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WO2013057563A1 - Couche de catalyseur d'électrode de pile à combustible - Google Patents

Couche de catalyseur d'électrode de pile à combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013057563A1
WO2013057563A1 PCT/IB2012/002077 IB2012002077W WO2013057563A1 WO 2013057563 A1 WO2013057563 A1 WO 2013057563A1 IB 2012002077 W IB2012002077 W IB 2012002077W WO 2013057563 A1 WO2013057563 A1 WO 2013057563A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
catalyst layer
ionomer
fuel cell
electrode catalyst
cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2012/002077
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2013057563A8 (fr
Inventor
Hiroshi Fujitani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Toyota Motor Corp filed Critical Toyota Motor Corp
Publication of WO2013057563A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013057563A1/fr
Publication of WO2013057563A8 publication Critical patent/WO2013057563A8/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8668—Binders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrode catalyst layer of a fuel cell.
  • the present invention relates to an improvement of a material contained in an electrode catalyst layer.
  • An electrode catalyst layer of a fuel cell is formed by close contact between a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer in vacuum (see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-153093 (JP 2010-153093 A), for example).
  • a fuel cell like this is required to exert sufficient performance (low temperature performance and high temperature performance) even under wide temperature conditions.
  • an operation state of a fuel battery cell is very wide in the temperature conditions, particularly in the case of vehicles, from below zero to high temperatures.
  • a high current density is realized or an amount of platinum is reduced from the viewpoints of resources and production cost (less platinum amount)
  • the robustness to low temperature or high temperature is deteriorated.
  • the present invention provides an electrode catalyst layer of a fuel cell, which satisfies both of high temperature performance and low temperature performance.
  • an expansion rate (swelling rate) on the downstream side of an anode of a catalyst layer is suppressed and the diffusivity of a fuel gas to the catalyst layer is enhanced to heighten a fuel gas concentration in the catalyst layer, thereby the performance is improved.
  • a concentration of an oxidant gas on a cathode side of a catalyst layer affects on the performance of a fuel cell.
  • an ionomer synthetic resin obtained by flocculating a polymer by making use of a cohesion force due to metal ion
  • an ionomer expands to clog pores in the catalyst layer.
  • an ionomer expands and an ionomer film around the catalyst becomes thick, the diffusivity of an oxidant gas. is deteriorated, and a concentration of oxidant gas around the catalyst layer decreases to result in deteriorating power generation performance.
  • an expansion rate (swelling rate) of an ionomer of a catalyst layer satisfying both of high temperature performance and low temperature performance has not been stipulated.
  • An ionomer used in the electrode catalyst layer of a fuel cell is an ionomer having an expansion rate of 200% or less.
  • the expansion rate of an ionomer may be 140% or more.
  • the electrode catalyst layer may be a cathode catalyst layer.
  • a ratio of ionomer/carbon of a cathode catalyst layer may be in the range of 0.5 to 1.0.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing an example of a structure of a cell of a fuel cell in one example of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a side view showing an example of a structure of the fuel cell
  • FIG. 3 is a partial side view of a cell of the fuel cell
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing by expanding a configuration of the cathode catalyst layer
  • FIG. 5 is a table showing results of tests for comparing the low temperature performance and high temperature performance of fuel cells different in the expansion rate of an ionomer
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing results of tests for comparing the low temperature performance and high temperature performance of fuel cells different in the expansion rate of an ionomer.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a sum total of the low temperature performance result and high temperature performance result of fuel cells different in expansion rate of an ionomer.
  • a fuel cell 1 in the present first example includes an electrolyte film 31 , an anode electrode layer (referred to as an anode catalyst layer in the present specification) 32 and a cathode electrode layer (referred to as a cathode catalyst layer in the present specification) 33, which are formed on both sides of the electrolyte film 31 , gas diffusion layers: GDL 42 and 43 that diffuse a reaction gas supplied to the respective catalyst layers 32 and 33, separators 20 (20a, 20b) that sandwich the electrolyte layer 31, the anode catalyst layer 32, the cathode catalyst layer 33 and the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43, and a frame member 40 disposed around a periphery of the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43.
  • GDL 42 and 43 that diffuse a reaction gas supplied to the respective catalyst layers 32 and 33
  • separators 20 (20a, 20b) that sandwich the electrolyte layer 31, the anode catalyst layer 32, the cathode catalyst layer 33 and the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43
  • a frame member 40 disposed
  • FIG. 1 a schematic constitution of a cell 2 of a fuel cell 1 in the present first example is shown.
  • the cells 2 constituted as illustrated in the drawing are sequentially stacked to constitute a cell stack 3 (see FIG. 2).
  • a fuel cell stack constituted from the cell stacks 3. and the like is sandwiched, for example, with a pair of end plates 7 at both ends of the stack and further bound under weight in a stacked direction with a holding member of a tension plate 8 disposed so as to connect both end plates 7 (see FIG. 2).
  • a fuel cell 1 constituted of fuel cell stacks and so on like this can be used in an on-board power generation system of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV), for example.
  • FCHV fuel cell hybrid vehicle
  • the fuel cell 1 can be used also in power generation systems mountable on what can automatically run such as various kinds of moving vehicles (ships and air-crafts, for example) and robots and also in stationary power generation systems.
  • a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) or a membrane electrode & gas diffusion layer assembly (MEGA) can be used.
  • MEGA membrane electrode & gas diffusion layer assembly
  • a MEGA 30 is used (see FIG. 1 and so on).
  • the cell 2 includes the MEGA 30, a pair of separators 20 sandwiching the MEGA 30 (respectively shown by reference numerals 20a and 20b in FIG. 1 and so on) and so on (see FIG. 1).
  • the MEGA 30 and the respective separators 20a and 20b are formed into a rough rectangular plate. Further, the MEGA 30 is formed smaller than each of the separators 20a and 20b in an outer shape.
  • the MEGA 30 includes a polymer electrolyte film 31 of an ion-exchange membrane of a polymer material (hereinafter simply referred to also as an electrolyte film), a pair of electrode catalyst layer 32 and 33 (an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer) that sandwich the electrolyte film 31 from both sides thereof (see FIG. 1) and gas diffusion layers 42 and 43 (see FIG. 3).
  • the electrolyte film 31 is formed larger than the anode catalyst layer 32 and the cathode catalyst layer 33.
  • the anode catalyst layer 32 and the cathode catalyst layer 33 are bonded by hot pressing for example with a peripheral part 34 of the electrolyte film 31 remained.
  • the anode catalyst layer 32 and the cathode catalyst layer 33 that constitute the MEGA 30 are made of a porous carbon material for example that supports a catalyst such as platinum stuck on a surface thereof.
  • a hydrogen gas as a fuel gas reaction gas
  • an oxidizing gas reaction gas
  • an electrochemical reaction is caused to generate an electromotive force of the cell 2.
  • the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43 are formed to properly diffuse a reaction gas supplied to the electrolyte film 31 (see FIG. 3).
  • the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43 in the present first example are formed smaller than the electrolyte film 31 (and the anode catalyst layer 32 and the cathode catalyst layer 33). Further, the gas diffusion layers 42 and 43 and the electrolyte film 31 (and the anode catalyst layer 32 and the cathode catalyst layer 33) are sandwiched by a frame member 40 at a peripheral portion (a portion close to a periphery) thereof (see FIG. 3).
  • the separator 20 (20a and 20b) is made of a gas-impermeable conductive material.
  • the conductive materials include carbon, hard resins having the conductivity and metals such as aluminum, stainless and so on.
  • a base material of the separator 20 (20a and 20b) of the present first example is formed of a plate-like metal (metal separator), and on surfaces on the sides of the anode gas diffusion layer 42 and cathode gas diffusion layer 43 of the base material, a film excellent in the corrosion resistance (a gold-plated film, for example) is formed.
  • groove-like flow paths made of a plurality of concaves are formed on both surfaces of the separators 20a and 20b.
  • these flow paths can be formed by press molding.
  • the groove-like flow paths formed like this form a gas flow path 35 of an oxidant gas, a gas flow path 36 of a hydrogen gas, or a cooling water flow path 37.
  • a gas flow path 36 of hydrogen gas is formed, and on a back side thereof (exterior surface), a cooling water flow path 37 is formed (see FIG. 1).
  • a gas flow path 35 of an oxidizing gas is formed, and on a back side thereof (exterior surface), a cooling water flow path 37 is formed (see FIG. 1).
  • both cooling water flow paths 37 converge to form a flow path having a rectangular shape or a honeycomb shape, for example, in its cross-section.
  • a concavo-convex shape that forms a flow path of a fluid is in a reversed relationship between a front and a back.
  • a convex back surface (projecting rib) that forms a gas flow path 36 of hydrogen gas is formed into a concave shape (concave groove) that forms a cooling water flow path 37
  • a concave back surface (concave groove) that forms a gas flow path 36 is formed into a convex shape (projecting rib) that forms a cooling water flow path 37.
  • a convex back surface (projecting rib) that forms a gas flow path 35 of an oxidizing gas is formed into a concave shape (concave groove) that forms a cooling water flow path 37
  • a convex back surface (convex groove) that forms a gas flow path 35 is formed into a convex shape (projecting rib) that forms a cooling water flow path 37.
  • a manifold 15a on an inlet side of oxidizing gas a manifold 16b on an outlet side of hydrogen gas, and a manifold 17a on an inlet side of cooling water are formed.
  • these manifolds 15a, 16b, and 17a are formed of a throughhole that is formed on each of the separators 20a and 20b and has a substantially rectangle or a trapezoid, or a long slender rectangle having a semicircle at both ends (see FIG.
  • a manifold 15b on an outlet side of oxidizing gas a manifold 16a on an inlet side of hydrogen gas, and a manifold 17b on an outlet side of cooling water are formed.
  • these manifolds 15b, 16a, and 17b are also formed of a throughhole formed from a substantially rectangle or a trapezoid, or a long slender rectangle having a semicircle at both ends (see FIG. 1).
  • an inlet side manifold 16a and an outlet side manifold 16b for hydrogen gas in the separator 20a communicate respectively with a gas flow path 36 of hydrogen gas respectively via a communicating path 61 on an inlet side and a communicating path 62 on an outlet side, which are formed on the separator 20a.
  • an inlet side manifold 15a for oxidizing gas and an outlet side manifold 15b in the separator 20b communicate respectively with a gas flow path 35 of oxidizing gas via a communicating path 63 on an inlet side and a communicating path 64 on an outlet side, which are formed on the separator 20b (see FIG. 1).
  • an inlet side manifold 17a and an outlet side manifold 17b for cooling water in each of the separators 20a and 20b respectively communicate with a cooling water path 37 via an inlet side communication path 65 and outlet side communication path 66, which are formed on each of the separators 20a and 20b.
  • an oxidizing gas, a hydrogen gas and cooling water are supplied to the cell 2.
  • a specific example will be described.
  • a hydrogen gas flows from an inlet side manifold 16a of the separator 20a through a communication path 61 in a gas flow path 36 and, after being supplied to power generation of MEGA 30, flows through a communication path 62 to an outlet side manifold 16b.
  • an inlet side manifold 17a and an outlet side manifold 17b of cooling water are disposed on a diagonal line of a separator 20 to supply cooling water uniformly over an entire separator 20.
  • a first seal member 13a and a second seal member 13b are disposed as required, (see FIG. 1).
  • these first seal member 13a and second seal member 13b are formed of, for example, a plurality of members (for example, four independent small rectangular frames and a large frame for forming a fluid flow path) (see FIG. 1).
  • the first seal member 13a is disposed between the MEGA 30 and the separator 20a.
  • the first seal member 13a is disposed so that a part thereof may intervene between a periphery portion 34 of an electrolyte film 31 and a periphery portion of a gas flow path 36 of the separator 20a.
  • the second seal member 13b is disposed between the MEGA 30 and the separator 20b.
  • the second seal member 13b is disposed so that a part thereof may intervene between a periphery portion 34 of an electrolyte film 31 and a periphery portion of a gas flow path 35 of the separator 20b.
  • a third seal member 13c formed of a plurality of members (for example, four independent small rectangular frames and a large frame for forming a fluid flow path) .is disposed (see FIG. 1).
  • the third seal member 13c is disposed to intervene between a peripheral portion of a cooling water flow path 37 in the separator 20b and a peripheral portion of a cooling water flow path 37 in the separator 20a to seal therebetween.
  • first to third seal members 13 a to 13 c an elastic body that seals a fluid by physical adherence with an adjacent member (gasket), an adhesive that sticks by the chemical bond with an adjacent member, and so on can be used.
  • an elastic body that seals a fluid by physical adherence with an adjacent member (gasket), an adhesive that sticks by the chemical bond with an adjacent member, and so on can be used.
  • a member that physically seals by elasticity is adopted as the respective seal members 13a to 13c.
  • a member that seals by chemical bond such as the adhesive described above can be also adopted.
  • the frame member 40 is a member (hereinafter referred to as a resin frame) of a resin, for example, which is sandwiched together with the MEGA 30 between the separators 20a and 20b.
  • a resin frame of a resin, for example, which is sandwiched together with the MEGA 30 between the separators 20a and 20b.
  • a thin frame-shaped resin frame 40 is interposed between the separators 20a and 20b, by the resin frame 40, at least a part of the MEGA 30, for example, a portion along a peripheral portion 34 is sandwiched from front and back sides.
  • the resin frame 40 disposed like this exerts a function as a spacer between the separator 20 (20a and 20b) that supports a fastening power, a function as an insulating member, and a function as a member for reinforcing the rigidity of the separator 20 (20a and 20b).
  • a fuel cell 1 in the present first example includes a cell stack 3 obtained by stacking a plurality- of cells 2, and, further includes, outside of cells (edge cells) 2 and 2 located at both ends of the cell stack 3, sequentially, a heat insulating cell 4, a terminal plate 5 with an output terminal 5a, an insulator (insulating plate) 6 and an end plate 7.
  • a tension plate 8 that is bridged so as to connect both end plates 7 applies a predetermined compression force in a stacking direction.
  • a pressure plate 9 and a spring mechanism 9a are disposed between the end plate 7 and the insulator 6 on one edge side of the cell stack 3 to absorb a change of weight applied on the cell 2.
  • a heat insulating cell 4 includes a heat insulating layer, which is formed of, for example, two sheets of separators and a seal member, and plays a role of suppressing heat generated during power generation from dissipating in air or the like.
  • a heat insulating layer which is formed of, for example, two sheets of separators and a seal member, and plays a role of suppressing heat generated during power generation from dissipating in air or the like.
  • an edge portion of a cell stack 3 tends to be low in temperature because of heat exchange with air; accordingly, at the edge portion of the cell stack 3, a heat insulating layer is disposed to suppress the heat exchange (heat dissipation).
  • a heat insulating layer like this, a configuration where in a pair of separators similar to that in the cell 2, for example, in place of a membrane-electrode assembly, a heat insulating member 10 such as a conductive plate is inserted can be cited.
  • a heat insulating member 10 used in this case is more preferable when the heat insulating property is more excellent.
  • a conductive porous sheet or the like is used.
  • an air layer can be formed.
  • the terminal plate 5 is a member that works as a current collector plate and is formed into a plate of a metal such as iron, stainless, copper, aluminum and the like.
  • a surface treatment such as a plating treatment or the like is applied to secure the contact resistance with the heat insulating cell 4.
  • gold, silver, aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin and the like can be cited.
  • the tin plating treatment is applied.
  • the insulator 6 is a member that electrically insulates between the terminal plate 5 and the end plate 7 and so on. In order to fulfill a function like this, the insulator 6 like this is formed into a plate of a resin material such as polycarbonate or the like.
  • the end plate 7 is, similarly to the terminal plate 5, formed into a plate of various kinds of metals (iron, stainless, copper, aluminum and so on).
  • the end plate 7 is formed of copper.
  • the tension plate 8 is disposed to bridge between both end plates 7 and 7, and, for example, a pair thereof are disposed so as to face with each other on both sides of the cell stack 3 (see FIG. 2).
  • the tension plate 8 is fastened to each of the end plates 7 and 7 with a bolt or the like and maintains a state where a predetermined fastening power (compression force) is applied in a stacking direction of unit cells 2.
  • a predetermined fastening power compression force
  • the insulating film is specifically formed of an insulating tape stuck to an interior surface of the tension plate 8, a resin coating coated so as to cover the surface, or the like.
  • an ionomer 100 used in the cathode catalyst layer 33 in the cell 2 an ionomer of which expansion rate (swelling rate) is in the range of 140% or more and 200% or less is used (see FIG. 4).
  • the ionomer 100 is a synthetic resin obtained by flocculating a polymer by making use of a cohesion force due to metal ion.
  • an ionomer 100 having the expansion rate in the range of 140% or more and 200% or less is used, the robustness of the cell voltage can be secured.
  • the I/C ratio (ionomer/carbon ratio) of the cathode catalyst layer 33 is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.0. In this case, when while suppressing the expansion rate of the ionomer 100, the proton conductivity is maintained, both the low temperature performance and the high temperature performance of the fuel cell 1 can be improved.
  • the carbon is present as a catalyst support carbon in the cathode catalyst layer 33 (shown by a reference numeral 101 in FIG. 4). In the catalyst support carbon 101 , a catalyst 102 such as Pt and so on is supported (see FIG. 4).
  • the expansion rate (swelling rate) used in the present specification is used as an indicator that shows an expansion ratio of the ionomer 100.
  • the expansion rate of 100% represents a volume of two times and the expansion rate of 200% represents a volume of 3 times.
  • the first example as described above is an example of preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • various modifications can be applied as long as the modification does not deviate from the substance of the present invention.
  • the expansion rate (swelling rate) of the ionomer 100 used in the cathode catalyst layer 33 was described.
  • the expansion rate can be properly set also to an ionomer of the anode catalyst layer 32.
  • the expansion rate of the ionomer 100 in the upstream of the anode may be larger than that in the downstream thereof.
  • the present invention can be preferably applied to a fuel cell including an electrode catalyst layer containing an ionomer.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, le taux d'expansion d'un ionomère (100) utilisé dans une couche de catalyseur d'électrode (33) d'une pile à combustible est de 200% ou moins. De préférence, le taux d'expansion du ionomère (100) est de 140% ou plus. En outre, lorsque la couche de catalyseur d'électrode est une couche de catalyseur de cathode (33), le rapport ionomère/carbone de la couche de catalyseur de cathode (33) est, de préférence, dans la plage comprise entre 0,5 et 1,0.
PCT/IB2012/002077 2011-10-18 2012-10-16 Couche de catalyseur d'électrode de pile à combustible Ceased WO2013057563A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2011228716A JP2013089447A (ja) 2011-10-18 2011-10-18 燃料電池の電極触媒層
JP2011-228716 2011-10-18

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WO2013057563A1 true WO2013057563A1 (fr) 2013-04-25
WO2013057563A8 WO2013057563A8 (fr) 2013-08-22

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WO (1) WO2013057563A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10720650B2 (en) 2014-09-25 2020-07-21 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel cell and moving body

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010153093A (ja) 2008-12-24 2010-07-08 Toyota Motor Corp 固体高分子形燃料電池電極及びその製造方法
US20110117472A1 (en) * 2009-11-13 2011-05-19 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Polymer dispersant addition to fuel cell electrode inks for improved manufacturability

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010153093A (ja) 2008-12-24 2010-07-08 Toyota Motor Corp 固体高分子形燃料電池電極及びその製造方法
US20110117472A1 (en) * 2009-11-13 2011-05-19 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Polymer dispersant addition to fuel cell electrode inks for improved manufacturability

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
DUPONT: "DuPont Fuel Cells - Du Pont Nafion PFSA Membranes", 1 January 2009 (2009-01-01), pages 1 - 6, XP055054662, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:www.dupont.com> [retrieved on 20130226] *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10720650B2 (en) 2014-09-25 2020-07-21 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel cell and moving body

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WO2013057563A8 (fr) 2013-08-22

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