WO2012002531A1 - 希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法 - Google Patents
希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012002531A1 WO2012002531A1 PCT/JP2011/065171 JP2011065171W WO2012002531A1 WO 2012002531 A1 WO2012002531 A1 WO 2012002531A1 JP 2011065171 W JP2011065171 W JP 2011065171W WO 2012002531 A1 WO2012002531 A1 WO 2012002531A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/001—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of specific alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0611—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by a single casting wheel, e.g. for casting amorphous metal strips or wires
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/16—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing copper
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C2202/00—Physical properties
- C22C2202/02—Magnetic
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an alloy slab for a rare earth sintered magnet and an alloy slab for a rare earth sintered magnet.
- a rare earth sintered magnet of Nd 2 Fe 14 B system is obtained by pulverizing a rare earth magnet alloy obtained by melting and casting a raw material to obtain a magnet alloy powder, which is subjected to magnetic field forming, sintering, and aging treatment. Obtained.
- pulverization of rare earth magnet alloys is performed by combining hydrogen pulverization performed by inserting and extracting hydrogen into and releasing rare earth magnet alloys and jet mill pulverization performed by causing rare earth magnet alloys to collide with each other in a jet stream. Yes.
- rare earth magnet alloys may be abbreviated as Nd 2 Fe 14 B based compound phase (hereinafter referred to as 2-14-1 main phase). ) And an R-rich phase (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as R-rich phase) containing more rare earth metal elements than the 2-14-1 main phase.
- R-rich phase containing more rare earth metal elements than the 2-14-1 main phase.
- Patent Document 1 describes a method of casting an alloy having a structure in which an R-rich phase is finely dispersed by a rapid solidification method such as a strip casting method. Also, in this document, such a rare earth magnet alloy has finely dispersed R-rich phases, and therefore has good crushability. As a result, after sintering, crystal grains comprising a 2-14-1 main phase are obtained. Describes that the R-rich phase is uniformly coated and the magnetic properties are improved.
- the average interval of the R-rich phase is 3 to 12 ⁇ m
- the value obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the interval of the R-rich phase by the average interval of the R-rich phase is 0.25 or less
- This alloy for rare earth magnets is cooled and solidified by controlling the average cooling rate from 50 to 1200 ° C./second until the alloy slab is peeled off from the roll or disk by supplying molten alloy melted with the raw material to the roll or disk.
- the alloy After the alloy slab is peeled off from the roll or disk, the alloy is cooled by controlling the average cooling rate up to the specific temperature T + 30 ° C. to 30 ° C./second or more, and in the range of the specific temperature T ⁇ 30 ° C., 5 to 600 It is described that it can be obtained by holding for 2 seconds.
- Patent Document 3 discloses an RTQ-based rare earth alloy (R is a rare earth element, T is a transition metal element, Q is at least one selected from the group consisting of B, C, N, Al, Si, and P). And at least one element RL selected from the group consisting of Nd, Pr, Y, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu as the rare earth element R; Preparing a molten alloy containing at least one element RH selected from the group consisting of Dy, Tb, and Ho, and rapidly cooling the molten alloy to a temperature of 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C.
- Second cooling step and method for producing a R-T-Q based rare earth magnet material alloy including for cooling have been disclosed up to temperature.
- the rare earth magnet alloy obtained by this production method has a concentration of the element RH in the portion of the R-rich phase in contact with the interface between the main phase and the R-rich phase. It is described that the concentration is lower than the concentration of the element RH in the portion in contact with the interface, and the minor axis direction size of the crystal grains constituting the main phase is in the range of 3 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- An object of the present invention is to obtain an alloy slab for a rare earth sintered magnet having a high yield of rare earth components in the pulverization process of magnet production and a uniform particle size after pulverization, and to obtain the alloy slab in an energy efficient and industrial manner. It is in providing the manufacturing method which can be performed.
- the alloy slab for rare earth sintered magnet cast by the rapid solidification method is cooled to near room temperature, it is heated and held in a specific temperature range, so that it is expressed by the interval of the R-rich phase.
- Control of the size of the ⁇ 1 series main phase crystal grains, improvement of uniformity, control of the R-rich phase and the rare earth component composition in the main phase have been conventionally performed.
- no consideration has been given to the influence of the yield of rare earth components in the pulverization step of the magnet production of the alloy slab for rare earth sintered magnet produced by such a production method and the particle size distribution after pulverization.
- the present inventors have found that the alloy slabs for rare earth sintered magnets that are continuously cooled and solidified under specific conditions and heat-treated have a high yield of rare earth components in the pulverization process of magnet production, and the particle size after pulverization is uniform.
- the present invention was completed.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of rare earth metal elements including yttrium, R, boron, and iron, or a group consisting of iron, transition metal elements other than iron, silicon, and carbon A step (A) of preparing a molten alloy containing the remaining part M consisting of at least one selected from the following: A step (B) of rapidly solidifying the molten alloy to a temperature range of 700 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower by a strip casting method using a cooling roll; A step (C) of heating before the alloy slab peeled from the cooling roll is cooled to 500 ° C.
- the heating in the step (C) is performed by holding for 5 to 120 minutes in a temperature range higher than 900 ° C. and not higher than 1050 ° C., R27.0 to 33.0 mass% and boron 0.90 to 1.30 mass % And a balance M, a method for producing an alloy slab for a rare earth sintered magnet (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as the method of the present invention) is provided. Moreover, according to this invention, the alloy slab for rare earth sintered magnets produced with the method of this invention is provided.
- the present invention is made of at least one selected from the group consisting of rare earth metal elements including yttrium, obtained by strip casting using a cooling roll, or made of iron, or iron and And a balance M consisting of a transition metal element other than iron, at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon and carbon, a composition of R 27.0 to 33.0 mass%, boron 0.90 to 1.30 mass %, And an alloy cast for a rare earth sintered magnet consisting of the balance M, In a microscopic image obtained by observing the surface of the slab in contact with the roll cooling surface at a magnification of 100, dendrites grew in a circular shape centering on the generation point of a crystal nucleus crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m.
- a balance M consisting of a transition metal element other than iron, at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon and carbon, a composition of R 27.0 to 33.0 mass%, boron 0.90 to 1.30 mass %, And an alloy cast for
- a cross section substantially perpendicular to the surface of the slab in contact with the roll cooling surface is 200 times the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more and 5 or more.
- An alloy slab for a rare earth sintered magnet having an average interval of R-rich phases of 10 to 30 ⁇ m in a microscopic image observed at a magnification of 1 is provided.
- the alloy slab of the present invention has a high yield of rare earth components in the pulverization step of sintered magnet production, and the particle size after pulverization becomes uniform. Further, the method of the present invention can perform casting and heat treatment of the alloy slab of the present invention under specific conditions and can be performed continuously, so that the alloy casting of the present invention can be achieved with high energy efficiency and production efficiency. Pieces can be manufactured.
- FIG. 4 It is the schematic which shows an example of the manufacturing system used for the method of this invention. It is the schematic which shows an example of the moving apparatus of a rotary kiln system used for the manufacturing system shown in FIG. 4 is a copy of a photograph of an alloy structure obtained by observing a cross-section of an alloy slab manufactured in Example 2 with an optical microscope. It is the mapping image of B which observed the cross section of the alloy slab manufactured in Example 2 by EPMA. 6 is a copy of a photograph of an alloy structure obtained by observing a cross section of an alloy slab produced in Comparative Example 4 with an optical microscope. It is a copy of the alloy structure photograph which observed the cross section of the alloy slab manufactured in the comparative example 8 with the optical microscope. It is a copy of the alloy structure photograph which observed the surface which was in contact with the roll cooling surface of the alloy slab manufactured in Example 5 with the optical microscope.
- the method of the present invention includes a step (A) of preparing a specific molten alloy as a raw material.
- the molten alloy is made of at least one selected from the group consisting of rare earth metal elements containing yttrium, boron, and iron, or iron, a transition metal element other than iron, silicon And the remainder M consisting of at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon and obtained by heating and dissolving in a vacuum atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere using, for example, a crucible or the like so as to have the composition described later. be able to.
- the method of the present invention includes a step (B) of rapidly solidifying the molten alloy to a temperature range of 700 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower by a strip casting method using a cooling roll.
- the cooling roll may be a single roll or a twin roll.
- the cooling rate during rapid solidification is usually 300 to 1 ⁇ 10 4 ° C./second, preferably 500 to 1000 ° C./second.
- the cooling rate is controlled according to a known method for controlling the temperature, supply amount, peripheral speed and the like of the molten metal.
- the alloy slab obtained at this point is mainly composed of an RFe 4 B 4 phase having a B concentration higher than that of a dendrite composed of an R-rich phase and a 2-14-1 main phase and a 2-14-1 main phase. Although it has an alloy structure including an included phase (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as B-rich phase), it is in a non-equilibrium state, and the R-rich phase contains more M elements and boron than the equilibrium state.
- the thickness of the alloy slab is about 0.05 to 2 mm, preferably 0.2 to 0.8 mm.
- the cooling roll used in step (B) it is preferable to use a cooling roll having non-linear irregularities on the surface, an Ra value of 2 to 15 ⁇ m, and an Rsk value of ⁇ 0.5 or more and less than 0. it can. More preferably, the Rsk value is ⁇ 0.4 or more and less than 0, and the Ra value is 2 to 8 ⁇ m.
- a cooling roll it can suppress that the produced
- the Ra value in the above range the number of nuclei generated can be controlled, precipitation of chill crystals is suppressed, and an alloy slab having a homogeneous structure can be obtained.
- the generation point of the crystal nucleus crossing the line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m in the microscope observation image obtained by observing the surface of the alloy slab in contact with the roll cooling surface at a magnification of 100 times The number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more with dendrites grown in a circular shape at the center can be controlled to 5 or more, preferably 8 to 15.
- the number of the crystals does not change before and after the temperature holding in the step (C) described later.
- the number of the crystals is 5 or more, as described above, almost no chill crystals are observed in the cross section substantially perpendicular to the surface of the alloy slab in contact with the roll cooling surface.
- step (C) When maintaining the temperature in step (C), which will be described later, the chill crystals do not disappear and are present in the alloy slab, which adversely affects the yield of rare earth components in the pulverization step of magnet production and the uniformity of the particle size after pulverization There is.
- the surface properties of the cooling roll can be controlled by polishing, laser processing, transfer, thermal spraying, shot blasting, and the like.
- polishing there is a method of polishing in the direction of 90 ° in the rotation direction of the roll after polishing in the rotation direction of the roll.
- thermal spraying a method of controlling the shape of the thermal spray material and thermal spraying conditions can be used. Specifically, it can be performed by partially mixing a non-standard and high melting point thermal spray material as the thermal spray material.
- shot blasting there is a method of controlling the shape of the projection material and the projection conditions. Specifically, it can be performed by using a projection material having a different particle diameter or using an atypical projection material.
- the method of the present invention includes a step (C) of heating before the alloy slab peeled from the cooling roll is cooled to 500 ° C. or lower by the rapid solidification in the step (B).
- the heating is held for 5 to 120 minutes in a temperature range higher than 900 ° C. and lower than 1050 ° C.
- the holding temperature is preferably 950 ° C. or higher and 1050 ° C. or lower, more preferably 1000 ° C. or higher and 1050 ° C. or lower.
- the alloy slab becomes closer to an equilibrium state, the volume fraction of the 2-14-1 main phase is high, the volume fraction of the R-rich phase is low, and the magnetic Characteristics, particularly remanent magnetization, are improved. At this time, part of the R-rich phase disappears due to diffusion, so that the interval between the R-rich phases is widened.
- the average interval of the R-rich phase in the cross section substantially perpendicular to the surface in contact with the roll surface is preferably in the range of 10 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 12 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the yield of rare earth components in the pulverization step of the alloy slab in the magnet production is high, and the particle size of the alloy powder after pulverization is more uniform. Can be.
- fine powder is collected and discarded by a scrubber or bag filter when jet milling is performed. Since the R-rich phase is easily pulverized, the fine powder recovered here contains a large amount of rare earth components.
- the alloy slab that has not been heated in step (C) has a high volume fraction of the R-rich phase, but the alloy slab that has been heated has a dendrite coarsening, that is, a 2-14-1 main phase. As the volume ratio increases, the volume ratio of the R-rich phase decreases. Therefore, the yield is increased by reducing the rare earth component in the fine powder to be discarded.
- the method of the present invention can reduce the variation in the R-rich phase interval.
- the pulverized alloy powder can have a uniform particle size with a desired distribution.
- the value obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the interval of the R-rich phase, which is an index of the variation in the interval of the R-rich phase, by the average interval of the R-rich phase is preferably 0.20 or less, more preferably 0.18 or less.
- such an alloy slab can control the uniform number of pulverized alloy powders to 2.0 or more.
- the average interval between the R-rich phases can be obtained by the following method. First, a cross-sectional structure photograph that is substantially perpendicular to the surface in contact with the roll cooling surface of the alloy slab of the present invention (parallel to the thickness direction of the slab) is taken with an optical microscope at a magnification of 200 times.
- the R-rich phase exists as a grain boundary phase of dendrites composed of a 2-14-1 main phase.
- the R-rich phase usually exists in a linear shape, but may exist in an island shape depending on the thermal history of the casting process. Even if the R-rich phase exists in an island shape, if they are continuously present so as to form a line, the island-like R-rich phase is connected to the linear R-rich phase. Similarly considered.
- the equivalent number of the alloy powder can be obtained by the following method.
- the alloy slab of the present invention is subjected to hydrogen pulverization and jet mill pulverization to obtain an alloy powder having an average particle size (D50) of 5 to 7 ⁇ m.
- the uniform number is the slope of the obtained alloy powder when the particle size distribution obtained by measuring with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer is represented by a Rosin-Rammler diagram and becomes a straight line.
- the larger the uniform number the more uniform the particle size of the alloy powder.
- the equal number is preferably 2.0 or more, and more preferably 2.1 or more.
- the heating temperature in the step (C) is 900 ° C. or lower or when the holding time is shorter than 5 minutes, the volume fraction of the R-rich phase is not sufficiently reduced, so that there are many rare earth components contained in the fine powder during jet mill pulverization. , Yield is low. Further, when the heating temperature is higher than 1050 ° C. or when the holding time is longer than 120 minutes, alloy cast pieces are welded to each other or crystal grains grow more than necessary, resulting in a decrease in grindability. Furthermore, when the above-mentioned heating is performed after the alloy slab obtained by rapid solidification is cooled to 500 ° C. or less, there is a loss of energy, and the heat history inside the alloy slab is increased because heating is performed from a completely solidified state. It becomes non-uniform and the interval between R-rich phases tends to vary. When such an alloy slab is pulverized, the particle size distribution of the alloy powder becomes broad, and the uniform number becomes smaller than 2.0.
- the heating and holding in the step (C) can be performed by an apparatus having a heating mechanism. It is preferable that the obtained alloy cast for a rare earth sintered magnet has a certain thermal history within a casting lot. For example, when the alloy is collected in a storage container having a temperature maintaining function made of a highly heat-insulating material, most of the alloy immediately after the start of casting conducts heat by directly contacting the storage container, but the casting proceeds. As the alloy slabs are stacked in the storage container and heat conduction is caused by contact between the alloy slabs, the heat history may be uneven. For this reason, the structure of the alloy slab may vary, and the magnetic properties may deteriorate.
- One method of providing a constant thermal history is a method of keeping the temperature while continuously moving the alloy slab.
- the above steps (A) to (C) in the method of the present invention can be carried out continuously using, for example, the manufacturing system 10 shown in FIG.
- the manufacturing system 10 includes an airtight first chamber 11 and a second chamber 12 that can be set under an inert gas atmosphere and under reduced pressure.
- the second chamber 12 is provided as necessary.
- the first chamber 11 includes a melting furnace 13 that melts the alloy raw material, a cooling roll 15 that cools and solidifies the molten alloy 17 discharged from the melting furnace 13 in a thin strip shape, and the molten alloy 17 from the melting furnace 13 to the cooling roll 15.
- Solidification means comprising an alloy crushing plate 16 that crushes the strip tapping 14 and the ribbon-like alloy 17a peeled off from the cooling roll 15 only by colliding with each other, and an alloy crystal structure of the crushed alloy slab 17b.
- the chamber 11 includes a shutter 11 a that can be opened and closed at a location communicating with the second chamber 12 so as to maintain airtightness.
- the melting furnace 13 has a structure in which, after melting the alloy raw material, it tilts in the direction of arrow A about the shaft 13a and allows the molten alloy 17 to flow through the tundish 14 in a substantially constant amount.
- the tundish 14 is shown in a cross-sectional view in which the side surface portion for preventing the molten alloy 17 from flowing out from the side surface is omitted, and the molten alloy 17 flowing out from the melting furnace 13 is rectified to be supplied to the cooling roll 15.
- a weir plate 14a for supplying a uniform amount is provided.
- the cooling roll 15 is provided with a drive device (not shown) whose outer peripheral surface is formed of a material that can cool the alloy melt 17 such as copper and that can rotate at a constant angular velocity or the like.
- the alloy crushing plate 16 is a metal plate-like object installed at a position where the alloy 17a peeled off from the cooling roll 15 can continuously collide.
- the alloy slab 17b crushed by the alloy crushed plate 16 usually has a surface temperature of 700 ° C. or higher, although it varies depending on the alloy composition, the cooling rate, and the like.
- the alloy crystal structure control apparatus 40 is an apparatus in which the alloy crystal structure control means and the cooling means are integrated, and the surface temperature of the alloy cast piece 17b crushed by the alloy crush plate 16 shown in FIG. It can be provided at a position where it does not occur.
- the apparatus 40 is rotatable with an inlet 41a of the alloy slab 17b, an outlet 41b for unloading the alloy slab 17c with controlled alloy crystal structure, and a heating unit 42 provided with a heat wire 42a, and the alloy slab.
- a tube 41 having a moving space capable of continuously moving 17 b is provided, and a tubular cooler 45 that is coaxially rotatable is provided outside the tube 41.
- the device 40 includes a single tube 41 as an alloy crystal structure control device for the alloy slab 17b. Fins 43 are provided on the inner surface of the tube 41 so that the introduced alloy slab 17b advances toward the outlet 41b by the rotation of the tube 41.
- the alloy slab 17b introduced into the pipe 41 is maintained at a predetermined temperature by appropriately operating the heating unit. Further, by adjusting the rotation speed of the tube 41 and the installation angle of the fins 43, the predetermined temperature is controlled for a predetermined time.
- the alloy slab 17b at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time, the alloy slab 17c having a uniform alloy crystal having a desired crystal structure can be efficiently prepared in a short time.
- the tubular cooler 45 is composed of a rotatable tube including a cooling portion 47 provided with an outlet 46 for carrying out the alloy cast slab c in which the alloy crystal is controlled and a refrigerant circulation tube 47a capable of circulating the refrigerant.
- the tubular cooler 45 is configured such that the rotating shaft is inclined toward the outlet side when being carried out in order to carry out the forcedly cooled alloy slab 17c from the outlet 46 to the outside of the pipe.
- Fins 48 are provided that can guide the alloy slab 17c to the outlet 46 by rotating in the reverse direction to that during cooling.
- the inner surface of the tubular cooler 45 may be provided with fins (not shown) that allow the alloy slab 17 c to be in uniform contact with the entire inner surface of the tubular cooler 45.
- the alloy slab can be forcibly cooled while controlling the alloy crystal to a desired structure, and the space efficiency of the manufacturing system 10 can be improved.
- the storage container 18 shown in FIG. 1 can be used without a cooling device.
- a container-like cooler can be used instead of the storage container 18.
- the atmosphere when the alloy cast 17c is stored in the storage container 18 does not necessarily need to be an inert gas atmosphere. If the chamber 11 that can be an inert gas atmosphere contains the melting furnace 13 to the apparatus 40, Sometimes it is good.
- each device does not necessarily have to be accommodated in one chamber 11, and each device can be accommodated in a chamber that can be individually in an inert gas atmosphere, and each device can be connected by a connecting pipe or the like.
- the apparatus 40 is provided with a shielding valve (not shown) in the introduction connecting pipe to the introduction port 41a for introducing the alloy slab 17b, for example, and is shielded by the shielding valve to make the inside of the apparatus 40 an inert gas atmosphere. It can also be configured. At this time, the apparatus 40 does not need to be accommodated in a chamber that can be in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the composition of the alloy slab of the present invention comprises R of 27.0 to 33.0% by mass, boron of 0.90 to 1.30% by mass, and the balance M. Therefore, the raw materials can be charged in consideration of element evaporation during melting, casting, and heat treatment.
- the rare earth metal element containing yttrium means lanthanoids having element numbers 57 to 71 and yttrium having element number 39.
- the R is not particularly limited, but preferred examples include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, yttrium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, ytterbium, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
- R preferably contains at least one heavy rare earth element selected from the group consisting of gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and ytterbium.
- These heavy rare earth elements can mainly improve the coercive force among the magnetic properties.
- terbium has the greatest effect.
- dysprosium alone or with gadolinium, terbium, holmium, etc. in consideration of cost and effect.
- the content ratio of R is less than 27.0 mass%, the liquid phase amount necessary for densification of the sintered body of the rare earth magnet is insufficient, the density of the sintered body is lowered, and the magnetic properties are lowered. On the other hand, if it exceeds 33.0% by mass, the proportion of the R-rich phase inside the sintered body increases and the corrosion resistance decreases. In addition, since the volume ratio of the 2-14-1 main phase is inevitably reduced, the residual magnetization is lowered.
- the content ratio of R is preferably 29.0 to 33.0% by mass, and the present invention is a 2-14-1 main phase alloy of the two alloy method.
- the content ratio of R is preferably 27.0 to 29.0% by mass.
- the content is usually 0.2 to 15% by mass, preferably 1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably 3 to 15% by mass. If the content of the heavy rare earth element exceeds 15% by mass, it becomes expensive, and if it is less than 0.2% by mass, the effect becomes small.
- the ratio of the 2-14-1 main phase decreases and the residual magnetization decreases.
- the ratio of the B-rich phase is Increasing, both magnetic properties and corrosion resistance are reduced.
- the remainder M contains iron as an essential element.
- the content ratio of iron in the balance M is usually 50% by mass or more, preferably 60% by mass or more.
- the balance M may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of transition metals other than iron, silicon and carbon, if necessary, and also contains inevitable impurities in industrial production such as oxygen and nitrogen. You can leave.
- the transition metal other than iron is not particularly limited. For example, at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, aluminum, chromium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, manganese, magnesium, copper, tin, tungsten, niobium, and gallium. Is preferred.
- the alloy slab of the present invention has one or more B-rich phases in a 50 ⁇ m square in an EPMA image obtained by observing a cross section perpendicular to the surface in contact with the roll cooling surface of the alloy slab at 2000 ⁇ magnification.
- the number is preferably 1 to 10 in 50 ⁇ m square. More preferably, there are 1 to 5 in 50 ⁇ m square.
- 1 to 10 B-rich phases are present in a 50 ⁇ m square, grain growth is suppressed during sintering, and the magnetic properties, particularly the coercive force, of the rare earth magnet is improved.
- the alloy obtained by rapidly solidifying the molten alloy to a temperature range higher than 700 ° C. and lower than 1000 ° C. is in a non-equilibrium state. Therefore, since the 2-14-1 main phase is not sufficiently formed, the composition of the R-rich phase as the grain boundary phase is in a state where the M element and boron concentrations are relatively high.
- the B-rich phase is considered to be finely dispersed in the R-rich phase at a level that cannot be confirmed by the B-rich phase observation method described later.
- the alloy obtained by rapid solidification in step (C) is held at a temperature higher than 900 ° C. and lower than 1050 ° C.
- the crystal grains of the 2-14-1 main phase are formed.
- the volume ratio gradually increases with growth, and at the same time, the volume ratio of the R-rich phase, which is a grain boundary phase, gradually decreases, and the grain boundaries move. Due to the decrease and movement of the R-rich phase, the interval between the R-rich phases is widened, and the finely dispersed B-rich phase aggregates in the reduced R-rich phase to form a B-rich phase described later. More than 10 images are observed by the observation method. Further, as time elapses, the interval between the R-rich phases increases due to the increase in the volume fraction of the 2-14-1 main phase, the growth of grains and the decrease in the R-rich phase, and the movement of grain boundaries. The -rich phase is consumed in the formation of the 2-14-1 phase, and 1 to 10 B-rich phases are observed. Eventually, the alloy reaches an equilibrium state, and the B-rich phase is hardly observed.
- the alloy slab of the present invention is in an intermediate state from the non-equilibrium state to the equilibrium state of the alloy slab after rapid solidification.
- the fine 2-14-1 main phase and R-rich phase that exist after rapid solidification disappear, the fine powder discarded in the magnet pulverization process is reduced, and the yield of rare earth components before and after pulverization is reduced. improves. Further, the average interval between the R-rich phases is not too large, and the grindability is excellent.
- the number of B-rich phases existing in the 50 ⁇ m square can be determined by the following method. First, a cross section substantially perpendicular to the surface in contact with the roll cooling surface of the alloy cast for a rare earth sintered magnet is observed with EPMA under the conditions of a magnification of 2000 times, an acceleration voltage of 15 kV, a current of 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 A, and a beam diameter of 300 nm.
- the alloy slab of the present invention does not contain Dy
- the B-rich phase becomes a B-concentrated portion by the mapping image of B.
- DyFe 4 B 4 phase is preferentially generated. Therefore, the B-rich phase is a portion where B and Dy are concentrated from the mapping image of B and Dy.
- a compound phase is formed with B, which is observed as a concentrated part of B in the mapping image of B, but in the present invention, the remaining parts M and B not including R are observed.
- the compound phase is not included in the B-rich phase.
- Each of the ten alloys was randomly observed for each field of view, and the number of B-rich phases was counted, and the average value thereof was defined as the number of B-rich phases existing in a 50 ⁇ m square.
- the alloy slab of the present invention has a circular shape centering on the generation point of crystal nuclei crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m in a microscope observation image obtained by observing the surface of the slab in contact with the roll cooling surface at a magnification of 100 times.
- the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more on which dendrites have grown is 5 or more. More preferably, the number of the crystals is 8 or more and 15 or less. Usually, the number of industrially obtained crystals is 30 or less.
- the surface in contact with the roll cooling surface of the slab means a surface solidified in contact with the cooling roll.
- the measurement of the number of crystals is a closed curve when the boundary of crystals in which dendrites are grown in a circular shape from the generation point of different crystal nuclei in a microscope observation image observed at a magnification of 100 times. This is one crystal, and the average of the short axis length and long axis length of the closed curve is the particle size.
- the value of (short axis length / long axis length) was defined as the aspect ratio.
- Three line segments corresponding to 880 ⁇ m are drawn so as to divide the observed image into four, and the aspect ratio in which dendrite grows in a circular shape around the generation point of the crystal nucleus crossing each line segment is 0.5 to 1 0.0 and the number of crystals having a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or more is counted. These average values were taken as the number of the crystals.
- the alloy slab of the present invention preferably contains no ⁇ -Fe phase, but may contain it in a range that does not have a significant adverse effect on grindability.
- the ⁇ -Fe phase appears at a position where the cooling rate of the alloy is slow.
- the ⁇ -Fe phase appears on a free surface (a surface that is not a roll cooling surface).
- the alloy slab of the present invention preferably contains no fine equiaxed crystal grains, that is, chill crystals, but may be contained within a range that does not greatly affect the magnetic properties.
- the chill crystal appears at a position where the cooling rate of the alloy slab is fast.
- the volume ratio is preferably less than 5%. More preferably, it does not contain chill crystals.
- Example 1 An alloy was produced by the following method using the manufacturing system 10 shown in FIG. 1 and the apparatus 40 shown in FIG. Each raw material was blended with Nd, Pr, Dy, B, Co, Cu, Al, and Fe so that the total weight would be 300 kg. After the raw materials were heated and dissolved in an argon atmosphere, the hot water was discharged at 1450 ° C., and supplied via the tundish 14 onto the cooling roll 15 of the water-cooled copper roll, and continuously solidified. The peripheral speed of the cooling roll 15 was 1.0 m / sec. The alloy 17a rapidly cooled and solidified to 800 to 1000 ° C.
- the dropped alloy slab 17b was introduced into the tube 41 of the apparatus 40 in a state where the surface temperature was 500 ° C. or higher, and continuously moved in the tube 41 so as to be held at 950 ° C. for 5 minutes. Next, it was introduced into the tube 45, and the alloy slab 17b was forcibly cooled to 100 ° C. or less and then accommodated in the container 18.
- the obtained alloy cast slab 17c had a thickness of 220 to 260 ⁇ m.
- composition analysis of the obtained alloy slab was performed by fluorescent X-ray and ICP, Nd 24.00 mass%, Pr 6.00 mass%, Dy 2.50 mass%, B 0.99 mass%, Co 1.00 mass%, They were Al 0.3 mass%, Cu 0.10 mass%, and the balance Fe.
- the average R-rich phase interval of the obtained alloy slab, the standard deviation of the R-rich phase interval divided by the average R-rich phase interval, the number of B-rich phases existing in a 50 ⁇ m square was measured by the above method.
- the obtained alloy slab was occluded for 3 hours in an atmosphere of hydrogen pressure 0.1 MPa and 30 ° C.
- Examples 2 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 An alloy cast piece and pulverized powder were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heating temperature and holding time were changed as shown in Table 1, and each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a copy of the alloy structure photograph obtained by observing the cross section of the alloy slab prepared in Example 2 with an optical microscope is shown in FIG. 3, and the mapping image of B obtained by observing the cross section of the alloy slab prepared in Example 2 with EPMA is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG.
- Example 4 Comparative Example 4 In Example 1, the apparatus 40 used in the manufacturing system 10 shown in FIG. 1 was not used, and the alloy was collided with the alloy crushing plate 16 to form an alloy slab, and then recovered in the storage container 18 and cooled. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 5 shows a copy of an alloy structure photograph obtained by observing a cross section of the obtained alloy slab with an optical microscope.
- Comparative Example 5 After obtaining an alloy slab in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4, the alloy slab was obtained by holding at 850 ° C. for 120 minutes in an argon atmosphere. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Examples 6-8 An alloy slab was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5 except that the heating temperature and holding time were changed as shown in Table 1. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1. Further, FIG. 6 shows a copy of an alloy structure photograph in which the cross section of the alloy slab prepared in Comparative Example 8 is observed with an optical microscope.
- Example 5 In the same manner as in Example 1, using the manufacturing system 10 shown in FIG. 1 and the apparatus 40 shown in FIG. Each raw material was blended with Nd, Dy, B, Co, Cu, Al, and Fe so that the total weight would be 300 kg.
- the surface of the cooling roll 15 of the water-cooled copper roll is polished at a 90 ° angle with respect to the rotation direction of the roll and the rotation direction of the roll using # 60 abrasive paper, The Ra value was 2.8 ⁇ m, and the Rsk value was ⁇ 0.40.
- the hot water was discharged at 1450 ° C., supplied onto the cooling roll 15 via the tundish 14, and continuously solidified.
- the peripheral speed of the cooling roll 15 was 1.0 m / sec.
- the alloy 17a rapidly cooled and solidified to 800 to 1000 ° C. on the cooling roll 15 collided with the alloy crushing plate 16 to become an alloy slab 17b and dropped to the introduction port 41a of the apparatus 40.
- the dropped alloy slab 17b was introduced into the tube 41 of the apparatus 40 in a state where the surface temperature was 500 ° C. or higher, and continuously moved in the tube 41 so as to be held at 1000 ° C. for 20 minutes. Next, it was introduced into the tube 45, and the alloy slab 17b was forcibly cooled to 100 ° C. or less and then accommodated in the container 18.
- the thickness of the obtained alloy slab 17c was about 300 ⁇ m.
- composition analysis of the obtained alloy slab was performed with fluorescent X-ray and ICP. Nd 25.0% by mass, Dy 4.9% by mass, B 0.95% by mass, Al 0.15% by mass, Co 1.0% by mass, It was 0.2 mass% of Cu and the balance iron.
- the aspect ratio in which dendrites grew in a circular shape centering on the generation point of the crystal nucleus crossing the line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m was found.
- the number of crystals having a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 and a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or more was twelve. Further, when the cross-sectional structure of the alloy slab was observed, chill crystals were not observed.
- Example 2 The observation image by the optical microscope of the surface which contacted the cooling roll surface of the alloy slab obtained in FIG. 7 is shown.
- Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the results are shown in Table 2.
- the TRE yields of Examples 5 to 9 indicate the yields of the TRE component (Nd + Dy) before and after the jet mill.
- the obtained pulverized powder was used as a raw material to produce a sintered magnet.
- the obtained sintered magnet had a residual magnetization of 13.58 kG and an intrinsic coercive force of 23.78 kOe.
- Example 6 By changing to # 30 abrasive paper, the surface properties of the cooling roll were non-linear irregularities, Ra value was 4.3 ⁇ m, and Rsk value was ⁇ 0.32. Except this, the same procedure as in Example 5 was performed. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Similar to Example 5, the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more, in which dendrites have grown in a circle around the generation point of crystal nuclei crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m The ratio of chill crystals, the residual magnetization of the sintered magnet, and the intrinsic coercive force were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 7 Shot blasting was used in place of the abrasive paper, the surface properties of the cooling roll were non-linear irregularities, the Ra value was 6.3 ⁇ m, and the Rsk value was ⁇ 0.10. Except this, the same procedure as in Example 5 was performed. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 5 Similar to Example 5, the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more, in which dendrites have grown in a circle around the generation point of crystal nuclei crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m The ratio of chill crystals, the residual magnetization of the sintered magnet, and the intrinsic coercive force were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 8 Using the # 60 abrasive paper, the surface of the cooling roll was polished only in the rotation direction of the roll. The surface of the cooling roll had linear irregularities, the Ra value was 2.3 ⁇ m, and the Rsk value was ⁇ 0.44. Except this, the same procedure as in Example 5 was performed. Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 2 the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more, in which dendrites are grown in a circle around the generation point of crystal nuclei crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m
- the ratio of chill crystals, the residual magnetization of the sintered magnet, and the intrinsic coercive force were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 9 It was carried out in the same manner as in Example 5 except that Nd, Dy, B, Co, Cu, Al, Nb, and Fe were mixed with respective raw materials so that the total weight was 300 kg.
- Nd, Dy, B, Co, Cu, Al, Nb, and Fe were mixed with respective raw materials so that the total weight was 300 kg.
- the composition analysis of the obtained alloy slab was performed by fluorescent X-ray and ICP, Nd 27.5% by mass, Dy 4.9% by mass, B1.00% by mass, Al 0.15% by mass, Co 1.0% by mass, Cu 0.2 mass%, Nb 0.15 mass%, the balance iron.
- Each evaluation and measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained alloy slab and the pulverized powder produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 2 the number of crystals having an aspect ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 and a grain size of 30 ⁇ m or more, in which dendrites are grown in a circle around the generation point of crystal nuclei crossing a line segment corresponding to 880 ⁇ m
- the ratio of chill crystals, the residual magnetization of the sintered magnet, and the intrinsic coercive force were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
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Abstract
Description
一般にNd2Fe14B系の希土類焼結磁石は、原料を溶解、鋳造して得られた希土類磁石用合金を粉砕し、磁石用合金粉末を得、これを磁場成形、焼結、時効処理して得られる。一般に希土類磁石用合金の粉砕は、希土類磁石用合金に水素を吸蔵、放出させて行う水素粉砕と、ジェット気流中で希土類磁石用合金同士を衝突させて行うジェットミル粉砕とを組み合わせて行われている。Nd2Fe14B系の希土類焼結磁石の製造にあたり、希土類磁石用合金には、主相としてNd2Fe14B系化合物相(以下、2-14-1系主相と略記することがある)と、2-14-1系主相と比較して多くの希土類金属元素を含むR-rich相(以下、R-rich相と略記することがある)とが含まれる。水素粉砕時、2-14-1系主相とR-rich相との水素吸収速度の差により希土類磁石用合金にクラックが生じる。
しかしながら、その様な製造方法で作製した希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の磁石製造の粉砕工程における希土類成分の歩留まり、粉砕後の粒度分布に対する影響については、何ら検討されていなかった。本発明者らは、特定の条件で冷却凝固、加熱処理を連続的に行った希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片が、磁石製造の粉砕工程における希土類成分の歩留まりが高く、粉砕後の粒度が均一になることを確認し、本発明を完成した。
前記合金溶湯を、冷却ロールを用いたストリップキャスティング法により700℃以上、1000℃以下の温度範囲まで急冷凝固する工程(B)と、
工程(B)の急冷凝固により、冷却ロールから剥離した合金鋳片が500℃以下に冷却される前に加熱する工程(C)とを含み、
工程(C)の加熱を、900℃より高く、1050℃以下の温度範囲にて5~120分間保持して行う、R27.0~33.0質量%と、ボロン0.90~1.30質量%と、残部Mとからなる組成を有する希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法(以下、本発明の方法と略すことがある)が提供される。
また本発明によれば、本発明の方法で作製した希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片が提供される。
更に本発明によれば、冷却ロールを用いたストリップキャスティング法により得られた、イットリウムを含む希土類金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種からなるR、ボロン、及び鉄からなるか、もしくは鉄と、鉄以外の遷移金属元素、珪素及び炭素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種とからなる残部Mを含有し、組成がR27.0~33.0質量%、ボロン0.90~1.30質量%、及び残部Mとからなる希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片であって、
該鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面を、100倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡観察像において、880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として、円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数が5個以上であり、かつ該鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面に略垂直な断面を、200倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡観察像において、R-rich相の平均間隔が10~30μmである希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片が提供される。
本発明の方法は、原料として、特定の合金溶湯を準備する工程(A)を含む。
工程(A)において、前記合金溶湯は、イットリウムを含む希土類金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種からなるR、ボロン、及び鉄からなるか、もしくは鉄と、鉄以外の遷移金属元素、珪素及び炭素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種とからなる残部Mを含み、後述する組成となるように、例えば、坩堝等を用い、真空雰囲気又は不活性ガス雰囲気下、加熱・溶解することにより得ることができる。
前記冷却ロールは、単ロールまたは双ロールを用いることができる。
工程(B)において、急冷凝固時の冷却速度は、通常300~1×104℃/秒、好ましくは500~1000℃/秒で行う。前記冷却速度の制御は、溶湯の温度、供給量、周速度等を制御する公知の方法に準じて行われる。この時点で得られる合金鋳片は、R-rich相及び2-14-1系主相からなるデンドライトおよび2-14-1系主相と比較しB濃度の高い主にRFe4B4相を含む相(以下、B-rich相と略記することがある)を含む合金組織を有するが、非平衡状態であって、R-rich相はM元素、ボロンを平衡状態より多く含む。また、合金鋳片の厚みは、0.05~2mm程度であり、0.2~0.8mmであることが好ましい。
また、上記冷却ロールを用いることで、合金鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面を、100倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡観察像において、880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数を5個以上、好ましくは8~15個に制御することができる。該結晶の数は、後述する工程(C)の温度保持の前後で変化がない。該結晶の数を5個以上とした場合、上述の通り、合金鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面に略垂直な断面において、チル晶がほとんど観察されない。後述する工程(C)の温度保持において、チル晶は消失せず、合金鋳片に存在するため、磁石製造の粉砕工程における希土類成分の歩留まり、粉砕後の粒度の均一性に悪い影響を及ぼす場合がある。
工程(C)において加熱は、900℃より高く、1050℃以下の温度範囲にて5~120分間保持する。保持温度は950℃以上、1050℃以下が好ましく、さらに好ましくは1000℃以上、1050℃以下である。
工程(C)における上記加熱条件とすることで、合金鋳片はより平衡状態に近くなり、2-14-1系主相の体積率が高く、R-rich相の体積率が低くなり、磁気特性とりわけ残留磁化が向上する。この際、R-rich相の一部は拡散により消失することから、R-rich相の間隔は広くなる。
得られる合金鋳片において、ロール面と接した面に略垂直な断面におけるR-rich相の平均間隔は10~30μmの範囲とすることが好ましく、さらに好ましくは12~~25μmである。
工程(C)における上記加熱を行い、上記R-rich相の平均間隔とすることで、磁石製造における合金鋳片の粉砕工程における希土類成分の歩留まりが高く、粉砕後の合金粉末の粒度をより均一にできる。
磁石製造における合金鋳片の粉砕工程で、ジェットミル粉砕を行なうと微粉がスクラバーあるいはバグフィルターに回収され廃棄される。R-rich相は微粉化しやすいため、ここで回収される微粉は希土類成分が多く含まれる。工程(C)における上記加熱を行わなかった合金鋳片は、R-rich相の体積率が高いが、上記加熱を行った合金鋳片はデンドライトの粗大化すなわち2-14-1系主相の体積率が高くなることにより、R-rich相の体積率が減少する。そのため、廃棄される微粉中の希土類成分が減少することで、歩留まりが高くなる。
まず、本発明の合金鋳片のロール冷却面と接した面に略垂直(鋳片の厚み方向に平行)となる断面組織写真を光学顕微鏡により200倍の倍率で撮影する。R-rich相は2-14-1系主相からなるデンドライトの粒界相として存在している。R-rich相は、通常は線状に存在するが、鋳造過程の熱履歴等によっては島状に存在する場合もある。R-rich相が島状に存在しても、それらが明らかに線をなすように連続して存在する場合は、それらの島状のR-rich相をつなぎ、線状のR-rich相と同様に考慮した。本発明の合金鋳片のロール冷却面と接した面に略垂直な方向に4分割する3本の440μmに相当する線分を引き、その線分を横切るR-rich相の点数を数え、線分の長さ440μmをその点数で割る。10個の合金鋳片に関し、同様に測定し、計30点の測定値を得、これらの平均値をR-rich相の平均間隔とした。また該30点の測定値から標準偏差を算出した。
本発明の合金鋳片を水素粉砕、ジェットミル粉砕を行い、平均粒径(D50)が5~7μmの合金粉末を得る。均等数は、得られた合金粉末をレーザー回折式粒度分布測定器により測定した粒度分布をRosin-Rammler線図で表示し、直線となった場合の該直線の傾きである。均等数は大きいほど合金粉末の粒径が均一である。均等数は2.0以上であることが好ましく、さらに好ましくは2.1以上である。
製造システム10は、不活性ガス雰囲気下及び減圧下にすることができる気密性の第1のチャンバー11と、第2のチャンバー12とから構成されるが、第2のチャンバー12は必要に応じて設けることができるチャンバーである。
第1のチャンバー11は、合金原料を溶融する溶融炉13と、溶融炉13から出湯する合金溶湯17を薄帯状に冷却固化する冷却ロール15、溶融炉13からの合金溶湯17を冷却ロール15に誘導するタンディッシュ14、及び冷却ロール15から剥離してくる薄帯状合金17aを、衝突することのみにより破砕させる合金破砕板16からなる固化手段と、破砕された合金鋳片17bの合金結晶組織を所望の状態に均一化するための合金結晶組織制御装置40と、該装置40から搬出される合金鋳片17cを収納し、冷却装置を備えていない容器である収納容器18とを備える。このチャンバー11は、第2のチャンバー12と連通する箇所に、気密性を保持できる開閉自在なシャッター11aを備える。
タンディッシュ14は、合金溶湯17が側面から流出するのを防止する側面部を省略した断面図で示しており、溶融炉13から流出してくる合金溶融物17を整流させて冷却ロール15に略均一量で供給するための堰板14aを備えている。
冷却ロール15は、外周面が銅等の合金溶融物17を冷却し得る材料で形成され、一定角速度等で回転可能な駆動装置(図示せず)を備えている。
合金破砕板16は、冷却ロール15から剥離してくる合金17aが連続的に衝突しうる位置に設置された金属製の板状物である。
前記合金破砕板16により破砕された合金鋳片17bは、合金組成、冷却速度等によっても異なるが、通常、700℃以上の表面温度を有する。
合金結晶組織制御装置40は、合金結晶組織制御手段と冷却手段とを一体とした装置であって、図1に示す合金破砕板16により破砕された合金鋳片17bの表面温度が前記所定温度以下にならないような位置に設けることができる。
装置40は、合金鋳片17bの導入口41a、合金結晶組織が制御された合金鋳片17cを搬出する出口41b及び熱線42aを配した加熱部42を備えた回転可能であり、且つ合金鋳片17bを連続的に移動させうる移動空間を有する管41を備え、更に、管41の外側には、同軸的に回転可能な管状冷却器45を備える。要するに、装置40は、合金鋳片17bの合金結晶組織制御装置として単管41を備える。
管41の内面には、管41の回転により、導入された合金鋳片17bが出口41b側に進行するように、フィン43が設けられている。
管41に導入された合金鋳片17bは、加熱部42を適宜作動させることにより所定温度に保持される。また、管41の回転速度やフィン43の設置角度を調節することにより、該所定温度において所定時間制御される。このように合金鋳片17bを所定温度で所定時間制御することにより、所望の結晶組織を有する均一な合金結晶を有する合金鋳片17cを短時間に、効率良く調製することができる。
管状冷却器45の内面には、合金鋳片17cを管状冷却器45の内面全体に均一に接触させることを可能にするフィン(図示せず)を設けることもできる。
また、装置40は、例えば、合金鋳片17bを導入する導入口41aまでの導入連絡管内に遮蔽弁(図示せず)を設け、該遮蔽弁で遮蔽して装置40内を不活性ガス雰囲気にしうる構成とすることもできる。この際、装置40は、不活性ガス雰囲気にしうるチャンバー内に収容する必要はない。
Rにおいて、イットリウムを含む希土類金属元素とは、元素番号57から71のランタノイド及び元素番号39のイットリウムを意味する。前記Rは特に限定されないが、例えば、ランタン、セリウム、プラセオジム、ネオジム、イットリウム、ガドリウム、テルビウム、ジスプロシウム、ホルミウム、エルビウム、イッテルビウム又はこれらの2種以上の混合物等が好ましく挙げられる。特に、Rとして、ガドリウム、テルビウム、ジスプロシウム、ホルミウム、エルビウム及びイッテルビウムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の重希土類元素を含むことが好ましい。これらの重希土類元素は、磁気特性のうち主に保磁力を向上させることができる。中でもテルビウムはもっとも大きな効果を示す。しかし、テルビウムは高価であるため、コストと効果を考慮するとジスプロシウムを単体、またはガドリウム、テルビウム、ホルミウム等と共に用いることが好ましい。
本発明の合金鋳片を単一合金法に用いる場合のRの含有割合は、29.0~33.0質量%が好ましく、2合金法の2-14-1系主相用合金として本発明の合金鋳片を用いる場合のRの含有割合は、27.0~29.0質量%が好ましい。
Rとして前記重希土類元素を用いる場合の含有割合は、通常0.2~15質量%、好ましくは1~15質量%、更に好ましくは3~15質量%である。重希土類元素の含有割合が15質量%を超えると高価になり、0.2質量%未満ではその効果が小さくなる。
前記鉄以外の遷移金属は特に限定されないが、例えば、コバルト、アルミニウム、クロム、チタン、バナジウム、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、マンガン、マグネシウム、銅、錫、タングステン、ニオブ及びガリウムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種が好ましく挙げられる。
次いで、工程(C)において、急冷凝固して得られた合金が500℃以下に冷却される前に900℃より高く、1050℃以下で保持すると、2-14-1系主相の結晶粒が成長して体積率が次第に増加、同時に粒界相であるR-rich相の体積率が次第に減少、粒界が移動する。R-rich相の減少、移動により、R-rich相の間隔は広くなり、微細に分散していたB-rich相は、減少したR-rich相内で凝集して後述するB-rich相の観察方法で10個より多く観察されるようになる。さらに、時間が経過すると、2-14-1系主相の体積率の増加、粒の成長およびR-rich相の減少、粒界の移動により、R-rich相の間隔は広くなるが、B-rich相は2-14-1相の生成に消費され、B-rich相が1~10個観察されるようになり、いずれ合金は平衡状態に達し、B-rich相はほとんど観察されなくなる。
まず、希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片のロール冷却面と接する面に略垂直な断面をEPMAにより倍率2000倍、加速電圧15kV、電流2×10-7A、ビーム径300nmの条件で観察する。本発明の合金鋳片にDyを含有しない場合、B-rich相は、Bのマッピング像によりBの濃化した部分となり、Dyを含有する場合、DyFe4B4相が優先的に生成しているため、B-rich相はBとDyのマッピング像よりBとDyが濃化した部分となる。また、残部MにZr、Nb等を含む場合、Bと化合物相を形成し、Bのマッピング像においてBの濃化した部分として観察されるが、本発明においてRを含まない残部MとBの化合物相は、B-rich相には含まない。10個の合金に関してランダムにそれぞれ1視野ずつ観察して、B-rich相の個数を数え、それらの平均値を50μm四方に存在するB-rich相の個数とした。
実施例1
図1に示す製造システム10及び図2に示す装置40を用いて以下の方法により合金を作製した。
Nd、Pr、Dy、B、Co、Cu、Al及びFeで、合計重量が300kgとなるようにそれぞれの原料を配合した。アルゴン雰囲気中、原料を加熱・溶解した後、1450℃で出湯し、水冷銅ロールの冷却ロール15上にタンディッシュ14を介して供給し、連続的に凝固させた。冷却ロール15の周速度は1.0m/秒で行った。冷却ロール15上で800~1000℃に急冷凝固された合金17aは、合金破砕板16に衝突して合金鋳片17bとなり装置40の導入口41aへ落下させた。この落下した合金鋳片17bは、表面温度が500℃以上の状態で装置40の管41に導入され、950℃で5分間保持されるように管41内を連続的に移動した。次に、管45に導入され、合金鋳片17bは100℃以下まで強制冷却した後、容器18に収容した。得られた合金鋳片17cの厚みは220~260μmであった。
粉砕性、微粉の含有割合を調べるため、得られた合金鋳片を水素還元炉により水素圧0.1MPa、30℃の雰囲気中で3時間水素を吸蔵した後、530℃の真空雰囲気中で2時間脱水素し、室温まで冷却してから取り出した。次に、ジェットミルにより、窒素ガス圧0.6kg/cm2、原料供給スピード35g/minの条件で粉砕を行った。ジェットミル前後で組成分析を行ない、TRE成分(Nd+Pr+Dy)のジェットミル前後での歩留まりを得た。更に、レーザー回折法により粒度測定を行い、D50値、均等数nを得た。各測定結果を表1に示す。
加熱温度、保持時間を表1に示すとおり変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして合金鋳片、粉砕粉を作製し、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。結果を表1に示す。また、実施例2で調製した合金鋳片の断面を光学顕微鏡により観察した合金組織写真の写しを図3に、実施例2で調製した合金鋳片の断面をEPMAにより観察したBのマッピング像を図4に示す。
実施例1において、図1に示す製造システム10に用いた装置40を使用せず、合金を合金破砕板16に衝突させて合金鋳片とした後、収納容器18に回収し冷却した。得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。結果を表1に示す。得られた合金鋳片の断面を光学顕微鏡により観察した合金組織写真の写しを図5に示す。
比較例4と同様にして合金鋳片を得た後、アルゴン雰囲気中、850℃で120分間保持して合金鋳片を得た。得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。結果を表1に示す。
加熱温度、保持時間を表1に示すとおり変更した以外は、比較例5と同様にして合金鋳片を得た。得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。結果を表1に示す。また、比較例8で調製した合金鋳片の断面を光学顕微鏡により観察した合金組織写真の写しを図6に示す。
実施例1と同様に図1に示す製造システム10及び図2に示す装置40を用いて以下の方法により合金を作製した。
Nd、Dy、B、Co、Cu、Al及びFeで、合計重量が300kgとなるようにそれぞれの原料を配合した。水冷銅ロールの冷却ロール15の表面を#60の研磨紙を使用し、ロールの回転方向とロールの回転方向に対し90°の角度で研磨し、冷却ロールの表面性状を非線状の凹凸が存在し、Ra値が2.8μm、Rsk値が-0.40とした。アルゴン雰囲気中、原料を加熱・溶解した後、1450℃で出湯し、冷却ロール15上にタンディッシュ14を介して供給し、連続的に凝固させた。冷却ロール15の周速度は1.0m/秒で行った。冷却ロール15上で800~1000℃に急冷凝固された合金17aは、合金破砕板16に衝突して合金鋳片17bとなり装置40の導入口41aへ落下させた。この落下した合金鋳片17bは、表面温度が500℃以上の状態で装置40の管41に導入され、1000℃で20分間保持されるように管41内を連続的に移動した。次に、管45に導入され、合金鋳片17bは100℃以下まで強制冷却した後、容器18に収容した。得られた合金鋳片17cの厚みは約300μmであった。
得られた合金鋳片の冷却ロール面と接していた面を上述の方法で観察したところ、880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数は12個であった。また合金鋳片の断面組織を観察したところ、チル晶は観察されなかった。図7に得られた合金鋳片の冷却ロール面と接していた面の光学顕微鏡による観察像を示す。
得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。結果を表2に示す。実施例5~9のTRE歩留まりは、TRE成分(Nd+Dy)のジェットミル前後での歩留まりを示した。また得られた粉砕粉を原料として使用し、焼結磁石を作製した。得られた焼結磁石の残留磁化は13.58kG、固有保磁力は23.78kOeであった。
#30の研磨紙に変更し、冷却ロールの表面性状を非線状の凹凸が存在し、Ra値が4.3μm、かつRsk値が-0.32とした。これ以外は実施例5と同様にして行った。
得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。実施例5と同様に880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数、チル晶の割合、焼結磁石の残留磁化および固有保磁力を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
研磨紙の代わりにショットブラストを使用し、冷却ロールの表面性状を非線状の凹凸が存在し、Ra値が6.3μm、かつRsk値が-0.10とした。これ以外は実施例5と同様にして行った。
得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。実施例5と同様に880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数、チル晶の割合、焼結磁石の残留磁化および固有保磁力を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
#60の研磨紙を用いて、ロールの回転方向にのみ冷却ロールの表面を研磨した。冷却ロールの表面には線状の凹凸が存在し、Ra値が2.3μm、Rsk値が-0.44であった。これ以外は実施例5と同様にして行った。
得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。実施例1と同様に880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数、チル晶の割合、焼結磁石の残留磁化および固有保磁力を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
Nd、Dy、B、Co、Cu、Al、Nb及びFeで、合計重量が300kgとなるようにそれぞれの原料を配合した以外は実施例5と同様にして行った。得られた合金鋳片の組成分析を蛍光X線、ICPで行ったところ、Nd27.5質量%、Dy4.9質量%、B1.00質量%、Al0.15質量%、Co1.0質量%、Cu0.2質量%、Nb0.15質量%、残部鉄であった。
得られた合金鋳片と実施例1と同様にして作製した粉砕粉について、実施例1と同様に各評価、測定を行った。実施例1と同様に880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数、チル晶の割合、焼結磁石の残留磁化および固有保磁力を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
Claims (6)
- イットリウムを含む希土類金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種からなるR、ボロン、及び鉄からなるか、もしくは鉄と、鉄以外の遷移金属元素、珪素及び炭素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種とからなる残部Mを含有する合金溶湯を準備する工程(A)と、
前記合金溶湯を、冷却ロールを用いたストリップキャスティング法により700℃以上、1000℃以下の温度範囲まで急冷凝固する工程(B)と、
工程(B)の急冷凝固により、冷却ロールから剥離した合金鋳片が500℃以下に冷却される前に加熱する工程(C)とを含み、
工程(C)の加熱を、900℃より高く、1050℃以下の温度範囲にて5~120分間保持して行う、R27.0~33.0質量%と、ボロン0.90~1.30質量%と、残部Mとからなる組成を有する希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法。 - 工程(C)の加熱を、1000℃以上、1050℃以下の温度範囲にて行う請求項1記載の製造方法。
- 工程(C)の加熱を、合金鋳片を連続的に移動しながら行う請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 工程(B)で用いる冷却ロールが、表面に非線状の凹凸を有し、Ra値が2~15μm、Rsk値が-0.5以上、0未満である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の製造方法で作製した希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片。
- 冷却ロールを用いたストリップキャスティング法により得られた、イットリウムを含む希土類金属元素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種からなるR、ボロン、及び鉄からなるか、もしくは鉄と、鉄以外の遷移金属元素、珪素及び炭素からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種とからなる残部Mを含有し、組成がR27.0~33.0質量%、ボロン0.90~1.30質量%、及び残部Mとからなる希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片であって、
該鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面を、100倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡観察像において、880μmに相当する線分を横切る結晶核の発生点を中心として、円状にデンドライトが成長したアスペクト比が0.5~1.0、かつ粒径が30μm以上の結晶の数が5個以上であり、かつ該鋳片のロール冷却面と接していた面に略垂直な断面を、200倍の倍率で観察した顕微鏡観察像において、R-rich相の平均間隔が10~30μmである希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片。
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| EP11800993.5A EP2589445B1 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | Method for producing alloy flakes for a rare earth sintered magnet |
| PH1/2013/500016A PH12013500016A1 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | Method for producing alloy cast slab for rare earth sintered magnet |
| JP2012522714A JP5908836B2 (ja) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | 希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法 |
| US13/807,909 US9862030B2 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | Method for producing alloy cast slab for rare earth sintered magnet |
| CN201180042522.2A CN103079724B (zh) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | 稀土烧结磁体用合金铸片的制造方法 |
| PH12014502467A PH12014502467B1 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2014-11-05 | Method for producing alloy cast slab for rare earth sintered magnet |
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| JP2010164322 | 2010-07-02 |
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| PCT/JP2011/065171 Ceased WO2012002531A1 (ja) | 2010-07-02 | 2011-07-01 | 希土類焼結磁石用合金鋳片の製造方法 |
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| US (1) | US9862030B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2589445B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5908836B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN103079724B (ja) |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JPWO2012002531A1 (ja) | 2013-08-29 |
| US9862030B2 (en) | 2018-01-09 |
| CN103079724B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
| PH12014502467A1 (en) | 2015-01-26 |
| EP2589445A4 (en) | 2016-10-05 |
| PH12014502467B1 (en) | 2015-01-26 |
| JP5908836B2 (ja) | 2016-04-26 |
| EP2589445B1 (en) | 2019-10-02 |
| PH12013500016A1 (en) | 2013-02-18 |
| US20130142687A1 (en) | 2013-06-06 |
| EP2589445A1 (en) | 2013-05-08 |
| CN103079724A (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
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