WO2012108322A1 - 金属微粒子分散複合体及びその製造方法、並びに局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板 - Google Patents
金属微粒子分散複合体及びその製造方法、並びに局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012108322A1 WO2012108322A1 PCT/JP2012/052331 JP2012052331W WO2012108322A1 WO 2012108322 A1 WO2012108322 A1 WO 2012108322A1 JP 2012052331 W JP2012052331 W JP 2012052331W WO 2012108322 A1 WO2012108322 A1 WO 2012108322A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/008—Surface plasmon devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
- G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
- G01N21/554—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons detecting the surface plasmon resonance of nanostructured metals, e.g. localised surface plasmon resonance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/531—Production of immunochemical test materials
- G01N33/532—Production of labelled immunochemicals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249967—Inorganic matrix in void-containing component
- Y10T428/24997—Of metal-containing material
Definitions
- the present invention is composed of a matrix having a three-dimensional network structure and metal fine particles, for example, a metal fine particle dispersed composite that can be used in various devices using localized surface plasmon resonance, a method for producing the same, and a localized type
- the present invention relates to a surface plasmon resonance generating substrate.
- Nanometer-sized fine particles not only have a high geometrical specific surface area, but also exhibit a change in optical properties, a decrease in melting point, high catalytic properties, high magnetic properties, etc. due to quantum size effects. New functions that could not be obtained with bulk materials, such as improved chemical and physical conversion characteristics such as catalytic reactions and luminescent properties, are expected. Electronic materials, catalytic materials, phosphor materials, phosphor materials, pharmaceuticals, etc. It is a very important material in various fields. In particular, metal fine particles with a size of several nanometers to 100 nm have a phenomenon called Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in which electrons in the fine particles interact with light of a specific wavelength to resonate.
- LSPR Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
- the metal fine particles When utilizing the localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon of metal fine particles in a device, it is necessary to fix the metal fine particles to a support from the viewpoints of material handling properties, stability, diversity of application fields, and the like.
- the metal fine particles have different aggregation and dispersion characteristics from those of bulk metals, even if the metal fine particles are dispersed in an aqueous solution or an organic solvent like a colloidal solution, electrostatic fixation is required when fixing to a support. Aggregation occurs due to a decrease in dispersion stabilization due to a repulsive action or the like, and the intensity of localized surface plasmon resonance decreases or disappears.
- a special method is used.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 have been developed for further improvement of the performance of the metal fine particle dispersed composite.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a metal fine particle-dispersed composite in which metal fine particles are monodispersed and immobilized on a glass substrate surface-modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a metal fine particle layer in which metal fine particles are regularly fixed on a substrate made of porous alumina in which fine pores are formed by anodic oxidation.
- Patent Document 1 has a problem in that when the metal fine particles are fixed, the degree of dispersion varies due to a change in the concentration of the metal fine particles, resulting in a large in-plane variation. Furthermore, since it is chemically fixed on the glass substrate, the distribution of the metal fine particles may be non-uniform on the substrate due to the dropping of the metal fine particles.
- Patent Document 2 since the metal fine particles are buried in the hole formed on the alumina surface, the portion of the metal fine particles related to the change of the surrounding medium is small, and the surrounding environment change cannot be sensed sensitively. Furthermore, since the techniques of Patent Documents 1 and 2 fix metal fine particles two-dimensionally, there is a limit to the amount of metal fine particles to be fixed, and it is difficult to further increase the strength of localized surface plasmon resonance. Met. That is, in order to produce the above-mentioned “material with high localized surface plasmon resonance intensity and capable of sensing changes in the environment around the metal fine particles with high sensitivity”, the metal fine particles are not limited to the surface layer portion of the support. A structure distributed uniformly in the thickness direction is also required.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Patent Documents 3 and 4 disclose a composite in which metal fine particles exist three-dimensionally inside a matrix.
- Non-Patent Document 1 porous silica is impregnated with an acid solution of HAuCl 4 or NaCuAl 4 solution, and then reduced by heating in a hydrogen atmosphere to obtain a structure in which metal fine particles are dispersed inside the porous matrix. Is found and proposed.
- Patent Document 3 a structure in which a microporous or mesoporous solid matrix is impregnated with a precursor compound of metal fine particles or metal oxide fine particles and then uniformly dispersed three-dimensionally in the matrix by radiolytic reduction. Produced and proposed.
- Patent Document 4 a metal fine particle covered with a protein such as ferritin or a polymer dendrimer and a raw material for forming a porous body are mixed, and then the nanoparticles are not aggregated by a sol-gel method.
- the present inventors have found and proposed that an organic composite porous material containing three-dimensionally can be obtained.
- Non-Patent Document 1 since the degree of impregnation of the precursor solution of metal fine particles into the porous matrix is small and is in a non-uniform state in the solid matrix, the metal fine particles after reduction in the matrix However, the metal fine particles are basically present in a concentrated state near the surface of the porous matrix.
- Patent Document 3 since the metal fine particles formed in the porous matrix have the same size as the voids of the matrix material, most of the surface of the metal fine particles is in contact with the matrix, that is, The surface of the metal fine particle is considered to be covered with a matrix component, and it is difficult to use the wavelength change of the localized surface plasmon resonance due to the change of the medium around the metal fine particle.
- the metal nanoparticle precursor solution in order to form metal nanoparticles to the deep part of the porous matrix, the metal nanoparticle precursor solution must be impregnated to the deep part of the matrix, but since the pore diameter of the matrix is small, it is just immersed.
- the precursor solution cannot be impregnated deeply only by using only a special apparatus having an impregnation chamber and a pump system is required. Furthermore, since this impregnation step requires vacuum conditions, it takes a long time.
- radiolytic reduction is used to reduce the precursor of the metal fine particles, and a special reducing element such as a ⁇ -ray source, an X-ray source or an accelerated electron source is necessary, and during the reduction
- a special reducing element such as a ⁇ -ray source, an X-ray source or an accelerated electron source is necessary, and during the reduction
- primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, and formate must be added as an oxidizing radical blocking agent.
- Patent Document 4 since the complex porous body containing the formed metal fine particles requires a very complicated process and the surface of the metal fine particles contained is covered with an organic compound, the periphery of the metal fine particles It is difficult to use the wavelength change of the localized surface plasmon resonance due to the change of the medium. According to the patent document, the removal of an organic compound having a function of supporting metal nanoparticles is also described. However, in this case, there is a possibility that the metal fine particles may move or drop out inside the matrix. Furthermore, depending on the type of metal, a metal oxide is generated, and there is a problem that localized surface plasmon resonance possessed by the metal fine particles does not appear.
- metal fine particle-dispersed complex in which metal fine particles are dispersed in a matrix is applied to a device using a localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon possessed by the metal fine particles, the metal fine particles are fixed to the solid skeleton of the matrix. Need to be stabilized. In addition, it is important that at least the intensity of the absorption spectrum is large. In addition, in general, the sharper the absorption spectrum, the higher the sensitivity of detection possible.
- the size of the metal fine particles is controlled within a predetermined range; 2) The shape of the metal fine particles is uniform, 3) The metal fine particles are separated from each other in a state of maintaining a certain particle interval from the adjacent metal fine particles, 4) The volume filling ratio of the metal fine particles to the metal fine particle dispersed composite is controlled within a certain range. 5) The metal fine particles are present from the surface layer portion of the matrix, and are distributed evenly while maintaining a predetermined inter-particle distance in the thickness direction.
- the metal fine particle dispersed composite it is necessary for the metal fine particle dispersed composite to have structural characteristics such as In addition, in order to apply the metal fine particle dispersion composite to a sensor application that senses the wavelength change of localized surface plasmon resonance caused by a change in the external environment of the metal fine particle, the metal fine particle dispersion composite is used as described above. In addition to the characteristics, 6) The metal fine particles are exposed to the external environment, It is necessary to provide structural characteristics such as
- a metal fine particle-dispersed composite that can be suitably used for various devices using localized surface plasmon resonance, and its composite It is to provide a manufacturing method.
- the present inventors have conducted a heat treatment on a mixture of a precursor capable of forming a three-dimensional matrix and a precursor of metal fine particles, thereby producing a three-dimensional network.
- the present inventors have found that a metal fine particle-dispersed composite material produced by a technique of forming a structure matrix and precipitating metal fine particles by reducing the metal fine particle precursor satisfies the above requirements, and completed the present invention. did.
- the metal fine particle-dispersed composite of the present invention comprises a metal fine particle-dispersed composite comprising a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton part, and metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part.
- the solid skeleton contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate and forms a three-dimensional network structure; b) The average particle size of the metal fine particles is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the proportion of the metal fine particles having the particle size in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more; c) The metal fine particles are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal fine particles; d) The metal fine particles have a portion exposed in the void of the matrix layer and exist in a three-dimensionally dispersed state in the matrix layer; It has.
- the metal fine particle dispersed composite of the present invention may have a porosity of 15 to 95%.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles may be in the range of 0.05 to 30% with respect to the metal fine particle dispersed composite.
- the metal fine particles may be Au, Ag, or Cu metal fine particles.
- the metal fine particles may interact with light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more to generate localized surface plasmon resonance.
- a binding chemical species having a functional group that interacts with a specific substance may be further immobilized on the surface of the metal fine particles.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate of the present invention includes any of the above-described metal fine particle dispersion composites and a light reflective member disposed on one side of the metal fine particle dispersion composite.
- the metal fine particle dispersed composite has a first surface that receives light emitted from a light source, and a second surface formed on the opposite side of the first surface.
- the light reflective member may be provided in contact with the second surface.
- the light reflecting member may include a light transmitting layer and a metal layer laminated on the light transmitting layer.
- the light reflective member may further include a protective layer covering the metal layer.
- the protective layer may be made of a Ni—Cr alloy.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite according to the first aspect of the present invention includes a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having a void formed by the solid skeleton part, metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part,
- a method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite comprising: The following steps Ia-Id; Ia) preparing a slurry containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate to form a solid framework Ib) A coating liquid is prepared by mixing the slurry and a metal compound as a raw material of metal fine particles so that the metal element is in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- the step of preparing, Ic) A step of applying the coating solution onto a substrate and drying to form a coating film; Id) Heat-treating the coating film to form a solid skeleton portion having a three-dimensional network structure from the coating film and a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton portion, and the metal compound A step of precipitating particulate metal that becomes metal fine particles by heating and reducing the metal ions of It has.
- it may further include Ie) a step of fixing a binding chemical species having a functional group that interacts with a specific substance on the surface of the metal fine particles.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite according to the second aspect of the present invention includes a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having a void formed by the solid skeleton part, metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part,
- a method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite comprising: The following steps IIa-IId; IIa) preparing a slurry containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate to form a solid framework, IIb) The slurry is applied on a substrate, dried, and then heat-treated to form a solid skeleton portion having a three-dimensional network structure and a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton portion.
- the process of IIc) The matrix layer is impregnated with a solution containing metal ions as a raw material for the metal fine particles so that the solid content of the slurry is 100 parts by weight as a metal element in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight.
- a heat treatment is performed to reduce the metal ions and deposit particulate metal that becomes metal fine particles, It has.
- it may further include IIe) a step of fixing a binding chemical species having a functional group that interacts with a specific substance on the surface of the metal fine particles.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite according to the third aspect of the present invention includes a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton part, metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part, Is a method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite of the present invention comprises the following steps IIIa to IIId; IIIa) a step of preparing a slurry containing a metal hydroxide or metal oxide as a raw material of the solid skeleton, IIIb) A metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles is mixed with the slurry so that the metal element is in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- the step of preparing, IIIc) A step of applying the coating solution onto a substrate and drying to form a coating film, as well as, IIId) By heat-treating the coating film, a solid skeleton portion having a three-dimensional network structure from the coating film and a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton portion are formed.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite according to the third aspect of the present invention may include adding polyvinyl alcohol in the step of preparing the slurry in Step IIIa, or preparing the coating liquid in Step IIIb. Polyvinyl alcohol may be added.
- the polyvinyl alcohol may be used in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the metal compound.
- the polymerization degree of the polyvinyl alcohol may be within a range of 10 to 5,000.
- the saponification degree of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 30% or more.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite according to the third aspect of the present invention further includes the following step IIIe; IIIe) heating the metal fine particle-dispersed composite at a temperature equal to or higher than the thermal decomposition start temperature of the polyvinyl alcohol; May be provided.
- the metal fine particle dispersion composite in the third aspect of the present invention is produced by any one of the above-described methods for producing a metal fine particle dispersion composite.
- a method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite according to a fourth aspect of the present invention includes a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having a void formed by the solid skeleton part, and metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part. This is a method for producing a fine metal particle dispersed composite.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle dispersed composite of the present invention comprises the following steps IVa to IVd; IVa) a step of preparing a slurry containing a metal hydroxide or metal oxide as a raw material for the solid skeleton, IVb) The slurry is applied on a substrate, dried, and then heat-treated to form a solid skeleton portion having a three-dimensional network structure and a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton portion.
- the matrix layer is impregnated with a solution containing metal ions as a raw material for metal fine particles so that the solid content of the slurry is within a range of 0.2 to 1100 parts by weight as a metal element.
- step IVd After the step IVc, a heat treatment is performed to reduce the metal ions to precipitate a particulate metal that becomes metal fine particles, With Polyvinyl alcohol is blended in the solution containing the metal ions in the step IVc, and the step IVd is performed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol.
- a method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is used within a range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of a metal compound as a raw material for the metal ions. Also good.
- the polymerization degree of the polyvinyl alcohol may be within a range of 10 to 5,000.
- the saponification degree of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 30% or more.
- the method for producing a metal fine particle-dispersed composite according to the fourth aspect of the present invention further includes the following step IVe; IVe) heating the metal fine particle-dispersed composite at a temperature equal to or higher than the thermal decomposition start temperature of the polyvinyl alcohol; May be provided.
- the slurry contains the silane compound in a range of 10 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. It may be.
- the metal fine particle dispersion composite in the fourth aspect of the present invention is produced by any one of the above-described methods for producing a metal fine particle dispersion composite.
- the metal fine particle dispersed composite of the present invention has a three-dimensional network structure in which the matrix has a solid skeleton portion and voids formed by the solid skeleton portion, and the metal fine particles are three-dimensionally dispersed in the matrix. Therefore, the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance can be increased. In addition, since the metal fine particles existing in the matrix are controlled within a predetermined particle diameter range and are dispersed without deviation while maintaining the distance between the particles, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp.
- the characteristic that the resonant wavelength changes according to the change of the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the surrounding medium of the metal fine particles is maximized. It is possible to apply to a device using the characteristics.
- the metal fine particle-dispersed composite of the present invention having the above structural characteristics is not limited to the field using the localized surface plasmon effect, and can be suitably used for, for example, a catalyst or an electrode.
- Application to an electrochemical element using these is possible, and for example, a fuel cell, an air cell, a water electrolysis device, an electric double layer capacitor, a gas sensor, a pollutant gas removal device, and the like can be provided.
- the metal fine particles are homogeneously dispersed without agglomeration, they can be applied to various devices such as optical elements and electronic elements such as light emission and light modulation utilizing the characteristics.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the metal fine particle dispersion composite according to the first embodiment of the present invention includes a solid skeleton part, a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton part, and metal fine particles fixed to the solid skeleton part. It is a metal fine particle dispersed composite.
- This metal fine particle dispersed composite has the following constitutions a to d: a) The solid skeleton contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate and forms a three-dimensional network structure; b) The average particle size of the metal fine particles is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the proportion of the metal fine particles having the particle size in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more; c) The metal fine particles are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal fine particles; d) The metal fine particles have a portion exposed in the void of the matrix layer and exist in a three-dimensionally dispersed state in the matrix layer; It has.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the structure of a matrix layer 1 in a metal fine particle dispersed composite (hereinafter also simply referred to as “nanocomposite”) 10 according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the dispersion state of the metal fine particles 3 in the cross section in the thickness direction of the nanocomposite 10
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the dispersion state of the metal fine particles 3 in the cross section in the plane direction of the nanocomposite 10.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view for explaining the metal fine particles 3.
- the larger metal particles 3 of the particle diameter D L of the adjacent metal fine particles 3 has a particle size of the fine metal particles 3 smaller represents a D S, simply when not distinguished from each other This is expressed as particle diameter D.
- the nanocomposite 10 includes a matrix layer 1 having a solid skeleton 1a and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a, and metal fine particles 3 fixed to the solid skeleton 1a of the matrix layer 1.
- the nanocomposite 10 has the following configurations a to d.
- the solid skeleton 1a contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate and forms a three-dimensional network structure; b) The average particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the proportion of the metal fine particles having the particle size D in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more; c) The metal fine particles 3 are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the particle size D L of the larger particle size D of the adjacent metal fine particles 3; d) The metal fine particle 3 has a portion exposed to the void 1 b of the matrix layer 1 and exists in a three-dimensionally dispersed state in the matrix layer 1.
- the nanocomposite 10 may include a base material (not shown).
- a base material for example, glass, ceramics, silicon wafer, semiconductor, paper, metal, metal alloy, metal oxide, synthetic resin, organic / inorganic composite material, and the like can be used.
- a plate shape, a sheet shape, a thin film shape, a mesh shape, a geometric pattern shape, an uneven shape, a fiber shape, a bellows shape, a multilayer shape, a spherical shape, and the like can be applied.
- the surface of these base materials is subjected to, for example, silane coupling agent treatment, chemical etching treatment, plasma treatment, alkali treatment, acid treatment, ozone treatment, ultraviolet treatment, electrical polishing treatment, polishing treatment with an abrasive, etc. You can also use it.
- the matrix layer 1 has a solid skeleton 1a and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a.
- skeleton part 1a contains the aluminum oxyhydroxide or an alumina hydrate, and forms the three-dimensional network structure.
- the solid skeleton 1a is an aggregate of fine inorganic fillers (or crystals) of a metal oxide containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate, and the inorganic filler is in the form of particles, scales, or plates. , Needle shape, fiber shape, cubic shape and the like.
- Such a three-dimensional network structure by an aggregate of inorganic fillers is obtained by heat-treating a slurry in which a metal oxide inorganic filler containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate is dispersed in a solution.
- a metal oxide inorganic filler containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate is dispersed in a solution.
- the metal oxide containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate is advantageous as a material having heat resistance even when the metal ions to be the metal fine particles 3 are reduced by heating, and from the viewpoint of chemical stability. Is also preferable.
- Various materials such as boehmite (including pseudoboehmite), gibbsite, diaspore, etc. are known as aluminum oxyhydroxide (or alumina hydrate). Is most preferred. Details of boehmite will be described later.
- the porosity of the nanocomposite 10 is preferably in the range of 15 to 95%.
- the porosity of the nanocomposite 10 is the apparent density (bulk density) calculated from the area, thickness, and weight of the nanocomposite 10, the material that forms the solid skeleton 1a of the matrix layer 1, and the intrinsic properties of the metal fine particles 3.
- density true density
- the porosity is less than 15%, the openness to the external environment is lowered, and the utilization efficiency of the metal fine particles 3 may be lowered.
- the porosity exceeds 95%, the abundance ratio of the solid skeleton 1a and the metal fine particles 3 decreases, so that the mechanical strength decreases or the action of the metal fine particles 3 (for example, localized surface plasmon resonance effect). ) May decrease.
- the volume ratio of the metal fine particles 3 to the voids 1b in the nanocomposite 10 is the same as described above, from the viewpoint of efficiently utilizing the high specific surface area and high activity of the metal fine particles 3, and the total capacity of the voids 1b of the nanocomposite 10 On the other hand, it is preferably in the range of 0.08 to 50%.
- the thickness T of the matrix layer 1 varies depending on the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3, but is preferably within a range of 20 nm to 20 ⁇ m, for example, within a range of 20 nm to 10 ⁇ m, in applications using localized surface plasmon resonance. It is more preferable to be within the range.
- the nanocomposite 10 When the nanocomposite 10 is applied to an application using localized surface plasmon resonance, it is possible to use either a localized surface plasmon resonance of a light reflection system or a light transmission system.
- the matrix layer 1 When using the localized surface plasmon resonance of the matrix layer 1, the matrix layer 1 preferably has a light transmitting property in order to cause localized surface plasmon resonance of the metal fine particles 3, and in particular, light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more. It is preferable that the material is transparent.
- the solid skeleton 1a contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate that easily forms a three-dimensional network structure.
- silicon oxide silicon oxide
- aluminum oxide alumina
- titanium oxide vanadium oxide.
- tantalum oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, and the like, and inorganic oxides containing a plurality of types of metal elements may be contained, and these may be used alone or in combination.
- the metal fine particles 3 are obtained by heating and reducing metal ions as precursors.
- the metal fine particles 3 thus obtained for example, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), tin ( Metal species such as Sn), rhodium (Rh), and iridium (Ir) can be used. Further, alloys of these metal species (for example, platinum-cobalt alloy) can also be used.
- gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) are preferably listed as metal species that cause localized surface plasmon resonance by interacting with light having a wavelength in the visible region at 380 nm or more, and particularly gold (Au). Is most desirable because it is hard to be oxidized and has good storage stability.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 may be various shapes such as a sphere, a long sphere, a cube, a truncated tetrahedron, a dihedral pyramid, a regular octahedron, a regular icosahedron, and a regular icosahedron.
- a spherical shape with a sharp absorption spectrum by plasmon resonance is most preferable.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 can be confirmed by observing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average particle diameter of the metal microparticle 3 be an area average diameter when 100 arbitrary metal microparticles 3 are measured.
- the spherical metal fine particles 3 are spheres and metal fine particles close to a sphere, and the ratio of the average major axis to the average minor axis is close to 1 or 1 (preferably 0.8 or more). Furthermore, the relationship between the major axis and the minor axis in each metal fine particle 3 is preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.35, more preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.25.
- the metal fine particle 3 is not a sphere (for example, a regular octahedron)
- the longest length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the long diameter of the metal fine particle 3
- the minimum length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the metal.
- the short diameter of the fine particles 3 the long diameter is further regarded as the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the ratio of the metal fine particles 3 having the particle diameter D in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more.
- the average particle diameter means an average value (median diameter) of the diameters of the metal fine particles 3.
- the average particle diameter is set to 100 nm or less.
- the nanocomposite 10 in which the maximum particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 75 nm or less has a relatively small particle size distribution, so that the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp. Cheap. Therefore, the nanocomposite 10 in which the maximum particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 75 nm or less is not particularly limited, and is a preferred embodiment.
- the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes a sharp peak by reducing the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3. Therefore, in this case as well, it is preferable to control the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 to be small, but the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 is not particularly limited.
- the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed at a distance between particles larger than the particle diameter, for example, by using the metal fine particles 3 as magnetic metal fine particles, it can be used as a magnetic material having excellent characteristics.
- the particle diameter D when the metal fine particles 3 are not spherical is preferably Is 30 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, and still more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the shape of the individual metal fine particles 3 existing in the matrix layer 1 is preferably 80% or more of the whole, more preferably 90%, compared to the shape of the metal fine particles 3 with the others. % Or more of the same shape is preferable, and a relatively same shape is particularly preferable.
- metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm may exist, and such a nanocomposite 10 has no particular problem because it hardly affects the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm are preferably 10 parts by weight or less, more preferably, when the metal fine particles 3 are gold fine particles with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10.
- the amount is preferably 1 part by weight or less.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm can be detected by, for example, an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyzer or an EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analyzer.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- the average particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is at least 3 nm, preferably 10 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 20 nm to 100 nm.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance tends to be small.
- the metal fine particles 3 further generate localized surface plasmon resonance by interacting with light.
- the wavelength range that causes localized surface plasmon resonance varies depending on the particle diameter D, particle shape, metal type, interparticle distance L, refractive index of the matrix layer 1 and the like of the metal fine particles 3, but for example, depending on light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more.
- localized surface plasmon resonance is induced.
- the metal fine particles 3 are not in contact with each other, but at an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal fine particles 3.
- the spacing between adjacent metal fine particles 3 (inter-particle distance) L is larger metal particles 3 having a particle diameter D L or more in the adjacent metal fine particles 3, i.e., an L ⁇ D L.
- the interparticle distance L between the metal fine particles 3 is equal to or greater than the particle diameter DL of the larger metal fine particle 3. Therefore, the localized surface plasmon resonance characteristic of the metal fine particles 3 can be efficiently expressed.
- the relationship between the larger particle diameter D L and the smaller particle diameter D S in adjacent metal fine particles 3 may be D L ⁇ D S.
- the metal ions that are the precursors of the metal fine particles 3 are heated and reduced to facilitate thermal diffusion of the deposited metal fine particles 3, and the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal fine particles 3 It is in a state of being dispersed inside the matrix layer 1 with a distance L between particles equal to or greater than DL.
- the interparticle distance L is smaller than the larger particle diameter D L , interference between particles occurs during localized surface plasmon resonance. For example, two adjacent particles appear as one large particle. There is a case where localized surface plasmon resonance occurs in cooperation with, and a sharp absorption spectrum cannot be obtained.
- the upper limit of the interparticle distance L is preferably controlled by the lower limit value of the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3.
- the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally dispersed inside the matrix layer 1. That is, when the cross section in the thickness direction of the matrix layer 1 having a three-dimensional network structure in the nanocomposite 10 and the cross section in the direction orthogonal to the thickness direction (cross section parallel to the surface of the matrix layer 1) are observed, FIG. As shown in FIG. 3, a large number of fine metal particles 3 are scattered in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction with an inter-particle distance L equal to or larger than the particle diameter DL.
- the metal fine particles 3 are single particles interspersed with an interparticle distance L equal to or larger than the particle diameter DL.
- single particle means that each metal fine particle 3 in the matrix layer 1 is present independently, and does not include an aggregate of a plurality of particles (aggregated particles). That is, the single particle does not include aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal fine particles are aggregated by intermolecular force.
- aggregated particles clearly confirm that a plurality of individual metal fine particles gather together to form one aggregate when observed with, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Say things.
- the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10 are also understood as metal fine particles formed by aggregation of metal atoms generated by heat reduction due to their chemical structure. Such metal fine particles are formed by metal bonds of metal atoms. Since it is considered to be formed, it is distinguished from agglomerated particles in which a plurality of particles are aggregated, and is confirmed as one independent metal fine particle 3 when observed with, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). .
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes sharp and stable, and high detection accuracy is obtained.
- the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance becomes broad or unstable, and when used in a device such as a sensor, high detection accuracy is obtained. It becomes difficult to obtain.
- the aggregated particles or the particles dispersed at the inter-particle distance L equal to or smaller than the particle diameter D L exceeds 10%, the control of the particle diameter D becomes extremely difficult.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix layer 1 is preferably 0.05 to 30% with respect to the nanocomposite 10.
- the “volume fraction” is a value indicating the total volume of the metal fine particles 3 per unit volume of the nanocomposite 10 (including the void 1b) as a percentage. If the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 is less than 0.05%, the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes considerably small. Even if the thickness of the nanocomposite 10 is increased, the effect of the present invention is not affected. It is difficult to obtain.
- the metal fine particle 3 has a portion exposed to the void 1b of the matrix layer 1, and is three-dimensionally dispersed in the matrix layer 1.
- the metal fine particles 3 are efficiently arranged three-dimensionally with a high specific surface area, the utilization efficiency of the metal fine particles 3 can be increased.
- the metal fine particles 3 can fully utilize the characteristic that the wavelength of resonance changes in accordance with the change in the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the surrounding medium of the metal fine particles 3.
- Such a structural feature of the nanocomposite 10 is optimal for use in applications where the nanocomposite 10 utilizes localized surface plasmon resonance, such as a condensation sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, a biosensor, and a chemical sensor. It is supposed to be.
- the metal fine particles 3 existing in the matrix layer 1 may appear to overlap each other due to the transmitted electron beam.
- the metal fine particles 3 are in a state where a certain distance or more is maintained, and are dispersed as completely independent single particles.
- the metal fine particles 3 contain aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate and are physically or chemically fixed by the three-dimensional network solid skeleton 1a. Since the aggregation and dropping of the metal fine particles 3 can be prevented, the long-term storage stability is excellent, and the aggregation and dropping of the metal fine particles 3 are suppressed even when the nanocomposite 10 is repeatedly used.
- the solid skeleton 1a contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate, the aggregation of the metal fine particles 3 is not observed even during long-term storage at room temperature.
- the skeleton-containing solid skeleton 1a is considered to have a high effect of chemically immobilizing the metal fine particles 3.
- the nanocomposite 10 of the present embodiment having the above configuration is three-dimensionally biased in a state in which the metal fine particles 3 maintain a certain inter-particle distance L in the matrix layer 1 having a three-dimensional network structure. It has a dispersed form. Therefore, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp, very stable, and excellent in reproducibility and reliability. Furthermore, most of the surfaces of the metal fine particles 3 are exposed in the voids 1b communicating with the external space in the matrix layer 1, so that the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the surrounding medium of the metal fine particles 3 included in the metal fine particles 3 is increased. It is possible to sufficiently develop the characteristic that the wavelength of resonance changes according to the change.
- the nanocomposite 10 is suitable for various sensing devices such as a biosensor, a chemical sensor, a humidity sensor, a dew condensation sensor, and a gas sensor.
- a sensing device By using the nanocomposite 10 as a sensing device, high-precision detection can be performed with a simple configuration.
- the nanocomposite 10 includes, for example, a catalyst filter, a fuel cell, an air cell, a water electrolysis device, an electric double layer capacitor, a pollutant gas removal device, an optical recording / reproducing device, an optical information processing device, an energy enhancement device, a high-sensitivity photo It can also be applied to various devices such as diode devices.
- the method for producing the nanocomposite 10 can be broadly divided into a method (I) in which the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed in the process of forming the matrix layer 1 and a method (II) in which the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed in the previously formed matrix layer 1. There is. From the viewpoint that the number of manufacturing steps of the nanocomposite 10 can be reduced, the method (I) is preferable.
- the method (I) includes the following steps Ia) to Id).
- the method (II) includes the following steps IIa) to IId).
- IIa) a step of preparing a slurry containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate for forming the solid skeleton 1a
- IIb) A matrix provided with a solid skeleton 1a having a three-dimensional network structure and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a by applying the slurry onto a substrate, drying, and then heat-treating the slurry.
- Forming layer 1; IIc) A solution containing metal ions as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix layer 1 so that the metal element is in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- IId) A step of depositing a particulate metal to be the metal fine particles 3 by reducing the metal ions by heat treatment after the step IIc.
- boehmite powder containing aluminum oxyhydroxide (or alumina hydrate) can be suitably used.
- boehmite manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd. ( Product name), Dispersal HP15 (product name) manufactured by CNDEA, VERSAL (TM) ALUMINA (product name) manufactured by Union Showa Co., Ltd., Cerasur (product name) manufactured by Kawai Lime Industry Co., Ltd., Sakai Industrial Co., Ltd.
- CAM9010 (trade name) manufactured by company, Alumina sol 520 (trade name) manufactured by Nissan Chemical Co., Ltd., Alumina sol-10A (trade name) manufactured by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., SECO boehmite alumina manufactured by Seiko International Co., Ltd. ) Etc. can be used.
- Boehmite used in an embodiment of the present invention means fine particles having high crystallinity of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) or alumina hydrate (Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O).
- Pseudo boehmite means fine particles having low crystallinity of boehmite, and all are described as boehmite in a broad sense without distinction.
- This boehmite powder can be produced by a known method such as an aluminum salt neutralization method or an aluminum alkoxide hydrolysis method, is insoluble in water, and has organic solvent resistance, acid resistance and alkali resistance.
- boehmite powder slurry can be easily prepared.
- the boehmite powder those having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 2 ⁇ m having a particle shape such as a cubic shape, a needle shape, a rhomboid plate shape and an intermediate shape thereof, and a wrinkled sheet can be preferably used.
- the solid skeleton 1a can be formed by bonding end faces or surfaces, and the solid skeleton 1a can form a three-dimensional network structure.
- the average particle size of the boehmite powder here is a value calculated by a laser diffraction method.
- the slurry containing boehmite powder is prepared by mixing boehmite powder and a polar solvent such as water or alcohol and then adjusting the mixed solution to be acidic.
- a metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 is added to this slurry and mixed uniformly to prepare a coating solution.
- the slurry is prepared by dispersing boehmite powder in a solvent such as water or a polar organic solvent.
- the boehmite powder to be used is preferably in the range of 5 to 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solvent. It is preferable to prepare it in the range of 10 to 25 parts by weight.
- the solvent used include water, methanol, ethanol, glycerin, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the like. Two or more of these solvents can be used in combination.
- the mixed solution is desirably subjected to a dispersion treatment in order to improve the dispersibility of the boehmite powder.
- the dispersion treatment can be performed by, for example, a method of stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes or more, a method using ultrasonic waves, or the like.
- PH Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5 or less as necessary so that the boehmite powder can be uniformly dispersed.
- the pH adjuster for example, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, Add organic acids such as isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, pimelic acid and suberic acid, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid, and salts thereof as appropriate. Good. In addition, you may use a pH adjuster individually or in mixture of multiple. By adding the pH adjuster, the particle size distribution of the boehmite powder may change as compared with the case where the pH adjuster is not added, but there is no particular
- a metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 is further added to the slurry prepared as described above to obtain a coating solution.
- the amount of the metal compound to be added is in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight as a metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- the viscosity of the coating solution may increase. In this case, it is desirable to adjust the viscosity to an optimum by appropriately adding the above solvent.
- the metal compound contained in the coating solution prepared by the method (I) or the metal compound contained in the solution containing the metal ion prepared by the method (II) can be used without particular limitation.
- a salt of the metal, an organic carbonyl complex, or the like can be used as the metal compound.
- the metal salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate, oxalate, and citrate.
- organic carbonyl compound capable of forming an organic carbonyl complex with the above metal species examples include ⁇ -diketones such as acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane, and ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetoacetate. it can.
- the metal compound include H [AuCl 4 ], Na [AuCl 4 ], AuI, AuCl, AuCl 3 , AuBr 3 , NH 4 [AuCl 4 ] ⁇ n 2 H 2 O, Ag (CH 3 COO), AgCl , AgClO 4, Ag 2 CO 3 , AgI, Ag 2 SO 4, AgNO 3, Ni (CH 3 COO) 2, Cu (CH 3 COO) 2, CuSO 4, CuSO 4, CuSO 4, CuCl 2, CuSO 4, CuBr 2 , Cu (NH 4 ) 2 Cl 4 , CuI, Cu (NO 3 ) 2 , Cu (CH 3 COCH 2 COCH 3 ) 2 , CoCl 2 , CoCO 3 , CoSO 4 , Co (NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 , NiCO 3, NiCl 2, NiBr 2, Ni (NO 3) 2, NiC 2 O 4, Ni (H 2 PO 2) 2, Ni (CH 3 C CH 2 COCH 3) 2, Pd (CH 3 COO)
- a binder component can be blended as necessary for the purpose of improving the strength, transparency, glossiness and the like of the matrix layer 1.
- Suitable binder components that can be used in combination with aluminum oxyhydroxide include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol or a modified product thereof, cellulose derivatives such as gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, and hydroxyethylcellulose, SBR latex, NBR latex, functional group Modified polymer latex, vinyl copolymer latex such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, water-soluble cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin or modified product thereof, starch or modified product thereof, casein or modified product thereof, maleic anhydride or modified product thereof Copolymer, acrylate copolymer, polyacrylic acid and its copolymer, polyamic acid (polyimide precursor), tetraethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3 Aminopropyltrimeth
- binder components can be used alone or in combination. These binder components can be appropriately blended regardless of the presence or absence of a metal compound, and the blending amount is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. Preferably it is in the range of 4 to 20 parts by weight.
- the above-mentioned slurry and coating liquid may contain a dispersant, a thickener, a lubricant, a fluidity modifier, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, a water-resistant agent, a mold release agent, a fluorescent enhancer as necessary. It is also possible to add a whitening agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant and the like within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- the method for applying a coating solution containing a metal compound or a slurry not containing a metal compound is not particularly limited.
- a lip coater, knife coater, comma coater, blade coater, air knife coater, roll coater, curtain coater It can be applied by a bar coater, gravure coater, die coater, spin coater, spray or the like.
- the base material used for coating when the nanocomposite 10 is peeled off from the base material and used for a sensor or the like, or when the base material is attached to the nanocomposite 10, localized surface plasmon resonance of a light reflection system is used. There are no particular restrictions on the case.
- the base material is preferably light-transmitting, for example, a glass substrate or a transparent synthetic resin substrate. Etc. can be used.
- the transparent synthetic resin include polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and for example, the drying may be performed under a temperature condition in the range of 60 to 150 ° C. and for a time in the range of 1 to 60 minutes, but preferably in the range of 70 to 130 ° C. It is preferable to perform drying under temperature conditions within the range.
- the matrix After applying a coating solution containing a metal compound or a slurry not containing a metal compound and drying, the matrix is preferably subjected to heat treatment within a range of 150 to 450 ° C., more preferably within a range of 170 to 400 ° C. Layer 1 is formed. If the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C., the three-dimensional network structure of the matrix layer 1 may not be sufficiently formed. If the heat treatment temperature exceeds 450 ° C., for example, Au or Ag is used as the material of the metal fine particles 3. Is used, the fine metal particles 3 are melted and the formed particle diameter D is increased, so that it is difficult to obtain a sufficient localized surface plasmon resonance effect.
- the formation of the matrix layer 1 and the formation and dispersion of the metal fine particles 3 by reduction of metal ions can be simultaneously performed in one heating step.
- the method (II) after the matrix layer 1 is formed, it is impregnated with a solution containing metal ions, and further heated to form and disperse the metal fine particles 3 by reduction of the metal ions.
- the metal ion-containing solution used in the above method (II) preferably contains a metal ion in the range of 1 to 20% by weight as a metal element.
- the metal element can be within the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- the impregnation method in the above method (II) is not particularly limited as long as it is a method in which a solution containing metal ions can contact at least the surface of the formed matrix layer 1, and a known method is used. For example, a dipping method, a spray method, a brush coating method, a printing method, or the like can be used.
- the impregnation temperature may be 0 to 100 ° C., preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- it is desirable to immerse for example for 5 seconds or more.
- the reduction of the metal ions and the dispersion of the precipitated fine metal particles 3 are preferably performed by heat treatment in the range of 150 to 450 ° C., more preferably in the range of 170 to 400 ° C.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C.
- metal ions are not sufficiently reduced, and it may be difficult to make the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 equal to or more than the above lower limit (3 nm).
- the thermal diffusion in the matrix layer 1 of the metal fine particles 3 precipitated by the reduction may not occur sufficiently.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by the heating temperature and heating time in the reduction step, the content of metal ions contained in the matrix layer 1 and the like.
- the inventors say that when the heating temperature and heating time in the heat reduction are constant and the absolute amount of metal ions contained in the matrix layer 1 is different, the particle diameter D of the deposited metal fine particles 3 is different. I had knowledge. Also, when performing heating reduction without control of the heating temperature and the heating time was also obtained knowledge that it may be smaller than the larger particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 adjacent inter-particle distance L .
- the heat treatment in the reduction process can be performed in a plurality of steps.
- the interparticle distance control process of holding until the distance L becomes a predetermined range can be performed.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled more precisely by adjusting the first and second heating temperatures and the heating time.
- the reason why heat reduction is adopted as the reduction method is that the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled relatively easily by controlling the reduction treatment conditions (particularly the heating temperature and the heating time), and from the lab scale to the production scale.
- the heat reduction can be performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 , in a vacuum of 1 to 5 KPa, or in the air, and gas phase reduction using a reducing gas such as hydrogen can also be used. Is possible.
- the metal ions present in the matrix layer 1 can be reduced, and the individual metal fine particles 3 can be deposited independently by thermal diffusion.
- the metal fine particles 3 formed in this manner are in a state in which the inter-particle distance L is not less than a certain level and are substantially uniform in shape, and the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally dispersed in the matrix layer 1 without unevenness.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and the matrix layer 1 are controlled by controlling the structural unit of the inorganic oxide constituting the matrix layer 1 or by controlling the absolute amount of metal ions and the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3. It is also possible to control the distribution state of the metal fine particles 3 therein.
- the nanocomposite 10 can be manufactured as described above. In addition, also when using inorganic oxides other than boehmite as the matrix layer 1, it can manufacture according to the said manufacturing method.
- the binding chemical species 11 can be fixed to the surface of the metal fine particle 3 as shown in, for example, an enlarged view in FIG.
- the binding chemical species 11 is defined as a substance having, for example, a functional group X that can bind to the metal fine particles 3 and a functional group Y that interacts with a specific substance such as a detection target molecule. it can.
- the binding chemical species 11 is not limited to a single molecule, but also includes a substance such as a complex composed of two or more components.
- the bonding chemical species 11 is fixed on the surface of the metal fine particle 3 by bonding with the metal fine particle 3 by the functional group X.
- the bond between the functional group X and the metal fine particle 3 means, for example, a chemical bond, a physical bond such as adsorption, or the like.
- the interaction between the functional group Y and a specific substance means, for example, a physical bond such as a chemical bond or adsorption, and a partial or total change (modification or desorption) of the functional group Y. .
- the functional group X possessed by the bonding chemical species 11 is a functional group that can be immobilized on the surface of the metal fine particle 3, and may be a functional group that is immobilized by chemical bonding with the surface of the metal fine particle 3, or may be immobilized by adsorption. It may be a functional group obtained.
- Examples of such a functional group X include —SH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 X (where X is a halogen atom), —COOH, —Si (OCH 3 ) 3 , —Si (OC 2 H 5 ) 3 And monovalent groups such as —SiCl 3 and —SCOCH 3 , and divalent groups such as —S 2 — and —S 4 —.
- those containing a sulfur atom such as a mercapto group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group and the like are preferable.
- the functional group Y possessed by the binding chemical species 11 is removed by a substituent capable of binding to an inorganic compound such as a metal or metal oxide, or an organic compound such as DNA or protein, for example, an acid or an alkali.
- an inorganic compound such as a metal or metal oxide, or an organic compound such as DNA or protein, for example, an acid or an alkali.
- Examples include a leaving group that can be separated.
- Examples of the functional group Y capable of such interaction include —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 3 X (where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and X is a halogen atom).
- binding species 11 include 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol, 2-amino-5 Trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 5-amino-2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 4-amino-6-mercaptopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine, 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole, 2-amino-4-phenyl-5-tetradecylthiazole, 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole, 4 -Amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, 2-amino-6- (methylsulfonyl) benzothiazole, 2 Amino-4-methylthiazole, 2-amino-5-methylthi
- the space between the functional group X and the functional group Y is an atom selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, and a nitrogen atom. It may have a linear, branched, or cyclic chemical structure having a number of 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 15, more preferably 2 to 10, and may be a single molecular species. It may be designed using two or more molecular species.
- the thickness of the monomolecular film (or monomolecular layer) formed by the binding chemical species 11 is about 1.3 nm to 3 nm.
- the binding chemical species 11 having an alkane chain having 11 to 20 carbon atoms as a molecular skeleton is preferable.
- the monomolecular film (or monomolecular layer) is formed so that the long alkane chain extends almost perpendicularly from the surface by the functional group X, and the monomolecular film is formed. It is considered that the surface of the film (or monomolecular layer) can be filled with the functional group Y.
- a known thiol compound applied as a reagent for forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) can be suitably used.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram when the nanocomposite 10A is used for an affinity sensor.
- a nanocomposite 10A having a structure in which a binding chemical species 11 (ligand) is bonded to an exposed portion of the metal fine particle 3 fixed to the solid skeleton 1a (a portion exposed to the void 1b) is prepared.
- the sample containing the analyte 13 and the non-detection target substance 15 is brought into contact with the nanocomposite 10 ⁇ / b> A in which the binding chemical species 11 is bonded to the metal fine particles 3.
- the binding species 11 Since the binding species 11 has a specific binding property to the analyte 13, specific contact occurs between the analyte 13 and the binding species 11 by contact.
- the non-detection target substance 15 having no specific binding property to the chemical binding species 11 does not bind to the binding chemical species 11.
- the nanocomposite 10A in which the analyte 13 is bonded through the bonding chemical species 11 is compared with the nanocomposite 10A in which the analyte 13 is not bonded and only the bonding chemical species 11 is bonded.
- Absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance changes. That is, the color development changes.
- the analyte 13 in the sample can be detected with high sensitivity by measuring the change in the absorption spectrum of the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- Affinity sensors that use localized surface plasmon resonance do not require the use of labeling substances, and can be used in a wide range of fields such as biosensors, gas sensors, and chemical sensors as a sensing
- the manufacturing method of the nanocomposite 10A of the modification of 1st Embodiment is demonstrated.
- the manufacturing method of the nanocomposite 10A can be performed by the method (I ′) according to the method (I) and the method (II ′) according to the method (II).
- the method (I ′) includes the following steps Ia) to Ie).
- Id) By heat-treating the coating film a matrix layer 1 having a solid skeleton 1a having a three-dimensional network structure and a void 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a is formed from the coating film.
- the method (II ′) includes the following steps IIa) to IIe).
- Forming layer 1; IIc) A solution containing metal ions as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix layer 1 so as to be in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight as a metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- Steps Ia) to Id) in the method (I ′) and steps IIa) to IId) in the method (II ′) are the same as those described in the method (I) and the method (II). Therefore, the description is omitted.
- Steps Ie) and IIe) are steps for immobilizing the binding chemical species to obtain the nanocomposite 10A by further adding the binding chemical species 11 to the metal fine particles 3 of the nanocomposite 10, and can be performed as follows.
- Binding species immobilization process In the step of immobilizing the bonding chemical species 11, the bonding chemical species 11 is fixed to the surface of the exposed portion of the metal fine particles 3.
- the step of immobilizing the bonding chemical species 11 can be performed by bringing the bonding chemical species 11 into contact with the surface of the exposed portion of the metal fine particles 3.
- Solvents that dissolve the binding species 11 include water, hydrocarbon alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, tert-butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol and the like.
- Hydrocarbon ketones having 3 to 6 carbon atoms such as acetone, propanone, methyl ethyl ketone, pentanone, hexanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc.
- hydrocarbon ethers having 4 to 12 carbon atoms such as diethyl ether, ethylene, etc.
- Glycol dimethyl ether diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, etc., hydrocarbon esters having 3 to 7 carbon atoms such as acetic acid Cyl amides such as til, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, diethyl malonate, etc., for example, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetramethylurea, hexamethylphosphate triamide, etc.
- 2 sulfoxide compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.
- halogen-containing compounds having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as chloromethane, bromomethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dichlorobutane , Trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene and the like
- hydrocarbon compounds having 4 to 8 carbon atoms such as butane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. can be used, but are not limited thereto. Is not to be done.
- the concentration of the binding chemical species 11 in the treatment liquid is preferably, for example, 0.0001 to 1 M (mol / L).
- the amount is more preferably 0.005 to 0.05M.
- the treatment liquid and the surface of the exposed portion of the metal fine particles 3 may be in contact with each other, and the method is not limited, but it is preferable to uniformly contact them.
- the nanocomposite 10 having the metal fine particles 3 may be immersed in the treatment liquid, or the treatment liquid may be sprayed onto the exposed portions of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposite 10 by spraying or the like.
- the temperature of the treatment liquid at this time is not particularly limited, and can be carried out at a temperature in the range of, for example, ⁇ 20 to 50 ° C.
- the immersion time is preferably set to 1 minute to 24 hours.
- an organic solvent capable of dissolving the bonding chemical species 11 can be used.
- the above exemplified solvent used when dissolving the binding chemical species 11 can be used.
- a method for cleaning the surface of the metal fine particles 3 with an organic solvent in the cleaning step is not limited. For example, it may be immersed in an organic solvent, or may be washed away by spraying with a spray or the like. In this cleaning, the bonding chemical species 11 that are excessively attached to the surface of the metal fine particles 3 are dissolved and removed, but the entire bonding chemical species 11 must not be removed.
- the bonding chemical species 11 is washed away so that the film of the bonding chemical species 11 has a thickness of about a monomolecular film on the surface of the metal fine particles 3.
- a step of washing with water is first provided before the washing step, then the washing step is performed, and then a step of washing with water is further provided.
- the temperature of the organic solvent in the washing step at this time is preferably in the range of 0 to 100 ° C., more preferably 5 to 50 ° C.
- the cleaning time is preferably in the range of 1 to 1000 seconds, more preferably 3 to 600 seconds.
- the amount of the organic solvent used is preferably in the range of 1 to 500 L, more preferably 200 to 400 L, per 1 m 2 of the surface area of the nanocomposite 10.
- the alkaline aqueous solution used at this time preferably has a concentration of 10 to 500 mM (mmol / L) and a temperature of 0 to 50 ° C.
- the immersion time is preferably 5 seconds to 3 minutes.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 according to the present embodiment.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 includes a nanocomposite 10, a light reflective member 20 disposed on one side of the nanocomposite 10, and a protective layer 30 laminated on the light reflective member 20. Yes.
- the nanocomposite 10 ⁇ / b> A can be used instead of the nanocomposite 10.
- the protective layer 30 has an arbitrary configuration.
- the light reflective member 20 includes a light transmission layer 21 and a metal layer 23 laminated on the light transmission layer 21.
- the nanocomposite 10 of the present embodiment includes a first surface (light receiving surface) 10a that receives light emitted from an external light source / light receiving unit 40, and the first surface 10a. And a second surface (back surface) 10b formed on the opposite side.
- the light reflective member 20 is provided so that the light transmission layer 21 is in contact with the second surface 10b.
- the light transmission layer 21 is formed of a material having a property of transmitting light having a wavelength that causes localized surface plasmon resonance (for example, in the range of 300 nm to 900 nm when the metal fine particles 3 are made of gold or silver). can do.
- materials include inorganic transparent substrates such as glass and quartz, transparent conductive films such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide, or polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, Examples thereof include transparent synthetic resins such as ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the metal layer 23 is a thin film of a metal material such as silver, aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, or platinum.
- a metal material such as silver, aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, or platinum.
- aluminum is the most preferable material for the metal layer 23 because it has a high light reflectivity and also has high oxidation resistance and high adhesion to the light transmission layer 21.
- the metal layer 23 can be formed on one surface of the light transmission layer 21 by a method such as sputtering, CVD, vapor deposition, coating, inkjet coating, electroless plating, or electrolytic plating.
- the protective layer 30 has a function of protecting the metal layer 23 by covering it from the outside.
- the protective layer 30 prevents the metal layer 23 from being oxidized by heat treatment performed in the process of producing the nanocomposite 10. Therefore, when the metal layer 23 is a metal species that is not easily oxidized, it is not necessary to provide the protective layer 30.
- the protective layer 30 can be formed of a material having heat resistance or oxidation resistance, a material having a barrier property for suppressing oxygen permeation, or the like. From such a viewpoint, as the material of the protective layer 30, for example, a metal material such as nickel, chromium, or a Ni—Cr alloy, an inorganic material such as glass, or an organic material having high heat resistance such as polyimide or epoxy resin may be used.
- the protective layer 30 can be formed on the surface of the metal layer 23 by a method such as sputtering, CVD, vapor deposition, coating, ink jet coating, electroless plating, or electrolytic plating.
- the thickness of the nanocomposite 10 is preferably in the range of, for example, 30 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of increasing the detection sensitivity of the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the thickness of the light transmission layer 21 is not particularly limited, but may be in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 mm or less, for example.
- the thickness of the metal layer 23 is not particularly limited, but can be in the range of 50 nm to 10 ⁇ m, for example.
- the thickness thereof is preferably in the range of, for example, 100 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less in order to provide the metal layer 23 with a sufficient antioxidant function.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 can generate excellent localized surface plasmon resonance with the above configuration. As schematically shown by the dashed arrows in FIG. 7, a part of the light emitted from the external light source / light receiving unit 40 is reflected on the first surface 10 a of the nanocomposite 10, and the other part is nanoscopic. The light passes through the mesh structure of the composite 10 and is reflected by the metal layer 23 of the light reflective member 20. These reflected lights are detected by a light receiving unit (not shown) of the light source / light receiving unit 40, and the intensity and peak shift of the absorption spectrum due to the localized surface plasmon resonance are measured.
- localized surface plasmon is used in comparison with the method of measuring only the surface reflected light by utilizing the reflected light from the light reflective member 20 in addition to the surface reflected light on the first surface 10a of the nanocomposite 10.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to resonance increases, and the detection sensitivity can be greatly increased.
- the entire apparatus can be miniaturized and the irradiation light necessary for obtaining absorption of localized surface plasmon resonance with the same intensity can be obtained. Since the amount of light can be reduced, high-sensitivity measurement can be realized with low power consumption.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
- the first method is a method of using the light reflective member 20 (which may include the protective layer 30) instead of the base material used in the process of producing the nanocomposite 10.
- the light reflective member 20 which may include the protective layer 30
- the protective layer 30 instead of the base material used in the process of producing the nanocomposite 10.
- a laminate in which the light transmission layer 21, the metal layer 23, and the protective layer 30 are laminated in this order is prepared.
- the solid skeleton portion 1 having the solid skeleton portion 1a and the voids 1b is coated by applying a slurry for forming the solid skeleton portion 1a and then impregnating a solution containing metal ions, followed by heat treatment. Formation and deposition of the metal fine particles 3 can be performed (see FIGS. 1 to 3).
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 can be manufactured in the same process as the manufacture of the nanocomposite 10.
- the metal layer 23 is made of a metal that is easily oxidized by heating
- the protective layer 30 the metal material of the metal layer 23 is oxidized during the heat treatment, and the light reflection function is deteriorated. Can be effectively prevented.
- the nanocomposite 10 and the light reflective member 20 are separately manufactured, and then the nanocomposite 10 is formed into a light transmission layer of the light reflective member 20.
- This is a method of arranging and fixing on the surface of 21.
- the protective layer 30 can be omitted.
- the nanocomposite 10 and the light reflective member 20 may be formed by any means (for example, bonding with an adhesive or pressing) at the peripheral portion of the nanocomposite 10 so as not to affect the occurrence of localized surface plasmon resonance. It can be fixed by bonding).
- the light reflecting member 20 is exemplified by a laminated body in which the light transmitting layer 21 and the metal layer 23 are laminated.
- the light reflecting member 20 may be any member as long as it can reflect light having the above wavelength.
- a mirror-finished metal plate can also be used.
- the nanocomposite 10 and the light reflective member 20 are not necessarily provided in close contact with each other, and the light reflective member 20 may be provided at an arbitrary distance from the nanocomposite 10.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 may be configured to include a light source / light receiving unit 40 as a component.
- the light source / light receiving unit 40 emits light having a wavelength that causes localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanocomposite 10 (for example, within a range of 300 nm to 900 nm when the metal fine particles 3 are made of gold or silver).
- a light source (not shown) that can irradiate and a light receiving part (not shown) that receives the reflected light reflected by the surface of the nanocomposite 10 or the light reflecting member 20 can be provided.
- the light source and the light receiving unit may be provided separately, and are not limited to the case where the light from the light source is incident on the surface of the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 100 (the surface of the nanocomposite 10) perpendicularly.
- the incident light may be incident on the surface at an arbitrary angle, and the reflected light may be received by the light receiving unit.
- FIG. 8 schematically shows the structure of the matrix layer 1 ′ in the metal fine particle dispersed composites (nanocomposites) 10B and 10C according to the present embodiment.
- the nanocomposite 10C is obtained by performing a heat treatment described later on the nanocomposite 10B (see Step IIIe).
- 9 schematically shows the dispersion state of the metal fine particles 3 in the cross section in the thickness direction of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C.
- FIG. 10 shows the state of the metal fine particles 3 in the cross section in the plane direction of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C. The dispersion state is schematically shown.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C of the present embodiment are fixed to a solid skeleton 1a ′ having a solid skeleton 1a ′ and a void 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a ′, and the solid skeleton 1a ′ of the matrix layer 1 ′.
- Metal fine particles 3 are provided.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C preferably have the following configurations a to d.
- the solid skeleton 1a ′ contains a metal hydroxide or metal oxide (for example, aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate) and forms a three-dimensional network structure; b) The average particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the proportion of the metal fine particles having the particle size D in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more; c) The metal fine particles 3 are not in contact with each other, and are present at an interval equal to or larger than the particle size D L of the larger particle size D of the adjacent metal fine particles 3; d) The metal fine particle 3 has a portion exposed to the void 1b of the matrix layer 1 ′ and exists in a three-dimensionally dispersed state in the matrix layer 1 ′.
- a metal hydroxide or metal oxide for example, aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C may include a base material (not shown).
- the base material is the same as that exemplified in the first embodiment.
- the matrix layer 1 ′ has a solid skeleton 1a ′ and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a ′.
- skeleton part 1a ' contains a metal hydroxide or a metal oxide, and forms the three-dimensional network structure.
- the metal hydroxide or metal oxide is aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate will be described as an example.
- the solid skeleton 1a ′ is an aggregate of fine inorganic fillers (or crystals) of metal oxide containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate, and the inorganic filler is particulate, scaly, plate Shape, needle shape, fiber shape, cubic shape and the like.
- Such a three-dimensional network structure by an aggregate of inorganic fillers is obtained by heat-treating a slurry in which a metal oxide inorganic filler containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate is dispersed in a solution. Is preferred.
- the metal oxide containing aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate is advantageous as a material having heat resistance even when the metal ions to be the metal fine particles 3 are reduced by heating, and from the viewpoint of chemical stability. Is also preferable.
- Various materials such as boehmite (including pseudoboehmite), gibbsite, diaspore, etc. are known as aluminum oxyhydroxide (or alumina hydrate). Is most preferred. Details of boehmite will be described later.
- the porosity of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C is preferably in the range of 10 to 95%, and in the range of 15 to 95%. More preferably.
- the porosity of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C is the apparent density (bulk density) calculated from the area, thickness and weight of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C, and the material forming the solid skeleton part 1a ′ of the matrix layer 1 ′ and Using the density (true density) that does not include voids calculated from the specific density and composition ratio of the metal fine particles 3, it can be calculated according to the formula (A) described later. If the porosity is less than 10%, the openness to the external environment is lowered, and the utilization efficiency of the metal fine particles 3 may be lowered.
- the porosity exceeds 95%, the abundance ratio of the solid skeleton 1a ′ and the metal fine particles 3 decreases, so that the mechanical strength decreases and the action by the metal fine particles 3 (for example, localized surface plasmon resonance). Effect) may be reduced.
- the volume ratio of the metal fine particles 3 to the voids 1b in the nanocomposites 10B and 10C is the voids of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C from the viewpoint of efficiently using the high specific surface area and high activity of the metal fine particles 3 as described above. Preferably it is in the range of 0.08 to 50% with respect to the total capacity of 1b.
- the thickness T of the matrix layer 1 ′ varies depending on the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3, but is preferably within a range of 20 nm to 20 ⁇ m, for example, in an application utilizing localized surface plasmon resonance, 30 nm to More preferably, it is within the range of 10 ⁇ m.
- the matrix layer 1 ′ preferably has light transmittance in order to generate localized surface plasmon resonance of the metal fine particles 3, and particularly has a wavelength of 380 nm or more. A material that transmits light of a wavelength is preferable.
- the solid skeleton 1a ′ contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate that easily forms a three-dimensional network structure.
- silicon oxide silicon oxide
- aluminum oxide alumina
- titanium oxide titanium oxide
- oxidation Vanadium tantalum oxide
- iron oxide magnesium oxide
- zirconium oxide zirconium oxide
- inorganic oxides containing a plurality of types of metal elements may be contained, and these may be used alone or in combination.
- Metal fine particles In the nanocomposites 10B and 10C of the present embodiment, from the viewpoint of easy control of the particle diameter D and the inter-particle distance L of the metal fine particles 3, the metal fine particles 3 heat reduce metal ions as precursors thereof. Is preferably obtained.
- the metal fine particles 3 are the same as those exemplified in the first embodiment.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 may be various shapes such as a sphere, a long sphere, a cube, a truncated tetrahedron, a dihedral pyramid, a regular octahedron, a regular icosahedron, and a regular icosahedron.
- a spherical shape with a sharp absorption spectrum by plasmon resonance is most preferable.
- the shape of the metal fine particles 3 can be confirmed by observing with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average particle diameter of the metal microparticle 3 be an area average diameter when 100 arbitrary metal microparticles 3 are measured.
- the spherical metal fine particles 3 are spheres and metal fine particles close to a sphere, and the ratio of the average major axis to the average minor axis is close to 1 or 1 (preferably 0.8 or more). Furthermore, the relationship between the major axis and the minor axis in each metal fine particle 3 is preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.35, more preferably in the range of major axis ⁇ minor axis ⁇ 1.25.
- the metal fine particle 3 is not a sphere (for example, a regular octahedron)
- the longest length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the long diameter of the metal fine particle 3
- the minimum length of the metal fine particle 3 is defined as the metal.
- the short diameter of the fine particles 3 the long diameter is further regarded as the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 is in the range of 3 nm to 100 nm, and the ratio of the metal fine particles 3 having the particle diameter D in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm is 60% or more.
- the average particle diameter means an average value (median diameter) of the diameters of the metal fine particles 3.
- the average particle diameter is set to 100 nm or less.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C in which the maximum particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 75 nm or less have a relatively small particle size distribution, so that the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp. Easy to obtain. Therefore, the nanocomposites 10B and 10C in which the maximum particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 is about 50 to 75 nm or less are not particularly limited and the particle diameter distribution of the metal fine particles 3 is a preferable embodiment.
- the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes a sharp peak by reducing the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3. Therefore, in this case as well, it is preferable to control the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 to be small, but the particle size distribution of the metal fine particles 3 is not particularly limited.
- the metal fine particles 3 are dispersed at a distance between particles larger than the particle diameter D, for example, by using the metal fine particles 3 as magnetic metal fine particles, it can be used as a magnetic material having excellent characteristics.
- the particle diameter D when the metal fine particles 3 are not spherical is preferably Is 75 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, and still more preferably 30 nm or less.
- the shape of the individual metal fine particles 3 present in the matrix layer 1 ′ is preferably 80% or more of the whole, more preferably compared to the shape of the metal fine particles 3. 90% or more of the same shape is preferable, and the relatively same shape is particularly preferable.
- metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm may also be present. Such nanocomposites 10B and 10C are not particularly problematic because they do not easily affect localized surface plasmon resonance. .
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm are preferably 10 parts by weight or less when the metal fine particles 3 are gold fine particles, for example, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposites 10B and 10C. The amount is preferably 1 part by weight or less.
- the metal fine particles 3 having a particle diameter D of less than 1 nm can be detected by, for example, an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyzer or an EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analyzer.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- the average particle size of the metal fine particles 3 is at least 3 nm, preferably 5 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 8 nm to 100 nm.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance tends to be small.
- the metal fine particles 3 preferably further interact with light to generate localized surface plasmon resonance.
- the wavelength range in which localized surface plasmon resonance occurs varies depending on the particle diameter D, particle shape, metal type, interparticle distance L, refractive index of the matrix layer 1 ′, and the like, for example, light having a wavelength of 380 nm or more. It is preferable that the localized surface plasmon resonance is induced by.
- the metal fine particles 3 are not in contact with each other, and the interval between the metal particles 3 adjacent to each other is larger than the larger particle size. Is present. That is, the spacing between adjacent metal fine particles 3 (inter-particle distance) L is larger metal particles 3 having a particle diameter D L or more in the adjacent metal fine particles 3, i.e., an L ⁇ D L. Inter-particle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 is equal to or greater than the particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 of larger (see FIG. 4). Therefore, the localized surface plasmon resonance characteristic of the metal fine particles 3 can be efficiently expressed.
- the relationship between the larger particle diameter D L and the smaller particle diameter D S in adjacent metal fine particles 3 may be D L ⁇ D S.
- the metal ions that are the precursors of the metal fine particles 3 are reduced by heating to facilitate thermal diffusion of the deposited metal fine particles 3, and the larger one of the adjacent metal fine particles 3 It is in a state of being dispersed inside the matrix layer 1 ′ with a distance L between the particles equal to or larger than the particle diameter DL.
- the interparticle distance L is smaller than the larger particle diameter D L , interference between particles occurs during localized surface plasmon resonance. For example, two adjacent particles appear as one large particle.
- the interparticle distance L in the metal fine particles 3 that are dispersed by utilizing thermal diffusion depends on the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and the metal fine particles described later. Therefore, the upper limit of the interparticle distance L is preferably controlled by the lower limit value of the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3.
- the intensity of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance is small. In such a case, the intensity of the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance can be increased by increasing the thickness of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C.
- the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally dispersed inside the matrix layer 1 ′. That is, in the nanocomposites 10B and 10C, when a cross section in the thickness direction of the matrix layer 1 ′ having a three-dimensional network structure and a cross section in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction (cross section parallel to the surface of the matrix layer 1 ′) are observed, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, a state in which a large number of fine metal particles 3 were scattered in the vertical and horizontal directions at a distance L between the particle diameter D L or more particles.
- the metal fine particles 3 are single particles interspersed with an interparticle distance L equal to or larger than the particle diameter DL.
- the “single particle” means that each metal fine particle 3 in the matrix layer 1 ′ exists independently, and does not include an aggregate of a plurality of particles (aggregated particles). That is, the single particle does not include aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal fine particles are aggregated by intermolecular force.
- aggregated particles clearly confirm that a plurality of individual metal fine particles gather together to form one aggregate when observed with, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Say things.
- the metal fine particles 3 in the nanocomposites 10B and 10C are also understood as metal fine particles formed by aggregation of metal atoms generated by heat reduction due to their chemical structure.
- Such metal fine particles are metal atoms of metal atoms. Since it is considered to be formed by bonding, it is distinguished from agglomerated particles in which a plurality of particles are aggregated, and is confirmed as one independent metal fine particle 3 when observed, for example, by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) It is.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance becomes sharp and stable, and high detection accuracy is obtained.
- the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance becomes broad or unstable, and when used in a device such as a sensor, high detection accuracy is obtained. It becomes difficult to obtain.
- the aggregated particles or the particles dispersed at the inter-particle distance L equal to or smaller than the particle diameter D L exceeds 10%, the control of the particle diameter D becomes extremely difficult.
- the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix layer 1 ′ is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 30% with respect to the nanocomposites 10B and 10C.
- the “volume fraction” is a value indicating the total volume of the metal fine particles 3 per unit volume of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C (including the void 1b) as a percentage.
- the metal fine particle 3 has a portion exposed to the void 1b of the matrix layer 1 ′ and is three-dimensionally in the matrix layer 1 ′.
- the metal fine particles 3 are efficiently arranged three-dimensionally with a high specific surface area, the utilization efficiency of the metal fine particles 3 can be increased.
- the metal fine particles 3 can fully utilize the characteristic that the wavelength of resonance changes in accordance with the change in the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the surrounding medium of the metal fine particles 3.
- the structural characteristics of such nanocomposites 10B and 10C are that the nanocomposites 10B and 10C can be used for applications using localized surface plasmon resonance, such as a condensation sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, a biosensor, and a chemical sensor. Application is optimized.
- the metal fine particles 3 existing in the matrix layer 1 ′ may appear to overlap each other due to the transmitted electron beam. is there.
- the metal fine particles 3 are in a state where a certain distance or more is maintained, and are dispersed as completely independent single particles.
- the metal fine particles 3 can be prevented from agglomerating or falling off with the passage of time.
- the solid skeleton 1a ′ contains aluminum oxyhydroxide or alumina hydrate, the aggregation of the metal fine particles 3 is not observed even during long-term storage at room temperature.
- the solid skeleton portion 1a ′ containing alumina hydrate is particularly preferable, and it is considered that the effect of chemically immobilizing the metal fine particles 3 is high.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C of the present embodiment having the above-described configuration are three-dimensional in a state where the metal fine particles 3 maintain a certain inter-particle distance L in the matrix layer 1 ′ having a three-dimensional network structure. In general, it has a dispersed form. Therefore, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp, very stable, and excellent in reproducibility and reliability. Further, most of the surface of the metal fine particle 3 is exposed in the void 1b communicating with the external space in the matrix layer 1 ′, so that the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the surrounding medium of the metal fine particle 3 included in the metal fine particle 3 is included. It is possible to sufficiently develop the characteristic that the wavelength of resonance changes in accordance with the change in the frequency.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C are suitable for various sensing devices such as biosensors, chemical sensors, humidity sensors, dew condensation sensors, and gas sensors.
- various sensing devices such as biosensors, chemical sensors, humidity sensors, dew condensation sensors, and gas sensors.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C are, for example, catalytic filters, fuel cells, air cells, water electrolysis devices, electric double layer capacitors, pollutant gas removal devices, optical recording / reproducing devices, optical information processing devices, energy enhancement devices, high It can be applied to various devices such as a sensitivity photodiode device.
- nanocomposites 10B and 10C can be manufactured, for example, according to the following manufacturing method III and manufacturing method IV.
- the manufacturing method III of the nanocomposite 10B of the present embodiment includes the following steps IIIa to IIId: IIIa) a step of preparing a slurry containing metal hydroxide or metal oxide as a raw material of the solid skeleton, IIIb) A coating solution is prepared by mixing a metal compound as a raw material of metal fine particles with a slurry so that the metal element is in a range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- IIIc A step of applying a coating solution on a substrate and drying to form a coating film, as well as, IIId) By heat-treating the coating film, a solid skeleton portion having a three-dimensional network structure and a matrix layer having voids formed by the solid skeleton portion are formed from the coating film, and the metal of the metal compound A step of precipitating particulate metal to be metal fine particles by heating and reducing ions to obtain a metal fine particle-dispersed composite; And step IIId is carried out in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol.
- a step of preparing a slurry containing metal hydroxide or metal oxide as a raw material of the solid skeleton 1a ′ is typically exemplified. And explain. A commercially available boehmite powder can be suitably used for the solid skeleton portion 1a ′ constituting the matrix layer 1 ′.
- boehmite (trade name) manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., Disperal manufactured by CNDEA HP15 (trade name), VERSAL (TM) ALUMINA (trade name) manufactured by Union Showa Co., Ltd., Cerasur (trade name) manufactured by Kawai Lime Industry Co., Ltd., CAM9010 (trade name) manufactured by Sakai Industry Co., Ltd., Alumina sol 520 (trade name) manufactured by Nissan Chemical Co., Ltd., Alumina sol-10A (trade name) manufactured by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., SECO boehmite alumina (trade name) manufactured by Seiko International Co., Ltd. can be used. is there.
- Boehmite used in an embodiment of the present invention means fine particles having high crystallinity of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) or alumina hydrate (Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O).
- Pseudo boehmite means fine particles having low crystallinity of boehmite, and all are described as boehmite in a broad sense without distinction.
- This boehmite powder can be produced by a known method such as an aluminum salt neutralization method or an aluminum alkoxide hydrolysis method, is insoluble in water, and has organic solvent resistance, acid resistance, and alkali resistance.
- boehmite powder since it can be advantageously used as a component constituting the solid skeleton 1a ′ of the layer 1 ′ and has high dispersibility in an acidic aqueous solution, a slurry of boehmite powder can be easily prepared.
- the boehmite powder those having an average particle diameter of 10 nm to 2 ⁇ m having a particle shape such as a cubic shape, a needle shape, a rhomboid plate shape and an intermediate shape thereof, and a wrinkled sheet can be preferably used.
- a solid skeleton 1a ′ can be formed by bonding end faces or surfaces, and the solid skeleton 1a ′ can form a three-dimensional network structure.
- the average particle size of the boehmite powder here is a value calculated by a laser diffraction method.
- the raw boehmite powder preferably has a primary particle diameter of 200 nm or less and a secondary particle diameter obtained by agglomerating the primary particles within a range of 0.025 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- Dispersion of the metal fine particles 3 can be achieved by using a raw powder of boehmite that is a main component forming the solid skeleton 1a ′ of the matrix layer 1 ′ and having a primary particle size and a secondary particle size within the above ranges. Can be improved.
- the primary particle diameter of boehmite is larger than 200 nm, the voids 1b tend to be too large, and when the secondary particle diameter is smaller than 0.025 ⁇ m, the three-dimensional network structure of the matrix layer 1 ′ is hardly formed. .
- the secondary particle diameter is larger than 2 ⁇ m, the diameter (pore diameter) of the voids 1b of the solid skeleton 1a ′ becomes too large, and the strength may be lowered.
- the slurry containing boehmite powder is prepared by mixing boehmite powder and a polar solvent such as water or alcohol and then adjusting the mixed solution to be acidic.
- a metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 is added to the slurry and mixed uniformly to prepare a coating solution.
- the slurry is prepared by dispersing boehmite powder in a solvent such as water or a polar organic solvent.
- the boehmite powder to be used is preferably in the range of 5 to 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solvent. It is preferable to prepare it in the range of 10 to 25 parts by weight.
- the solvent used include water, methanol, ethanol, glycerin, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the like. Two or more of these solvents can be used in combination.
- the mixed solution is desirably subjected to a dispersion treatment in order to improve the dispersibility of the boehmite powder.
- the dispersion treatment can be performed by, for example, a method of stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes or more, a method using ultrasonic waves, or the like.
- PH Adjust the pH of the mixture to 5 or less as necessary so that the boehmite powder can be uniformly dispersed.
- the pH adjuster for example, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, Add organic acids such as isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, pimelic acid and suberic acid, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid, and salts thereof as appropriate. Good. In addition, you may use a pH adjuster individually or in mixture of multiple. By adding the pH adjuster, the particle size distribution of the boehmite powder may change as compared with the case where the pH adjuster is not added, but there is no particular
- step IIIb The slurry obtained in step IIIa is mixed with a metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 so that the solid content of the slurry is within a range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight as a metal element.
- preparing the coating solution In this step, a metal compound as a raw material for the metal fine particles 3 is further added to the slurry prepared in the step IIIa as described above to obtain a coating solution.
- the amount of the metal compound to be added is in the range of 0.5 to 480 parts by weight as a metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry.
- the viscosity of the coating solution may increase. In this case, it is desirable to adjust the viscosity to an optimum by appropriately adding the above solvent.
- a compound containing the above-described metal species constituting the metal fine particles 3 can be used without particular limitation.
- a salt of the metal, an organic carbonyl complex, or the like can be used.
- the metal salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate, oxalate, and citrate.
- the organic carbonyl compound capable of forming an organic carbonyl complex with the above metal species include ⁇ -diketones such as acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane, and ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetoacetate. it can.
- Preferred specific examples of the metal compound are the same as those described in the first embodiment.
- a binder component can be blended as necessary for the purpose of improving the strength, transparency, glossiness and the like of the matrix layer 1 '.
- Suitable binder components that can be used in combination with aluminum oxyhydroxide include, for example, cellulose derivatives such as gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, SBR latex, NBR latex, functional group-modified polymer latex, ethylene Vinyl copolymer latex such as vinyl acetate copolymer, water-soluble cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin or a modified product thereof, starch or a modified product thereof, casein or a modified product thereof, maleic anhydride or a copolymer thereof, acrylic acid Ester copolymer, polyacrylic acid and its copolymer, polyamic acid (polyimide precursor), tetraethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-amin
- binder components can be used alone or in combination. These binder components can be appropriately blended regardless of the presence or absence of a metal compound, and the blending amount is preferably within the range of 30 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. Preferably it is within the range of 40 to 100 parts by weight.
- the slurry and coating solution prepared in the above step IIIa or IIIb include a dispersant, a thickener, a lubricant, a fluidity modifier, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, water resistance, if necessary. It is also possible to add an agent, a release agent, a fluorescent brightening agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant and the like within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- a base material used for coating when the nanocomposites 10B and 10C are peeled off from the base material and used for a sensor or the like, or the base material is attached to the nanocomposites 10B and 10C, a localized surface plasmon of a light reflection system is used.
- the base material is preferably light-transmitting, for example, a glass substrate, a transparent synthetic resin A substrate or the like can be used.
- the transparent synthetic resin include polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the method for applying the coating solution is not particularly limited, and for example, lip coater, knife coater, comma coater, blade coater, air knife coater, roll coater, curtain coater, bar coater, gravure coater, die coater, spin coater, It can be applied by spraying or the like.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and for example, the drying may be performed under a temperature condition in the range of 60 to 150 ° C. and for a time in the range of 1 to 60 minutes, but preferably in the range of 70 to 130 ° C. It is preferable to perform drying under temperature conditions within the range.
- a matrix layer 1 ′ having a solid skeleton 1a ′ having a three-dimensional network structure and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a ′ is formed from the coating film.
- the formation of the matrix layer 1 'and the formation and dispersion of the metal fine particles 3 by reduction of metal ions can be simultaneously performed in one heating step.
- the coating film is preferably heat-treated at 150 ° C. or higher, more preferably 170 ° C. or higher to form the matrix layer 1 ′.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C., the formation of the three-dimensional network structure of the matrix layer 1 ′ may not occur sufficiently.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature is preferably within a range that does not affect the control of the particle diameter and interparticle distance of the metal fine particles 3 due to decomposition and melting of the metal fine particles 3, and can be set to 600 ° C. or less, for example.
- the particle size of the metal ions formed without enlarging the metal fine particles formed during the heat reduction of the metal ions is increased. D is easy to control.
- the reduction of the metal ions and the dispersion of the precipitated fine metal particles 3 are preferably performed by a heat treatment in the range of 150 to 600 ° C., more preferably in the range of 170 to 550 ° C., and further preferably 200 to 400 ° C. be able to.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C.
- the metal ions are not sufficiently reduced, and it may be difficult to make the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 equal to or more than the above lower limit (3 nm).
- the thermal diffusion of the metal fine particles 3 deposited by the reduction in the matrix layer 1 ′ may not occur sufficiently.
- step IIId is performed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol.
- polyvinyl alcohol By coexisting polyvinyl alcohol together with metal ions during the heat reduction in step IIId, the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be suppressed to be small, and even if the amount of metal ions in the coating film is increased, aggregated particles are generated. Can be prevented.
- polyvinyl alcohol having a large number of —OH groups becomes an electron donor during the heat reduction of metal ions and functions as a reduction aid to promote the reduction of metal ions, there is no polyvinyl alcohol present. It is considered that this is because more metal nuclei are formed and each grows independently to form the metal fine particles 3. Therefore, by adding polyvinyl alcohol as a reducing aid, the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance of nanocomposites 10B and 10C becomes sharp, and high-precision detection is possible when used for various sensing devices. Become.
- Polyvinyl alcohol may be added before the heat treatment of the coating film in Step IIId.
- polyvinyl alcohol in the step of preparing the slurry of Step IIIa or the step of preparing the coating liquid of Step IIIb. Since polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble polymer, it can be easily mixed in the slurry or coating solution by dissolving it in water, for example.
- the degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol used as the reducing aid is, for example, preferably in the range of 10 to 5000, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 3000.
- the molecular weight of polyvinyl alcohol is, for example, preferably in the range of 440 to 220,000, and more preferably in the range of 2200 to 132000.
- polyvinyl alcohol may evaporate earlier than when it acts as a reducing aid during the production of nanocomposites by heating.
- the degree of saponification of polyvinyl alcohol is preferably higher because the —OH group produced by saponification acts on the reduction of metal ions, and is preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- the amount of polyvinyl alcohol necessary for functioning as a metal ion reduction aid is determined according to the compounding amount of the metal compound. Can be determined roughly. For example, three electrons are required to reduce Au ions of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate, and as described above, polyvinyl alcohol can supply two electrons per —OH group. For each gold acid tetrahydrate, 3/2 polyvinyl alcohol —OH groups are required. From this, the usage-amount (calculated weight ratio) of polyvinyl alcohol with respect to a metal compound can be calculated
- the saponification degree of polyvinyl alcohol is 88%, 1 part by weight of the metal compound is added. On the other hand, it is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, and more preferably in the range of 0.15 to 20 parts by weight.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by the heating temperature and heating time in the reduction step, the content of metal ions contained in the matrix layer 1 ′, and the like.
- the heating temperature and heating time in heat reduction are constant and the absolute amount of metal ions contained in the matrix layer 1 ′ is different, the present inventors have different particle diameters D of the metal fine particles 3 to be deposited. I got the knowledge that. Also, when performing heating reduction without control of the heating temperature and the heating time was also obtained knowledge that it may be smaller than the larger particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 adjacent inter-particle distance L .
- the heat treatment in the reduction process can be divided into a plurality of processes.
- the interparticle distance control process of holding until the distance L becomes a predetermined range can be performed.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled more precisely by adjusting the first and second heating temperatures and the heating time.
- the reason why heat reduction is adopted as the reduction method is that the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled relatively easily by controlling the reduction treatment conditions (particularly the heating temperature and the heating time), and from the lab scale to the production scale.
- the heat reduction can be performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 , in a vacuum of 1 to 5 KPa, or in the air, and gas phase reduction using a reducing gas such as hydrogen can also be used. Is possible.
- the metal ions present in the matrix layer 1 ′ can be reduced, and the individual metal fine particles 3 can be deposited independently by thermal diffusion.
- the metal fine particles 3 thus formed have a substantially uniform shape while maintaining a certain inter-particle distance L, and the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally distributed in the matrix layer 1 ′ without unevenness.
- heat reduction is performed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol, reduction of metal ions can be promoted, so that the shape and particle size D of the metal fine particles 3 of the metal fine particles 3 are homogenized and reduced in size, and there are many in the matrix layer 1 ′.
- the nanocomposite 10B in which the metal fine particles 3 are uniformly deposited and dispersed at a substantially uniform inter-particle distance L can be obtained. Further, by controlling the structural unit of the inorganic oxide constituting the matrix layer 1 ′, and controlling the absolute amount of metal ions and the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3, the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and the matrix layer are controlled. The distribution state of the metal fine particles 3 in 1 ′ can also be controlled.
- the manufacturing method of the nanocomposite of the present embodiment can include an optional step in addition to the above steps IIIa to IIId.
- the next step IIIe can be further performed after the step IIId.
- Step IIIe Step of obtaining nanocomposite 10C by heat-treating nanocomposite 10B obtained in step IIId at a temperature equal to or higher than the thermal decomposition start temperature of polyvinyl alcohol:
- the nanocomposite 10B is heated again to thermally decompose and gasify the organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol remaining in the nanocomposite 10B (hereinafter also referred to as “polyvinyl alcohol-derived component”). It can remove and can be set as the nanocomposite 10C.
- polyvinyl alcohol-derived component the organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol remaining in the nanocomposite 10B
- the thermal decomposition start temperature of the polyvinyl alcohol-derived component is about 200 ° C.
- the nanocomposite 10B is decomposed at 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 ° C. or higher, more preferably the polyvinyl alcohol-derived component is almost completely decomposed.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in a temperature range in which the solid skeleton portion 1a ′ and the metal fine particles 3 constituting the nanocomposite 10B are not affected by decomposition or melting, and the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature can be set to 600 ° C. or less, for example. .
- the organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol includes, for example, polyvinyl alcohol not consumed as a reducing aid in Step IIId, for example, polyvinyl alcohol is oxidized during heat treatment (for example, the alcohol portion becomes a ketone).
- Etc. refers to a modified or decomposed product of polyvinyl alcohol whose structure has changed.
- the heat treatment in step IIId and the heat treatment in step IIIe can be performed simultaneously. That is, by performing the heat treatment in one step, the metal ions of the metal compound are heated and reduced to precipitate the particulate metal that becomes the metal fine particles 3, and the polyvinyl alcohol-derived component is thermally decomposed and gasified to be removed.
- the lower limit of the temperature of the heat treatment here is preferably 200 ° C. or higher, more preferably 300 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit of the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 600 ° C. or lower, more preferably 550 ° C. or lower. .
- Production method IV of nanocomposite 10B of the present embodiment includes the following steps IVa) to IVd): IVa) a step of preparing a metal hydroxide or a slurry containing a metal oxide as a raw material of the solid skeleton 1a ′; IVb) A matrix having a solid skeleton portion 1a ′ having a three-dimensional network structure and voids formed by the solid skeleton portion 1a ′ by applying the slurry on a substrate, drying, and then heat-treating the slurry.
- the raw boehmite powder preferably has a primary particle diameter of 200 nm or less and a secondary particle diameter obtained by agglomerating the primary particles within a range of 0.025 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- Dispersion of the metal fine particles 3 can be achieved by using a raw powder of boehmite that is a main component forming the solid skeleton 1a ′ of the matrix layer 1 ′ and having a primary particle size and a secondary particle size within the above ranges. Can be improved.
- the primary particle diameter of boehmite is larger than 200 nm, the voids 1b tend to be too large, and when the secondary particle diameter is smaller than 0.025 ⁇ m, the three-dimensional network structure of the matrix layer 1 ′ is hardly formed. .
- the secondary particle diameter is larger than 2 ⁇ m, the diameter (pore diameter) of the voids 1b of the solid skeleton 1a ′ becomes too large, and the strength may be lowered.
- the slurry containing boehmite powder is prepared by mixing boehmite powder and a polar solvent such as water or alcohol and then adjusting the mixed solution to be acidic.
- the slurry is prepared by dispersing boehmite powder in a solvent such as water or a polar organic solvent.
- the boehmite powder to be used is preferably in the range of 5 to 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solvent. It is preferable to prepare it in the range of 10 to 25 parts by weight.
- the solvent used include water, methanol, ethanol, glycerin, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the like. Two or more of these solvents can be used in combination.
- the mixed solution is desirably subjected to a dispersion treatment in order to improve the dispersibility of the boehmite powder.
- the dispersion treatment can be performed by, for example, a method of stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes or more, a method using ultrasonic waves, or the like.
- the pH adjuster that can be used in this case is the same as that mentioned in Production Method III.
- a binder component can be blended as necessary for the purpose of improving the strength, transparency, glossiness and the like of the matrix layer 1 ′.
- Suitable binder components that can be used in combination with aluminum oxyhydroxide include, for example, cellulose derivatives such as gum arabic, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, SBR latex, NBR latex, functional group-modified polymer latex, ethylene Vinyl copolymer latex such as vinyl acetate copolymer, water-soluble cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin or a modified product thereof, starch or a modified product thereof, casein or a modified product thereof, maleic anhydride or a copolymer thereof, acrylic acid Ester copolymer, polyacrylic acid and its copolymer, polyamic acid (polyimide precursor), tetraethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrieth
- binder components can be used alone or in combination. These binder components can be appropriately blended, and the blending amount is preferably in the range of 30 to 200 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. Within range.
- the amount of the silane compound is preferably in the range of 10 to 200 parts by weight, more preferably in the range of 20 to 100 parts by weight, and still more preferably in the range of 30 to 80 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. It is good to do.
- the pencil hardness of the matrix layer 1 ' can be increased to, for example, 6H or more.
- the matrix layer 1 ′ is impregnated with a solution containing metal ions to perform a reduction treatment.
- the hardness of the matrix layer 1 ′ can be sufficiently increased. That is, by adopting the impregnation method, even if the binder is blended at a high concentration (for example, 30 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry), the surface of the generated metal fine particles may be covered with the binder. There is no. Therefore, a sharp and stable absorption spectrum can be obtained without reducing the effect of localized surface plasmon resonance while improving the strength and durability of the matrix layer 1 ′ by adding a high concentration of binder.
- the slurry prepared in Step IVa contains a dispersant, a thickener, a lubricant, a fluidity modifier, a surfactant, an antifoaming agent, a water-resistant agent, and a release agent as necessary. It is also possible to add a fluorescent brightening agent, an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant and the like within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- the base material is preferably light-transmitting, for example, a glass substrate, a transparent synthetic resin A substrate or the like can be used.
- the transparent synthetic resin include polyimide resin, PET resin, acrylic resin, MS resin, MBS resin, ABS resin, polycarbonate resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, and epoxy resin.
- the method for applying the slurry is not particularly limited.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and for example, the drying may be performed under a temperature condition in the range of 60 to 150 ° C. and for a time in the range of 1 to 60 minutes, but preferably in the range of 70 to 130 ° C. It is preferable to perform drying under temperature conditions within the range.
- the matrix layer 1 ′ is formed by heat-treating the coating film at 150 ° C. or higher, more preferably 170 ° C. or higher.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C., the formation of the three-dimensional network structure of the matrix layer 1 ′ may not occur sufficiently.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature depends on the heat-resistant temperature of the material constituting the matrix layer 1 ′, but can be set to, for example, 600 ° C. or less in order to maintain the voids in the matrix layer 1 ′.
- Impregnation step In this step, the matrix layer 1 ′ prepared in the step IVb as described above is impregnated with metal ions that are the raw material of the metal fine particles 3. In this case, the amount of metal ions is in the range of 0.2 to 1100 parts by weight as a metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry. The amount of metal ions is preferably adjusted as appropriate according to the type of metal element.
- the amount of metal ion is 100% by weight of the solid content of the slurry. Is preferably in the range of 0.6 to 1100 parts by weight.
- the amount of metal ions is less than 0.2 parts by weight as a metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry, the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 decreases and the intensity of the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance
- the thickness of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C is increased, it is difficult to obtain the effect of the present invention.
- the amount of metal ions exceeds 1100 parts by weight as the metal element with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content of the slurry, the volume fraction of the metal fine particles 3 becomes too high, and the interval between the adjacent metal fine particles 3 (particles during the distance L) is, to become narrower than the particle size of the fine metal particles 3 larger in adjacent metal fine particles 3 D L, sharp peaks of the absorption spectrum due to localized surface plasmon resonance is difficult to obtain.
- a compound containing the above metal species constituting the metal fine particles 3 can be used without particular limitation.
- a salt of the metal, an organic carbonyl complex, or the like can be used.
- the metal salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate, oxalate, and citrate.
- the organic carbonyl compound capable of forming an organic carbonyl complex with the above metal species include ⁇ -diketones such as acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane, and ⁇ -ketocarboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetoacetate. it can.
- Preferred specific examples of the metal compound are the same as those described in the first embodiment.
- the impregnation method is not particularly limited as long as the solution containing metal ions can be brought into contact with at least the surface of the formed matrix layer 1 ′, and a known method can be used. , Spraying, brushing or printing can be used.
- the impregnation temperature may be 0 to 100 ° C., preferably 20 to 40 ° C.
- it is desirable to immerse for example for 5 seconds or more.
- a heat treatment is performed to heat and reduce the metal ions to precipitate the particulate metal to be the metal fine particles 3 to obtain the nanocomposite 10B:
- the reduction of the metal ions and the dispersion of the precipitated metal fine particles 3 are preferably carried out by a heat treatment in the range of 150 to 600 ° C., more preferably in the range of 170 to 550 ° C., and still more preferably 200 to 400 ° C. it can.
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C., metal ions are not sufficiently reduced, and it may be difficult to make the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles 3 equal to or more than the above lower limit (3 nm).
- the heat treatment temperature is less than 150 ° C.
- thermal diffusion of the metal fine particles 3 deposited by reduction in the matrix layer 1 ′ may not occur sufficiently.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is high (for example, within a range of 450 to 600 ° C.)
- the metal fine particles formed during the heat reduction of the metal ions are not enlarged, Dispersion can proceed.
- by performing the heat treatment at a temperature of 150 ° C. or higher it is possible to efficiently precipitate and disperse the metal fine particles 3 in the matrix layer 1 ′.
- step IVd is performed in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol.
- polyvinyl alcohol By allowing polyvinyl alcohol to coexist with metal ions during the heating reduction in step IVd, the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 can be suppressed to be small, and even if the amount of metal ions in the matrix layer 1 ′ is increased, the aggregated particles Can be prevented.
- polyvinyl alcohol having a large number of —OH groups becomes an electron donor during the heat reduction of metal ions and functions as a reduction aid to promote the reduction of metal ions, there is no polyvinyl alcohol present. It is considered that this is because more metal nuclei are formed and each grows independently to form the metal fine particles 3. Therefore, by adding polyvinyl alcohol as a reducing aid, the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance of nanocomposites 10B and 10C becomes sharp, and high-precision detection is possible when used for various sensing devices. Become.
- Polyvinyl alcohol may be added before the heat reduction treatment in step IVd.
- polyvinyl alcohol is added at the stage of the solution containing metal ions in the step of impregnating the solution containing metal ions in step IVc. Can do.
- polyvinyl alcohol By adding polyvinyl alcohol to the solution containing the metal ions in step IVc, it is possible to sharpen the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance and improve detection accuracy.
- the reason why the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance can be sharpened by adding polyvinyl alcohol to the solution containing the metal ion in step IVc is not yet clear, but there is a reasonable explanation if it is considered as follows. Is possible.
- polyvinyl alcohol having a large number of —OH groups becomes an electron donor during the heat reduction and functions as a reduction aid to promote the formation of metal nuclei.
- the polyvinyl alcohol is preferably present in the vicinity of the generated metal fine particles. Therefore, the polyvinyl alcohol and the metal ions are preferably in a sufficiently mixed state, and it is advantageous to add the polyvinyl alcohol to the solution containing the metal ions and keep the mixed state.
- the polyvinyl alcohol does not have a function as a binder that reinforces the solid skeleton portion 1a 'of the matrix layer 1'.
- polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble polymer, it can be easily mixed in a solution containing the above metal ions, for example, by dissolving it in water. In addition, after adding polyvinyl alcohol, it is preferable to stir the solution containing the said metal ion uniformly.
- the degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol used as the reducing aid is, for example, preferably in the range of 10 to 5000, and more preferably in the range of 50 to 3000.
- the molecular weight of polyvinyl alcohol is, for example, preferably in the range of 440 to 220,000, and more preferably in the range of 2200 to 132000.
- polyvinyl alcohol may evaporate earlier than when it acts as a reducing aid during the production of nanocomposites by heating.
- the degree of saponification of polyvinyl alcohol is preferably higher because the —OH group produced by saponification acts on the reduction of metal ions, and is preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 50% or more.
- the reduction of metal ions depends on the metal ion content in the matrix layer 1 ′ (the amount of the metal compound in the slurry).
- the amount of polyvinyl alcohol required for functioning as an auxiliary agent can be roughly determined. For example, three electrons are required to reduce Au ions of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate, and as described above, polyvinyl alcohol can supply two electrons per —OH group. For each gold acid tetrahydrate, 3/2 polyvinyl alcohol —OH groups are required. From this, the usage-amount (calculated weight ratio) of polyvinyl alcohol with respect to a metal compound can be calculated
- the metal of the metal ion raw material is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.15 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the compound.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L of the metal fine particles 3 can be controlled by the heating temperature and heating time in the reduction step, the amount of metal ions impregnated in the matrix layer 1 ′, and the like.
- the heating temperature and heating time in heat reduction are constant and the absolute amount of metal ions contained in the matrix layer 1 ′ is different, the present inventors have different particle diameters D of the metal fine particles 3 to be deposited. I got the knowledge that. Also, when performing heating reduction without control of the heating temperature and the heating time was also obtained knowledge that it may be smaller than the larger particle diameter D L of the metal fine particles 3 adjacent inter-particle distance L .
- the heat treatment in the reduction process can be divided into a plurality of processes.
- the interparticle distance control process of holding until the distance L becomes a predetermined range can be performed.
- the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled more precisely by adjusting the first and second heating temperatures and the heating time.
- the reason why heat reduction is adopted as the reduction method is that the particle diameter D and the interparticle distance L can be controlled relatively easily by controlling the reduction treatment conditions (particularly the heating temperature and the heating time), and from the lab scale to the production scale.
- the heat reduction can be performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 , in a vacuum of 1 to 5 KPa, or in the air, and gas phase reduction using a reducing gas such as hydrogen can also be used. Is possible.
- the metal ions present in the matrix layer 1 ′ can be reduced, and the individual metal fine particles 3 can be deposited independently by thermal diffusion.
- the metal fine particles 3 thus formed have a substantially uniform shape while maintaining a certain inter-particle distance L, and the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally distributed in the matrix layer 1 ′ without unevenness.
- the reduction of metal ions can be promoted, so that the shape and particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 are homogenized and reduced, and a large number of metal fine particles 3 are contained in the matrix layer 1 ′. Can be obtained by uniformly depositing and dispersing at a substantially uniform inter-particle distance L.
- the particle diameter D of the metal fine particles 3 and the matrix layer are controlled.
- the distribution state of the metal fine particles 3 in 1 ′ can also be controlled.
- the manufacturing method of the nanocomposite of the present embodiment can include an optional step in addition to the above steps IVa to IVd.
- the next step IVe can be further performed after the step IVd.
- the nanocomposite 10B is heated again to thermally decompose and gasify an organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol remaining in the nanocomposite 10B (hereinafter also referred to as “polyvinyl alcohol-derived component”). It can remove and can be set as the nanocomposite 10C.
- polyvinyl alcohol-derived component an organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol remaining in the nanocomposite 10B
- the nanocomposite 10B is decomposed at 200 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 ° C. or higher, more preferably the polyvinyl alcohol-derived component is almost completely decomposed.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in a temperature range in which the solid skeleton portion 1a ′ and the metal fine particles 3 constituting the nanocomposite 10B are not affected by decomposition or melting, and the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature can be set to 600 ° C. or less, for example. .
- the organic substance derived from polyvinyl alcohol includes, for example, polyvinyl alcohol that has not been consumed as a reducing aid in Step IVd.
- polyvinyl alcohol is oxidized during heat treatment (for example, the alcohol portion becomes a ketone).
- Etc. refers to a modified or decomposed product of polyvinyl alcohol whose structure has changed.
- the heat treatment in step IVd and the heat treatment in step IVe can be performed simultaneously. That is, by performing the heat treatment in one step, the metal ions are heated and reduced to precipitate the particulate metal that becomes the metal fine particles 3, and the polyvinyl alcohol-derived component is thermally decomposed and gasified to be removed.
- the lower limit of the temperature of the heat treatment here is preferably 200 ° C. or higher, more preferably 300 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit of the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 600 ° C. or lower, more preferably 550 ° C. or lower. .
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C can be manufactured as described above. In addition, also when using metal hydroxides or metal oxides other than boehmite as matrix layer 1 ', it can manufacture according to the said manufacturing method.
- the polyvinyl alcohol functions as a reduction aid, and the metal The particle diameter of the fine particles 3 can be suppressed small. Moreover, even if the amount of metal ions in the coating film or in the matrix layer 1 is increased, the formation of aggregated particles can be prevented by making polyvinyl alcohol present at the time of heat reduction. Therefore, the absorption spectrum by localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanocomposites 10B and 10C becomes sharp, and high accuracy detection is possible when used for various sensing devices.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C obtained by the method of the present embodiment have a three-dimensional network structure in which the matrix layer 1 ′ has a solid skeleton 1a ′ and voids 1b formed by the solid skeleton 1a ′. Since the metal fine particles 3 are three-dimensionally dispersed in the matrix layer 1 ′, the intensity of the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is large. In addition, since the metal fine particles 3 existing in the matrix layer 1 ′ are controlled within a predetermined particle diameter range and are dispersed evenly while maintaining the distance between the particles, the absorption spectrum by the localized surface plasmon resonance is sharp. It is.
- the metal fine particles 3 are provided with a portion exposed in the void 1b inside the matrix layer 1 ′ having a network structure, the wavelength of resonance according to the change in the dielectric constant (refractive index) of the peripheral medium of the metal fine particles 3 is increased. It is possible to make maximum use of the characteristic of changing, and it is possible to apply it to a device that uses that characteristic.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C having the above structural characteristics are not limited to the field using the localized surface plasmon effect, and can be suitably used for, for example, catalysts and electrodes.
- Application to an electrochemical element using these is possible, and for example, a fuel cell, an air cell, a water electrolysis device, an electric double layer capacitor, a gas sensor, a pollutant gas removal device, and the like can be provided.
- the nanocomposites 10B and 10C are uniformly dispersed without aggregation of the metal fine particles 3, they can be applied to various devices such as optical elements and electronic elements such as light emission and light modulation utilizing the characteristics. Is possible.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles was measured by preparing a cross section of the sample using a microtome (produced by Leica Co., Ltd., Ultra Cut UTC Ultra Microtome), and transmitting a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEOL Co., Ltd., JEM- 2000EX). In addition, since it was difficult to observe the sample produced on the glass substrate by said method, it observed using what was produced on the polyimide film on the same conditions.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles was the area average diameter.
- the porosity of the metal fine particle dispersed composite includes the apparent density (bulk density) calculated from the area, thickness and weight of the metal fine particle dispersed composite, the material forming the solid skeleton part of the matrix layer, and the inherent density of the metal fine particles and Using the density (true density) that does not include voids calculated from the composition ratio, the porosity was calculated according to the following formula (A).
- Example 1-1 6 g of boehmite powder (manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape) 5 g of acetic acid was added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 17 g of ethanol and 1.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate were added, and sonicated for 5 minutes to prepare a gold complex-containing slurry 1-1. The proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 1-1 at this time is 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 1-1 was applied on a glass substrate using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 1-1 (thickness 1.18 ⁇ m) colored red was produced by drying for 10 minutes and further heat treatment at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-1 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-1 were as follows.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 548 nm, a half-value width of 90 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.196 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 574 nm, a half width of 108 nm, and an absorbance of 0.347 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- the peak wavelength change and peak intensity change with respect to the unit refractive index change of the observed absorption peak were 78.2 nm and 0.442, respectively.
- Example 1-2 After preparing the gold complex-containing slurry 1-2 in the same manner as in Example 1-1, the resulting gold complex-containing slurry 1-2 was coated and dried, and further heat-treated to give a red color. A metal-gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 1-2 (thickness 1.83 ⁇ m) was produced. The metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-2 are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals. The characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-2 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-2: 56%, void size: average 9 nm, maximum 120 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 37 nm, minimum particle size: 14 nm, maximum particle size: 61 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 120 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-2: 0.68%, filling rate: 9.06 wt%.
- the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of nanocomposite 1-2 shows an absorption peak with a peak top of 546 nm, a half width of 84 nm, and an absorbance of 0.257 at a wavelength of 600 nm.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 572 nm, a half width of 105 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.517 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 74.9 nm and 0.764, respectively.
- FIG. 11 An image obtained by observing the surface of the nanocomposite 1-2 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is shown in FIG. 11, and an image obtained by observing a cross section of the nanocomposite 1-2 with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is shown in FIG. Indicated. Further, FIG. 13 shows a graph obtained by measuring absorption spectra of the nanocomposite 1-2 with respect to air and water.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Example 1-3 After preparing a gold complex-containing slurry 1-3 in the same manner as in Example 1-1, the resulting gold complex-containing slurry 1-3 was applied and dried, and further heat-treated to give a red color.
- Metallic gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-3 (thickness 0.81 ⁇ m) was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-3 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-3 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-3: 58%, void size: average 5 nm, maximum 18 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 31 nm, minimum particle size: 18 nm, maximum particle size: 73 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, distance between particles Average value: 103 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 1-3: 0.66%, filling rate: 9.06 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 552 nm, a half-value width of 94 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.161 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 582 nm, a half width of 122 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.247 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 89.7 nm and 0.224, respectively.
- Example 1-4 A gold complex-containing slurry in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that 11.25 g was used instead of 1.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate in Example 1-1. After preparing 1-4, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 1-4 is coated and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-4 (thickness of 1. 10 ⁇ m). The proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 1-4 at this time is 90 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-4 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and the larger particles in the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals greater than the diameter.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-4 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-4: 64%, void size: average 6 nm, maximum 20 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 91 nm, minimum particle size: 28 nm, maximum particle size: 167 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 64%, interparticle distance Average value: 114 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-4: 4.5%, filling rate: 47.28 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 1-4 7.0% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 1-4.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 562 nm, a half-value width of 162 nm, and an absorbance of 1.132 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 586 nm, a half width of 216 nm, and an absorbance of 1.215 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 69.2 nm and 0.226, respectively.
- Example 1-5 A gold complex-containing slurry in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that 33.75 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate in Example 1-1 was used instead of 1.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate. After preparing 1-5, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 1-5 was applied and dried, and further subjected to a heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-5 (thickness 0. 60 ⁇ m). The proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 1-5 at this time is 270 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-5 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and the larger particles in the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals greater than the diameter.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-5 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-5: 81%, void size: average 6 nm, maximum 55 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 63 nm, minimum particle size: 26 nm, maximum particle size: 95 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 70 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-5; 5.6%, filling rate: 72.9 wt%.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 540 nm, a half-value width of 114 nm, and an absorbance of 0.351 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 574 nm, a half width of 160 nm, and an absorbance of 0.414 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 101.3 nm and 0.185, respectively.
- Example 1-6 To 6 g of boehmite powder (manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic), 11.5 g of water and 0.5 g of acetic acid was added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 22.6 g of ethanol and 0.60 g of ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane were added and stirred, and then 1.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate was added and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 minutes. A gold complex-containing slurry 1-6 was prepared.
- Example 1-1 the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 1-6 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-6 (thickness) colored in red was obtained. 2.85 ⁇ m) was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-6 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-6 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-6: 58%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 110 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 35 nm, minimum particle size: 12 nm, maximum particle size: 55 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 117 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-6; 0.66%, filling rate: 8.84 wt%.
- the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the nanocomposite metal fine particles of nanocomposite 1-6 showed an absorption peak with a peak top of 543 nm, a half-width of 94 nm, and an absorbance of 0.339 at a wavelength of 600 nm, which was observed in water.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 558 nm, a half width of 100 nm, and an absorbance of 0.456 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 46.5 nm and 0.352, respectively.
- Example 1-7 6 g of boehmite powder (manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape) 5 g of acetic acid was added and sonicated for 5 minutes. An additional 17 g of ethanol was added and sonicated for 5 minutes to prepare slurry 1-7. The obtained slurry 1-7 was applied onto a glass substrate using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Corporation), and then dried at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a spin coater trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Corporation
- the matrix layer 1-7 (thickness 1.55 ⁇ m) was produced by further heat treatment at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes. After the matrix layer 1-7 was immersed in a 2.5% by weight aqueous solution of chloroauric acid / tetrahydrate for 10 minutes, the aqueous solution of chloroauric acid / tetrahydrate was impregnated in the matrix layer 1-7. Then, the excess metal chloroauric acid / tetrahydrate solution was removed by air blowing, and heat treatment was performed at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain red-colored metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 1-7. Produced.
- the ratio of the Au element at this time is about 3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-7 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-7 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-7: 60%, void size: average 6 nm, maximum 16 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 30 nm, minimum particle size: 8 nm, maximum particle size: 52 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 167 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-7; 0.18%, filling rate: 2.79 wt%.
- the absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the nanocomposite metal fine particles of nanocomposite 1-7 shows an absorption peak with a peak top of 540 nm, a half-value width of 85 nm, and an absorbance of 0.102 at a wavelength of 600 nm.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 560 nm, a half width of 99 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.142 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 57.6 nm and 0.115, respectively.
- Example 1-8 Instead of immersing in 2.5 wt% chloroauric acid tetrahydrate aqueous solution in Example 1-7 for 10 min, it was immersed in 10 wt% chloroauric acid tetrahydrate aqueous solution for 10 min. Except for the above, in the same manner as in Example 1-7, a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-8 colored red was produced. The ratio of the Au element at this time is about 11 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite. The metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-8 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- This nanocomposite 1-8 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-8: 60%, void size: average 6 nm, maximum 16 nm. 2) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical, average particle size: 43 nm, minimum particle size: 14 nm, maximum particle size: 65 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 139 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-8; 0.71%, filling rate: 10.29 wt%. 3) Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 1-8; 1.2% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 1-8.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 552 nm, a half width of 96 nm, and an absorbance of 0.295 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 582 nm, a half width of 116 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.523 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 86.5 nm and 0.691, respectively.
- Example 1-9 ⁇ Preparation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Generation Substrate 1-1> 6 g of boehmite powder (manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape) 5 g of acetic acid was added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 17 g of ethanol, 0.6 g of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 1.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate were added, and sonicated for 5 minutes to obtain a gold complex-containing slurry 1-9. Prepared. The proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 1-9 at this time is 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry was formed on the glass surface of a Ni-Cr alloy thin film (thickness 193 nm) / Ag thin film (thickness 233 nm) / transparent glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) and a three-layer substrate (12 cm square).
- 1-9 is applied using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), then dried at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heated at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 1-1 having a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 1-9 (thickness 1.80 ⁇ m) colored red was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 1-9 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 1-9 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 1-9: 58%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 110 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 34 nm, minimum particle size: 12 nm, maximum particle size: 54 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, distance between particles Average value: 117 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 1-9: 0.66%, filling rate: 8.84 wt%.
- the reflection / absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 1-1 has an absorption with a peak top of 565 nm, a half-value width of 157 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.510.
- a peak was observed, and in the absorption spectrum in water, an absorption peak with a peak top of 603 nm, a half width of 204 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.768 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 115.2 nm and 0.782, respectively.
- Example 1-10 ⁇ Preparation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Generation Substrate 1-2> Instead of the Ni-Cr alloy thin film (thickness 193 nm) / Ag thin film (thickness 233 nm) / glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) three-layer substrate (12 cm square), Al thin film (thickness 190 nm) / transparent glass substrate (thickness) 0.7 mm) A localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 1-2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-9, except that a two-layer substrate (12 cm square) was used.
- the reflection / absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by metal gold fine particles on the localized surface plasmon resonance generating substrate 1-2 has an absorption peak with a peak top of 564 nm, a half-value width of 163 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.421.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 594 nm, a half width of 204 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.638 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 90.9 nm and 0.651, respectively.
- Reference Example 1-1 A transparent glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) was used instead of the Ni-Cr alloy thin film (thickness 193 nm) / Ag thin film (thickness 233 nm) / glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) three-layer substrate (12 cm square). Except for the above, a nanocomposite 1-10 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-9. In the reflection / absorption spectrum of localized surface plasmon resonance by the metal gold fine particles of nanocomposite 1-10, an absorption peak with a peak top of 572 nm, a half-value width of 154 nm, and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.079 is observed.
- Production Example 1-1 3 mg of biotin N-succinimidyl powder reagent (manufactured by Dojindo, trade name; Biotin Sulfo-OSu) was added to phosphate buffered saline (150 mM sodium chloride, 7.5 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 2.9 mM A 1 mg / ml biotin solution 1-1 was prepared by dissolving in 3 ml of a mixed aqueous solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
- phosphate buffered saline 150 mM sodium chloride, 7.5 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 2.9 mM
- a 1 mg / ml biotin solution 1-1 was prepared by dissolving in 3 ml of a mixed aqueous solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
- Production Example 1-2 1 mg of avidin powder reagent (Nacalai Tesque, trade name: Avidin from egg white) was added to phosphate buffered saline (150 mM sodium chloride, 7.5 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 2.9 mM diphosphate phosphate). A 1.47 ⁇ M avidin solution 1-2 was prepared by dissolving in 10 ml of a mixed aqueous solution of sodium hydride.
- Example 1-11 The nanocomposite 1-2 obtained in Example 1-2 was immersed in a 0.1 mM (0.1 mmol / L) ethanol solution of aminoundecanethiol hydrochloride, which is a binding chemical species, at 23 ° C. for 2 hours. After the treatment, it was washed with ethanol and dried to prepare nanocomposite 1-11a.
- nanocomposite 1-11a was immersed in the biotin solution 1-1 of Preparation Example 1-1, treated at 23 ° C. for 2 hours, washed with phosphate buffered saline, and then phosphate buffered saline.
- a nanocomposite 1-11b in which biotin N-succinimidyl was further immobilized on the binding chemical species of nanocomposite 1-11a was produced by immersion in water.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 574 nm and an absorbance of 0.505 at a wavelength of 600 nm was observed.
- the nanocomposite 1-11b is immersed in the avidin solution 1-2 of Preparation Example 1-2, stirred at 23 ° C. for 2 hours, washed with phosphate buffered saline, and then phosphate buffered saline. It was immersed in water to obtain nanocomposite 1-11c in which avidin was adsorbed on the biotin moiety of the binding chemical species in nanocomposite 1-11b.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 577 nm and an absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm of 0.529 was observed.
- the average particle size of the metal fine particles was measured by crushing the sample and dispersing it in ethanol, and then dropping the obtained dispersion onto a metallic mesh with a carbon support film to prepare a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEM-2000EX manufactured by JEOL Ltd. was used for observation.
- the average particle diameter of the metal fine particles was the area average diameter.
- the porosity of the metal fine particle dispersed composite includes the apparent density (bulk density) calculated from the area, thickness and weight of the metal fine particle dispersed composite, the material forming the solid skeleton part of the matrix layer, and the inherent density of the metal fine particles and Using the density (true density) that does not include voids calculated from the composition ratio, the porosity was calculated according to the following formula (A).
- Example 2-1 2.84 g of boehmite powder (trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape, manufactured by Daimei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) Water and 0.05 g acetic acid were added and sonicated for 5 minutes.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-1 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C.
- the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2-1A (thickness: 1.61 ⁇ m) colored reddish purple was produced by drying for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heat treatment at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-1A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- Nanocomposite 2-1A porosity 54.2%
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 10.2 nm, minimum particle size: 2 nm, maximum particle size: 36 nm, ratio of particles within the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, between particles Average value of distance: 34.3 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-1A; 0.63%, filling rate: 8.56 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 549 nm, a half width of 114 nm, and an absorbance of 0.467 at the peak top was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 559 nm, a half width of 126 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.469 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 32.1 nm and 0.001, respectively.
- the obtained nanocomposite 2-1A was further heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour to prepare a metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2-1B colored in red.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-1B are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-1B were as follows.
- Nanocomposite 2-1B porosity 58.0%
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 11.9 nm, minimum particle size: 3 nm, maximum particle size: 40 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, between particles Average value of distance: 40.0 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-1B; 0.63%, same filling rate: 8.87 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 535 nm, a half width of 88 nm, and an absorbance of 0.359 at the peak top was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 550 nm, a half-value width of 101 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.446 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 43.2 nm and 0.259, respectively.
- Example 2-2 2.28 g of boehmite powder (trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape, manufactured by Daimei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) Water and 0.05 g acetic acid were added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 0.25 g of polyvinyl alcohol (average molecular weight 22000, polymerization degree 500, saponification degree 88%) dissolved in 3.40 g ethanol, 0.06 g 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and 1.00 g pure water.
- polyvinyl alcohol average molecular weight 22000, polymerization degree 500, saponification degree 88%
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2-2 0.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate was added and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 minutes to prepare a gold complex-containing slurry 2-2.
- the proportion of the Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 2-2 at this time is 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the hydroxyl group in the blended polyvinyl alcohol is 8.24 moles per mole of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-2 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nano particles colored deep reddish purple were obtained.
- Composite 2-2A (thickness 1.61 ⁇ m) was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-2A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-2A were as follows.
- Nanocomposite 2-2A porosity 49.6%
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 14.4 nm, minimum particle size: 5 nm, maximum particle size: 37 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, between particles Average value of distance: 35.5 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-2A; 1.26%, same filling rate: 15.26 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 551 nm, a half width of 98 nm, and an absorbance of 1.106 at the peak top was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 556 nm, a half width of 102 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 1.149 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 16.1 nm and 0.136, respectively.
- the obtained nanocomposite 2-2A was further heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 1 hour to prepare a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2-2B colored red.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-2B are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-2B were as follows.
- boehmite powder (trade name; C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape, manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 78.72 g of water 3.28 g of acetic acid was added and mechanical stirring (rotation speed 400 rpm, 3 hours) was performed to prepare boehmite dispersion 2-3.
- 0.394 g of polyvinyl alcohol (average molecular weight 22000, polymerization degree 500, saponification) dissolved in 2.33 g of ethanol and 1.575 g of pure water was added to 3.5 g of boehmite dispersion 2-3.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-3 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCATOR 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C. After drying for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes and further heat treatment at 280 ° C., 10 minutes and 500 ° C. for 1 hour, the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2-3A (thickness 1.52 ⁇ m) colored red was made.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-3A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- This nanocomposite 2-3A was as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2-3A; 66.1%, void size; average 24 nm, maximum 50 nm. 2) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical, average particle size: 6 nm, minimum particle size: 2 nm, maximum particle size: 42 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, distance between particles Average value: 16.5 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-3A; 1.0%, same filling rate; 16.3 wt%. 3) Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-3A; 1.5% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-3A.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 524 nm, a half width of 70.1 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.573 is observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 541 nm, a half width of 83.1 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.908 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 52.3 nm and 1.009, respectively.
- Example 2-4 Example 2-3 except that boehmite powder (manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-140, average primary particle size: 14 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.17 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape) was used. Similarly, after preparing the gold complex-containing slurry 2-4, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-4 is coated, dried, and further heat-treated, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite colored in red 2-4A (thickness 1.63 ⁇ m) was produced. The metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-4A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- boehmite powder manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-140, average primary particle size: 14 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.17 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape
- Nanocomposite 2-4A porosity 67.9%, void size; average 16 nm, maximum 30 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 10 nm, minimum particle size: 4 nm, maximum particle size: 57 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 27.3 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-4A: 0.95%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-4A 1.4% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-4A.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 526 nm, a half width of 74.0 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.574 is observed.
- an absorption peak with a peak top of 542 nm, a half width of 87.0 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.862 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 47.7 nm and 0.862, respectively.
- Example 2-5 Example 2-3 except that boehmite powder (manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-100, average primary particle size: 10 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.15 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape) was used. Similarly, after preparing the gold complex-containing slurry 2-5, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-5 is coated, dried, and further heat-treated, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite colored in red 2-5A (thickness 1.76 ⁇ m) was produced. The metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-5A are completely independent within the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- boehmite powder manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-100, average primary particle size: 10 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.15 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape
- this nanocomposite 2-5A was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-5A were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2-5A: 65.6%, void size: average 12 nm, maximum 20 nm. 2) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical, average particle size: 10 nm, minimum particle size: 4 nm, maximum particle size: 67 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 29.3 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-5A; 1.02%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%. 3) Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-5A; 1.6% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-5A.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 525 nm, a half-value width of 68.5 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.67 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 540 nm, a half width of 79.2 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 1.008 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 46.5 nm and 1.03, respectively.
- Example 2-6 Example 2-3 except that boehmite powder (manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-080, average primary particle size: 8 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.12 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape) was used. Similarly, after preparing a gold complex-containing slurry 2-6, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-6 is coated, dried, and further heat-treated, whereby a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite colored in red 2-6A (thickness 1.78 ⁇ m) was produced.
- boehmite powder manufactured by SECO, trade name: SECO-080, average primary particle size: 8 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.12 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-6A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-6A were as follows. 1) Nanocomposite 2-6A porosity: 64.1%, void size: average 9 nm, maximum 30 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 10 nm, minimum particle size: 4 nm, maximum particle size: 48 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 27.2 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-6A; 1.06%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 527 nm, a half width of 73.8 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.757 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 540 nm, a half width of 83.2 nm, and an absorbance of 1.082 at the peak top was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 39.1 nm and 0.997, respectively.
- Example 2-7 82 g of water was added to 18 g of boehmite powder (trade name: SECO-045D, average primary particle size: 5 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.025 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape, manufactured by SECO) and mechanically stirred. (Rotation speed 400 rpm, 3 hours) was performed to prepare boehmite dispersion 2-7.
- the proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 2-7 at this time is 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite. Moreover, the hydroxyl group in the mix
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-7 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C.
- the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2-7A (1.56 ⁇ m thick) colored red by drying for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, followed by heat treatment at 280 ° C., 10 minutes and 500 ° C. for 1 hour. was made.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-7A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- this nanocomposite 2-7A was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-7A were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2-7A: 49.4%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 500 nm or more. 2) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical, average particle size: 12 nm, minimum particle size: 4 nm, maximum particle size: 29 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, distance between particles Average value: 26.8 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-7A: 1.5%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%. 3) Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-7A; 3.0% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-7A.
- Example 2-8 Example 2-7 except that boehmite powder (trade name: SECO-045U, average primary particle size: 5 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.025 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape, manufactured by SECO) was used. In the same manner, boehmite dispersion 2-8 was prepared.
- boehmite powder trade name: SECO-045U, average primary particle size: 5 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.025 ⁇ m, particle shape: needle shape, manufactured by SECO
- boehmite dispersion 2-8 0.194 g of acetic acid, 2.445 g of ethanol, and 0.394 g of polyvinyl alcohol dissolved in 1.575 g of pure water (average molecular weight 22000, 0.06 g of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 0.263 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate were added to prepare a gold complex-containing slurry 2-8.
- stirring with a stirrer rotating speed: 1000 rpm, 5 minutes
- the proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 2-8 at this time is 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite. Moreover, the hydroxyl group in the mix
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-8 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C.
- the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2-8A (thickness 1.65 ⁇ m) colored red by drying for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes and further heat treatment at 280 ° C., 10 minutes and 500 ° C. for 1 hour was made.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-8A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- this nanocomposite 2-8A was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-8A were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2-8A: 52.0%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 500 nm or more. 2) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical, average particle size: 10 nm, minimum particle size: 3 nm, maximum particle size: 34 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 24.0 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2-8A: 1.42%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%. 3) Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-8A; 2.7% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-8A.
- Example 2-9 72 g of 25% by weight boehmite aqueous solution (manufactured by Kawai Lime Industry Co., Ltd., trade name; nano boehmite b, average major axis of primary particles; 100 nm, average minor axis of primary particles; 15 nm, average secondary particle size; 0.35 ⁇ m, To the particle shape (needle shape), 24.72 g of water and 3.28 g of acetic acid were added, and mechanical agitation (rotation speed: 400 rpm, 3 hours) was performed to prepare boehmite dispersion 2-9.
- the proportion of the Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 2-9 at this time is 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite. Moreover, the hydroxyl group in the mix
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-9 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-9A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2-9A were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2-9A: 55.8%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 20 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 7 nm, minimum particle size: 3 nm, maximum particle size: 32 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 17.3 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2-9A: 1.31%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 524 nm, a half width of 69.8 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.712 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 537 nm, a half width of 72.5 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 1.023 was observed.
- the peak wavelength variation and the peak intensity variation with respect to the unit refractive index change of the observed absorption peak were 39.1 nm and 0.959, respectively.
- Example 2-10 Example 2 except that a 25 wt% boehmite aqueous solution (manufactured by Kawai Lime Industry Co., Ltd., trade name: BMJ, average primary particle size; 100 nm, average secondary particle size; 0.106 ⁇ m, particle shape; plate shape) Boehmite dispersion 2-10 was prepared in the same manner as -7. Next, 0.394 g of polyvinyl alcohol (average molecular weight 22000, polymerization degree 500, saponification) dissolved in 2.33 g of ethanol and 1.575 g of pure water with respect to 3.5 g of boehmite dispersion 2-10.
- BMJ average primary particle size
- 100 nm average secondary particle size
- 0.106 ⁇ m particle shape
- Boehmite dispersion 2-10 was prepared in the same manner as -7.
- polyvinyl alcohol average molecular weight 22000, polymerization degree 500, saponification
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2-10 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCOATER 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C.
- Metallic gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2-10A (thickness 1.65 ⁇ m) colored red by drying for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heat treatment at 280 ° C., 10 minutes and 500 ° C. for 1 hour was made.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2-10A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle size of the adjacent metal gold fine particles.
- Nanocomposite 2-10A porosity 53.7%, void size: average 24 nm, maximum 500 nm or more.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 16 nm, minimum particle size: 2 nm, maximum particle size: 39 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, interparticle distance Average value: 37.9 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2-10A: 1.37%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2-10A 2.6% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2-10A.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-1 was applied and dried, and further heat-treated at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes, whereby the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2R colored in red -1 (thickness 1.53 ⁇ m) was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 2R-1 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-1 were as follows. 1) Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-1: 58%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 110 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 46.8 nm, minimum particle size: 28 nm, maximum particle size: 65 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100%, between particles Average value of distance: 157.4 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2R-1; 0.63%, same filling rate: 8.87 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 558 nm, a half-value width of 127 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.373 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 588 nm, a half-value width of 164 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.406 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 90.0 nm and 0.103, respectively.
- [Reference Example 2-2] 1.70 g of boehmite powder (trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape, manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd.) Water and 0.05 g acetic acid were added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 1.70 g of ethanol, 0.06 g of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and 0.25 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate were added and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 minutes, whereby the gold complex-containing slurry 2R- 2 was prepared. The proportion of Au element in the gold complex-containing slurry 2R-2 at this time is 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-2 was coated and dried, and further heat-treated at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite colored reddish purple 2R-2 (thickness: 1.59 ⁇ m) was produced.
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-2 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-2 were as follows.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-3, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-3 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2R-3 (thickness) colored reddish purple was obtained. 1.53 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-3 are completely independent within the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-3 were as follows.
- Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-3 66.1%, void size; average 24 nm, maximum 50 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 88.6 nm, minimum particle size: 63.5 nm, maximum particle size: 119.3 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm; 80 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 242.6 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2R-3; 1.0%, same packing ratio; 16.3 wt%.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-4 except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added. In the same manner as in Example 2-4, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-4 was applied and dried, and further subjected to a heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2R-4 (thickness) colored reddish purple was obtained. 1.53 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-4 are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals. The characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-4 were as follows.
- Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-4 67.9%, void size; average 16 nm, maximum 30 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 54.6 nm, minimum particle size: 36.5 nm, maximum particle size: 81.4 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm; 100 %, Average value of inter-particle distance; 153.1 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2R-4; 0.95%, same packing ratio; 16.3 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2R-4 1.4% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2R-4.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 553 nm, a half width of 107.8 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.54 is observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 584 nm, a half width of 142.9 nm, and an absorbance of 0.643 at the peak top was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 95.9 nm and 0.304, respectively.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-5 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-5, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added. In the same manner as in Example 2-5, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-5 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2R-5 (thickness) colored reddish purple was obtained. 1.51 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-5 are completely independent within the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals. The characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-5 were as follows.
- Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-5 65.6%, void size: average 12 nm, maximum 20 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 100.2 nm, minimum particle size: 10.5 nm, maximum particle size: 268.1 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm; 57 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 272.4 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2R-5; 1.02%, same packing ratio; 16.3 wt%.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-6 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-6, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added. In the same manner as in Example 2-6, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-6 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby the metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2R-6 (thickness) colored reddish purple was obtained. 1.34 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-6 are completely independent within the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals. The characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-6 were as follows.
- Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-6 64.1%, void size: average 9 nm, maximum 30 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 81.1 nm, minimum particle size: 5.0 nm, maximum particle size: 122.8 nm, proportion of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 50 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 216.1 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2R-6; 1.06%, same packing ratio; 16.3 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2R-6 1.7% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2R-6.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-7 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-7, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-7 was applied and dried, and further subjected to a heat treatment to obtain a metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2R-7 (thickness: 1.32 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-7 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-7 were as follows.
- Porosity of nanocomposite 2R-7 49.4%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 500 nm or more.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 379.8 nm, minimum particle size: 14.3 nm, maximum particle size: 1077.3 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm; 30 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 862.2 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2R-7; 1.5%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-8 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-8, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added. In the same manner as in Example 2-8, the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-8 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment, whereby metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2R-8 (thickness 1.45 ⁇ m) was obtained. Produced.
- the nanocomposite 2R-8 had a porosity of 52.0%, an average pore size of 8 nm, and a maximum of 500 nm or more.
- the metal gold fine particles of the nanocomposite 2R-8 had many aggregations, and it was difficult to measure the particle diameter and the reflection absorption spectrum of the localized surface plasmon resonance.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-9 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-9 except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-9 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment to obtain metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 2R-9 (thickness 1.63 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles of the nanocomposite 2R-9 are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, with an interval equal to or larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-9 were as follows.
- Nanocomposite 2R-9 porosity 55.8%, void size: average 8 nm, maximum 20 nm.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 128.1 nm, minimum particle size: 19.8 nm, maximum particle size: 415.5 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 71 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 309.9 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles relative to nanocomposite 2R-9; 1.31%, same packing ratio; 16.3 wt%.
- Volume ratio of metal gold fine particles to voids in nanocomposite 2R-9 2.4% with respect to the total volume of voids in nanocomposite 2R-9.
- a gold complex-containing slurry 2R-10 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-10, except that polyvinyl alcohol was not added.
- the obtained gold complex-containing slurry 2R-10 was applied and dried, and further subjected to heat treatment to obtain a metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 2R-10 (thickness 1.73 ⁇ m).
- the metal gold fine particles formed on the nanocomposite 2R-10 are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was dispersed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 2R-10 were as follows.
- Nanocomposite 2R-10 porosity 53.7%, void size: average 24 nm, maximum 500 nm or more.
- Shape of metal gold fine particles almost spherical, average particle size: 65.4 nm, minimum particle size: 8.4 nm, maximum particle size: 176.8 nm, ratio of particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm; 89 %, Average value of interparticle distance; 154.9 nm, volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 2R-10; 1.37%, filling rate: 16.3 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 590 nm, a half width of 206.5 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.529 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 599 nm, a half width of 231.2 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.535 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 27.6 nm and 0.011, respectively.
- Example 3-1 1.84 g of boehmite powder (trade name; C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic) manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd. Water and 0.1 g of acetic acid were added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 3.96 g of ethanol and 1.6 g of a silane coupling agent aqueous solution (solid content concentration: 30 wt%) were added, and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 minutes to prepare slurry 3-1. The ratio of the solid content of the silane coupling agent in the slurry 3-1 at this time is 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained slurry 3-1 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCATOR 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes.
- the substrate 3-1A (thickness 1.8 ⁇ m) was produced by drying at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes and further heat-treating at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the pencil hardness of the coated surface of the substrate 3-1A was 6H.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 3-1A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 3-1A were as follows.
- Example 3-2 2.4 g of boehmite powder (trade name: C-01, average primary particle size: 20 nm, average secondary particle size: 0.1 ⁇ m, particle shape: cubic shape, manufactured by Daimei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) Water and 0.2 g acetic acid were added and sonicated for 5 minutes. Further, 8.24 g of ethanol, 3.2 g of a silane coupling agent aqueous solution (solid content concentration: 30 wt%), and 0.672 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 5 minutes to prepare slurry 3-2. . At this time, the ratio of the solid content of the aqueous solution of the silane coupling agent in the slurry 3-2 is 40 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained slurry 3-2 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCATOR 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), and then at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes.
- the substrate 3-2A (thickness 1.8 ⁇ m) was produced by drying at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes and further heat treatment at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- the pencil hardness of the coated surface of the substrate 3-2A was 9H.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 3-2A are completely independent from each other in the region from the surface layer portion of the film to the thickness direction, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 3-2A were as follows. 1) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical 2) Average particle size: 10.8 nm, minimum particle size: 3.6 nm, maximum particle size: 55.2 nm 3) Ratio of particles having a particle diameter in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100% 4) Volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 3-2A: 0.61%, filling rate: 6.46 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 526 nm, a half width of 76 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.715 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 541 nm, a half width of 86 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.935 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 45.5 nm and 0.667, respectively.
- a slurry 3-3 was prepared.
- the proportion of Au element in the slurry 3-3 at this time is 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of boehmite.
- the obtained slurry 3 was applied to a glass substrate (thickness 0.7 mm) using a spin coater (trade name: SPINCATOR 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.), followed by 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. Was dried at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heat-treated at 280 ° C., 10 minutes and 500 ° C. for 1 hour, to produce a metal gold fine particle dispersed nanocomposite 3-3A (thickness 1.8 ⁇ m) colored reddish purple.
- a spin coater trade name: SPINCATOR 1H-DX2 manufactured by Mikasa Co., Ltd.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 3-3A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 3-3A were as follows. 1) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical 2) Average particle size: 6.8 nm, minimum particle size: 3.3 nm, maximum particle size: 17.5 nm 3) Ratio of particles having a particle diameter in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100% 4) Volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 3-3A: 0.63%, same packing rate: 6.67 wt%.
- the metal gold fine particles formed in the nanocomposite 3-4A are completely independent in the region from the surface layer portion to the thickness direction of the film, and are larger than the larger particle diameter of the adjacent metal gold fine particles. It was distributed at intervals.
- the characteristics of this nanocomposite 3-4A were as follows. 1) Shape of metal gold fine particles: almost spherical 2) Average particle size: 7.8 nm, minimum particle size: 3.0 nm, maximum particle size: 23.2 nm 3) Ratio of particles having a particle diameter in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm; 100% 4) Volume fraction of metal gold fine particles with respect to nanocomposite 3-4A: 0.49%, same filling rate: 5.19 wt%.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 542 nm, a half-value width of 102 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.560 was observed.
- an absorption peak having a peak top of 547 nm, a half width of 105 nm, and an absorbance at the peak top of 0.499 was observed.
- the amount of change in peak wavelength and the amount of change in peak intensity with respect to the change in unit refractive index of the observed absorption peak were 15.2 nm and 0.185, respectively.
- Example 3-3 A solution prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of chloroauric acid tetrahydrate in 4.5 g of ethanol on the coated surface of the substrate 3-1A obtained in Example 3-1 (10% by weight of chloroauric acid. The aqueous solution of tetrahydrate was applied in the same manner as in Example 3-1, then dried at 70 ° C. for 3 minutes and 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further heated at 280 ° C. for 10 minutes to give a reddish purple color. A metal gold fine particle-dispersed nanocomposite 3-5A was produced. When the nanocomposite 3-5A was placed in the atmosphere and water was dripped onto the surface of the nanocomposite 3-5A, there was almost no change in color, and visual confirmation was not possible.
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Abstract
Description
1)金属微粒子の大きさが所定の範囲内に制御されていること、
2)金属微粒子の形状が均一であること、
3)金属微粒子が隣り合う金属微粒子とある一定以上の粒子間隔を保った状態でお互いが離れていること、
4)金属微粒子分散複合体に対する金属微粒子の体積充填割合がある一定の範囲で制御されていること、
5)金属微粒子がマトリックスの表層部から存在するとともに、その厚さ方向にも所定の粒子間距離を保ちながら偏りなく分布していること、
などの構造的特性を金属微粒子分散複合体が備えていることが必要である。また、金属微粒子分散複合体を、金属微粒子の外部環境の変化によって生じる局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の波長変化を高感度に感知するセンサー用途への適用を図るには、金属微粒子分散複合体は上記特性に加えて、更に、
6)金属微粒子が外部環境に露出した状態であること、
などの構造的特性を備えることが必要となる。
以下のa~dの構成:
a)固体骨格部はアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している;
b)金属微粒子の平均粒子径は3nm~100nmの範囲内にあり、粒子径が1nm~100nmの範囲内にある金属微粒子の割合が60%以上である;
c)金属微粒子は、各々の金属微粒子同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在している;
d)金属微粒子は、マトリックス層の空隙に露出した部位を備えており、マトリックス層中で三次元的に分散した状態で存在している;
を備えている。
以下の工程Ia~Id;
Ia)固体骨格部を形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
Ib)前記スラリーと、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
Ic)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
Id)前記塗布膜を、加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備えている。この場合、前記工程Idの後で、さらに、Ie)前記金属微粒子の表面に、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有する結合化学種を固定する工程、を含んでいてもよい。
以下の工程IIa~IId;
IIa)固体骨格部を形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成する工程、
IIc)前記マトリックス層に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、
IId)前記工程IIcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備えている。この場合、前記工程IIdの後で、さらに、IIe)前記金属微粒子の表面に、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有する結合化学種を固定する工程、を含んでいてもよい。
IIIa)前記固体骨格部の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIIb)前記スラリーに、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
IIIc)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
及び、
IIId)前記塗布膜を加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させて金属微粒子分散複合体を得る工程、
を備え、
前記工程IIIdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行うことを特徴とする。
IIIe)前記金属微粒子分散複合体を、前記ポリビニルアルコールの熱分解開始温度以上の温度で加熱する工程、
を備えていてもよい。
IVa)前記固体骨格部の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IVb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成する工程、
IVc)前記マトリックス層に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.2~1100重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、
IVd)前記工程IVcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備え、
前記工程IVcの金属イオンを含有する溶液にポリビニルアルコールを配合し、前記工程IVdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行うことを特徴とする。
IVe)前記金属微粒子分散複合体を、前記ポリビニルアルコールの熱分解開始温度以上の温度で加熱する工程、
を備えていてもよい。
本発明の第1の実施の形態の金属微粒子分散複合体は、固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体である。この金属微粒子分散複合体は、以下のa~dの構成:
a)固体骨格部はアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している;
b)金属微粒子の平均粒子径は3nm~100nmの範囲内にあり、粒子径が1nm~100nmの範囲内にある金属微粒子の割合が60%以上である;
c)金属微粒子は、各々の金属微粒子同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在している;
d)金属微粒子は、マトリックス層の空隙に露出した部位を備えており、マトリックス層中で三次元的に分散した状態で存在している;
を備えている。
図1は、本実施の形態に係る金属微粒子分散複合体(以下、単に「ナノコンポジット」ともいう)10におけるマトリックス層1の構造を模式的に示している。図2は、ナノコンポジット10の厚み方向における断面の金属微粒子3の分散状態を模式的に示しており、図3は、ナノコンポジット10の面方向における断面の金属微粒子3の分散状態を模式的に示しており、図4は、金属微粒子3を拡大して説明する図面である。なお、図4では、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径をDL、小さい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径をDSと表しているが、両者を区別しない場合は単に粒子径Dと表記する。
a)固体骨格部1aはアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している;
b)金属微粒子3の平均粒子径は3nm~100nmの範囲内にあり、粒子径Dが1nm~100nmの範囲内にある金属微粒子の割合が60%以上である;
c)金属微粒子3は、各々の金属微粒子3同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子3における粒子径Dが大きい方の粒子径DL以上の間隔で存在している;
d)金属微粒子3は、マトリックス層1の空隙1bに露出した部位を備えており、マトリックス層1中で三次元的に分散した状態で存在している。
そのような基材としては、例えばガラス、セラミックス、シリコンウェハー、半導体、紙、金属、金属合金、金属酸化物、合成樹脂、有機/無機複合材料等を用いることができ、その形状としては、例えばプレート状、シート状、薄膜状、メッシュ状、幾何学パターン形状、凹凸形状 繊維状、蛇腹状、多層状、球状等のものを適用できる。なお、これらの基材の表面には、例えばシランカップリング剤処理、化学的エッチング処理、プラズマ処理、アルカリ処理、酸処理、オゾン処理、紫外線処理、電気的研磨処理、研磨剤による研磨処理等を施したものも利用できる。
マトリックス層1は、図1に示したように、固体骨格部1a及び該固体骨格部1aが形成する空隙1bを有している。上記a)に示したとおり、固体骨格部1aは、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している。固体骨格部1aは、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物の微細な無機フィラー(又は結晶)の集合体であり、該無機フィラーは、粒子状、鱗片状、板状、針状、繊維状、キュービック状等の形状を有する。このような無機フィラーの集合体による三次元的な網目構造は、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物の無機フィラーを溶液に分散したスラリーを加熱処理して得られるものが好ましい。また、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物は、金属微粒子3となる金属イオンを加熱還元する際にも耐熱性を有する材料として有利であり、化学的安定性の観点からも好ましい。なお、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物(又はアルミナ水和物)と呼ばれているものには、ベーマイト(擬ベーマイトを含む)、ギブサイト、ダイアスポア等の各種のものが知られているが、この中でも特にベーマイトが最も好ましい。ベーマイトの詳細については後述する。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10において、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dや粒子間距離Lの制御しやすさの観点から、金属微粒子3は、その前駆体となる金属イオンを加熱還元することによって得られるものが好ましい。このようにして得られる金属微粒子3として、例えば、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、パラジウム(Pd)、白金(Pt)、錫(Sn)、ロジウム(Rh)、イリジウム(Ir)等の金属種を用いることができる。また、これらの金属種の合金(例えば白金-コバルト合金など)を用いることもできる。これらの中でも、特に局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を奏する金属種として好適に利用できるものは、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、パラジウム(Pd)、白金(Pt)、錫(Sn)、ロジウム(Rh)、イリジウム(Ir)が挙げられる。380nm以上における可視領域の波長の光と相互作用して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を生じる金属種として、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)が好ましく挙げられ、特に金(Au)は表面酸化されにくく保存安定性がよいので、最も望ましい。
上記c)に示したように、マトリックス層1の中で、金属微粒子3は、各々の金属微粒子3同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子3における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在している。つまり、隣り合う金属微粒子3の間隔(粒子間距離)Lが、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径DL以上、すなわち、L≧DLである。図4において、金属微粒子3の粒子間距離Lは、大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径DL以上になっている。したがって、金属微粒子3が有する局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の特性を効率よく発現することができる。なお、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の粒子径DLと小さい方の粒子径をDSとの関係は、DL≧DSであればよい。本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10は、金属微粒子3の前駆体となる金属イオンを加熱還元することにより、析出した金属微粒子3の熱拡散が容易となり、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の粒子径DL以上の粒子間距離Lでマトリックス層1の内部に分散した状態となる。粒子間距離Lが、大きい方の粒子径DLよりも小さい場合には、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の際に粒子どうしの干渉が生じて、例えば隣接する2つの粒子が一つの大きな粒子のように協働して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴が生じ、シャープな吸収スペクトルが得られなくなる場合がある。一方、粒子間距離Lは大きくても特に問題はないが、熱拡散を利用して分散状態になる金属微粒子3における各々の粒子間距離Lは、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dと後述する金属微粒子3の体積分率と密接な関係があるので、粒子間距離Lの上限は、金属微粒子3の体積分率の下限値によって制御することが好ましい。粒子間距離Lが大きい場合、言い換えるとナノコンポジット10に対する金属微粒子3の体積分率が低い場合は、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルの強度が小さくなる。このような場合は、ナノコンポジット10の厚みを大きくすることによって、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルの強度を大きくすることができる。
以上の構成を有する本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10は、金属微粒子3が三次元的な網目構造を有するマトリックス層1中で一定以上の粒子間距離Lを保った状態で、三次元的に偏りなく分散した形態を有する。そのため、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルがシャープであるとともに、非常に安定しており、再現性と信頼性に優れている。さらに、金属微粒子3の表面の多くは、マトリックス層1中において外部空間に連通する空隙1bに露出しているため、金属微粒子3が有する、金属微粒子3の周辺媒質の誘電率(屈折率)の変化に応じて共鳴する波長が変化するという特性を充分に発現することが可能である。したがって、ナノコンポジット10は、例えばバイオセンサー、ケミカルセンサー、湿度センサー、結露センサー、ガスセンサー等の各種センシング用デバイスに適している。ナノコンポジット10をセンシング用デバイスに利用することにより、簡易な構成で高精度の検出が可能になる。また、ナノコンポジット10は、例えば、触媒フィルター、燃料電池、空気電池、水電解装置、電気二重層キャパシタ、汚染ガス除去装置、光記録・再生デバイス、光情報処理デバイス、エネルギー増強デバイス、高感度フォトダイオードデバイス等の様々なデバイスにも応用することができる。
次に、本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10の製造方法について説明する。ナノコンポジット10の製造方法は、大別すると、マトリックス層1を形成する過程で金属微粒子3を分散する方法(I)と、予め形成したマトリックス層1に金属微粒子3を分散する方法(II)とがある。ナノコンポジット10の製造工程数を少なくできるという観点から、(I)の方法が好ましい。
Ia)固体骨格部1aを形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
Ib)前記スラリーと、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として(本明細書において、金属化合物中に含まれる金属元素を金属の重量に換算する意味で用いる)0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
Ic)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、並びに
Id)前記塗布膜を、加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部1a及び該固体骨格部1aが形成する空隙1bを備えたマトリックス層1を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子3となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程。
IIa)固体骨格部1aを形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部1a及び該固体骨格部1aが形成する空隙1bを備えたマトリックス層1を形成する工程、
IIc)前記マトリックス層1に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、並びに
IId)前記工程IIcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子3となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程。
次に、第1の実施の形態のナノコンポジットの変形例について説明する。本発明の好ましい態様において、金属微粒子3の表面には、例えば図5に拡大して示すように結合化学種11を固定することができる。変形例のナノコンポジット10Aにおいて、結合化学種11は、例えば金属微粒子3と結合可能な官能基Xと、例えば検出対象分子などの特定の物質と相互作用する官能基Yと、を有する物質と定義できる。結合化学種11は、単一の分子に限らず、例えば二以上の構成成分からなる複合体等の物質も含む。結合化学種11は、金属微粒子3の表面において、官能基Xによって金属微粒子3との結合により固定される。この場合、官能基Xと金属微粒子3との結合は、例えば化学結合、吸着等の物理的結合等を意味する。また、官能基Yと特定の物質との相互作用は、例えば化学結合、吸着等の物理的結合のほか、官能基Yの部分的若しくは全体的な変化(修飾や脱離など)などを意味する。
次に、第1の実施の形態の変形例のナノコンポジット10Aの製造方法について説明する。ナノコンポジット10Aの製造方法は、上記の(I)の方法に準じた(I')の方法と、上記の(II)の方法に準じた(II')の方法とにより行うことができる。
Ia)固体骨格部1aを形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
Ib)前記スラリーと、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として(本明細書において、金属化合物中に含まれる金属元素を金属の重量に換算する意味で用いる)0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
Ic)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
Id)前記塗布膜を、加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部1a及び該固体骨格部1aが形成する空隙1bを備えたマトリックス層1を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子3となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、並びに、
Ie)前記工程Idの後、金属微粒子3の表面に、結合化学種11を固定する工程。
IIa)固体骨格部1aを形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部1a及び該固体骨格部1aが形成する空隙1bを備えたマトリックス層1を形成する工程、
IIc)前記マトリックス層1に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、並びに
IId)前記工程IIcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子3となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、並びに、
IIe)前記工程IIdの後、金属微粒子3の表面に、結合化学種11を固定する工程。
結合化学種11の固定化工程では、結合化学種11を、金属微粒子3の露出部位の表面に固定させる。結合化学種11の固定化工程は、結合化学種11を金属微粒子3の露出部位の表面に接触させることにより行うことができる。例えば結合化学種11を溶剤に溶解した処理液で、金属微粒子3の表面処理を行うことが好ましい。結合化学種11を溶解する溶剤としては、水、炭素数1~8の炭化水素系アルコール類、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、tert-ブタノール、ペンタノール、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール等、炭素数3~6の炭化水素系ケトン類、例えば、アセトン、プロパノン、メチルエチルケトン、ペンタノン、ヘキサノン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等、炭素数4~12の炭化水素系エーテル類、例えば、ジエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン等、炭素数3~7の炭化水素系エステル類、例えば、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、γ-ブチロラクトン、マロン酸ジエチル等、炭素数3~6のアミド類、例えば、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、テトラメチル尿素、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド等、炭素数2のスルホキシド化合物、例えば、ジメチルスルホキシド等、炭素数1~6の含ハロゲン化合物、例えば、クロロメタン、ブロモメタン、ジクロロメタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素、ジクロロエタン、1、2-ジクロロエタン、1、4-ジクロロブタン、トリクロルエタン、クロルベンゼン、o-ジクロルベンゼン等、炭素数4~8の炭化水素化合物、例えば、ブタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等を用いることができるが、これに限定されるものではない。
次に、第1の実施の形態のナノコンポジット10,10Aを各種のデバイスに利用する場合の好ましい態様の一つである局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板について説明する。ナノコンポジット10,10Aは、上記のとおりセンシングデバイスなどの各種のデバイスに応用できるものである。その際の検出感度を高めるために、本実施の形態の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生装置は、光反射性部材を備えている。図7は、本実施の形態にかかる局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板100の概略構成を説明する図面である。局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板100は、ナノコンポジット10と、ナノコンポジット10の片側に配置された光反射性部材20と、この光反射性部材20に積層された保護層30と、を備えている。なお、図7では、ナノコンポジット10を用いる場合を例示しているが、ナノコンポジット10に替えて、ナノコンポジット10Aを用いることもできる。また、保護層30は任意の構成である。
次に、本発明の第2の実施の形態の金属微粒子分散複合体及びその製造方法について説明する。まず、図8~図10を参照して、金属微粒子分散複合体の概要を説明する。
図8は、本実施の形態に係る金属微粒子分散複合体(ナノコンポジット)10B,10Cにおけるマトリックス層1’の構造を模式的に示している。ここで、ナノコンポジット10Cは、ナノコンポジット10Bに後述する熱処理を施すことによって得られるものである(工程IIIeを参照)。図9は、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cの厚み方向における断面での金属微粒子3の分散状態を模式的に示しており、図10は、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cの面方向における断面での金属微粒子3の分散状態を模式的に示している。
a)固体骨格部1a’は金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物(例えば、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物)を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している;
b)金属微粒子3の平均粒子径は3nm~100nmの範囲内にあり、粒子径Dが1nm~100nmの範囲内にある金属微粒子の割合が60%以上である;
c)金属微粒子3は、各々の金属微粒子3同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子3における粒子径Dが大きい方の粒子径DL以上の間隔で存在している;
d)金属微粒子3は、マトリックス層1’の空隙1bに露出した部位を備えており、マトリックス層1’中で三次元的に分散した状態で存在している。
マトリックス層1’は、図8に示したように、固体骨格部1a’及び該固体骨格部1a’が形成する空隙1bを有している。上記a)に示したとおり、固体骨格部1a’は、金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している。以下、金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物がアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物である場合を例に挙げて説明する。固体骨格部1a’は、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物の微細な無機フィラー(又は結晶)の集合体であり、該無機フィラーは、粒子状、鱗片状、板状、針状、繊維状、キュービック状等の形状を有する。このような無機フィラーの集合体による三次元的な網目構造は、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物の無機フィラーを溶液に分散したスラリーを加熱処理して得られるものが好ましい。また、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有する金属酸化物は、金属微粒子3となる金属イオンを加熱還元する際にも耐熱性を有する材料として有利であり、化学的安定性の観点からも好ましい。なお、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物(又はアルミナ水和物)と呼ばれているものには、ベーマイト(擬ベーマイトを含む)、ギブサイト、ダイアスポア等の各種のものが知られているが、この中でも特にベーマイトが最も好ましい。ベーマイトの詳細については後述する。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10B,10Cにおいて、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dや粒子間距離Lの制御しやすさの観点から、金属微粒子3は、その前駆体となる金属イオンを加熱還元することによって得られるものが好ましい。金属微粒子3としては、第1の実施の形態で例示したものと同様である。
上記c)に示したように、マトリックス層1’の中で、金属微粒子3は、各々の金属微粒子3同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子3における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在している。つまり、隣り合う金属微粒子3の間隔(粒子間距離)Lが、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径DL以上、すなわち、L≧DLである。金属微粒子3の粒子間距離Lは、大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径DL以上になっている(図4参照)。したがって、金属微粒子3が有する局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の特性を効率よく発現することができる。なお、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の粒子径DLと小さい方の粒子径をDSとの関係は、DL≧DSであればよい。本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10B,10Cは、金属微粒子3の前駆体となる金属イオンを加熱還元することにより、析出した金属微粒子3の熱拡散が容易となり、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の粒子径DL以上の粒子間距離Lでマトリックス層1’の内部に分散した状態となる。粒子間距離Lが、大きい方の粒子径DLよりも小さい場合には、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の際に粒子どうしの干渉が生じて、例えば隣接する2つの粒子が一つの大きな粒子のように協働して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴が生じ、シャープな吸収スペクトルが得られなくなる場合がある。一方、粒子間距離Lは大きくても特に問題はないが、熱拡散を利用して分散状態になる金属微粒子3における各々の粒子間距離Lは、金属微粒子3の粒子径Dと後述する金属微粒子3の体積分率と密接な関係があるので、粒子間距離Lの上限は、金属微粒子3の体積分率の下限値によって制御することが好ましい。粒子間距離Lが大きい場合、言い換えるとナノコンポジット10B,10Cに対する金属微粒子3の体積分率が低い場合は、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルの強度が小さくなる。このような場合は、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cの厚みを大きくすることによって、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルの強度を大きくすることができる。
次に、第2の実施の形態に係るナノコンポジット10B,10Cの製造方法について説明する。ナノコンポジット10B,10Cは、例えば以下の製造方法III及び製造方法IVに従い製造することができる。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10Bの製造方法IIIは、以下の工程IIIa~IIId:
IIIa)固体骨格部の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIIb)スラリーに、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
IIIc)塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
及び、
IIId)塗布膜を加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させて金属微粒子分散複合体を得る工程、
を備え、工程IIIdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行う。
本実施の形態では、マトリックス層1’における固体骨格部1a’が、アルミニウムオキシ水酸化物(又はアルミナ水和物)を含有するベーマイト(擬ベーマイトを含む)により構成される場合について代表的に例示して説明を行う。マトリックス層1’を構成する固体骨格部1a’は、市販のベーマイト粉末を好適に使用可能であり、例えば、大明化学工業株式会社製のベーマイト(商品名)、CNDEA社製のDisperal
HP15(商品名)、ユニオン昭和(株)社製のVERSAL(TM)ALUMINA(商品名)、河合石灰工業株式会社製のセラシュール(商品名)、巴工業株式会社製のCAM9010(商品名)、日産化学株式会社製のアルミナゾル520(商品名)、川研ファインケミカル株式会社製のアルミナゾル-10A(商品名)、スイーコ・インタナショナル社製のSECOベーマイトアルミナ(商品名)等を使用することが可能である。
本工程では、上記のようにして工程IIIaで調製したスラリーに、さらに金属微粒子3の原料となる金属化合物を加えて塗布液とする。この場合、加える金属化合物の量は、スラリーの固形分100重量部に対して、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるようにする。なお、調製したスラリーに金属化合物を加えると、塗布液の粘度が高くなることがあるが、その場合は、上記の溶媒を適宜添加することによって最適な粘度に調整することが望ましい。
塗布に用いる基材としては、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cを基材から剥離してセンサー等に使用する場合や、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cに基材を付けた状態で光反射系の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する場合は、特に制限はない。ナノコンポジット10B,10Cに基材を付けた状態で光透過系の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する場合は、基材は、光透過性であることが好ましく、例えばガラス基板、透明な合成樹脂製基板等を用いることができる。透明な合成樹脂としては、例えば、ポリイミド樹脂、PET樹脂、アクリル樹脂、MS樹脂、MBS樹脂、ABS樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、シロキサン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂などを挙げることができる。
本工程IIIeでは、ナノコンポジット10Bを再度加熱することにより、ナノコンポジット10B中に残存するポリビニルアルコールに由来する有機物(以下、「ポリビニルアルコール由来成分」ともいう。)を熱分解させてガス化させて除去し、ナノコンポジット10Cとすることができる。局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用したセンサー用途へナノコンポジットを適用する場合、ナノコンポジット10B中に残存するポリビニルアルコール由来成分は検出感度を低下させる原因となるため、これを除去することが好ましい。ポリビニルアルコール由来成分の熱分解開始温度は、およそ200℃前後であるため、本工程IIIeでは、ナノコンポジット10Bを200℃以上、好ましくは300℃以上、より好ましくはポリビニルアルコール由来成分をほぼ完全に分解できる450℃以上の温度に加熱する。熱処理は、ナノコンポジット10Bを構成する固体骨格部1a’や金属微粒子3に分解、溶融などの影響を与えない温度範囲で行うことが好ましく、熱処理温度の上限は例えば600℃以下とすることができる。ここで、ポリビニルアルコールに由来する有機物とは、工程IIIdにおいて、還元助剤として消費されなかったポリビニルアルコールを含め、例えば、加熱処理時にポリビニルアルコールが酸化される等(例えば、アルコール部分がケトンとなる等)によって、その構造が変化したポリビニルアルコールの変性物又は分解物などをいう。
本実施の形態のナノコンポジット10Bの製造方法IVは、以下の工程IVa)~IVd):
IVa)固体骨格部1a’の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IVb)スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部1a’及び該固体骨格部1a’が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層1’を形成する工程、
IVc)マトリックス層1’に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.2~1100重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、
IVd)工程IVcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子3となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備え、工程IVcの金属イオンを含有する溶液にポリビニルアルコールを配合し、工程IVdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行う。
基材としては、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cを基材から剥離してセンサー等に使用する場合や、ナノコンポジット10B,10Cに基材を付けた状態で光反射系の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する場合は、特に制限はない。ナノコンポジット10B,10Cに基材を付けた状態で光透過系の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用する場合は、基材は、光透過性であることが好ましく、例えばガラス基板、透明な合成樹脂製基板等を用いることができる。透明な合成樹脂としては、例えば、ポリイミド樹脂、PET樹脂、アクリル樹脂、MS樹脂、MBS樹脂、ABS樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、シロキサン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂などを挙げることができる。
本工程では、上記のようにして工程IVbで調製したマトリックス層1’に、金属微粒子3の原料となる金属イオンを含浸させる。この場合、金属イオンの量は、スラリーの固形分100重量部に対して、金属元素として0.2~1100重量部の範囲内となるようにする。金属イオンの量は、金属元素の種類によって、適宜調整することが好ましく、例えば、金属元素がAuの場合、金属イオンの量は、スラリーの固形分100重量部に対して、金属元素(Au)として0.6~1100重量部の範囲内となるようにすることが好ましい。スラリーの固形分100重量部に対して、金属イオンの量が金属元素として0.2重量部を下回ると、金属微粒子3の体積分率が低下して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルの強度がかなり小さくなり、仮にナノコンポジット10B,10Cの厚みを大きくしても本発明の効果は得られにくい。一方、スラリーの固形分100重量部に対して、金属イオンの量が金属元素として1100重量部を上回ると、金属微粒子3の体積分率が高くなりすぎて、隣り合う金属微粒子3の間隔(粒子間距離L)が、隣り合う金属微粒子3における大きい方の金属微粒子3の粒子径DLより狭くなるため、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴による吸収スペクトルのシャープなピークが得られにくくなる。
金属イオンの還元及び析出した金属微粒子3の分散は、好ましくは150~600℃の範囲内、より好ましくは170~550℃の範囲内、更に好ましくは200~400℃での加熱処理によって行うことができる。ここで、加熱処理温度が150℃未満では、金属イオンの還元が十分に行われず、金属微粒子3の平均粒子径を前述の下限(3nm)以上にすることが困難となる場合がある。また、加熱処理温度が150℃未満では、還元によって析出した金属微粒子3のマトリックス層1’中での熱拡散が十分に起こらない場合がある。なお、ポリビニルアルコールの効果により、加熱処理の温度が高い場合(例えば450~600℃の範囲内)であっても、金属イオンの加熱還元時に形成する金属微粒子を肥大化させることなく、金属微粒子の分散を進行させることができる。以上のように、150℃以上の温度で加熱処理を行うことによって、マトリックス層1’中で金属微粒子3の析出、分散を効率よく進行させることが可能である。
本工程IVeでは、ナノコンポジット10Bを再度加熱することにより、ナノコンポジット10B中に残存するポリビニルアルコールに由来する有機物(以下、「ポリビニルアルコール由来成分」ともいう。)を熱分解させてガス化させて除去し、ナノコンポジット10Cとすることができる。局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を利用したセンサー用途へナノコンポジットを適用する場合、ナノコンポジット10B中に残存するポリビニルアルコール由来成分は検出感度を低下させる原因となるため、これを除去することが好ましい。ポリビニルアルコール由来成分の熱分解開始温度は、およそ200℃前後であるため、本工程IVeでは、ナノコンポジット10Bを200℃以上、好ましくは300℃以上、より好ましくはポリビニルアルコール由来成分をほぼ完全に分解できる450℃以上の温度に加熱する。熱処理は、ナノコンポジット10Bを構成する固体骨格部1a’や金属微粒子3に分解、溶融などの影響を与えない温度範囲で行うことが好ましく、熱処理温度の上限は例えば600℃以下とすることができる。ここで、ポリビニルアルコールに由来する有機物とは、工程IVdにおいて、還元助剤として消費されなかったポリビニルアルコールを含め、例えば、加熱処理時にポリビニルアルコールが酸化される等(例えば、アルコール部分がケトンとなる等)によって、その構造が変化したポリビニルアルコールの変性物又は分解物などをいう。
金属微粒子の平均粒子径の測定は、試料の断面をミクロトーム(ライカ社製、ウルトラカットUTCウルトラミクロトーム)を用いて超薄切片を作製し、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM;日本電子社製、JEM-2000EX)により観測した。尚、ガラス基板上に作製した試料を上記の方法で観測することは困難であるため、ポリイミドフィルム上に同条件で作製したものを用い観測した。また、金属微粒子の平均粒子径は面積平均径とした。
金属微粒子分散複合体の空隙サイズ(細孔径)の平均値は、水銀ポロシメーター法による細孔分布測定により求めた。
金属微粒子分散複合体の空隙率は、金属微粒子分散複合体の面積、厚み及び重量より算出した見掛け密度(嵩密度)と、マトリックス層の固体骨格部を形成する材料及び金属微粒子の固有の密度および組成比率より算出した空隙を含まない密度(真密度)を用いて、下記式(A)にしたがって空隙率を算出した。
作製した試料の吸収スペクトルは、紫外・可視・近赤外分光法(日立製作所社製、U-4000)により観測した。
6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、17gの水と0.5gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに17gのエタノールと1.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー1-1を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー1-1におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して10重量部である。得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-1をスピンコーター(ミカサ株式会社製、商品名;SPINCOATER 1H-DX2)を用いて、ガラス基板の上に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で10分間乾燥し、さらに280℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-1(厚さ1.18μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット1-1中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-1の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-1の空隙率;58%、空隙サイズ;平均6nm、最大35nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;33nm、最小粒子径;15nm、最大粒子径;60nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;109nm、ナノコンポジット1-1に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.65%、同充填率;9.06wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-1における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1の空隙の全容量に対し1.1%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-1の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが548nm、半値幅が90nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.196の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが574nm、半値幅が108nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.347の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ78.2nm及び0.442であった。
実施例1-1と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー1-2を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-2を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-2(厚さ1.83μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット1-2中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-2の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-2の空隙率;56%、空隙サイズ;平均9nm、最大120nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;37nm、最小粒子径;14nm、最大粒子径;61nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;120nm、ナノコンポジット1-2に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.68%、同充填率;9.06wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-2における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2の空隙の全容量に対し1.2%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-2の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが546nm、半値幅が84nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.257の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが572nm、半値幅が105nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.517の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ74.9nm及び0.764であった。このナノコンポジット1-2の表面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した画像を図11に、ナノコンポジット1-2の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)で観察した画像を図12に、それぞれ示した。また、ナノコンポジット1-2の空気および水に対する吸収スペクトルを測定したグラフを図13に示した。
実施例1-1と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー1-3を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-3を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-3(厚さ0.81μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット1-3中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-3の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-3の空隙率;58%、空隙サイズ;平均5nm、最大18nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;31nm、最小粒子径;18nm、最大粒子径;73nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;103nm、ナノコンポジット1-3に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.66%、同充填率;9.06wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-3における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット3の空隙の全容量に対し1.1%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-3の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが552nm、半値幅が94nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.161の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが582nm、半値幅が122nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.247の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ89.7nm及び0.224であった。
実施例1-1における、塩化金酸・四水和物の1.25gを使用したことの代わりに、11.25gを使用したこと以外、実施例1-1と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー1-4を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-4を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-4(厚さ1.10μm)を作製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー1-4におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して90重量部である。また、ナノコンポジット1-4中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-4の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-4の空隙率;64%、空隙サイズ;平均6nm、最大20nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;91nm、最小粒子径;28nm、最大粒子径;167nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;64%、粒子間距離の平均値;114nm、ナノコンポジット1-4に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;4.5%、同充填率;47.28wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-4における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1-4の空隙の全容量に対し7.0%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-4の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが562nm、半値幅が162nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が1.132の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが586nm、半値幅が216nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が1.215の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ69.2nm及び0.226であった。
実施例1-1における、塩化金酸・四水和物の1.25gを使用したことの代わりに、33.75gを使用したこと以外、実施例1-1と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー1-5を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-5を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-5(厚さ0.60μm)を作製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー1-5におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して270重量部である。また、ナノコンポジット1-5中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-5の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-5の空隙率;81%、空隙サイズ;平均6nm、最大55nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;63nm、最小粒子径;26nm、最大粒子径;95nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;70nm、ナノコンポジット1-5に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;5.6%、同充填率;72.9wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-5における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット5の空隙の全容量に対し6.9%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-5の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが540nm、半値幅が114nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.351の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが574nm、半値幅が160nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.414の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ101.3nm及び0.185であった。
6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、11.5gの水と0.5gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに22.6gのエタノールと0.60gのγ-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシランを加え、攪拌した後、1.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー1-6を調製した。
実施例1-1と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー1-6を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-6(厚さ2.85μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット1-6中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-6の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-6の空隙率;58%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大110nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;35nm、最小粒子径;12nm、最大粒子径;55nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;117nm、ナノコンポジット1-6に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.66%、同充填率;8.84wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-6における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1-6の空隙の全容量に対し1.1%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-6の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが543nm、半値幅が94nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.339の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが558nm、半値幅が100nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.456の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ46.5nm及び0.352であった。
6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、17gの水と0.5gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに17gのエタノールを加え、5分間超音波処理することにより、スラリー1-7を調製した。得られたスラリー1-7をスピンコーター(ミカサ株式会社製、商品名;SPINCOATER 1H-DX2)を用いて、ガラス基板の上に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で10分間乾燥し、さらに280℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、マトリックス層1-7(厚さ1.55μm)を作製した。
このマトリックス層1-7を2.5重量%の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液に10分間浸漬することにより、塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液をマトリックス層1-7に含浸させた後、エアーブローにより余分の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液を除去し、280℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-7を作製した。このときのAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して約3重量部である。ナノコンポジット1-7中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-7の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-7の空隙率;60%、空隙サイズ;平均6nm、最大16nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;30nm、最小粒子径;8nm、最大粒子径;52nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;167nm、ナノコンポジット1-7に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.18%、同充填率;2.79wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-7における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1-7の空隙の全容量に対し0.3%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-7の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが540nm、半値幅が85nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.102の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが560nm、半値幅が99nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.142の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ57.6nm及び0.115であった。
実施例1-7における、2.5重量%の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液に10分間浸漬したことの代わりに、10重量%の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液に10分間浸漬したこと以外、実施例1-7と同様にして、赤色に呈色した赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット1-8を作製した。このときのAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して約11重量部である。ナノコンポジット1-8中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット1-8の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット1-8の空隙率;60%、空隙サイズ;平均6nm、最大16nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;43nm、最小粒子径;14nm、最大粒子径;65nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;139nm、ナノコンポジット1-8に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.71%、同充填率;10.29wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-8における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1-8の空隙の全容量に対し1.2%。
また、ナノコンポジット1-8の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが552nm、半値幅が96nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.295の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが582nm、半値幅が116nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.523の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ86.5nm及び0.691であった。
<局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板1-1の作製>
6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、17gの水と0.5gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに17gのエタノール、0.6gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシランおよび1.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー1-9を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー1-9におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して10重量部である。
1)ナノコンポジット1-9の空隙率;58%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大110nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;34nm、最小粒子径;12nm、最大粒子径;54nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;117nm、ナノコンポジット1-9に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.66%、同充填率;8.84wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット1-9における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット1-9の空隙の全容量に対し1.1%。
また、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板1-1の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の反射吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが565nm、半値幅が157nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.510の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが603nm、半値幅が204nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.768の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ115.2nm及び0.782であった。
<局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板1-2の作製>
Ni-Cr合金薄膜(厚み193nm)/Ag薄膜(厚み233nm)/ガラス基板(厚み0.7mm)3層構造の基板(12cm角)の代わりに、Al薄膜(厚み190nm)/透明ガラス基板(厚み0.7mm)2層構造の基板(12cm角)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1-9と同様にして、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板1-2を作製した。
Ni-Cr合金薄膜(厚み193nm)/Ag薄膜(厚み233nm)/ガラス基板(厚み0.7mm)3層構造の基板(12cm角)の代わりに、透明ガラス基板(厚み0.7mm)を用いたこと以外は、実施例1-9と同様にして、ナノコンポジット1-10を作成した。ナノコンポジット1-10の金属金微粒子による局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の反射吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが572nm、半値幅が154nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.079の吸収ピークが観測され、水中における吸収スペクトルは、ピークトップが572nm、半値幅が242nm、波長600nmにおける吸光度が0.100の吸収ピークが観測された。観測された吸収ピークの単位屈折率変化に対するピーク波長変化量及びピーク強度変化量は、それぞれ0nm及び0.064であった。
ビオチンN-スクシンイミジルの粉末試薬(同仁化学社製、商品名;Biotin Sulfo-OSu)の3mgをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(150mMの塩化ナトリウム、7.5mMのリン酸水素二ナトリウム及び2.9mMのリン酸二水素ナトリウムの混合水溶液)の3mlに溶解し、1mg/mlのビオチン溶液1-1を調製した。
アビジンの粉末試薬(ナカライテスク社製、商品名;Avidin from egg white)の1mgをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(150mMの塩化ナトリウム、7.5mMのリン酸水素二ナトリウム及び2.9mMのリン酸二水素ナトリウムの混合水溶液)の10mlに溶解し、1.47μMのアビジン溶液1-2を調製した。
実施例1-2で得られたナノコンポジット1-2を、結合化学種であるアミノウンデカンチオール塩酸塩の0.1mM(0.1ミリモル/L)のエタノール溶液に浸漬し、23℃で2時間処理した後、エタノールにて洗浄し乾燥させて、ナノコンポジット1-11aを調製した。
金属微粒子の平均粒子径の測定は、試料を砕いてエタノールに分散させたのち、得られた分散液をカーボン支持膜付き金属性メッシュへ滴下して作成した基板を、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM;日本電子社製、JEM-2000EX)により観測した。また、金属微粒子の平均粒子径は面積平均径とした。
金属微粒子分散複合体の空隙サイズ(細孔径)の平均値は、水銀ポロシメーター法による細孔分布測定により求めた。
金属微粒子分散複合体の空隙率は、金属微粒子分散複合体の面積、厚み及び重量より算出した見掛け密度(嵩密度)と、マトリックス層の固体骨格部を形成する材料及び金属微粒子の固有の密度および組成比率より算出した空隙を含まない密度(真密度)を用いて、下記式(A)にしたがって空隙率を算出した。
作製したナノコンポジット試料の吸収スペクトルは、瞬間マルチ測光システム(大塚電子社製、MCPD-3700)により観測した。
0.6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、2.84gの水と0.05gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに3.40gのエタノール、0.06gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、0.50gの純水に溶解させた0.125gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)および0.125gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー2-1を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-1におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して10重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、8.24モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-1Aの空隙率;54.2%
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;10.2nm、最小粒子径;2nm、最大粒子径;36nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;34.3nm、ナノコンポジット2-1Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.63%、同充填率;8.56wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-1Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-1Aの空隙の全容量に対し1.16%。
1)ナノコンポジット2-1Bの空隙率;58.0%
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;11.9nm、最小粒子径;3nm、最大粒子径;40nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;40.0nm、ナノコンポジット2-1Bに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.63%、同充填率;8.87wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-1Bにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-1Bの空隙の全容量に対し1.09%。
0.6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、2.28gの水と0.05gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに3.40gのエタノール、0.06gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、1.00gの純水に溶解させた0.25gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)および0.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー2-2を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-2におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、8.24モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-2Aの空隙率;49.6%
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;14.4nm、最小粒子径;5nm、最大粒子径;37nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;35.5nm、ナノコンポジット2-2Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.26%、同充填率;15.26wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-2Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-2Aの空隙の全容量に対し2.54%。
1)ナノコンポジット2-2Bの空隙率;57.4%
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;17.9nm、最小粒子径;6nm、最大粒子径;40nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;44.1nm、ナノコンポジット2-2Bに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.26%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-2Bにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-2Bの空隙の全容量に対し2.19%。
18gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、78.72gの水と3.28gの酢酸を加え、機械撹拌(回転数400rpm、3時間)を行い、ベーマイト分散液2-3を調製した。次に、3.5gのベーマイト分散液2-3に対して、2.33gのエタノール、1.575gの純水に溶解させた0.394gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)、0.063gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および2gのエタノールに溶解させた0.263gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、金錯体含有スラリー2-3を調製した。なお、前記スラリー2-3の調製に際しては、各試薬をそれぞれ加えるたびに、撹拌子による撹拌(回転数1000rpm、5分間)を行った。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-3におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、12.3モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-3Aの空隙率;66.1%、空隙サイズ;平均24nm、最大50nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;6nm、最小粒子径;2nm、最大粒子径;42nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;16.5nm、ナノコンポジット2-3Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.0%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-3Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-3Aの空隙の全容量に対し1.5%。
ベーマイト粉末(SECO社製、商品名;SECO-140、平均1次粒子径;14nm、平均2次粒子径;0.17μm、粒子形状;針状)を用いた以外は、実施例2-3と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー2-4を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2-4を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2-4A(厚さ1.63μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2-4A中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2-4Aの特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2-4Aの空隙率;67.9%、空隙サイズ;平均16nm、最大30nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;10nm、最小粒子径;4nm、最大粒子径;57nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;27.3nm、ナノコンポジット2-4Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.95%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-4Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-4Aの空隙の全容量に対し1.4%。
ベーマイト粉末(SECO社製、商品名;SECO-100、平均1次粒子径;10nm、平均2次粒子径;0.15μm、粒子形状;針状)を用いた以外は、実施例2-3と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー2-5を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2-5を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2-5A(厚さ1.76μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2-5A中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2-5Aの特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2-5Aの空隙率;65.6%、空隙サイズ;平均12nm、最大20nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;10nm、最小粒子径;4nm、最大粒子径;67nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;29.3nm、ナノコンポジット2-5Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.02%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-5Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-5Aの空隙の全容量に対し1.6%。
ベーマイト粉末(SECO社製、商品名;SECO-080、平均1次粒子径;8nm、平均2次粒子径;0.12μm、粒子形状;針状)を用いた以外は、実施例2-3と同様にして、金錯体含有スラリー2-6を調製した後、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2-6を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2-6A(厚さ1.78μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2-6A中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2-6Aの特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2-6Aの空隙率;64.1%、空隙サイズ;平均9nm、最大30nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;10nm、最小粒子径;4nm、最大粒子径;48nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;27.2nm、ナノコンポジット2-6Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.06%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-6Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-6Aの空隙の全容量に対し1.7%。
18gのベーマイト粉末(SECO社製、商品名;SECO-045D、平均1次粒子径;5nm、平均2次粒子径;0.025μm、粒子形状;針状)に、82gの水を加え、機械撹拌(回転数400rpm、3時間)を行い、ベーマイト分散液2-7を調製した。次に、2gのベーマイト分散液2-7に対して、0.068gの酢酸、3.08gのエタノール、2.54gの水、0.9gの純水に溶解させた0.225gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)、0.036gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および2gのエタノールに溶解させた0.15gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、金錯体含有スラリー2-7を調製した。なお、前記スラリー2-7の調製に際しては、各試薬をそれぞれ加えるたびに、撹拌子による撹拌(回転数1000rpm、5分間)を行った。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-7におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、12.3モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-7Aの空隙率;49.4%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大500nm以上。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;12nm、最小粒子径;4nm、最大粒子径;29nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;26.8nm、ナノコンポジット2-7Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.5%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-7Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-7Aの空隙の全容量に対し3.0%。
ベーマイト粉末(SECO社製、商品名;SECO-045U、平均1次粒子径;5nm、平均2次粒子径;0.025μm、粒子形状;針状)を用いた以外は、実施例2-7と同様にして、ベーマイト分散液2-8を調製した。次に、3.5gのベーマイト分散液2-8に対して、0.119gの酢酸、2.445gのエタノール、1.575gの純水に溶解させた0.394gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)0.06gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および0.263gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、金錯体含有スラリー2-8を調製した。なお、前記スラリー2-8の調製に際しては、各試薬をそれぞれ加えるたびに、撹拌子による撹拌(回転数1000rpm、5分間)を行った。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-8におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、12.3モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-8Aの空隙率;52.0%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大500nm以上。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;10nm、最小粒子径;3nm、最大粒子径;34nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;24.0nm、ナノコンポジット2-8Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.42%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-8Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-8Aの空隙の全容量に対し2.7%。
72gの25重量%ベーマイト水溶液(河合石灰工業社製、商品名;ナノベーマイトb、1次粒子の平均長径;100nm、1次粒子の平均短径;15nm、平均2次粒子径;0.35μm、粒子形状;針状)に、24.72gの水と3.28gの酢酸を加え、機械撹拌(回転数400rpm、3時間)を行い、ベーマイト分散液2-9を調製した。次に、2gのベーマイト分散液2-9に対して、2.95gのエタノール、2.47gの水、0.9gの純水に溶解させた0.225gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)、0.036gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および2gのエタノールに溶解させた0.15gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、金錯体含有スラリー2-9を調製した。なお、前記スラリー2-9の調製に際しては、各試薬をそれぞれ加えるたびに、撹拌子による撹拌(回転数1000rpm、5分間)を行った。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-9におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、12.3モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-9Aの空隙率;55.8%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大20nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;7nm、最小粒子径;3nm、最大粒子径;32nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;17.3nm、ナノコンポジット2-9Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.31%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-9Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-9Aの空隙の全容量に対し2.4%。
25重量%ベーマイト水溶液(河合石灰工業社製、商品名;BMJ、平均1次粒子径;100nm、平均2次粒子径;0.106μm、粒子形状;板状)を用いた以外は、実施例2-7と同様にして、ベーマイト分散液2-10を調製した。次に、3.5gのベーマイト分散液2-10に対して、2.33gのエタノール、1.575gの純水に溶解させた0.394gのポリビニルアルコール(平均分子量22000、重合度500、ケン化度88%)、0.063gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および2gのエタノールに溶解させた0.263gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、金錯体含有スラリー2-10を調製した。なお、前記スラリー2-10の調製に際しては、各試薬をそれぞれ加えるたびに、撹拌子による撹拌(回転数1000rpm、5分間)を行った。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2-10におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。また、配合したポリビニルアルコール中のヒドロキシ基は、塩化金酸・四水和物1モルに対し、12.3モルである。
1)ナノコンポジット2-10Aの空隙率;53.7%、空隙サイズ;平均24nm、最大500nm以上。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;16nm、最小粒子径;2nm、最大粒子径;39nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;37.9nm、ナノコンポジット2-10Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.37%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2-10Aにおける金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2-10Aの空隙の全容量に対し2.6%。
0.6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、1.70gの水と0.05gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに1.70gのエタノール、0.06gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および0.125gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー2R-1を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2R-1におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して10重量部である。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-1の空隙率;58%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大110nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;46.8nm、最小粒子径;28nm、最大粒子径;65nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;157.4nm、ナノコンポジット2R-1に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.63%、同充填率;8.87wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-1における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-1の空隙の全容量に対し1.09%。
0.6gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、1.70gの水と0.05gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに1.70gのエタノール、0.06gの3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、および0.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間超音波処理することにより、金錯体含有スラリー2R-2を調製した。このときの金錯体含有スラリー2R-2におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して20重量部である。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-2の空隙率;57.4%
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;67.3nm、最小粒子径;37nm、最大粒子径;110nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;88.2%、粒子間距離の平均値;165.8nm、ナノコンポジット2R-2に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.26%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-2における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-2の空隙の全容量に対し2.19%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-3と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-3を調製した。実施例2-3と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-3を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-3(厚さ1.53μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-3に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-3の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-3の空隙率;66.1%、空隙サイズ;平均24nm、最大50nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;88.6nm、最小粒子径;63.5nm、最大粒子径;119.3nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;80%、粒子間距離の平均値;242.6nm、ナノコンポジット2R-3に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.0%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-3における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-3の空隙の全容量に対し1.5%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-4と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-4を調製した。実施例2-4と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-4を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-4(厚さ1.53μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-4に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-4の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-4の空隙率;67.9%、空隙サイズ;平均16nm、最大30nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;54.6nm、最小粒子径;36.5nm、最大粒子径;81.4nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%、粒子間距離の平均値;153.1nm、ナノコンポジット2R-4に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.95%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-4における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-4の空隙の全容量に対し1.4%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-5と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-5を調製した。実施例2-5と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-5を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-5(厚さ1.51μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-5に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-5の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-5の空隙率;65.6%、空隙サイズ;平均12nm、最大20nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;100.2nm、最小粒子径;10.5nm、最大粒子径;268.1nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;57%、粒子間距離の平均値;272.4nm、ナノコンポジット2R-5に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.02%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-5における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-5の空隙の全容量に対し1.6%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-6と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-6を調製した。実施例2-6と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-6を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-6(厚さ1.34μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-6に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-6の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-6の空隙率;64.1%、空隙サイズ;平均9nm、最大30nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;81.1nm、最小粒子径;5.0nm、最大粒子径;122.8nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;50%、粒子間距離の平均値;216.1nm、ナノコンポジット2R-6に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.06%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-6における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-6の空隙の全容量に対し1.7%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-7と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-7を調製した。実施例2-7と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-7を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-7(厚さ1.32μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-7に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-7の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-7の空隙率;49.4%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大500nm以上。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;379.8nm、最小粒子径;14.3nm、最大粒子径;1077.3nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;30%、粒子間距離の平均値;862.2nm、ナノコンポジット2R-7に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.5%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-7における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-7の空隙の全容量に対し3.0%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-8と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-8を調製した。実施例2-8と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-8を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-8(厚さ1.45μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-8の空隙率は52.0%、空隙サイズは平均8nm、最大500nm以上であった。ナノコンポジット2R-8の金属金微粒子は、凝集が多く、粒子径や、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴の反射吸収スペクトルの測定が困難であった。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-9と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-9を調製した。実施例2-9と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-9を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-9(厚さ1.63μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-9の金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-9の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-9の空隙率;55.8%、空隙サイズ;平均8nm、最大20nm。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;128.1nm、最小粒子径;19.8nm、最大粒子径;415.5nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;71%、粒子間距離の平均値;309.9nm、ナノコンポジット2R-9に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.31%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-9における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-9の空隙の全容量に対し2.4%。
ポリビニルアルコールを添加しなかった以外は、実施例2-10と同様にして金錯体含有スラリー2R-10を調製した。実施例2-10と同様にして、得られた金錯体含有スラリー2R-10を塗布・乾燥し、さらに加熱処理することによって、金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット2R-10(厚さ1.73μm)を作製した。ナノコンポジット2R-10に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット2R-10の特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)ナノコンポジット2R-10の空隙率;53.7%、空隙サイズ;平均24nm、最大500nm以上。
2)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状、平均粒子径;65.4nm、最小粒子径;8.4nm、最大粒子径;176.8nm、粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;89%、粒子間距離の平均値;154.9nm、ナノコンポジット2R-10に対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;1.37%、同充填率;16.3wt%。
3)ナノコンポジット2R-10における金属金微粒子の空隙に対する体積割合;ナノコンポジット2R-10の空隙の全容量に対し2.6%。
1.2gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、2.84gの水と0.1gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに3.96gのエタノール、1.6gのシランカップリング剤水溶液(固形分濃度30wt%)を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、スラリー3-1を調製した。このときのスラリー3-1におけるシランカップリング剤の固形分の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して40重量部である。
1)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状
2)平均粒子径;9.1nm、最小粒子径;4.6nm、最大粒子径;25.5nm
3)粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%
4)ナノコンポジット3-1Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.73%、同充填率;7.73wt%。
2.4gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、5.68gの水と0.2gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに8.24gのエタノール、3.2gのシランカップリング剤水溶液(固形分濃度30wt%)、0.672gの濃塩酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、スラリー3-2を調製した。このときのスラリー3-2におけるシランカップリング剤水溶液の固形分の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して40重量部である。
1)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状
2)平均粒子径;10.8nm、最小粒子径;3.6nm、最大粒子径;55.2nm
3)粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%
4)ナノコンポジット3-2Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.61%、同充填率;6.46wt%。
[参考例3-1]
1.2gのベーマイト粉末(大明化学工業社製、商品名;C-01、平均1次粒子径;20nm、平均2次粒子径;0.1μm、粒子形状;キュービック状)に、2.84gの水と0.1gの酢酸を加え、5分間の超音波処理を行った。さらに3.96gのエタノール、1.6gのシランカップリング剤水溶液(固形分濃度30wt%)、および0.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を加え、5分間の超音波処理することにより、スラリー3-3を調製した。このときのスラリー3-3におけるAu元素の割合は、ベーマイト100重量部に対して10重量部である。
1)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状
2)平均粒子径;6.8nm、最小粒子径;3.3nm、最大粒子径;17.5nm
3)粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%
4)ナノコンポジット3-3Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.63%、同充填率;6.67wt%。
実施例3-1で得られた基板3-1Aの塗工面へ、4.75gのエタノールに0.25gの塩化金酸・四水和物を溶解させた溶液(5重量%の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液)を実施例3-1と同様に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で10分間乾燥し、さらに280℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット3-4Aを作製した。ナノコンポジット3-4A中に形成した金属金微粒子は、該フィルムの表層部から厚さ方向に至るまでの領域内で、各々が完全に独立し、隣り合う金属金微粒子における大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で分散していた。このナノコンポジット3-4Aの特徴は、次のとおりであった。
1)金属金微粒子の形状;ほぼ球状
2)平均粒子径;7.8nm、最小粒子径;3.0nm、最大粒子径;23.2nm
3)粒子径1nm~100nmの範囲内にある粒子の割合;100%
4)ナノコンポジット3-4Aに対する金属金微粒子の体積分率;0.49%、同充填率;5.19wt%。
実施例3-1で得られた基板3-1Aの塗工面へ、4.5gのエタノールに0.5gの塩化金酸・四水和物を溶解させた溶液(10重量%の塩化金酸・四水和物水溶液)を実施例3-1と同様に塗布した後、70℃で3分間及び130℃で10分間乾燥し、さらに280℃、10分間加熱処理することによって、赤紫色に呈色した金属金微粒子分散ナノコンポジット3-5Aを作製した。ナノコンポジット3-5Aを大気中に設置し、ナノコンポジット3-5Aの表面に水を滴下した際の色の変化は、ほとんどなく、目視で確認できなかった。
Claims (30)
- 固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体であって、
以下のa~dの構成:
a)前記固体骨格部はアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有し、三次元的な網目構造を形成している;
b)前記金属微粒子の平均粒子径は3nm~100nmの範囲内にあり、粒子径が1nm~100nmの範囲内にある金属微粒子の割合が60%以上である;
c)前記金属微粒子は、各々の金属微粒子同士が接することなく、隣り合う金属微粒子における粒子径が大きい方の粒子径以上の間隔で存在している;
d)前記金属微粒子は、前記マトリックス層の空隙に露出した部位を備えており、マトリックス層中で三次元的に分散した状態で存在している;
を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体。 - 空隙率が15~95%の範囲内にある請求項1に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 金属微粒子の体積分率は、金属微粒子分散複合体に対して、0.05~30%の範囲内である請求項1に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 金属微粒子が、Au、Ag又はCuの金属微粒子である請求項1に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 金属微粒子が、380nm以上の波長の光と相互作用して局在型表面プラズモン共鳴を生じる請求項1に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 前記金属微粒子の表面に、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有する結合化学種がさらに固定されている請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体と、
前記金属微粒子分散複合体の片側に配置された光反射性部材と、
を備えた局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板。 - 前記金属微粒子分散複合体は、
光源から照射された光を受光する第1の面と、
該第1の面の反対側に形成された第2の面と、
を備えており、
前記第2の面に接して前記光反射性部材が設けられている請求項7に記載の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板。 - 前記光反射性部材は、光透過層と、
該光透過層に積層された金属層と、
を備えている請求項7又は8に記載の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板。 - 前記光反射性部材は、前記金属層を覆う保護層をさらに備えている請求項7から9のいずれか1項に記載の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板。
- 前記保護層が、Ni-Cr合金からなる請求項10に記載の局在型表面プラズモン共鳴発生基板。
- 固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法であって、
以下の工程Ia~Id;
Ia)固体骨格部を形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
Ib)前記スラリーと、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
Ic)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
Id)前記塗布膜を、加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備えている金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 前記工程Idの後で、さらに、
Ie)前記金属微粒子の表面に、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有する結合化学種を固定する工程、を含む請求項12に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法であって、
以下の工程IIa~IId;
IIa)固体骨格部を形成するためのアルミニウムオキシ水酸化物又はアルミナ水和物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成する工程、
IIc)前記マトリックス層に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、
IId)前記工程IIcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備えている金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 前記工程IIdの後で、さらに、
IIe)前記金属微粒子の表面に、特定の物質と相互作用する官能基を有する結合化学種を固定する工程、を含む請求項14に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法であって、以下の工程IIIa~IIId;
IIIa)前記固体骨格部の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IIIb)前記スラリーに、該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.5~480重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属化合物を混合して塗布液を調製する工程、
IIIc)前記塗布液を、基材上に塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成する工程、
及び、
IIId)前記塗布膜を加熱処理することにより、前記塗布膜から三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成するとともに、前記金属化合物の金属イオンを加熱還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させて金属微粒子分散複合体を得る工程、
を備え、
前記工程IIIdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行うことを特徴とする金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 前記工程IIIaのスラリーを調製する工程でポリビニルアルコールを添加する請求項16に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記工程IIIbの塗布液を調製する工程でポリビニルアルコールを添加する請求項16に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属化合物1重量部に対し、前記ポリビニルアルコールを0.1~50重量部の範囲内で使用する請求項16から18のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記ポリビニルアルコールの重合度が、10~5000の範囲内である請求項16から19のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記ポリビニルアルコールのケン化度が、30%以上である請求項16から20のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- さらに、次の工程IIIe;
IIIe)前記金属微粒子分散複合体を、前記ポリビニルアルコールの熱分解開始温度以上の温度で加熱する工程、
を備えた請求項16から21のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 請求項16から22のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法によって製造された金属微粒子分散複合体。
- 固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を有するマトリックス層と、該固体骨格部に固定された金属微粒子と、を備えた金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法であって、
以下の工程IVa~IVd;
IVa)前記固体骨格部の原料となる金属水酸化物又は金属酸化物を含有するスラリーを調製する工程、
IVb)前記スラリーを、基材上に塗布し、乾燥した後、加熱処理することにより、三次元的な網目構造を有する固体骨格部及び該固体骨格部が形成する空隙を備えたマトリックス層を形成する工程、
IVc)前記マトリックス層に、前記スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、金属元素として0.2~1100重量部の範囲内となるように、金属微粒子の原料となる金属イオンを含有する溶液を含浸させる工程、
IVd)前記工程IVcの後、加熱処理することにより、前記金属イオンを還元して金属微粒子となる粒子状金属を析出させる工程、
を備え、
前記工程IVcの金属イオンを含有する溶液にポリビニルアルコールを配合し、前記工程IVdをポリビニルアルコールの存在下で行うことを特徴とする金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 前記金属イオンの原料の金属化合物1重量部に対し、前記ポリビニルアルコールを0.1~50重量部の範囲内で使用する請求項24に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記ポリビニルアルコールの重合度が、10~5000の範囲内である請求項24又は25に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 前記ポリビニルアルコールのケン化度が、30%以上である請求項24から26のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- さらに、次の工程IVe;
IVe)前記金属微粒子分散複合体を、前記ポリビニルアルコールの熱分解開始温度以上の温度で加熱する工程、
を備えた請求項24から27のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。 - 前記スラリーが、シラン化合物を該スラリーの固形分100重量部に対し、10~200重量部の範囲内で含有する請求項24から28のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法。
- 請求項24から29のいずれか1項に記載の金属微粒子分散複合体の製造方法によって製造された金属微粒子分散複合体。
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- 2012-02-02 EP EP20120744603 patent/EP2674744A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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| JP2014029288A (ja) * | 2012-07-31 | 2014-02-13 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co Ltd | 複合基板、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴センサー、その使用方法、及び検知方法 |
| WO2015102090A1 (ja) * | 2013-12-30 | 2015-07-09 | 新日鉄住金化学株式会社 | 複合基板、光学式センサー、局在型表面プラズモン共鳴センサー、その使用方法、及び検知方法、並びに、水分選択透過性フィルター及びそれを備えたセンサー |
| JP2021072188A (ja) * | 2019-10-30 | 2021-05-06 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 複合部材 |
| JP7398701B2 (ja) | 2019-10-30 | 2023-12-15 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 複合部材 |
| US12304867B2 (en) | 2021-02-05 | 2025-05-20 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Composite member |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2012108322A1 (ja) | 2014-07-03 |
| US20130329272A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
| JP5852022B2 (ja) | 2016-02-03 |
| EP2674744A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 |
| JP2016085224A (ja) | 2016-05-19 |
| CN103348234A (zh) | 2013-10-09 |
| KR20140043323A (ko) | 2014-04-09 |
| JP6031584B2 (ja) | 2016-11-24 |
| TW201250229A (en) | 2012-12-16 |
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