WO2012105344A1 - 薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F292/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to inorganic materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/22—Intercalation
- C01B32/225—Expansion; Exfoliation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/50—Partial depolymerisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material obtained by grafting a polymer to exfoliated graphite, and more specifically, a depolymerizable monomer, polymer a of the monomer, or a radical near the decomposition temperature.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a composite material obtained by grafting a polymer to exfoliated graphite by mixing and heating a polymer b to be formed and graphite.
- Graphite is a hexagonal layered compound of SP2 carbon, and one layer constituting graphite is called graphene.
- a method of heat-treating silicon carbide or a method of stacking graphene on a metal film such as a copper foil by a CVD method is known.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses that when a monomer is polymerized by mixing a polymerization initiator and a styrene monomer component in the presence of exfoliated graphite obtained by exfoliating graphite by chemical treatment, It has been reported that styrene polymer chains are grafted on the surface.
- the method of grafting monomers after obtaining exfoliated graphite and further graft polymerizing has a problem that handling of exfoliated graphite as a raw material is complicated. That is, the exfoliated graphite and graphene after the exfoliation treatment are so light that exfoliated graphite and exfoliated graphene float in the air, and the exfoliated graphite after exfoliation treatment is very difficult to handle. Therefore, conventionally, exfoliated graphite has been redispersed in a solvent, and a polymerization initiator serving as a polymerization starting point or a copolymerizable functional group has been grafted onto the graphene surface in the dispersion. Thereafter, polymerization was performed in a solution, and the polymer was grafted on the graphene surface. Therefore, the process took a very long time.
- the object of the present invention is to enable the simultaneous exfoliation treatment of graphite and the step of grafting a polymer to exfoliated graphite, thus making it possible to obtain exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material easily and in a short time. It is to provide a method.
- the inventor of the present application heat-treats exfoliated graphite and a depolymerizable monomer, a polymer of the monomer, or a polymer that forms a radical near the decomposition temperature at a high temperature near the decomposition temperature of the polymer in a non-open container.
- a polymer can be grafted on the exfoliated graphite with high efficiency together with the exfoliation of graphite, and the present invention has been made.
- thinning refers to exfoliation of about 1 to 200 graphite layers and dispersion of nanoparticles into primary particles.
- the method for producing exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material of the present invention comprises graphite or primary exfoliated graphite, a depolymerizable monomer that decomposes its polymer by heating, generates radicals, and becomes a monomer or oligomer, or A step of obtaining a mixture by mixing the polymer a or a polymer b that generates radicals at a decomposition start temperature or higher, and placing the mixture in a non-open container, the decomposition start temperature being higher than the ceiling temperature of the polymer a or b
- the decomposition start temperature here refers to a temperature at which 10% by weight of the polymer a or b is decomposed when TG / DTA measurement is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the definition of the ceiling temperature is described in “Radical Polymerization Handbook”, page 112 (issued by NTS).
- the polymer is decomposed to generate radicals if the temperature is close to the decomposition start temperature.
- the operation for heating to the first temperature range not lower than the ceiling temperature and not higher than the decomposition start temperature when heating in the heating step is referred to as A operation.
- the method further includes a step of heating in a second temperature range that exceeds the decomposition start temperature and is equal to or lower than the decomposition completion temperature.
- the process of repeating the heat treatment in the first temperature range and the second temperature range may be performed, thereby enabling the grafting of the polymer to exfoliated graphite and the suppression of the decrease in the molecular weight of the polymer. To do.
- the process of repeating the heat treatment in the first temperature range and the second temperature range is hereinafter referred to as B operation.
- the decomposition completion temperature here refers to a temperature at which 90% by weight of the polymer is decomposed when TG / DTA measurement is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the heating step further includes a step of heating to a third temperature range higher than the decomposition completion temperature.
- an intermediate temperature heating step of heating to the second temperature range and a high temperature heating step of heating to the third temperature range are repeated. .
- This operation is hereinafter referred to as C operation.
- C operation When the C operation is performed, the exfoliation of the graphite can be advanced more effectively. Furthermore, the graft ratio of the polymer can be further increased.
- the operation A is an operation of heating to a temperature range where radical generation due to thermal decomposition occurs slowly. Therefore, although the graft ratio of the polymer a or b is relatively low, the length of the grafted polymer can be increased.
- the B operation is performed in a temperature range where the thermal decomposition of the polymer is actively caused than the A operation. Therefore, the graft rate can be increased.
- C operation is performed in a temperature range where thermal decomposition is actively caused more than A and B operations. Therefore, the exfoliation of graphite can be advanced, and the number and density of graft starting points can be increased.
- the weight is R
- the maximum weight of the polymer a or b in the first temperature range is A 0 (weight not including adsorbed water, adsorbed gas, and contained solvent)
- the weight of the polymer a or b at the decomposition start temperature is X
- the decomposition start temperature and the decomposition completion temperature may be those in which a decomposition residue is generated when the polymer a or b is heated to the third temperature range, or a decomposition residue is not generated. It can be determined by the above equations.
- This decomposition start temperature and decomposition completion temperature can be read from a TG / DTA measurement under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- two or more monomers or polymers are used as the monomer or polymer a or b.
- a polymer obtained by using a mixture of two or more monomers as a starting material, or a mixture of two or more already polymerized polymers is used, a mixture of two or more monomers or two
- the decomposition start temperature and decomposition end temperature may be read from the TG / DTA pattern of the above polymer mixture, and grafting may be performed according to the above operating method.
- these plural monomers or polymers may be sequentially processed.
- multiple types of polymers can be sequentially grafted onto exfoliated graphite.
- This method allows different types of polymers to be grafted onto exfoliated graphite. Therefore, it is possible to easily provide a composite material having various physical properties such as amphiphilic properties.
- carbon dioxide or water in a supercritical state is mixed in the heating step.
- the mixture does not contain a polymerization initiator.
- the monomer or polymer can be grafted onto exfoliated graphite by radicals generated by spontaneous decomposition of the polymer.
- the exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material according to the present invention is obtained by the method for producing an exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material of the present invention, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity is derived from a graphite layer crystal before processing. It is 50% or less of the X-ray diffraction peak intensity at 26.4 degrees. Details of the present invention will be described below.
- graphite and primary exfoliated graphite are used as a raw material.
- Graphite is a material whose surface has radical trapping properties.
- graphite is a layered compound in which many graphenes are stacked.
- “primary exfoliated graphite” refers to exfoliated graphite used as a raw material and having a smaller number of graphene layers than the above-mentioned graphite.
- the number of graphene layers in the primary exfoliated graphite is 500 m 2 or less per gram in the surface area measured from BET described later.
- exfoliated graphite in the exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material finally obtained means that the number of graphene layers is about 1 to 200.
- the number of graphene layers in graphite as a raw material is usually 1000 or more.
- Such an average number of layers can be calculated from the surface area measured from the BET. If the thinned graphite is composed entirely of a single layer of graphene, this surface area is theoretically expected to be 2400-2600 m 2 per gram. The surface area per gram is hereinafter referred to as the specific surface area.
- exfoliated graphite having the specific surface area of about 2000 m 2 / g can be obtained.
- the average number of graphene layers is considered to be about 1 to 2 layers.
- exfoliated graphite having the specific surface area exceeding 500 m 2 / g floats in the air in the dry state as described above. Therefore, handling becomes difficult.
- the specific surface area is exfoliated graphite or graphite having a specific surface area of 500 m 2 / g or less, it is easy to measure and easy to put into a manufacturing apparatus.
- primary exfoliated graphite having a specific surface area determined from BET of 500 m 2 / g or less may be used as a raw material.
- the greater the specific surface area of the primary exfoliated graphite used as a raw material the higher the dispersibility of the exfoliated graphite in the composite material.
- primary exfoliated graphite having a relatively large diameter of about 10 ⁇ m that is, a relatively small specific surface area
- polymer grafting and exfoliation into a thinner exfoliated graphite can be achieved. .
- the graphite or primary exfoliated graphite is mixed with the depolymerizable monomer or the polymer a obtained by polymerizing the monomer, or the polymer b that forms a radical near the decomposition temperature, and the mixture is obtained. obtain.
- this depolymerizable monomer is heated to the first temperature range described above in a non-open container, radicals are spontaneously generated and polymerization proceeds. Further, the slow depolymerization of the polymer a produced by the polymerization also proceeds.
- Examples of such monomers include styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl ⁇ -ethyl acrylate, methyl ⁇ -benzyl acrylate, methyl ⁇ - [2,2-bis (carbomethoxy) ethyl] acrylate, dibutyl itaconate, and itaconic acid.
- Examples thereof include ⁇ -substituted acrylate esters composed of dimethyl, dicyclohexyl itaconate, ⁇ -methylene- ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -methylstyrene, ⁇ -acetoxystyrene, and the like.
- Polymer a obtained by polymerizing the above depolymerizable monomer as a raw material undergoes a slight decomposition reaction in the first temperature range, and undergoes a decomposition reaction in the second temperature range to such an extent that the average degree of polymerization decreases.
- the decomposition reaction proceeds to a low molecule close to the monomer that is a unit unit of the polymer.
- a polymer held in such a temperature range in a non-open state does not drop as dramatically as an open system even when the heating time is increased. This is a phenomenon completely different from the decomposition reaction in an open system.
- non-open state is achieved by putting the mixture into a non-open container and heating as described above.
- a non-open container means a non-open container to the extent that low molecular components such as decomposition products do not leak out of the container.
- the polymer b that forms radicals near the decomposition temperature is not particularly limited. Most organic polymers generate radicals at the decomposition temperature.
- the polymer b that can be used in the present invention the following various polymers can be used.
- examples of the polymer b include poly (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester, polypropylene, polyvinylphenol, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyphenylene ether.
- polymers containing halogen elements such as polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated vinyl chloride, ethylene fluoride resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, or vinylidene chloride resin can be used.
- EVA Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
- polyvinyl acetal polyvinyl pyrrolidone and copolymers thereof can also be used.
- Polymers obtained by cationic polymerization such as polyisobutylene and polyalkylene ether can also be used.
- Polyurethane, polyepoxy, modified silicone, silicone resin and the like obtained by crosslinking oligomers can also be used.
- polyallylamine or the like may be used as the polymer b.
- an amino group can be grafted onto the carbon material.
- polyvinylphenol or polyphenols are used, phenolic OH can be grafted onto the carbon material.
- a polymer having a phosphate group is used, the phosphate group can be grafted.
- the decomposition product is grafted although the radical concentration obtained at the decomposition temperature is low.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the heating temperature and the relative weight of the polymer when polystyrene is used as the polymer.
- polystyrene hardly decomposes in the first temperature range, but when heated beyond the first temperature range, the weight of the polystyrene decreases, that is, the polymer starts to decompose and generates radicals.
- the temperature exceeds the second temperature range the decomposition is completed, and polystyrene is decomposed into styrene to be styrene.
- an unreacted styrene monomer will superpose
- graphite or primary exfoliated graphite and the monomer may be mixed to obtain a mixture, or the graphite or primary exfoliated graphite and the monomer polymer a or the polymer b may be mixed, A mixture may be obtained.
- an appropriate mixing method such as an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homogenizer, a planetary stirrer, or the like can be used.
- it may mix by a normal pressure until it reaches the below-mentioned heating process, It is desirable to pressurize to the pressure which a monomer does not volatilize so that it may mention later. Thereby, volatilization of the monomer can be suppressed, and a sufficient amount of polymer can be grafted onto exfoliated graphite.
- the assist gas for applying pressure carbon dioxide gas or water is preferable.
- the polymer a or b When the polymer a or b is used as a raw material, it is desirable to prepare a mixture by kneading the polymer a or b with graphite or primary exfoliated graphite under heating. Thereby, the mixture can be plasticized, and the contact probability between graphite or primary exfoliated graphite and generated radicals in the heating step can be further increased.
- the blending ratio of the above graphite or primary exfoliated graphite and the above monomer is not particularly limited, but it is desirable that the weight ratio is 50 to 50 to 0.01 to 99.9.
- the blending ratio of the graphite or primary exfoliated graphite and the polymer is preferably 50 to 50 to 0.5 to 99.5 in a weight ratio.
- Two or more of the above monomers or polymers may be used, whereby a composite material obtained by combining a plurality of types of polymer alloys with exfoliated graphite can be obtained.
- two or more types of monomers may be used, two or more types of polymers may be used, and one or more types of monomers and one or more types of polymers may be used.
- Heating process when a depolymerizable monomer and graphite are used as the mixture, the mixture is heated in a non-open container in which low molecular components such as the monomer do not volatilize.
- the heating as described above, when the first temperature range is set to be equal to or higher than the ceiling temperature of the polymer a or b and lower than the decomposition start temperature, the heating is performed exceeding the first temperature range.
- the mixture exceeds the ceiling temperature and is heated to near the decomposition start temperature, radicals can be generated and the monomer can be polymerized while suppressing the volatilization of the monomer. Radicals formed in the temperature region where this polymerization mainly occurs attack the surface and edges of graphite, and the graphite or primary exfoliated graphite peels off, and exfoliation proceeds.
- the pyrolytic radicals obtained by the decomposition are grafted onto exfoliated graphite.
- the polymer starts to decompose a little, and the molecular weight of the polymer grafted on exfoliated graphite decreases.
- reaction system is cooled. Thereby, exfoliated graphite to which the polymer is grafted can be recovered.
- the polymer a or b When the polymer a or b is used as a raw material, the polymer is heated up to the upper limit of the first temperature range, and then the polymer starts to decompose when the second temperature range is reached. As a result, it is considered that radicals are generated and active species of the polymer are grafted onto exfoliated graphite.
- a high temperature heating step of heating to a third temperature range higher than the decomposition completion temperature is performed, and then an intermediate temperature heating step of heating to the second temperature range is performed.
- a large amount of active radicals are generated from the polymer by thermal decomposition and grafted to the graphite.
- the next intermediate temperature heating step unreacted monomers are polymerized, and the average chain length of the adsorbed polymer can be increased.
- the exfoliation process of graphite can be performed more reliably.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the heating temperature and the relative weight concentration of the polymer in the case of a system in which a hardly decomposable residue remains.
- the decomposition rate of the polymer is slow in the first temperature range, but when heated to the second temperature range, the polymer is rapidly decomposed into monomers and radicals are generated. Furthermore, when heated to the third temperature range, the polymer is decomposed into monomers and decomposition residues.
- R be the relative weight of this decomposition residue.
- the decomposition start temperature and the decomposition completion temperature may be defined by the above formula.
- an inert gas during the heating step.
- examples of such an inert gas include nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas, and argon gas.
- a supercritical fluid include carbon dioxide and water that become supercritical by heating and have no radical trapping properties.
- the heat treatment maintained in the second temperature range and the third temperature range may be repeated.
- the exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material according to the present invention is obtained by the production method of the present invention, and the peak intensity of 26.4 degrees by X-ray diffraction is 26.4 derived from the graphite layer crystal before treatment. It is 50% or less of the X-ray diffraction peak intensity. That is, by the production method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material in which the interlayer of graphite or primary exfoliated graphite is expanded to become exfoliated graphite, and a polymer is grafted on the exfoliated graphite.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the heating temperature and the relative weight concentration of a polymer when polystyrene is used as the polymer.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the heating temperature and the relative weight concentration of the polymer when polymetal methacrylate is used as the polymer.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing XRD spectra of the graphite or exfoliated graphite obtained in the comparative example and Examples 1 to 4.
- FIG. 4 is an XRD spectrum of the expanded graphite obtained in Example 4.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a TG / DTA measurement result of the carbonaceous material obtained in Example 5.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a TG / DTA measurement result of the carbonaceous material obtained in Example 6.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a TG / DTA measurement result of the carbonaceous material obtained in Example 7.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a TG / DTA measurement result of the carbonaceous material obtained in Example 8.
- FIG. 9 is an XRD spectrum of the carbonaceous material obtained in Example 9.
- Evaluation Method 1 XRD Measurement A dispersion solution containing graphite was dropped on a slide glass and dried at room temperature. X-ray diffraction measurement was carried out using an Rigaku X-ray diffraction apparatus Rint1000.
- the target was Cu
- the tube voltage was 50 kV
- the tube current was 150 mA
- diffraction was obtained by the 2 ⁇ - ⁇ method.
- a scintillation counter was used as a detector, and scanning was performed at a speed of 0.2 ° / min.
- Evaluation method 2 TG / DTA measurement 2 to 10 mg of graphite and exfoliated graphite were precisely weighed, and TG / DTA was measured using TG / DTA6300 manufactured by SII Nano Technology.
- the initial temperature was 25 ° C., and the temperature was raised to 1000 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C. per minute.
- decomposition start temperature, decomposition start temperature and decomposition completion temperature were measured under a nitrogen gas atmosphere with a gas flow path of 50 ml / min.
- the polymer graft rate was measured under an air atmosphere with a gas flow path of 50 ml / min.
- the ceiling temperature of polystyrene is reported to be 150 ° C.
- the decomposition start temperature was around 350 ° C.
- the decomposition completion temperature was around 390 ° C. .
- the ceiling temperature of PMMA is 155.5 ° C.
- the decomposition start temperature and the decomposition completion temperature were measured for (trade name: PMMA, MW 350,000, manufactured by Aldrich), the decomposition start temperature was around 300 ° C., and the decomposition completion temperature was around 350 ° C.
- the decomposition start temperature of polypropylene (trade name: Nippon Polypro, Novatec PP, MA3H) was about 350 ° C.
- the decomposition completion temperature was about 400 ° C.
- the decomposition start temperature of polyethylene terephthalate (trade name: SELAR, PT7001 manufactured by DuPont) was around 360 ° C., and the decomposition completion temperature was around 400 ° C. when the residue was heated to 500 ° C.
- the decomposition completion temperature based on the residue when heated to 1000 ° C. was estimated at around 600 ° C.
- the second temperature range in this case is defined as exceeding 360 ° C. and 600 ° C. or less.
- the measurement of the decomposition start temperature and the decomposition completion temperature was performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, and the gas flow rate was 50 ml / min.
- the measurement of the polymer graft ratio was performed in an air gas atmosphere, and the gas flow rate was 50 ml / min.
- Evaluation method 3 Measurement of polymer adsorption rate on exfoliated graphite 1-10 g of a sample containing a carbon material subjected to a high-pressure heating reaction treatment is dissolved in a solvent 50 times or more in amount. Dispersion treatment was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes at an output of 45 kHz and 100 W using an ultrasonic device.
- the obtained solution was filtered using a PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. Further, the same amount of solvent as the amount of the solution was added and filtered again, and the polymer unreacted with graphene was washed and filtered. The sample on the paper was dried in an oven to remove the contained solvent. TG / DTA measurement of evaluation method 2) was performed using the sample.
- Evaluation method 5 Method for quantifying the degree of exfoliation of graphite
- the peak located at 26.4 degrees derived from the layer crystal of graphite as a raw material is exfoliated, ie, flakes It gets smaller as the process progresses.
- the degree of exfoliation of graphite was quantified.
- quantification can be performed by adding raw material graphite before peeling.
- the peak value by X-ray diffraction of the sample after the peeling treatment is SA.
- the raw material graphite having the same carbon weight as the carbon weight in the post-peeling sample is further added to the post-peeling sample, and the peak of X-ray diffraction is SB.
- the calibrated peak values are SA ′ and SB ′, respectively.
- SB′-SA ′ becomes a peak derived from graphite added later.
- the peak intensity SA ′ of 26.4 degrees of only the treated sample is about half of SB ′. This is because the peak of SB 'is obtained by adding the graphite in the exfoliated sample and the peak derived from post-added graphite.
- the peak of SA ′ becomes almost zero, and 26 of the sample obtained by adding raw material graphite as an internal standard sample to the sample.
- the peak intensity SB ′ of .4 degrees is a peak derived from the raw material graphite added as an internal standard.
- the glass sample bottle was charged with 10 mg of the sheet and 20 ml of MEK and subjected to ultrasonic treatment.
- the ultrasonic treatment apparatus was a W-113 sampler manufactured by Hyundai Electronics Co., Ltd., and an ultrasonic treatment was performed for 30 minutes at an output of 100 W and an oscillation frequency of 28 kHz. A coarse dispersion with visible particles as an appearance was obtained. This dispersion solution was subjected to XRD measurement according to the previous evaluation method 1).
- Example 1 A product number: PF100-UHP manufactured by Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd. was prepared as a raw graphite sheet.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a hard transparent resin lump was obtained.
- This resin lump was immersed in MEK and dissolved. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution.
- the original graphite sheet lump remained, but the dispersed phase, that is, the black supernatant was taken out and filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. The filtration residue was redispersed in MEK to obtain a solution for XRD measurement.
- Example 2 A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the graphite sheet sample was 40.6 mg and the styrene monomer was 1.6 g. The sample pipe was put into a sand bath set at a temperature of 350 ° C. and left for 45 minutes. did.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a viscous liquid resin was obtained.
- This resin lump was immersed in MEK and dissolved. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution. Although the original lump of graphite sheet remained slightly, this black dispersion was taken out and filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. The filtration residue was redispersed in MEK to obtain a solution for XRD measurement. The obtained results are shown in FIG. In the material transferred to the dispersed phase, it was observed that the peak derived from the graphite layer disappeared, and a single peak pattern was obtained around 20 degrees.
- Example 3 A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the graphite sheet sample was 38.5 mg, the styrene monomer was 1 g, and normal decane was 0.6. The sample pipe was placed in a sand bath set at a temperature of 350 ° C. It was charged and left for 40 minutes.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a viscous liquid resin was obtained.
- Example 4 A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the graphite sheet sample was 44.7 mg and the styrene monomer was 1.35 g. The sample pipe was put into a sand bath set at a temperature of 375 ° C. for 120 minutes. I left it alone.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a black viscous liquid resin was obtained.
- This resin lump was immersed in MEK and dissolved. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution.
- the filtration residue was redispersed in MEK to obtain a solution for XRD measurement. The obtained results are shown in FIG. In the material transferred to the dispersed phase, it was observed that the peak derived from the graphite layer disappeared, and a single peak pattern was obtained around 20 degrees.
- Example 5 Preparation of partially exfoliated graphene A low-density graphite sheet having a product number: PF100-UHP, density 0.7, and thickness 1 mm was prepared as a graphite sheet. The sheet-like graphite was cut into a size of 3 cm ⁇ 3 cm to obtain a sheet-like graphite as an electrode material. The sheet-like graphite was formed by cutting with a cutter knife so that the slit length was 1 cm and the width was 1 cm. An electrode made of Pt was inserted into the sheet-like graphite on which the two slits were formed.
- the sheet-like graphite thus prepared was immersed in a 60 wt% nitric acid aqueous solution together with a reference electrode (cathode) made of Pt and a reference electrode made of Ag / AgCl, as a working electrode (anode).
- a reference electrode cathode
- a reference electrode made of Ag / AgCl a working electrode made of Ag / AgCl
- the electric current was fixed at 0.7 A and applied for 2 hours.
- the graphite used as the working electrode for the anode gradually expanded and became several times thicker.
- the expanded graphite thus obtained was dried, and the multilayer structure of the expanded graphite was evaluated by XRD measurement.
- the solid line in FIG. 4 shows the XRD pattern of expanded graphite.
- the expanded graphite obtained above was cut into 1 cm square, one of which was placed in a carbon crucible and subjected to electromagnetic induction heat treatment.
- the induction heating device MU1700D manufactured by SK Medical Co., Ltd. was used, and the current was 10 A so that the maximum temperature reached 550 ° C. in an argon gas atmosphere.
- the expanded graphite was exfoliated by electromagnetic induction heating, and the obtained flocculent exfoliated graphite was measured using nitrogen gas with a specific surface area measuring device ASAP-2000 of Shimadzu Corporation. A specific surface area of 2 / g was shown.
- FIG. 5 shows the result of TG / DTA measurement of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- Example 6 A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 50.3 mg of cotton-like exfoliated graphene obtained in Example 5 and 2 g of styrene monomer were used, and the temperature was set at 340 ° C. It was put into a sand bath and left for 120 minutes.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a hard solid resin lump was obtained.
- This resin lump was immersed in toluene and dissolved. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution. The black dispersion was taken out and the whole was filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. In order to wash the unreacted polystyrene remaining in the residue, the filter residue was dispersed with 50 ml of toluene and refiltered. The residue was heated in an oven at 120 ° C., and the remaining solvent was evaporated to dryness.
- FIG. 6 shows the result of TG / DTA measurement of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- the peak derived from exfoliated carbon was 85.5%, of which 2.6% was char and 14.5% was attributed to graft polystyrene.
- Example 7 A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 43.9 mg of flocculent exfoliated graphene obtained in Example 5 and 2.0 g of PMMA polymer having a molecular weight of 15000 were prepared. It put into the sand bath set to °C and left for 135 minutes.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a viscous black resin mass was obtained.
- the resin mass was dissolved by dissolving in Tetrohydrofuran THF. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution. The black dispersion was taken out and the whole was filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. In order to wash away the unreacted PMMA remaining in the residue, the filter residue was redispersed with 50 ml of THF and refiltered. The residue was heated in an oven at 100 ° C., and the remaining solvent was evaporated to dryness.
- FIG. 7 shows the result of TG / DTA measurement of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- the peak derived from exfoliated carbon was 11.0%, of which 0.3% was the char portion and 89% was attributed to the graft PMMA.
- Example 8 Except that the cotton-like exfoliated graphene obtained in Example 5 was 49.1 mg, the polypropylene resin was 2.56 g (Nippon Polypro, Novatec PP, MA3H), and the internal volume of the reaction tube was 7.4 ml. A sample pipe was prepared in the same manner as in Example 5, and it was put into a sand bath set at a temperature of 370 ° C. and left for 210 minutes.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled to an external temperature of 250 ° C.
- an external temperature 250 ° C.
- the resin mass was dissolved by being immersed in heated xylene. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution. The black dispersion was taken out and the whole was filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. In order to wash away the unreacted PP remaining in the residue, the filter residue was redispersed with 50 ml of hot xylene and refiltered. The residue was heated in an oven at 150 ° C., and the remaining solvent was evaporated to dryness.
- FIG. 8 shows the result of TG / DTA measurement of the obtained carbonaceous material.
- the peak derived from exfoliated carbon was 51.2%, of which 3.6% was a char portion and 48.8% was a portion attributed to graft PP.
- Example 9 A product number: PF100-UHP manufactured by Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd. was prepared as a raw graphite sheet.
- 100 mg of the graphite sheet was put into a 10 ml internal volume pipe having a structure capable of bolting both ends of the pipe.
- One pipe was provided with a pressure gauge and an introduction cock for introducing carbon dioxide gas. Further, 4 g of styrene monomer was added, and both ends of the pipe were bolted.
- Carbon dioxide gas was introduced using a carbon dioxide gas injection device until the internal pressure reached 8 MPa.
- the pipe sample was slowly heated with a mantle heater while detecting the surface temperature.
- the internal pressure when the surface temperature was 80 ° C. was 13.5 MPa, 16 MPa at 100 ° C., 21 MPa at 150 ° C., and 23 MPa at 175 ° C.
- the pressure when heated to 200 ° C. was 26.5 MPa, and the temperature was maintained for 20 minutes in this state.
- the obtained pipe was poured into cold water and cooled.
- a black viscous resin mass was obtained.
- the resin lump was dissolved in tetrohydrofuran. Sonication was performed for 30 minutes to prepare a coarse dispersion solution. The lump of the original graphite sheet remained, but the black supernatant was taken out and filtered using PTFE-T300A090C manufactured by Advantech having a hole diameter of 3 ⁇ m while suctioning with an aspirator. The filtration residue was redispersed in THF to obtain a solution for XRD measurement.
- the XRD of the obtained sample is shown in FIG. Although low-temperature short-time treatment at 200 ° C. for 20 minutes was performed, the 26.4 degree peak based on the graphite layer structure decreased and a broad double peak was observed on the low angle side. This suggests that the layers of the graphite layer are widened and the crystal structure is changed to various kinds of crystal structures having different gap intervals. The degree of peeling was about 50%.
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Abstract
Description
上記定義から明らかなように、分解開始温度未満の場合であっても、分解開始温度付近であればポリマーが分解し、ラジカルを発生させる。本明細書においては、上記加熱工程における加熱に際し、天井温度以上、分解開始温度以下の第1の温度域に加熱する操作をA操作と呼ぶこととする。
本発明に係る薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料のさらに別の特定の局面では、上記第2の温度域に加熱する中温加熱工程と、上記第3の温度域に加熱する高温加熱工程とが繰り返される。この操作を、以下C操作と呼ぶこととする。C操作を実施した場合には、黒鉛の剥離をより効果的に進行させることができる。さらに、ポリマーのグラフト率をより一層高めることができる。
A操作は、熱分解によるラジカル発生がゆっくりと起きる温度領域に加熱する操作である。従って、比較的ポリマーaまたはbのグラフト率は低いが、グラフトされるポリマーの長さを長くすることができる。
本発明に係る薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料は、本発明の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法により得られたものであって、X線回折ピーク強度が、処理前のグラファイト層結晶由来の26.4度のX線回折ピーク強度の50%以下である。
以下、本発明の詳細を説明する。
本発明においては、原料として黒鉛もしくは一次薄片化黒鉛が用いられる。黒鉛は表面がラジカルトラップ性を有する材料である。前述したように、黒鉛は、グラフェンが多数積層された層状化合物である。本明細書において、「一次薄片化黒鉛」とは、原料として用いられる薄片化黒鉛であって、前述した黒鉛よりもグラフェンの積層数が少ないものをいう。
なお、原料としての黒鉛におけるグラフェンの積層数は、通常、1000層以上である。このような平均の積層数は、BETから測定される表面積から計算することができる。薄層化黒鉛が、完全に一層のグラフェンだけから構成されるならば、この表面積は、グラム当たり、2400~2600m2となることが理論的に予測される。このグラム当たりの表面積を以下、比表面積とする。
他方、上記比表面積が500m2/gを超える薄片化黒鉛は、前述したように、乾燥状態では空気に浮遊する。従って、ハンドリングが困難となる。これに対して、上記比表面積が500m2/g以下の薄片化黒鉛もしくは黒鉛であれば、計量が容易であり、かつ製造装置への投入等も容易となる。
本発明の製造方法では、上記黒鉛もしくは一次薄片化黒鉛と、解重合性のモノマーもしくはそのモノマーを重合してなるポリマーa、または分解温度付近でラジカルを形成するポリマーbとを混合し、混合物を得る。この解重合性のモノマーが先に述べた第1の温度域に非開放容器内で加熱されると、自発的にラジカルが発生し、重合が進行する。また、重合により生成したポリマーaのゆっくりとした解重合も進行する。このようなモノマーとしては、スチレン、メチルメタクリレート、α-エチルアクリル酸メチル、α-ベンジルアクリル酸メチル、α-[2,2-ビス(カルボメトキシ)エチル]アクリル酸メチル、イタコン酸ジブチル、イタコン酸ジメチル、イタコン酸ジシクロヘキシル、α-メチレン-δ-バレロラクトン、α-メチルスチレン、α-アセトキシスチレンからなるα-置換アクリル酸エステルなどが挙げられる。
例えば、ポリマーbとしては、ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル、ポリプロピレン、ポリビニルフェノール、ポリフェニレンサルファイドまたはポリフェニレンエーテルなどを挙げることができる。
前述した第1~第3の温度域を、ポリスチレンを例にとり、図1を参照して説明する。図1は、ポリマーとしてポリスチレンを用いた場合の加熱温度とポリマーの相対的重量との関係を示す図である。図1に示すように、第1の温度域ではポリスチレンは殆ど分解しないが、第1の温度域を越えて加熱すると、ポリスチレンの重量が低下し、すなわち、ポリマーが分解し始め、ラジカルを発生させる。さらに、第2の温度域を越えると、分解が完了し、ポリスチレンがスチレンに分解し、スチレンとなる。また、第3の温度域から第2の温度域を越えて第1の温度域までゆっくり冷却すると未反応スチレンモノマーが再度重合し、ポリスチレンとなる。
本発明においては、上記混合物として、解重合性モノマーと黒鉛を用いる場合、上記モノマーなどの低分子成分の揮発しない非開放容器内で、加熱する。加熱に際しては、前述したように、ポリマーaまたはbの天井温度以上、分解開始温度未満を第1の温度域とした場合、第1の温度域を超えて加熱する。この場合、混合物が天井温度を超えて、分解開始温度付近まで加熱されると、モノマーの揮発を抑制しつつ、ラジカルを発生させ、モノマーを重合することができる。この重合が主体として起こる温度領域で形成されたラジカルが、黒鉛の表面やエッジを攻撃して黒鉛もしくは一次薄片化黒鉛が剥離し、薄片化が進行する。
補充する実施例及び比較例について、以下の評価方法1)~5)のいずれかを用い、評価した。
黒鉛を含有する分散溶液をスライドガラス上に滴下し,室温にて乾燥した。X線回折測定をリガク社製X線回折装置Rint1000 を用いて行った。
黒鉛や薄片化黒鉛の2~10mgを精秤し、エスアイアイナノテクノロジー社製のTG/DTA6300を用いてTG/DTAを測定した。
高圧加熱反応処理されたカーボン材料を含有するサンプル1~10gを50倍以上量の溶媒で溶解する。超音波装置を用いて45kHz、100Wの出力で、常温で30分間分散処理を行った。
ロ紙上のサンプルを、オーブンで乾燥し、含有する溶剤を除去した。
該サンプルを用いて、評価方法2)のTG/DTA測定を行った。
得られた複合材料の比表面積測定試料を、島津製作所(株)比表面積測定装置ASAP-2000で窒素ガスを用い、表面積を測定した。
本発明の製造方法によれば、X線回折測定において、原料である黒鉛が有する層結晶由来の26.4度に位置するピークが、剥離すなわち薄片化の進行とともに小さくなっていく。この原理を利用して黒鉛の剥離度を定量化した。内標準サンプルとして、剥離する前の原料の黒鉛を添加することにより定量化を行うことができる。
原料黒鉛シートとして東洋炭素社製、品番:PF100-UHPを用意した。
原料黒鉛シートとして東洋炭素社製、品番:PF100-UHPを用意した。
黒鉛シートのサンプルを40.6mg、スチレンモノマーを1.6gとした他は、実施例1と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度350℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し45分間放置した。
黒鉛シートのサンプルを38.5mg、スチレンモノマーを1g、ノルマルデカン0.6としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度350℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し40分間放置した。
黒鉛シートのサンプルを44.7mg、スチレンモノマーを1.35gとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度375℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し120分間放置した。
原料を黒鉛シートとして東洋炭素社製、品番:PF100-UHP、密度0.7、厚み1mmの低密度黒鉛シートを用意した。上記シート状黒鉛を3cm×3cmの大きさに切断し、電極材料としてのシート状の黒鉛を得た。このシート状の黒鉛に、スリットの長さが1cm、幅が1cmとなるようにカッターナイフにより切削し、形成した。上記2本のスリットが形成されたシート状の黒鉛に、Ptからなる電極を挿入した。このようにして用意したシート状の黒鉛を作用極(陽極)として、Ptからなる対照極(陰極)及び、Ag/AgClからなる参照極とともに60重量%濃度の硝酸水溶液中に浸漬し、直流電圧を印加し電気化学処理を行った。
実施例5において得られた、綿状の薄片化グラフェンの50.3mg、スチレンモノマーを2gとした他は、実施例1と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度340℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し120分間放置した。
実施例5において得られた、綿状の薄片化グラフェンの43.9mg、分子量15000のPMMAポリマー2.0gとした他は、実施例1と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度340℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し135分間放置した。
実施例5において得られた、綿状の薄片化グラフェンの49.1mg、ポリプロピレン樹脂2.56g(日本ポリプロ、ノバテックPP、MA3H)、反応管の内容量を7.4mlのものとした他は、実施例5と同様の方法でサンプルパイプを用意し、それを温度370℃に設定したサンドバスに投入し210分間放置した。
原料黒鉛シートとして東洋炭素社製、品番:PF100-UHPを用意した。
Claims (10)
- 黒鉛もしくは一次薄片化黒鉛と、加熱によりそのポリマーが分解し、ラジカルを発生させかつモノマーやオリゴマー化する解重合性のモノマーもしくは該モノマーの前記ポリマーa、または分解開始温度以上でラジカルを生成するポリマーbとを混合し混合物を得る工程と、前記混合物を非開放容器内に設置し、前記ポリマーaまたはbの天井温度以上、分解開放温度以下を第1の温度域としたときに、第1の温度域または第1の温度域よりも高温に加熱する加熱工程とを備える、薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記加熱工程において、前記ポリマーaまたはbの10重量%が分解するに至る温度を分解開始温度、前記ポリマーaまたはbの90重量%が分解するに至る温度を分解完了温度としたときに、前記加熱工程において前記分解開始温度を超え、分解完了温度以下の第2の温度域に加熱する、請求項1に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記第1の温度域に加熱する工程と、前記第2の温度域に加熱する工程とを繰り返す工程をさらに備える、請求項2に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記ポリマーaまたはbの10重量%が分解するに至る温度を分解開始温度、前記ポリマーaまたはbの90重量%が分解するに至る温度を分解完了温度としたときに、前記分解完了温度より高い第3の温度域に加熱する加熱工程をさらに備える、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料。
- 前記第2の温度域に加熱する加熱工程と、前記第3の温度域に加熱する加熱工程とを繰り返す、請求項4に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記ポリマーaまたはbの分解完了温度より高い温度かつ1000℃以下の温度での分解残渣の重量をR,第1の温度域でのポリマーaまたはbの最大重量をA0,分解開始温度でのポリマーaまたはbの重量をX,分解完了温度でのポリマーaまたはbの重量をYとしたときに、分解開始温度は(X-R)/(A0-R)=0.9である温度であり、分解完了温度は(Y-R)/(A0-R)=0.1である温度である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記モノマーまたはポリマーaまたはbとして、2種以上のモノマーまたはポリマーを用いる、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 加熱する工程において、超臨界状態にある二酸化炭素もしくは水を混入させることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- 前記混合物が重合開始剤を含まない、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法。
- X線回折ピーク強度が、処理前のグラファイト層結晶由来の26.4度のX線回折ピーク強度の50%以下である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料の製造方法により得られた薄片化黒鉛-ポリマー複合材料。
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| KR1020137018558A KR101845118B1 (ko) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-01-20 | 박편화 흑연-중합체 복합 재료의 제조 방법 |
| US13/978,875 US9884934B2 (en) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-01-20 | Method for producing exfoliated graphite-polymer composite material |
| CN201280007128.XA CN103339154B (zh) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-01-20 | 薄片化石墨-聚合物复合材料的制造方法 |
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| WO2014034855A1 (ja) * | 2012-09-03 | 2014-03-06 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 複合材料及びその製造方法 |
| WO2014034156A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-27 | 2014-03-06 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 薄片化黒鉛・樹脂複合材料及びその製造方法 |
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| JP2014118315A (ja) * | 2012-12-14 | 2014-06-30 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | 薄片化黒鉛の製造装置及び製造方法 |
| WO2014136642A1 (ja) * | 2013-03-06 | 2014-09-12 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 樹脂複合材料の製造方法及び樹脂複合材料 |
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| KR102136469B1 (ko) * | 2018-12-20 | 2020-07-21 | 한화토탈 주식회사 | 사슬 전이제 중합체 및 이를 이용한 폴리에틸렌 중합체의 제조방법 |
| CN110146539B (zh) * | 2019-05-13 | 2021-09-10 | 南京理工大学 | 一种评估物质热分解反应最小分解起始温度的方法 |
| CN114426609B (zh) * | 2020-10-15 | 2023-05-12 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种烯烃聚合用固体催化剂组分及催化剂体系 |
| CN113845664A (zh) * | 2021-09-28 | 2021-12-28 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种改性丙烯酸酯树脂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN114672156B (zh) * | 2022-03-04 | 2023-04-18 | 上海交通大学 | 一种石墨烯/pa6复合材料的制备方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2012105344A1 (ja) | 2014-07-03 |
| CN103339154A (zh) | 2013-10-02 |
| EP2671892A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
| US20130296498A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
| EP2671892B1 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
| KR20140003465A (ko) | 2014-01-09 |
| CN103339154B (zh) | 2015-07-01 |
| US9884934B2 (en) | 2018-02-06 |
| EP2671892A4 (en) | 2016-01-13 |
| KR101845118B1 (ko) | 2018-04-03 |
| JP5082020B2 (ja) | 2012-11-28 |
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