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WO2013071100A1 - Procédé et équipement pour extraction d'énergie sous vide quantique - Google Patents

Procédé et équipement pour extraction d'énergie sous vide quantique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013071100A1
WO2013071100A1 PCT/US2012/064441 US2012064441W WO2013071100A1 WO 2013071100 A1 WO2013071100 A1 WO 2013071100A1 US 2012064441 W US2012064441 W US 2012064441W WO 2013071100 A1 WO2013071100 A1 WO 2013071100A1
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energy
metallically
fluid
casimir
conducting
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Charles Hillel Rosendorf
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Priority claimed from US13/632,068 external-priority patent/US20140092521A1/en
Priority claimed from US13/632,067 external-priority patent/US20140092520A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
    • H02N11/008—Alleged electric or magnetic perpetua mobilia

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and apparatus for energy extraction from liquids and gases. More specifically, embodiments of this invention comprise methods and apparatus for quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • Quantum vacuum energy extraction is a source of energy resulting from the zero-point radiation field.
  • the relevant prior art contains a number of theoretical discussions of this phenomenon, including without limitation:
  • a system for converting energy from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum available at any point in the universe to usable energy in the form of heat, electricity, mechanical energy or other forms of power.
  • electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy By suppressing electromagnetic quantum vacuum energy at appropriate frequencies a change may be effected in the electron energy levels which will result in the emission or release of energy.
  • Mode suppression of electromagnetic quantum vacuum radiation is known to take place in Casimir cavities.
  • a Casimir cavity refers to any region in which electromagnetic modes are suppressed or restricted. When atoms enter into suitable micro Casimir cavities a decrease in the orbital energies of electrons in atoms will thus occur. Such energy will be captured in the claimed devices. Upon emergence from such micro Casimir cavities the atoms will be re-energized by the ambient electromagnetic quantum vacuum.
  • a problem referred to as “Stiction” occurs, meaning that the movement of the components, or of the fluid between the components, is reduced.
  • MEMS are non-linear three- dimensional surfaces that exhibit stiction if the surfaces are too close together.
  • Haisch et al. made certain assumptions about the energy that may be obtained from a Casimir cavity-containing device.
  • a device comprising two square parallel plates, each being 10 cm by 10 cm in size, with each plate containing 5000 conducting strips that are 10 microns in width and 10 cm in length, separated by 10 micron non-conducting strips; and perpendicular to the strips a plurality of spacer material at 0.1 to 1 cm intervals with a height of 0.1 microns, when the plates are put face to face and the strips aligned, the device contains 5000 Casimir strips.
  • An assumed energy release of 1 to 10 eV per transition corresponds to 21 to 210 watts of energy release for the entire Casimir cavity.
  • a stacked set of 10 or more such layers may be fabricated yielding 210 to 2100 watts for a ⁇ ⁇ lO x 10 cm block.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may utilize commercially available as well as custom fabricated components for construction of Casimir cavities in devices that may be scalable in size and energy output, and for applications ranging from replacements for small batteries to power plant-sized generators of electricity.
  • An object of the present invention is a method of fabricating Casimir cavities that may allow for economical and viable commercialization of quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • Another object of the present invention is a system of fabricating Casimir cavities that may allow for economical and viable commercialization of quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • embodiments of the present invention comprise different techniques for efficiently and relatively inexpensively producing Casimir cavities that may be used for quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may utilize commercially available as well as custom fabricated components for construction of Casimir cavities in devices that may be scalable in size and energy output, and for applications ranging from replacements for small batteries to power plant-sized generators of electricity.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a Casimir device comprising a plurality of roll-to-roll web processed foils of a material overlaid on each other, such as metallically doped graphene, and with a compact laser array being utilized to create a plurality of Casimir Effect pore sized openings in the device perpendicular to the plane of the layered foils.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of a water-jacketed chamber used to contain the device of Fig. 1. The arrows indicate the direction of liquid flow through the water jacket.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the use of wire bundles for Casimir cavity formation.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the use of wires in non-linear arrays for Casimir cavity formation.
  • Fig. 5a illustrates a flanged opening in a foil.
  • Fig. 5b is a cross-section of the flanged opening of Fig. 5A taken along line
  • Fig. 6 illustrates the use of tube bundles for Casimir cavity formation.
  • Embodiments of the present invention comprise different techniques and devices for efficiently and relatively inexpensively producing Casimir cavities in an efficient and relatively inexpensive manner.
  • the term "fluid" is intended to encompass fluids such as gases and liquids.
  • a non-limiting example is the monoatomic noble gases, although other gases may be utilized.
  • energy extraction occurs with the passage of a fluid through the Casimir cavity-containing devices.
  • a general concept of the present invention is that a gas that is in equilibrium with the ambient electromagnetic modes, which include the vacuum field (also known as a zero point field), is caused to enter a Casimir cavity.
  • the term "Casimir cavity” will refer to any region in which the electromagnetic modes are restricted. Upon approaching this region, the electromagnetic modes that the space supports are restricted and the energy of the electron orbitals of the fluid's atoms is reduced. As a consequence of this reduction the excess energy is emitted and absorbed by the apparatus, providing the energy. By the time the atoms are in the Casimir cavity nearly all the excess energy has been radiated (unless the fluid flow is extremely fast).
  • the gas atoms pass through the Casimir cavity, and upon emerging from this region to a region that supports a broader range of electromagnetic modes, the energy of the electron orbitals of the gas atoms is again allowed to rise to its previous value.
  • the compensation for the energy deficit is provided from the ambient electromagnetic modes.
  • All of the embodiments comprise two circuits.
  • One circuit provides for quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • the fluid in this circuit circulates and recirculates through a plurality of Casimir cavities. Circulation may be accomplished by a pump, an oscillating motor, or other means known in the art.
  • a second circuit provides for thermal extraction from the fluid of energy (most commonly, but not limited to, heat) gained by the fluid during quantum vacuum energy extraction. This extraction (thermal or otherwise) is described further below.
  • devices containing Casimir cavities can be manufactured using a variety of methods and a variety of materials, ranging from, for example only, carbon based structures, foils of metallic or semi-conductor materials, and polymers of organic or inorganic origin, examples of which follow.
  • One embodiment for producing Casimir cavities comprises metal sintering.
  • Sintering or powder technology, is a well-known technique for fabricating porous materials. By choosing materials having the desired characteristics and utilizing one or more methods, a sintering process may be chosen to produce Casimir cavities having the desired purity, porosity, and conductivity properties usable for quantum vacuum energy extraction. (See “Porous Metal Design Guidebook", the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, from Metal Powder Industry Foundation, Princeton NJ, 2007 www.mpif.org) .
  • Porous sintered metals are known to those skilled in the art for such purposes as filters for use with liquids and gases, for components involved in fluid flow metering and pressure control, as storage reservoirs for liquids, flame and spark arrestors for the safe handling of flammable gases, devices for sound dampering and attenuation, in gas distribution and sparging devices, and for media retention, such as in permeable barriers for desiccants.
  • metals can be utilized for metal sintering, and some of the more commonly used ones include, without limitation, stainless steel, such as Type 316L stainless; bronze; nickel; nickel based alloys such as MonelTM, InconelTM or HaynesTM, (registered trademarks of Inco, Ltd.), titanium, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, various other precious metals, individually or in combination.
  • Bronzes can include metals with differing ratios of copper and tin. While the metals listed above are illustrative examples, almost any substance can be obtained in a powder form, such that any material can be obtained through sintering, although material selection can be affected by both the cost of the materials and the processes that may be used.
  • One method of preparing a sintered metal involves the process of axial compacting and sintering.
  • the metal powder is pressed in a die at a pressure that is sufficient for the powder particles to adhere at their contact points with adequate strength for the formed part to be handled after ejection from the die.
  • the strength of this green (unsintered) product depends on the characteristics of the particular metal powder(s) employed (for example, composition, particle size, shape, purity, etc.), and the pressure under which the product is formed.
  • Porous metal parts differ from standard porous metal structural parts in that they are pressed at lower pressures and may utilize tight mesh cuts of powder to achieve a specified porosity.
  • the green parts are then heated, or sintered, in a controlled atmosphere at a temperature that is below the melting point of the metal, yet still sufficient to bond the particles together, thus markedly increasing the component' strength.
  • Advantages of this process include high production rates, good permeability control and dimensional reproducibility.
  • Non-limiting examples of metals that are most frequently processed by this method include stainless steel, titanium, nickel alloys and some bronze compositions.
  • Gravity sintering also referred to "loose powder” sintering is used to make components from powders that diffusion-bond easily (most production parts are made from bronze). In this process, no outside pressure is applied to shape the part.
  • the appropriate material, graded for size, is poured into a mold cavity, and the metal particles are then heated to their sintering temperature at which point a metallurgical bonding takes place. After the sintering process has been completed and the mold cooled to a temperature at which the mold can be opened and the product handled, the product is removed from the mold and used for further processing.
  • the inner diameter (“I.D.”) of products formed by gravity sintering tends to be predictable because the material usually shrinks to the core of the mold during sintering.
  • the O.D. (outer diameter) will vary somewhat from piece to piece due to factors such as size, shape, material, density of "fill” material, and the like.
  • Powder rolling and sintering is used to fabricate sheets from metals such as stainless steel, copper, bronze, nickel based alloys and titanium.
  • the sheet material is made by direct powder rolling or by gravity filling of molds (as described in the previous section) and calendaring before sintering.
  • a metal powder having a particular particle size By selecting a metal powder having a particular particle size, a product having a specified porosity can be prepared.
  • the processed sheet can be produced in a variety of thickness, from 0.25 mm (0.010") to 3 mm (0.12") and in area dimensions up to one square meter or several square feet.
  • the sheet can be sheared, rolled and welded into different configurations.
  • Isostatic compaction and sintering applies pressure in a uniform manner to a deformable container holding the metal powder to be compacted.
  • This technique is known to be useful in the manufacturing of parts having a large length-to-diameter ratio, such as tubing, for example.
  • An isostatic compacting system generally includes a pressure vessel designed to contain a fluid under high pressure, a deformable container and one or more arbors (or cores) if tubes or special shapes are being made.
  • a pressure vessel designed to contain a fluid under high pressure
  • a deformable container and one or more arbors (or cores) if tubes or special shapes are being made.
  • the isostatic process can be used at elevated temperatures (Hot Isostatic Pressing), although most porous parts are made at room temperature.
  • the green product, after removal from the isostatic vessel, is sintered in a standard way.
  • the isostatic sintering process may be used with all conventional porous metal materials.
  • Metal spraying the process of spraying a molten metal onto a base, can also be used to manufacture metallic products.
  • a second material can be sprayed onto the base, such as by co-spraying it with the desired metal, and this combination can also effect the desired properties of the final product.
  • one or more metal powders can be mixed with one or more binders to form a slurry that can be applied to porous substrates or used to form net shape components. Special care and equipment is normally required to insure appropriate binder removal and uniform porosity.
  • Metal injection molding and sintering, utilizes one or more metal powders with a quantity of one or more binders to form a viscous material that is subjected to high-pressure injection.
  • MIM Metal injection molding
  • binders Depending on the material characteristics and MIM tool design, components with controlled density can be formed.
  • Special debinding and sintering equipment is required for processing materials by this method because of the large amount of shrinkage that occurs during binder removal.
  • the metal or combination of metals selected for forming the Casimir cavity needs to be conductive.
  • Sintering has numerous advantages over other manufacturing processes, including without limitation:
  • thermoelectric materials of which porous skutterudites are a non-limiting example, or other
  • thermoelectric devices may be layered among or around
  • a plurality of sintered metal filters, or other devices may be placed in a closed filter holder, the filter holder having inlet and outlet means for a fluid.
  • the apparatus may then be surrounded by a means to capture the released energy, such as a water bath or a water-jacketed chamber 70 (Fig. 2). Water is known to absorb infrared radiation very effectively.
  • the water jacket 70 may be filled with a heat transfer substance, such as water, and may be connected to a pump via tubing or other means of fluid communication, and connected to another device into which the released energy is transferred.
  • a heat transfer substance such as water
  • water 72 is circulated around the filter holder 40, during which time the water 72 absorbs the released energy and becomes heated water 74.
  • the heated water 74 may then be circulated to the other device in a continuous loop.
  • a heat transfer means other than water may be employed, non-limiting examples of which include any other material or device that absorbs substantially the released energy wavelengths, such as glass, organic polymers, various thermoelectric devices, one non-limiting example of which is a sintered porous skutterudite, thermophoto voltaic devices, and other materials known to those skilled in the art.
  • the substrates may be other insulating or partially conducting materials, such as silicon, glass, ceramic, plastic, etc.
  • the conducting strips can be formed of other conductors, such as copper, aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, silicides, transparent conductors such as indium tin oxide, etc.
  • the strips may be recessed, either by etching recesses into which the conductors are deposited, or by using planarization techniques to coat an insulating layer between the strips, using techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the spacer materials can be formed from polymers used, for example, as photoresist and electron-beam resist, from metals, and other materials.
  • v. Spacers may be formed by the etching of one or both of the substrates to form grooves instead of by deposition.
  • the spacer height may range from about 1 nm to many microns.
  • the substrates may be bonded by pressure bonding or by the use of adhesives, such as cyanoacrylics.
  • the dimensions of the overall structure may be varied from the distance between a single pair of spacers and conductor/nonconductor region to large plates that are many meters in width.
  • the individual devices may be sandwiched together to form thick structures.
  • sheets having a thickness of about 50 microns or far less may be used to form a thick structures of approximately 250 microns.
  • the working fluid may be selected from a variety of gases, in addition to the noble gases, so that all mentions of gas atoms may be extended to molecules of various types.
  • the working fluid may be a liquid, as has been described in a prior section, so all mentions of gases and gas atoms may be extended to liquids of various types.
  • a liquid for operation within temperature of approximately of 100° C, one possible liquid is ethylene glycol.
  • the liquid may be sodium.
  • Micro-motors formed using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, or laboratory or industrial sized pumps may be used to pump the gas through the channels.
  • MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems
  • the water bath may be replaced with any other material or device that absorbs substantially the released energy wavelengths.
  • materials include glass, organic polymers, various thermoelectric devices, one non-limiting example of which comprises a sintered porous skutterudite, thermophotovoltaic devices, thermophotonic devices, and other materials known to those skilled in the art.
  • the absorbing material may be placed in the apparatus, for example, by coating the molded or drilled components, among many possibilities known to those skilled in the art.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention comprises the use of submicron porous filter materials capable of withstanding high temperatures.
  • materials include without limitation: a. ceramics - metallic doped; metallic coated; b. - metallic doped; metallic coated; c. polymers - metallic doped; metallic coated; d. graphene - metallic doped; metallic coated; and e. crystal nanotubes - metallic or metallic doped; metallic coated.
  • Openings having a pore size suitable for a maximum Casimir Effect may be produced using compact arrays of a laser or other source of pinpoint high energy, as known to those skilled in the art.
  • openings of a defined pore size may be prepared using a source of a high energy plasma.
  • Layers of these filter materials may then be stacked up to produce an array of Casimir cavities of required height.
  • Alternating layers of conducting and non-conducting materials are chosen to imbue the Casimir cavities with the characteristics necessary for quantum vacuum energy extraction. a.
  • Components used for embodiments may be shaped, molded or bent to maximize application dimensional
  • thermoelectric devices may be layered among or
  • sintered metal components are GK Sinter Metals Filters GmbH (Radevormwald, Germany), which manufactures porous metal components of defined pore sizes, and which components can be utilized for filters, filter components, filtration membranes and flow restrictors.
  • Other non- limiting sources of sintered metal filters include Allied Group (Mendham NJ), Mott Corporation (Farmington CT) and Parker Hannifin Corporation.
  • Still another embodiment of this invention comprises Casimir cavities fabricated from porous membranes, an exemplary device of which is shown in Fig. 1.
  • a plurality of layers of conducting material 20 is interspersed with a plurality of strips of a nonconducting material 30, and the number of layers is formed so as to reach a specified height, h.
  • h a specified height
  • pores are then made in the stack by exposing the stack 40 to a laser 50 which emits a beam sized to produce a specific pore size 60 in the sheet.
  • the pore size can vary from a range of about 0.1 nanometer (“nm”) up to several millimeters ("mm"), so as to provide for maximum Casimir effect energy extraction. In embodiments, the pore size can vary from a range of about 0.1 nm to 1 mm. In other embodiments the pore size can vary from a range of about 0.5 nm to 500 nm. In other embodiments the pore size can vary from a range of about 0.5 nm to 5 nm.
  • An alternate embodiment of the present invention comprises a three- dimensional structure comprising a stack of thin layers of either or both of a metallic mesh filter, or a metallic foil, each of which contains Casimir sized openings dependent upon the fineness of the mesh weave.
  • Suitable materials for these layers may include, without limitation: a. metal mesh; b. a foil or a metal mesh weave that includes a plurality of
  • the “bumps” help provide non-conducting spacing
  • the foil or mesh weave stack filter described above comprises a plurality of alternating conducting and non-conducting regions comprising layers or sheets of metal, metallic foil, mesh, or other suitable materials.
  • conducting materials include aluminum, copper, platinum, gold, silver, metallically doped ceramics or glass, and metallically coated ceramics or glass, foils and/or mesh.
  • non-conducting materials include silicon, glass, ceramic, and plastic.
  • Each conducting layer is fabricated from mesh weave of sufficient thickness to effect conduction. Within the weave is a plurality of holes or openings of appropriate size to act as a Casimir cavity and to allow the gaseous medium to pass through.
  • each conducting layer of metal or metallic foil is of sufficient thickness to effect conduction.
  • the metal or metal foil is perforated with arrays of holes or openings of appropriate size to act as a Casimir cavity and to allow the gaseous medium to pass through.
  • the holes may be of sub-micron size. In certain embodiments, the holes may be of nanometer size. In other embodiments, the holes may be of micron size and larger. In other embodiments, the holes may be of millimeter size and larger.
  • the holes may be drilled by arrays of lasers 50 (see Fig. 1), one laser and many splitters, or other methods known in the prior art.
  • Each non-conducting layer is of the complementary construction of the conducting layer.
  • the conducting layer is made of mesh weave
  • the non-conducting layer may be a metal or metallic foil; if the conducting layer is made of foil, the nonconducting layer may be a mesh weave.
  • the holes in each non-conducting layer are larger than the maximum width to effect vacuum energy extraction, thereby preventing vacuum energy extraction from occurring in the non-conducting layers.
  • the bumps on each weave layer should be on both sides of that layer to act as spacers to separate that layer from the adjoining layers above and below it.
  • the bumps are sized to leave a sufficient space between adjacent layers to facilitate the conduction/non- conduction effect, thereby increasing the efficacy of the Casimir device.
  • Such foil stack filters may be fabricated with continuous web or continuous weave manufacturing processes which are known in the art.
  • the foil openings are prepared to Casimir cavity depth by laser drilling or other hole-creation methods known in the art. The thickness of the foil thereby defines the depth of the Casimir cavity.
  • a foil with Casimir cavity sized openings may be fabricated with stamping processes which are known in the art. In this stamped foil embodiment, the foil openings are prepared to Casimir cavity depth by stamping. The thickness of the foil thereby defines the depth of the Casimir cavity.
  • a preferable stamped foil embodiment comprises using a thin foil. Further, preferably the openings through the foil would have one end flat-faced against one surface of the foil and the other end flanged outward along the opposite surface of the foil (see Fig. 5). This type of construction may be seen in the art in internal support members of aircrafts. In this embodiment, the combined thickness of the foil and flange defines the depth of the Casimir cavity.
  • a foil stack filter may be a 3 -dimensional structure containing multiple Casimir cavities, ready for use in quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • the foils or meshes may be supported on a substrate that may be an insulating or a partially conducting material, such as, for example only, silicon, glass, ceramic, plastic or the like.
  • Mesh weave stack filters may be fabricated with continuous web or continuous weave manufacturing processes which are known in the art.
  • the thickness of the mesh thereby defines the depth of the Casimir cavity.
  • a mesh weave stack filter may be a 3 -dimensional structure containing multiple Casimir cavities, ready for use in quantum vacuum energy extraction.
  • the meshes may be supported on a substrate that may be an insulating or a partially conducting material, such as, for example only, silicon, glass, ceramic, plastic or the like.
  • the conducting layer may be formed from other conductors, such as, for example only, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, silicides, transparent conductors such as indium tin oxide, and the like.
  • the conducting layer may be recessed within the substrate, or may be layered upon the substrate.
  • the individual units may be layered or stacked upon each other to form thick structures.
  • thick structures For example, instead of stacking a plurality of foils or meshes that are each, for example only, 250 micron thick, smaller sheets having a thickness of, for example, 50 microns or less may be stacked so that dense structures are formed.
  • the foils or meshes may have thicknesses ranging from the millimeter range and higher, depending upon the ultimate size of the device.
  • the fluid for use in the Casimir devices may be selected from a variety of gases, including noble gases, as described in a previous section, such that all reference to gas atoms includes gas molecules.
  • the fluid may be a liquid, such that all reference to gases and gas atoms may be expanded to include liquids of various types, as has been described previously.
  • ethylene glycol is a potential liquid that may be used.
  • Liquid sodium may be used for higher temperature operations.
  • the fluid may be pumped through the channels in the device using a micro-motor manufactured using micro-electrical mechanical systems (“MEMS”) technology, or by conventional pumps utilized for pumping fluid through laboratory or industrial sized apparatus.
  • MEMS micro-electrical mechanical systems
  • ITO Indium tin oxide
  • a transparent conductor is generally described as a transparent, electrically conductive film, and is known to those skilled in the art.
  • Transparent conductors were initially used to make energy-conserving windows because of their ability to reflect thermal infrared heat, but now have a variety of uses. Transparent conductors have been used in products such as solar cells, flat panel displays, automatically dimming rear-view mirrors for vehicles, vehicle window defrosters and radio antennas and other applications (see Gordon, MRS Bulletin August 2000).
  • Transparent conductors have been synthesized utilizing semiconducting oxides of tin, indium, zinc and cadmium, or from metals such as gold, silver, and titanium nitride.
  • the choice of starting material for a transparent conductor depends upon factors such as the desired conductivity; thickness; the physical, chemical and thermal durability desired; uniformity; toxicity; deposition temperature and cost.
  • Graphene has been reported to be a potentially useful substance for preparing transparent conductors. Glass plates were initially used to support transparent conductors; thin polymeric films have replaced glass plates.
  • the ITO products are commonly supported on a matrix of polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) and often referred to as ITO/PET products.
  • the ITO products are commonly used in consumer electronic products, such as flat panel displays and touch screens.
  • the 3M Company has recently published a technical brochure describing new transparent conductors having a resistance which is claimed to be orders of magnitude lower than those of the ITO/PET materials currently in use. Although these products are suggested for use in touch screens such as smart phones, computer screens, liquid crystal display (“LCD”) televisions, industrial controls and military applications, and are capable of being bent around curved surfaces if needed, they may be utilized as a matrix for a Casimir-cavity containing device.
  • touch screens such as smart phones, computer screens, liquid crystal display (“LCD”) televisions, industrial controls and military applications.
  • the conductive material to be used in a Casimir device may be selected from one or more of the transparent conductors, formed, shaped or bent to a size suitable for use in the Casimir device.
  • Carbon nanotubes have been known since at least 1991, and have been utilized in a variety of applications, often trying to take advantage of their high tensile strength.
  • Another embodiment of this invention comprises Casimir cavities formed using arrays of nanotubes made from carbon or other materials, such as described in Schlittler, R.R., et al, 2001, “Single Crystals of Single- Walled Carbon Nanotubes Formed by Self- Assembly” Science Magazine, 05/11/2001, 1136-39.
  • Carbon nanotubes are commercially available, and a plurality of carbon nanotubes, either as a specific quantity (by weight) or by number of nanotubes, may be positioned in a container.
  • the nanotubes to be used may be selected from either single- walled nanotubes, or multi-walled nanotubes, or a mixture thereof, to form the conducting component of the Casimir device.
  • Carbon nanotubes and/or carbon nanofibers have been modified and prepared as a material that has been designated as buckypaper. This material has been reported to be about 25 nanometers thick, having both thermal and electric conductivity properties, and a high mechanical strength and strain rate.
  • Some proposed uses for buckypaper have included electromagnetic interference shielding, radiation shielding, heat sinks, ultra-high strength structures, such as body armor, and components of computer monitors.
  • Embodiments of buckypaper may be utilized as the conductive component of a Casimir device.
  • a plurality of wires 110 may be bundled together and held together by a form fitting filter shell of conducting material 120 such that the fluid is forced through the conducting and non-conducting component.
  • the wires 110 may a have cross-section that is circular (round) or otherwise shaped as desired.
  • the wires utilized may be commercially available wires having a narrow diameter, or wires extruded, drawn, rolled, spun, molded, or stamped to have thicknesses/diameters at either the sub-micron, micron, or millimeter size.
  • the wires may be manufactured from any conducting material, such as, but not limited to aluminum, copper, silver, metallically doped or metallically coated non-conducting wire material.
  • Nonconducting wires can be similarly prepared from a variety of non-conducting materials.
  • glass or polymer filaments may be potential "wires" for use in this type of device.
  • the bundled wires may be used as Casimir devices in the manner described for previous embodiments.
  • the resulting conductive product may reduce the amount of metal needed to manufacture a Casimir device.
  • wires may also be in one or more non-linear arrays (see Fig. 4).
  • a plurality of hollow tubes 210 may be bundled together and held together by a form fitting filter shell 220 of conducting material such that the fluid is forced through the conducting and non-conducting component.
  • the tubes 210 utilized may be commercially available tubes having a narrow diameter, or tubes produced by one or more prior-art processes similar to those described above for wires, as appropriate.
  • the tubes 210 may have outer diameters at either the sub-micron, micron, or millimeter size.
  • the tubes 210 may be manufactured from any conducting material, such as, but not limited to aluminum, copper, silver, metallically doped or metallically coated non-conducting material.
  • Non-conducting tubes can be similarly prepared from a variety of non-conducting materials.
  • glass or polymer filaments may be potential "tubes" for use in this type of device.
  • the bundled tubes may be used as Casimir devices in the manner described for previous embodiments.
  • the resulting conductive product may reduce the amount of metal needed to manufacture a Casimir device.
  • the fluid flow may be both outside and inside the bundled tubes.
  • Graphene is a monoatomic layer of carbon, commonly prepared by scraping a piece of graphite on a surface, or by the splitting of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have been reported to have semi-conducting or metallic components, as described in a prior section. Since carbon nanotubes are a source of graphene, since carbon nanotubes can be prepared with a dopant to alter their properties, a similarly modified graphene should be obtainable from such modified carbon nanotubes. It should be possible to produce graphene by roll-to-roll web processing in the near future.
  • Interspersing a plurality of layers of a non-conducting material, such as those described in other embodiments in this specification, between a plurality of graphene or modified graphene layers can be used to prepare Casimir cavities.
  • the resulting block of graphene strips may then be subjected to laser treatment in order to create channels through which gas would be able to flow through in the block.
  • the device may then be positioned in contact with conducting materials, enclosed in a container, and used for generation of heat from the resultant Casimir device.
  • Multiple blocks may be stacked to form increasingly larger matrices for the Casimir device, as described in a prior section.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may utilize three-dimensional prototyping methods for the manufacture of Casimir cavity-containing devices. These methods use a process similar to inkjet printing to deposit layers of material on top of each other in the desired configuration, thereby building up an appropriately shaped three- dimensional structure. Generally, the process is based upon input from a prototype developed using Computer- Aided Design ("CAD") software. The prototype may be prepared utilizing one of a number of commercially available software programs, a non-limiting example of such programs being AUTOCAD® (Registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc, San Rafael, CA).
  • AUTOCAD® Registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc, San Rafael, CA
  • 3 -dimensional printing and/or prototyping devices are commercially available, and may be utilized to build devices for energy generation. Some non- limiting examples are devices manufactured by companies such as 3 -Dimensional Services Group (Rochester, MI), 3-D Systems, Inc. (Rock Hill, SC), or Objet, Ltd. (Billerica, MA).
  • CNC Computer Numeric Control
  • Still another embodiment of this invention comprises fabricating Casimir cavities by charged particle deposition.
  • This method uses a process similar to the technique commonly used in painting automobiles or electroplating to deposit layers on an appropriate substrate, in which an electric charge is applied to the surface to be painted or coated, and the coating is then applied to the charged surface.
  • the components of the coating have a charge opposite to that of the charged surface, thereby adhering to the charged surface.
  • this coating processes may be accomplished through air, through a liquid or solution, or across a vacuum, all by techniques known in the art. By controlling the thickness of this deposition, and the use of conductive and non-conductive coatings on the surface, arrays containing Casimir cavities may be fabricated.
  • Manufacturing of the structures may be accomplished using standard techniques for forming microstructures, nanostructures and integrated circuit articles by employing chemical deposition and etching in conjunction with photoresist or photo-making preparations, or by vacuum film-deposition or similar methods, such as, but not limited to, oxidation, precipitation or sputtering, on a standard conducting or superconducting layer.
  • the conducting or superconducting layer can be deposited or formed atop various types of rigid substrate -base materials, including diamond, glass, metallic oxides, polymers, silicon carbides, silicon oxides, sapphires, semiconductors, related materials and combinations thereof.
  • polymer has been utilized throughout this specification, and defined as a large molecule formed by the union of at least five identical monomers; it may be natural, such as cellulose or DNA, or synthetic, such as nylon or polyethylene; polymers usually contain many more than five monomers, and some may contain hundreds or thousands of monomers in each chain. Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. 1992, p. 1691, Academic Press, New York.
  • polymers may be formed from nonidentical monomers.
  • synthetic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyisopropylene, polkytetrafluoethylene ("PTFE", sold under the trademark TEFLON®, registered trademark of E.I. DuPont Co.), polyvinyl acetate, poly methyl methacrylate, poly ethyl methacrylate and polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, polycarbonates and the like.
  • PTFE polkytetrafluoethylene
  • polyvinyl acetate poly methyl methacrylate
  • poly ethyl methacrylate polyethylene terephthalate
  • polyamides polycarbonates and the like.
  • synthetic polymers are thermoplastic materials, and additional exemplary polymers may include thermoset polymers such as formaldehyde-based compounds as phenol- formaldehydes, urea-formaldehydes, melamine formaldehydes and the like.
  • apparatus for generating quantum energy extraction are operably coupled with means for removing the extracted energy from the apparatus.
  • tubing or passages containing a circulating heat transfer substance passes through the apparatus.
  • these passages may be baked into sintered cavities during fabrication.
  • these passages may be inserted into the cavities after fabrication is complete.
  • small diameter tubing may be passed through laser-created passages in the apparatus. Larger diameter tubing may be passed through passages drilled through the apparatus.
  • the apparatus may be enclosed in a container that includes at least a heat transfer substance.
  • the extracted heat is then available for use as energy, utilizing techniques known in the art.
  • non-conducting regions need not be solid. They may also be hollow, tube-like structures sufficiently strong and configured so that the fluid can pass through, such as high-pressure, high-temperature piping.

Landscapes

  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

Des modes de réalisation de la présente invention comprennent différents procédés et un équipement pour produire de manière efficace et relativement peu coûteuse des cavités de Casimir pour une utilisation dans une extraction d'énergie sous vide quantique. L'équipement comprend sans limitation, des matières frittées ; des matières de filtre poreux submicroniques ; des couches de feuille ou de maillage produites par cylindre sur cylindre de tissu ; des réseaux de nanotubes ; des membranes poreuses produites par cylindre sur cylindre de tissu telles que le graphène, dopé en métal ; des cristaux métalliques produits par cylindre sur cylindre de tissu ayant des réseaux d'auto-assemblage de nano-canaux ; des matières produites par prototypage tridimensionnel ; des matières produites par dépôt de particules chargées ; des faisceaux de fils métalliques ; des faisceaux de tubes métalliques ; et des faisceaux de fils de polymère ou de verre revêtus en métal ou dopés en métal.
PCT/US2012/064441 2011-11-11 2012-11-09 Procédé et équipement pour extraction d'énergie sous vide quantique Ceased WO2013071100A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

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US201161558738P 2011-11-11 2011-11-11
US61/558,738 2011-11-11
US13/632,067 2012-09-30
US13/632,068 US20140092521A1 (en) 2012-09-30 2012-09-30 Method and equipment for quantum vacuum energy extraction
US13/632,068 2012-09-30
US13/632,067 US20140092520A1 (en) 2012-09-30 2012-09-30 Equipment for quantum vacuum energy extraction

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