr) * 1994-01-24 1995-07-25 John Nenniger Procede de stimulation de la production et dispositif de commande correspondant
DE102006021330A1 (de) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Werner Foppe Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur optimalen Nutzung von Kohlenstoff-Ressourcen wie Ölfelder, Ölschiefer, Ölsande, Kohle und CO2 durch Einsatz von SC(super-critical)-GeoSteam
WO2009043055A2 (fr) * 2007-09-28 2009-04-02 Bhom Llc Système et procédé d'extraction d'hydrocarbures par chauffage par radiofréquence in situ de formations géologiques carbonifères

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2541999C1 (ru) * 2013-10-11 2015-02-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт горного дела Севера им. Н.В. Черского Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук Способ подземной газификации угля в условиях многолетней мерзлоты
CN103592687A (zh) * 2013-11-22 2014-02-19 中国石油化工集团公司 煤岩吸附气含量的定量计算方法
CN103592687B (zh) * 2013-11-22 2016-02-03 中国石油化工集团公司 煤岩吸附气含量的定量计算方法
CN107273636A (zh) * 2017-07-06 2017-10-20 安徽建筑大学 一种深部煤层巷道帮部软弱煤岩锚杆索支护合理性评价方法
CN107273636B (zh) * 2017-07-06 2020-12-01 安徽建筑大学 一种深部煤层巷道帮部软弱煤岩锚杆索支护合理性评价方法
CN110646280A (zh) * 2019-09-03 2020-01-03 山东大学 适用于煤层回采及充填模拟的试验系统和方法
CN114515506A (zh) * 2022-01-04 2022-05-20 河南中煤矿业科技发展有限公司 一种瓦斯消化液的组配方法及使用方法
CN114515506B (zh) * 2022-01-04 2024-02-02 河南中煤矿业科技发展有限公司 一种瓦斯消化液的组配方法及使用方法
CN120626141A (zh) * 2025-08-08 2025-09-12 东北大学 压裂造储方法

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