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WO2013053580A1 - Corps céramique - Google Patents

Corps céramique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013053580A1
WO2013053580A1 PCT/EP2012/068594 EP2012068594W WO2013053580A1 WO 2013053580 A1 WO2013053580 A1 WO 2013053580A1 EP 2012068594 W EP2012068594 W EP 2012068594W WO 2013053580 A1 WO2013053580 A1 WO 2013053580A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
chromium oxide
ceramic body
coating material
body according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2012/068594
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Domenico Pavone
Ralf Abraham
Tadeusz Von Rymon Lipinski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG
Original Assignee
ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH filed Critical ThyssenKrupp Uhde GmbH
Publication of WO2013053580A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013053580A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
    • C04B41/5025—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with ceramic materials
    • C04B41/5033—Chromium oxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/52—Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
    • C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
    • C04B41/87—Ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
    • C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/89—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/082—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat without intermediate formation of a liquid in the layer
    • C23C24/085—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
    • C23C4/11—Oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/18—After-treatment

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ceramic body and a method for producing the ceramic body.
  • Ceramic body of the type mentioned are known in the art and are disclosed, for example, in DE 10 2007 058 484 AI and occur for example as refractory products.
  • Open porosity makes refractory bricks products susceptible to corrosion as gaseous and liquid corrosive substances can penetrate into their material structure. The penetration of the corrosive substances in the material structure can in turn cause physicochemical reactions that destroy a refractory product z. B. lead due to a material dissolution.
  • the products resulting from the chemical reactions often have other properties, e.g. a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the refractory material itself, which leads to thermal stresses and thus cracking and microcracking. This can lead to flaking in the refractory product, as the crack and microcracks weaken the material structure. Overall, the result is thus an impairment of the long-term stability of the ceramic body.
  • Refractory products containing chromium oxide which is particularly resistant to corrosion, are known in the prior art.
  • chromium oxide-containing ceramic bodies also have open porosities, so that corrosive substances continue to enter the body and can undergo chemical reactions with other substances, which lead to undesirable corrosion or cracking and microcracking.
  • the invention provides that the ceramic body at least on a part of the surface of the body has a single or multilayer coating system, wherein at least one layer in the layer system contains chromium oxide.
  • the core idea of the invention is to provide the ceramic body with a barrier layer which prevents the penetration of corrosive substances.
  • a coating with chromium oxide content has proved to be particularly advantageous.
  • the chromium oxide-containing layer in the layer system leads to the fact that in particular an effective corrosion protection is given. Investigations have shown that the chromium oxide is an effective compound to prevent the penetration of corrosive substances, in particular of gasification slags and gases in the porous ceramic body. This is due to the non-reactive nature of the chromium oxide. Chromium oxide does not enter into any or a very limited chemical reaction with the constituents of the typical liquid or gaseous corrosive substances.
  • the ceramic body according to the invention is thus provided with a barrier layer containing chromium oxide.
  • the at least one layer in the layer system may contain only chromium oxide.
  • the upper limit for the mass fraction of chromium oxide in a layer in the layer system is preferably a mass fraction of not more than 100%, preferably not more than 90%, particularly preferably not more than 50%.
  • chromium oxide in particular chromium metal and / or aluminum oxide have proved to be additional components in the chromium oxide containing layer as advantageous, since in the binary system Cr 2 0 3 -Cr or in the ternary system of Cr 2 0 3 Al 2 0 3 - Forming low-melting and very reactive eutectics that provide a strong bond and effective adhesion of the chromium oxide-containing layer to the ceramic body.
  • the following substances have proved to be useful in the modified chromium oxide-containing layer:
  • Oxides alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), magnesia (MgO), silica (SiO 2 )), calcium oxide (CAO)) and oxidic compounds e.g. B.
  • Phosphorus compounds in particular phosphates and mixtures of these substances.
  • a layer comprises an adhesion promoter, wherein the layer is applied directly on the surface.
  • the adhesion promoter also performs the function of adjusting the thermal expansion coefficients between the ceramic body and the layer system.
  • this layer can also fulfill the function of a diffusion blocker.
  • Phosphorus compounds in particular inorganic phosphates or phosphate mixtures, such as, for example, aluminum phosphate, chromium phosphate or phosphoric acid, have proved to be particularly effective adhesion promoters, since these phosphates or phosphorus compounds can also block the diffusion of gasification slag or gases into the ceramic body.
  • a method for producing a ceramic body in which a coating material containing chromium oxide is applied to the surface of the body or to a single-layer or multi-layered layer system of the body.
  • the chromium dioxide-containing layer is preferred by means of thermal spraying applied.
  • thermal spraying advantageously offers the plasma spraying.
  • chromium oxide or chromium oxide-containing mixture is injected into a plasma jet so that the plasma stream can accelerate the chromium oxide onto the surface of the ceramic body.
  • the plasma spraying process has the advantage that drying and sintering steps can be dispensed with.
  • an advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that after application of the coating material onto the surface or onto the layer system, the coating material is first dried. Drying times of about 24 hours have proven to be the best drying times.
  • the actual application of the coating material can be carried out in a conventional manner, for example by spraying or by brushing the coating material onto the surface or onto the layer system.
  • the sintering of the coating material takes place on the Kermik body in that the coated ceramic body is preferably heated to temperatures in the range of above 1000 ° C. The sintering process preferably lasts> 2 hours.
  • the ceramic bodies according to the invention can be produced with the production method, for example in the form of a stone, for further use.
  • the invention also provides for the use of a coating material les, which contains chromium oxide, for a gasification reactor.
  • a gasification reactor for example, a fluidized bed reactor or a fly-flow reactor into consideration.
  • Fig. 1 shows a cross section of the ceramic body according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section of the ceramic body according to the invention, which is shown in FIG
  • Shape of a wall of a gasification reactor is present and
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section of the ceramic body from FIG. 1.
  • Fig. 1 shows a cross section of the ceramic body according to the invention, which is provided with the reference numeral 1.
  • the ceramic body 1 has six square side surfaces.
  • the present as a refractory stone ceramic body 1 is provided with a layer system 5.
  • the layer system 5 has a layer 6 which is applied directly to the surface 4 of the ceramic body 1 and comprises an adhesion promoter.
  • the adhesion promoter which is present as a phosphate compound, establishes a firm connection between the surface 4 and the layer 6 which adjoins the layer 6.
  • the layer 7 in the layer system 5 contains chromium oxide with a mass number of at most 100%.
  • the ceramic body 1 shown in FIG. 2 is in the form of a reactor wall 3.
  • the gasification reactor has a reactor space 2, which is surrounded by the reactor wall 3 made of refractory stone.
  • the reactor chamber 2 facing surface 4 of the ceramic body 1, d .h. the inner surface of the ceramic body 1, is provided with a multilayer coating system 5.
  • the layer system 5 has a layer 6 which is applied directly to the surface 4 and comprises an adhesion promoter.
  • the adhesion promoter is a phosphorus compound and serves to establish a firm connection between the surface 4 and the layer 6 subsequent layer 7.
  • the layer 7 in the layer system 5 contains chromium oxide with a mass fraction of at most 100%.
  • the layer 7 contains other substances, such as oxides and metals.
  • the layer 6 is first applied to the surface 4 in liquid form. This is followed by a further process step, in which the chromium oxide-containing layer 7 is applied to the not yet dried layer 6.
  • the entire surface 4 of the ceramic body 1 is provided with the layer system 5.
  • the reactor wall can be composed of stones 8 (FIG. 1) whose surface is provided with the chromium oxide-containing coating material by immersion in a slurry. Subsequently, the layer can be dried and baked at temperatures of> 1000 ° C. This process can also be repeated several times. The stoving of the applied chromium oxide-containing coating layer can take place in a firing plant for the production of the ceramic body 1.
  • the layer can be applied to an unfired refractory stone and burned with the stone (once-fire). Alternatively, the layer can already be applied to a fired ceramic body and then baked in an additional fire (Zweimai- fire).
  • the individual stones 8 can then be assembled to form a wall of a gasification reactor.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un corps céramique (1). Pour améliorer sa résistance à la corrosion, le corps céramique (1) selon l'invention comporte sur au moins une partie de sa surface (4) un système stratifié (5) comprenant une ou plusieurs couches, au moins une couche (7) au sein du système stratifié (5) contenant de l'oxyde de chrome.
PCT/EP2012/068594 2011-10-12 2012-09-21 Corps céramique Ceased WO2013053580A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011115759.3A DE102011115759B4 (de) 2011-10-12 2011-10-12 Keramikkörper, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und Verwendung eines Beschichtungsmaterials
DE102011115759.3 2011-10-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013053580A1 true WO2013053580A1 (fr) 2013-04-18

Family

ID=47008536

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2012/068594 Ceased WO2013053580A1 (fr) 2011-10-12 2012-09-21 Corps céramique

Country Status (3)

Country Link
DE (1) DE102011115759B4 (fr)
TW (1) TW201332938A (fr)
WO (1) WO2013053580A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3432849A1 (de) * 1984-09-07 1986-03-20 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Verfahren zum verfestigen von chrom(iii)-oxidpulvern sowie zum haftfesten aufbringen solcher pulver auf keramische substrate
WO1998051127A1 (fr) * 1997-05-06 1998-11-12 Thermoceramix, L.L.C. Revetements resistants obtenus par formation d'un depot
DE102007058484A1 (de) 2007-04-13 2008-10-16 Ralf Stein Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer mehrlagigen Beschichtung auf Werkstücke und/oder Werkstoffe
US20090011920A1 (en) * 2005-03-15 2009-01-08 Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen Gasifier reactor internal coating

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1566371B1 (fr) * 2004-02-18 2008-05-07 KAHLA/Thüringen Porzellan GmbH Pièce à suface modifiée
US8105683B2 (en) * 2007-03-07 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Treated refractory material and methods of making

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3432849A1 (de) * 1984-09-07 1986-03-20 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Verfahren zum verfestigen von chrom(iii)-oxidpulvern sowie zum haftfesten aufbringen solcher pulver auf keramische substrate
WO1998051127A1 (fr) * 1997-05-06 1998-11-12 Thermoceramix, L.L.C. Revetements resistants obtenus par formation d'un depot
US20090011920A1 (en) * 2005-03-15 2009-01-08 Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen Gasifier reactor internal coating
DE102007058484A1 (de) 2007-04-13 2008-10-16 Ralf Stein Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer mehrlagigen Beschichtung auf Werkstücke und/oder Werkstoffe

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
LI J F ET AL: "Crystallographical analysis of surface layers of refractory ceramics formed using combined flame spray and simultaneous laser treatment", JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, BARKING, ESSEX, GB, vol. 24, no. 10-11, 1 September 2004 (2004-09-01), pages 3129 - 3138, XP004504419, ISSN: 0955-2219, DOI: 10.1016/J.JEURCERAMSOC.2003.11.002 *
MARPLE B R ET AL: "Sol infiltration and heat treatment of alumina-chromia plasma-sprayed coatings", JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, BARKING, ESSEX, GB, vol. 21, no. 7, 1 July 2001 (2001-07-01), pages 861 - 868, XP004241912, ISSN: 0955-2219, DOI: 10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00276-4 *
ROUTSCHKA G ET AL: "TASCHENBUCH FEUERFESTE WERKSTOFFE: AUFBAU, EIGENSCHAFTEN, PRÜFUNG, HERSTELLUNG FEUERFESTER WERKSTOFFE; DICHTE GEFORMTE FEUERFESTE ERZEUGNISSE", 31 July 2007, TASCHENBUCH FEUERFESTE WERKSTOFFE: AUFBAU, EIGENSCHAFTEN, PRÜFUNG, VULKAN VERLAG, ESSEN, PAGE(S) 21 - 29,74, ISBN: 978-3-8027-3157-0, XP002666867 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
TW201332938A (zh) 2013-08-16
DE102011115759A1 (de) 2013-04-18
DE102011115759B4 (de) 2015-10-01

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