WO2012098351A1 - Filter - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- WO2012098351A1 WO2012098351A1 PCT/GB2012/000040 GB2012000040W WO2012098351A1 WO 2012098351 A1 WO2012098351 A1 WO 2012098351A1 GB 2012000040 W GB2012000040 W GB 2012000040W WO 2012098351 A1 WO2012098351 A1 WO 2012098351A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- filter element
- filter
- element according
- radius
- curved sections
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2407—Filter candles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/11—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with bag, cage, hose, tube, sleeve or like filtering elements
- B01D29/31—Self-supporting filtering elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/11—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with bag, cage, hose, tube, sleeve or like filtering elements
- B01D29/31—Self-supporting filtering elements
- B01D29/33—Self-supporting filtering elements arranged for inward flow filtration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2068—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/56—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
- B01D46/58—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition connected in parallel
- B01D46/60—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition connected in parallel arranged concentrically or coaxially
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2275/00—Filter media structures for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2275/20—Shape of filtering material
- B01D2275/206—Special forms, e.g. adapted to a certain housing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to filters.
- the present invention relates to filters for use in high temperature environments.
- Filters are used in many applications.
- One such application is for filtering particles out of hot exhaust gas used in the energy industry, for example the hot gasses produced by burning fossil or other fuels used to power steam generating boilers is filtered either upstream or downstream of the boiler as part of the gas cleaning process prior to discharge.
- Filters used for this purpose tend to be elongate tubular filters with one closed end. The hot gas is then passed from one side of the filter to the other. Generally a bank of such filters, which in power generation facilities may be in the region of a hundred filter tubes will be used.
- the filter is characterised by two main criteria, the amount of air flow through an individual filter and the maximum cross filter pressure differential.
- the air flow is determined primarily by the internal surface area of the filter. Given that for a particular material a certain wall thickness is needed to give the filter the physical strength that it needs the design constraints are quite tight. If the diameter of the filter is increased to increase the surface area then the thickness also needs to be increased to give the same tensile or compressive strength, which increases the resistance as the gas flow has to pass through more filter material. In addition increasing the diameter of the filters reduces their surface area to volume ratio which makes them more space inefficient. The length can only be extended to a certain point, after which bending forces on the filter, which are caused due to gas flow around and through them, become too great and tend to break the filters.
- the cross filter pressure differential starts at one value and as the filter becomes clogged will slowly increase until such point that the resistance to flow is too great for the system and the filters need cleaning, often resulting in one of: shutdown or release of pollutants while the filters are inoperative.
- the present invention provides a high temperature filter that at least partially mitigates the abovementioned problems.
- a filter element comprising an elongate hollow structure having a closed end and an open end, the filter element having an inlet comprising the exterior surface of the filter element and an outlet comprising the open end, the filter element having a re-entrant cross sectional shape traverse to the longitudinal axis of the filter element having an scalloped outer edge defined by eight equal curved sections and an inner edge defined by eight equal curved sections, the curved sections of the inner edge aligned with the curved sections of the outer edge and forming a filter wall therebetween and wherein said filter wall comprises a radial array of eight self supporting arches.
- the filter element comprises lip extending radially from its open end.
- the filter element may comprise an end cap that closes said closed end.
- said end cap comprises a curved outer end surface.
- the radius of the curved sections of the inner edge is less than the radius of the curved sections of the outer edge. More preferably the inner curved section and the outer curved section are concentric
- the inner edge is provided with radiused transitions between adjacent curved sections.
- the radiuses minimise the material needed.
- the filters may be made by extrusion and removal of long thin spikes and their replacement with radiused corners assists in achieving good formation of the filters in the extrusion process.
- the filter element may comprise a low density ceramic material. In another embodiment the filter may comprise a natural or synthetic mineral material.
- Figure 1 shows a longitudinal cross section of a filter in accordance with the invention
- Figure 2 shows a cross section on "A" - "A” of Figure 1.
- an elongate tubular filter element 10 is shown that has a closed end 12 and an open end 14.
- hot gas flows into the filter via the external surface 16, passes through the filter wall 18 and into the hollow centre of the filter. From there it passes out the open end 1 .
- a lip 20 is provides around the open end by which lip the filter element can be suspended trough an opening in a supporting structure (not shown).
- the filter element has a re-entrant cross sectional shape that has having an scalloped outer edge defined by eight equal curved sections 22 and an inner edge defined by eight equal curved sections 24.
- the curved sections 24 of the inner edge are aligned with the curved sections 22 of the outer edge and forming the filter wall 18 therebetween.
- the filter wall 18 comprises a radial array of eight self supporting arches.
- the arched structure is generally stronger as the tube has a substantially corrugated surface that is more rigid and can resist higher bending forces along its longitudinal length than a conventional cylindrical filter.
- the curve of the inner section 24 and the curve of the outer section 22 are concentric with one another about a central radial point. In this manner the individual sections of the filter wall 18 are effectively sections of much smaller diameter pipe having a thick outer wall, i.e. the wall thickness/radius ratio for the sections is greater than for a cylindrical filter. As can be seen the transition between adjacent inner curved sections 24 is provided with radiused edge 26.
- the filters 10 may be made by extrusion and removal of long thin spikes and their replacement with radiused corners assists in achieving good formation of the filters in the extrusion process.
- the closed end 2 of the filter is manufactured as a separate end piece 28 and is then inserted into the body section of the hollow filter section.
- the end piece 28 may be adhered to the body section or may be provided with a push fit or a screw thread Onot shown) to secure it.
- the filters have 70, 80, and 90 mm outer diameters and accordingly will fit directly into existing filter banks that receive those sized filters.
- the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 70mm.
- the central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 18.5mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 7.2mm.
- Eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
- the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 80mm.
- the central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 21.2mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 8.25mm.
- the eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
- the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 90mm.
- the central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 23.8mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 9.3mm.
- the eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
- the filters of the present invention are particularly advantageous from an environmental perspective in a number of ways. Firstly less material is needed to make up the filter, which in itself is advantageous, and secondly as the filters can withstand a higher cross filter pressure differential the time between shutdowns for cleaning is reduced resulting in an overall more efficient system.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A filter element (10) is provided comprising an elongate hollow structure having a closed end (12) and an open end (14). The filter (10) has an inlet comprising the exterior surface (16) of the filter element and an outlet comprising the open end (14). The filter has a re- entrant cross sectional shape traverse to the longitudinal axis of the filter element having an scalloped outer edge defined by equal curved sections and an inner edge defined by equal curved sections. The curved sections of the inner edge are aligned with the curved sections of the outer edge forming a filter wall (18) therebetween. The filter wall (18) comprises a radial array of self supporting arches.
Description
Filter
The present invention relates to filters. In particular the present invention relates to filters for use in high temperature environments.
Filters are used in many applications. One such application is for filtering particles out of hot exhaust gas used in the energy industry, for example the hot gasses produced by burning fossil or other fuels used to power steam generating boilers is filtered either upstream or downstream of the boiler as part of the gas cleaning process prior to discharge.
It is a requirement of these types of filter that the maximum airflow is achieved and that the minimum resistance is created by the filters.
Filters used for this purpose tend to be elongate tubular filters with one closed end. The hot gas is then passed from one side of the filter to the other. Generally a bank of such filters, which in power generation facilities may be in the region of a hundred filter tubes will be used.
The filter is characterised by two main criteria, the amount of air flow through an individual filter and the maximum cross filter pressure differential.
The air flow is determined primarily by the internal surface area of the filter. Given that for a particular material a certain wall thickness is needed to give the filter the physical strength that it needs the design constraints are quite tight. If the diameter of the filter is increased to increase the surface area then the thickness also needs to be increased to give the same tensile or compressive strength, which increases the resistance as the gas flow has to pass through more filter material. In addition increasing the diameter of the filters reduces their surface area to volume ratio which makes them more space inefficient. The length can only be extended to a certain point, after which bending forces on the filter, which are caused due to gas flow around and through them, become too great and tend to break the filters.
The problems can be overcome by providing a greater number of filters in the array but this increases both the space envelope needed and the cost of the filters, not only
initially but also whenever the filters need replacing. Clogged filters reduce the efficiency of the system and also mean that shut down is needed to clean filters.
The cross filter pressure differential starts at one value and as the filter becomes clogged will slowly increase until such point that the resistance to flow is too great for the system and the filters need cleaning, often resulting in one of: shutdown or release of pollutants while the filters are inoperative.
The present invention provides a high temperature filter that at least partially mitigates the abovementioned problems.
According to the present invention there is provided a filter element comprising an elongate hollow structure having a closed end and an open end, the filter element having an inlet comprising the exterior surface of the filter element and an outlet comprising the open end, the filter element having a re-entrant cross sectional shape traverse to the longitudinal axis of the filter element having an scalloped outer edge defined by eight equal curved sections and an inner edge defined by eight equal curved sections, the curved sections of the inner edge aligned with the curved sections of the outer edge and forming a filter wall therebetween and wherein said filter wall comprises a radial array of eight self supporting arches.
Preferably the filter element comprises lip extending radially from its open end.
The filter element may comprise an end cap that closes said closed end. Preferably said end cap comprises a curved outer end surface.
Preferably the radius of the curved sections of the inner edge is less than the radius of the curved sections of the outer edge. More preferably the inner curved section and the outer curved section are concentric
Preferably the inner edge is provided with radiused transitions between adjacent curved sections.
As, if the radius was not provided, there would be points extending at these points that would have no structural or airflow benefits the radiuses minimise the material needed. In addition the filters may be made by extrusion and removal of long thin spikes and
their replacement with radiused corners assists in achieving good formation of the filters in the extrusion process.
In one embodiment the filter element may comprise a low density ceramic material. In another embodiment the filter may comprise a natural or synthetic mineral material.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a longitudinal cross section of a filter in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 shows a cross section on "A" - "A" of Figure 1.
Referring to Figure 1 an elongate tubular filter element 10 is shown that has a closed end 12 and an open end 14. In use hot gas flows into the filter via the external surface 16, passes through the filter wall 18 and into the hollow centre of the filter. From there it passes out the open end 1 .
A lip 20 is provides around the open end by which lip the filter element can be suspended trough an opening in a supporting structure (not shown).
Referring now to Figure 2 the cross section "A"-"A" is shown. As can be seen the filter element has a re-entrant cross sectional shape that has having an scalloped outer edge defined by eight equal curved sections 22 and an inner edge defined by eight equal curved sections 24. The curved sections 24 of the inner edge are aligned with the curved sections 22 of the outer edge and forming the filter wall 18 therebetween.
The filter wall 18 comprises a radial array of eight self supporting arches. By providing a self supporting arch structure in the cross section a greater cross filter pressure differential can be achieved for the same wall thickness than with a circular cross section filter element. The arched structure is generally stronger as the tube has a substantially corrugated surface that is more rigid and can resist higher bending forces along its longitudinal length than a conventional cylindrical filter. The curve of the inner section 24 and the curve of the outer section 22 are concentric with one another about a central radial point. In this manner the individual sections of
the filter wall 18 are effectively sections of much smaller diameter pipe having a thick outer wall, i.e. the wall thickness/radius ratio for the sections is greater than for a cylindrical filter. As can be seen the transition between adjacent inner curved sections 24 is provided with radiused edge 26.
If the radius was not provided, there would be points extending at these points that would have no structural or airflow benefits. Use of the radiuses 26 at these points minimises the material needed. In addition the filters 10 may be made by extrusion and removal of long thin spikes and their replacement with radiused corners assists in achieving good formation of the filters in the extrusion process.
The closed end 2 of the filter is manufactured as a separate end piece 28 and is then inserted into the body section of the hollow filter section. The end piece 28 may be adhered to the body section or may be provided with a push fit or a screw thread Onot shown) to secure it.
Referring to Figures 3 to 5 three preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. The filters have 70, 80, and 90 mm outer diameters and accordingly will fit directly into existing filter banks that receive those sized filters.
Referring to Figure 3 the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 70mm. The central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 18.5mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 7.2mm. Eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
Referring to Figure 4 the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 80mm. The central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 21.2mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 8.25mm. Again the eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
Referring to Figure 5 the outer dimension X across the widest part of the filter is 90mm. The central point of the arcs forming the inner and outer edges is offset from the centre
point of the filter element by dimension Y which is 23.8mm and the arc of the inner surface 24 has a radius of 9.3mm. Again the eight arced sections are arranged around the centre point of the filter and are separated by 45°.
The dimensions of these embodiments have proved to give particularly good self supporting strength and can withstand cross filter pressure differentials greater than can a standard circular cross section filter.
The filters of the present invention are particularly advantageous from an environmental perspective in a number of ways. Firstly less material is needed to make up the filter, which in itself is advantageous, and secondly as the filters can withstand a higher cross filter pressure differential the time between shutdowns for cleaning is reduced resulting in an overall more efficient system.
Claims
CLAIMS:
1 A filter element comprising an elongate hollow structure having a closed end and an open end, the filter element having an inlet comprising the exterior surface of the filter element and an outlet comprising the open end, the filter element having a reentrant cross sectional shape traverse to the longitudinal axis of the filter element having an scalloped outer edge defined by equal curved sections and an inner edge defined by equal curved sections, the curved sections of the inner edge aligned with the curved sections of the outer edge and forming a filter wall therebetween and wherein said filter wall comprises a radial array of self supporting arches.
2 A filter element according to claim 1 further comprising a lip extending radially from its open end.
3 A filter element according to claim 1 further comprising an end cap that closes said closed end.
4 A filter element according to claim 3 wherein said end cap comprises a curved outer end surface.
5 A filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the radius of the curved sections of the inner edge is less than the radius of the curved sections of the outer edge
6 A filter element according to claim 5 wherein the inner curved section and the outer curved section are concentric.
7 A filter element according to any previous claims wherein the inner edge is provided with radiused transitions between adjacent curved sections.
8 A filter element according to any preceding claim wherein the filter element comprises a low density ceramic material. 9 A filter element according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the filter element comprises a natural or synthetic mineral material.
10 A filter element according to any previous claim wherein the filter element comprises a radial array of eight self supporting arches. 11 A filter element according to claim 10 wherein the diameter of the filter element is 70mm, the centre point of the radius of each of the inner and the outer edges is positioned 18.5mm from the centre of the filter element, and the radius of the edges is 7.2mm. 12 A filter element according to claim 10 wherein the diameter of the filter element is 80mm, the centre point of the radius of each of the inner and the outer edges is positioned 21.2mm from the centre of the filter element, and the radius of the edges is 8.25mm. 13 A filter element according to claim 10 wherein the diameter of the filter element is 90mm, the centre point of the radius of each of the inner and the outer edges is positioned 23.8mm from the centre of the filter element, and the radius of the edges is 9.3mm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1100846.3 | 2011-01-19 | ||
| GB1100846.3A GB2487714B (en) | 2011-01-19 | 2011-01-19 | Filter |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012098351A1 true WO2012098351A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
| WO2012098351A8 WO2012098351A8 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
Family
ID=43736615
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2012/000040 Ceased WO2012098351A1 (en) | 2011-01-19 | 2012-01-18 | Filter |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2487714B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2012098351A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102012107097A1 (en) * | 2012-08-02 | 2014-05-22 | USPRO UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | Modular filter for filtering hot gas, has first filter module connected with second filter module, where first filter module comprises circular ring shaped hollow profile for optimizing effective filter surface |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE969682C (en) * | 1953-10-20 | 1958-07-03 | Masch Und Appbau Boehler & We | Filter element for precoat filter |
| GB998140A (en) * | 1961-03-09 | 1965-07-14 | Ajem Lab Inc | Method and apparatus for separating or filtering solids from liquids |
| DE2536271A1 (en) * | 1975-08-14 | 1977-02-17 | Krebsoege Gmbh Sintermetall | FILTER CARTRIDGE |
| EP0730896A2 (en) * | 1995-03-08 | 1996-09-11 | Tenmat Limited | Filter elements |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH10151311A (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 1998-06-09 | Mitsubishi Plastics Ind Ltd | Porous plastic filter and filter unit |
| CN201179397Y (en) * | 2008-04-11 | 2009-01-14 | 邵天君 | Dust filter |
-
2011
- 2011-01-19 GB GB1100846.3A patent/GB2487714B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-01-18 WO PCT/GB2012/000040 patent/WO2012098351A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE969682C (en) * | 1953-10-20 | 1958-07-03 | Masch Und Appbau Boehler & We | Filter element for precoat filter |
| GB998140A (en) * | 1961-03-09 | 1965-07-14 | Ajem Lab Inc | Method and apparatus for separating or filtering solids from liquids |
| DE2536271A1 (en) * | 1975-08-14 | 1977-02-17 | Krebsoege Gmbh Sintermetall | FILTER CARTRIDGE |
| EP0730896A2 (en) * | 1995-03-08 | 1996-09-11 | Tenmat Limited | Filter elements |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102012107097A1 (en) * | 2012-08-02 | 2014-05-22 | USPRO UG (haftungsbeschränkt) | Modular filter for filtering hot gas, has first filter module connected with second filter module, where first filter module comprises circular ring shaped hollow profile for optimizing effective filter surface |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2012098351A8 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
| GB2487714B (en) | 2013-11-20 |
| GB2487714A (en) | 2012-08-08 |
| GB201100846D0 (en) | 2011-03-02 |
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