WO2012049856A1 - 電気化学キャパシタ用電極とそれを用いた電気化学キャパシタ - Google Patents
電気化学キャパシタ用電極とそれを用いた電気化学キャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012049856A1 WO2012049856A1 PCT/JP2011/005759 JP2011005759W WO2012049856A1 WO 2012049856 A1 WO2012049856 A1 WO 2012049856A1 JP 2011005759 W JP2011005759 W JP 2011005759W WO 2012049856 A1 WO2012049856 A1 WO 2012049856A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical capacitor used for backup power source, regeneration, or power storage for various electronic devices, hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and an electrode for an electrochemical capacitor used therefor.
- a storage element that can extract energy necessary for the operation of the electronic device with an appropriate output is required.
- the storage element include a capacitor and a secondary battery.
- an electric double layer capacitor having a large capacity, capable of rapid charge / discharge and having high long-term reliability has attracted attention and is used in many fields.
- the electric double layer capacitor has a polarizable electrode mainly composed of activated carbon as a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the withstand voltage of the electric double layer capacitor is 1.2 V when an aqueous electrolyte is used, and 2.5 to 3.3 V when an organic electrolyte is used.
- the energy density of the electric double layer capacitor is smaller than that of the secondary battery. Since the energy density is proportional to the square of the capacity and voltage, it is necessary to improve at least one of these elements in order to increase the energy density of the electric double layer capacitor.
- Such a capacitor has a negative electrode that occludes lithium ions, a positive electrode that is a polarizable electrode, and an electrolytic solution that impregnates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and contains a lithium salt. This capacitor is charged and discharged within a range in which lithium ions pre-doped to the negative electrode are not released.
- FIG. 2A is a top cross-sectional view of a capacitor using lithium ions as a cation shown as an example of a conventional capacitor.
- FIG. 2B is a partially cutaway front view of the electrode winding unit 100 in this capacitor.
- this capacitor has an electrode winding unit 100.
- the electrode winding unit 100 is formed by concentrically winding a positive electrode 101 and a negative electrode 102 with a separator 103 interposed between them.
- Lithium metal (lithium electrodes) 104 and 105 are arranged as a lithium ion supply source on the outer periphery and the center of the electrode winding unit 100, respectively.
- the lithium metal 105 formed at the winding center portion is supported by a tube rod 109, and the tube rod 109 also serves as a shaft rod for supporting the electrode winding unit 100.
- These are housed in an aluminum or iron outer container 106 and filled with an electrolyte.
- the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102 have a current collector (not shown) made of a porous material provided with holes penetrating the front and back surfaces.
- the current collector is a porous material, even if the lithium metals 104 and 105 are arranged at the outer peripheral portion and the central portion of the electrode winding unit 100, lithium ions are transferred from the lithium metals 104 and 105 to the electrode winding unit. It is possible to move freely between the electrodes through the through holes of 100 current collectors. As a result, the entire anode 102 is pre-doped with lithium ions.
- the electrode terminals 107 and 108 are connected to the current collectors of the positive electrode 101 and the negative electrode 102, respectively.
- the electrode terminals 107 and 108 are each drawn in a direction opposite to the winding axis direction of the cylindrical electrode winding unit 100. Further, the outermost periphery of the electrode winding unit 100 is fixed with a tape 110 in order to maintain a wound shape.
- the lithium ion supply source is provided at the outer peripheral portion and the central portion of the electrode winding unit 100.
- lithium ions can be doped into the negative electrode 102 faster than a method in which lithium ions are supplied from one lithium ion supply source and doped.
- Such a capacitor is disclosed in Patent Document 1, for example.
- a capacitor having a negative electrode that repeatedly occludes and releases cations such as lithium ions at the time of charging / discharging deteriorates various characteristics when charging / discharging is repeated after the production of the cell.
- One of the deteriorations in this characteristic is an increase in the potential of the negative electrode that has been lowered due to pre-doping.
- the potential of the negative electrode increases, the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes decreases, and the energy density of the power storage device decreases.
- the present invention is an electrochemical capacitor having an improved and maintained energy density by suppressing an increase in potential of the negative electrode during charging and discharging, and an electrode used therefor.
- the capacitor electrode in the present invention includes a current collector and an electrode layer formed on the current collector.
- a peak value I a indicating the presence of an anion-decomposing compound
- a peak value I b indicating the presence of an electrolyte in the spectrum of atoms constituting anions measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the ratio I a / I b is 0.5 or more and less than 2.55.
- the capacitor in the present invention has the above electrode as a negative electrode.
- an electrode for an electrochemical capacitor or an electrochemical capacitor By configuring an electrode for an electrochemical capacitor or an electrochemical capacitor from the above configuration, an increase in potential of the negative electrode can be suppressed and the energy density of the capacitor can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a horizontal sectional view of a conventional capacitor.
- 2B is a partially cutaway front view of an element used in the capacitor shown in FIG. 2A.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- This capacitor contains a capacitor element (hereinafter referred to as element) 1, an electrolyte solution (not shown) impregnated in the element 1 and containing an electrolyte composed of cations and anions, and the element 1 and the electrolyte solution.
- element a capacitor element
- electrolyte solution impregnated in the element 1 and containing an electrolyte composed of cations and anions
- the element 1 and the electrolyte solution A bottom cylindrical outer casing 6.
- Element 1 has positive electrode 2, negative electrode 3, and separator 4.
- the separator 4 is interposed between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3.
- the positive electrode 2 includes a current collector 2A that is a first current collector having conductivity, and an electrode layer 2B that is a first electrode layer formed on the surface of the current collector 2A.
- the negative electrode 3 includes a current collector 3A that is a conductive second current collector, and an electrode layer 3B that is a second electrode layer formed on the surface of the current collector 3A.
- the electrode layer 2B can adsorb and desorb anions constituting the electrolyte, and the electrode layer 3B occludes cations constituting the electrolyte.
- the current collector 2A is made of, for example, aluminum, and the current collector 3A is made of, for example, copper.
- the electrode layer 2B is a polarizable electrode layer containing activated carbon that absorbs and desorbs anions.
- the electrode layer 3B is mainly formed of a carbon material and occludes lithium ions as cations.
- the element 1 is configured by interposing a separator 4 between a positive electrode 2 and a negative electrode 3 and winding them, but is not limited to this structure.
- the flat positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 are connected to each other.
- a structure in which the separators 4 are stacked may be used.
- Lead wires 5A and 5B are connected to the surfaces of the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 as electrode lead terminals, respectively.
- the sealing member 7 seals the open end of the outer package 6 so that the lead wires 5A and 5B are exposed.
- the procedure for producing the positive electrode 2 will be described.
- a high-purity aluminum foil (purity 99.30% or more) having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m is used as the current collector 2A, and this aluminum foil is subjected to electrolytic etching in a chlorine-based etching solution to roughen the surface.
- the electrode layer 2B is formed on the front and back surfaces of the current collector 2A having a roughened surface.
- the material constituting the electrode layer 2B is activated carbon, a binder, a conductive aid, or the like.
- coke activated carbon is used as the activated carbon
- an aqueous solution of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is used as the binder
- acetylene black is used as the conductive assistant.
- the mixing weight ratio of activated carbon: binder: conductive aid is, for example, 10: 2: 1.
- This mixture is kneaded with a kneader to adjust to a predetermined viscosity.
- carboxymethyl cellulose CMC
- dispersant for example, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is added as a dispersant.
- the paste prepared in this manner is applied to the front and back surfaces of the current collector 2A and dried in an air atmosphere at 100 ° C. to form the polarizable electrode layer 2B.
- the electrode layer 2B has a thickness of 40 ⁇ m, for example. Thereafter, the current collector 2A provided with the electrode layer 2B is slit to have a predetermined width.
- the positive electrode 2 is completed.
- a copper foil having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m is used as the current collector 3A, and the electrode layer 3B is formed on the front and back surfaces of the copper foil.
- soft carbon is used as a carbon material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- acetylene black is used as in the positive electrode 2.
- SBR styrene butadiene latex
- This paste is applied to the front and back surfaces of the current collector 3A using a comma coater, a die coater or the like, and dried in the air at 80 ° C.
- the thickness of one side of the coated product after drying is, for example, about 50 ⁇ m.
- the current collector 3A thus formed with the coated material on the front and back surfaces is pressed at a linear pressure of 75 to 100 kgf / cm so that the thickness on one side is 40 ⁇ m and the density is 0.4 to 1.0 g / cm 3 .
- the adjusted electrode layer 3B is formed. Then, the current collector 3A in which the electrode layer 3B is formed on the front and back surfaces is slit to a predetermined width.
- the negative electrode 3 is completed.
- soft carbon was used as the carbon material because it is excellent in terms of low resistance and charge / discharge cycle life, but other candidates include graphitic carbon, low-temperature calcined carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon.
- graphitic carbon has a high breakdown voltage and a small energy loss in a charge / discharge cycle.
- Low-temperature calcined carbon is excellent in terms of high capacity and low resistance.
- Non-graphitizable carbon is excellent in terms of high capacity and small cycle loss.
- a lithium layer (not shown) containing a cation atom as a doping source is provided in the outer package 6.
- the negative electrode 3 needs to occlude lithium ions into the carbon material by pre-doping.
- the lithium layer is formed on the surface of a conductive substrate.
- the lithium ion supply source As a method of providing the lithium layer, for example, it is conceivable to use commercially available foil-like metallic lithium.
- the method for forming the lithium ion supply source is not limited to this, and the lithium ion supply source may be formed by a vapor phase method, a liquid phase method, or the like. The pre-doping will be described in detail later.
- the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 are opposed to each other, and a separator 4 is sandwiched between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 to form a laminate.
- the separator 4 is made of, for example, cellulose paper having a thickness of about 35 ⁇ m and a density of 0.45 g / cm 3 .
- the laminated body is wound so that the separator 4 is interposed between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 facing each other, and the element 1 is completed.
- the electrolytic solution for example, a solution in which an electrolyte containing a lithium ion as a cation and an anion containing a fluorine atom as an anion in consideration of a withstand voltage characteristic is dissolved in a solvent is used. Alternatively PF 6 - - BF 4 as the anion are preferred.
- the solvent for example, a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC) having a high dielectric constant and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) having a low viscosity are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1 is used.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- the electrolytic solution is not limited to the above-described configuration, and the same effect can be obtained as long as it contains lithium ions. In addition to lithium ions, cations having a lower redox potential than the carbon material can be used.
- the exterior body 6 is formed of a metal such as iron, aluminum, copper, or nickel from the viewpoint of heat dissipation, but is not particularly limited as long as the material is less likely to react with the electrolyte. Also, a prismatic case or a laminate type may be used.
- the pre-doping is a process for storing lithium ions in the negative electrode 3 in advance.
- Occlusion refers to a phenomenon in which lithium ions in the vicinity of the negative electrode 3 enter an interlayer of a multilayered crystal structure having an interlayer included in a carbon material to form an interlayer compound by carbon atoms and lithium atoms.
- the electrode potential of the negative electrode 3 decreases due to the electrochemical reaction of the lithium ions.
- the potential difference between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 used in the capacitor is widened, so that the energy density of the capacitor is improved.
- the negative electrode 3 having a lithium layer formed on the surface thereof is impregnated with an electrolyte solution containing at least an additive composed of an electrolyte composed of lithium ions that are cations and anions and a benzene compound having a nitro group.
- an electrolyte solution containing at least an additive composed of an electrolyte composed of lithium ions that are cations and anions and a benzene compound having a nitro group.
- the metal lithium which comprises a lithium layer contacts with electrolyte solution, and, thereby, metal lithium is ionized.
- the lithium ions are inserted between the layers of the multilayered crystal structure of the carbon material and are occluded in the carbon material of the negative electrode 3. More specifically, the lithium ions form LiC 6 together with the electrons and carbon material supplied from the lithium layer to the negative electrode 3. As a result, the potential of the negative electrode 3 decreases.
- the additive and the solvent and anion constituting the electrolytic solution are decomposed, and the decomposition products form a film on the surface of the carbon material of the negative electrode 3. This decomposition will be described later.
- lithium ions are predoped into the negative electrode 3.
- pre-doping in a lithium ion secondary battery aims to improve the charge / discharge capacity by reducing the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode in the charge / discharge cycle, and the purpose and action are different from the pre-dope in the capacitor.
- the purpose of pre-doping the capacitor is to increase the voltage of the capacitor by lowering the potential of the negative electrode 3. Due to the difference in these purposes, the amount of occlusion of lithium ions in each pre-doping is also different. Therefore, since the lithium ion storage amount of the lithium ion secondary battery is only required for the irreversible capacity of the negative electrode 3, it is clearly smaller than the lithium ion storage amount of the capacitor.
- the sealing procedure will be described.
- the lead wires 5 ⁇ / b> A and 5 ⁇ / b> B protruding from the element 1 are passed through the through holes provided in the sealing member 7.
- the element 1 is inserted into the exterior body 6, and the sealing member 7 is disposed in the opening of the exterior body 6.
- drawing processing is performed from the outer peripheral surface near the opening of the exterior body 6 where the sealing member 7 is located toward the interior of the exterior body 6. In this way, by curling the opening end of the exterior body 6, the sealing member 7 is crimped and gripped and fixed.
- the sealing of the opening of the exterior body 6 is completed by the above procedure.
- An anion decomposition compound is considered to form a rough film. It is considered that the lithium ions already occluded in the electrode layer 3B are further consumed because the electrolytic solution penetrates the surface of the negative electrode 3 through such a rough film.
- the surface coating of the negative electrode 3 when the surface coating of the negative electrode 3 is formed, it is considered that the presence of an additive to some extent suppresses the generation of an anionic decomposition compound. Thus, it can suppress that the electric potential of the negative electrode 3 raises by suppressing that the rough film formed of an anion decomposition compound is formed.
- a peak value I indicating the presence of an anion-decomposing compound in the spectrum of atoms constituting anions measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- the value of I a / I b which is the ratio of a to the peak value I b indicating the presence of electrolyte, may be 0.45 or more and less than 2.55.
- the reduction potential of the additive is preferably higher than the reduction potential of the solvent.
- the decomposition reaction of the additive that occurs when this reduction potential is reached is an irreversible reaction. This is because a reversible reaction occurs after the capacitor is produced, and an additive that should be decomposed is generated, which may impede charging and discharging.
- an anion-decomposing compound (POF X or the like) having a peak value Ia is used.
- the peak indicating the presence is a peak in the range of 130 eV or more and less than 135 eV in the P2p spectrum.
- the peaks indicating the presence of an electrolyte LiPF 6 serving as the peak value I b is more than 135eV spectrum of P2p, a peak in the range of 140 eV.
- Specific materials for the additive used in the present embodiment include nitrobenzoic acid and nitrophthalic acid.
- the decomposition potential of nitrobenzoic acid is 2.272 to 2.306 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and the decomposition potential of nitrophthalic acid is 2.22 to 2.64 V (vs. Li / Li + ).
- the additive is not limited to these. Further, preferable amounts when these additives are contained in the electrolytic solution will be described later.
- the decomposition potential (reduction potential) of these compounds can be calculated from the peak of a cyclic voltammetry curve detected at that time using a cell for obtaining basic characteristics described below.
- the basic characteristic acquisition cell is a nickel mesh wire welded to a nickel mesh, and an electrode with foil-like metallic lithium attached to the surface is used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode, respectively. This is a three-electrode cell.
- the additive-derived compound is formed as an SEI film.
- the reduction potential of propylene carbonate generally used as a solvent is about 0.8 V (vs. Li / Li + ).
- the reduction potential of EC is 0.6 to 0.7 V (vs. Li / Li + ). Since the reduction potential of DMC is higher than the reduction potential of EC, EC is preferentially reduced when a mixed solvent of EC and DMC is used.
- the capacitor according to the present embodiment even when the potential of the negative electrode 3 is lowered by the pre-doping from the reduction potential of the solvent, the release of lithium ions occluded in the negative electrode 3 in the pre-doping from the negative electrode 3 is suppressed. Therefore, a high energy density can be maintained for a long time and the initial capacity can be improved. This effect will be described below using a specific example.
- the peak ratio I a / I b can be measured for example by the following method.
- the electrolytic solution is discharged from the capacitor including the negative electrode 3 immediately after pre-doping in a dry room having a dew point of ⁇ 40 ° C. or lower.
- DMC is added to this capacitor, evacuation is performed at ⁇ 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 MPa for 3 minutes, and DMC is discharged. This DMC addition, evacuation and evacuation are repeated a total of three times.
- the capacitor is disassembled, the negative electrode 3 is taken out, the central portion of the negative electrode 3 is cut out by 5 mm square and placed on a measurement holder, and stored at 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less for 17 hours.
- the holder is laminated and moved to the measurement chamber (atmosphere).
- the laminate is opened in a booth under a nitrogen atmosphere directly connected to the XPS equipment, and the holder taken out of the laminate is introduced into the XPS equipment. And it measures using XPS. At that time, measured relative to the position of the depth 3.15nm from the outermost layer of the negative electrode 3, which is calculated by the terms of SiO 2 at the time of sputtering the surface of the negative electrode 3 by argon sputtering.
- the X-ray irradiation conditions in XPS are not particularly limited.
- the additive amount is preferably 0.01 wt% or more and 2.0 wt% or less with respect to the weight of the carbon material contained in the electrode layer 3 ⁇ / b> B.
- the electrode layer 3B has a peak value I c in the range of 685 eV or more and 690 eV or less of the spectrum of F1s measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, F1s spectrum of 680eV above, the value of the ratio I c / I d of the peak value I d in the range of less than 685eV 0.50 or more and less than 2.20.
- the value of peak ratio I c / I d is small, indicating that the existence ratio of lithium fluoride (LiF) is small in the electrode layer 3B.
- LiPF 6 and LiF and PF 5 are in an equilibrium relationship.
- LiPF 6 increases in the electrolytic solution. Therefore, if the balance is maintained, LiPF 6 increases, and at the same time, PF 5 is consumed to generate LiPF 6 .
- the value of peak ratio I c / I d is by less than 2.20, it is possible to increase the degree of ionization LiPF 6.
- PF 5 serves as a decomposition product generation source of the anion that forms the coating film of the negative electrode 3, consumption of PF 5 can suppress generation of the anion decomposition compound formed in the negative electrode 3.
- the timing of performing the pre-doping is not particularly limited as long as it is after the production of the element 1 and after the production of the negative electrode 3.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and any element that becomes a cation when ionized may be used.
- cesium, rubidium There are potassium, barium, strontium, calcium and sodium.
- the cation occluded in the negative electrode may differ from the cation that contributes to charge / discharge and is occluded and released in the negative electrode.
- the electrolyte is not limited to LiPF 6 or LiBF 4 , but P (CF 3 ) X F 6-X ⁇ (1 ⁇ X ⁇ 6), B (CF 3 ) Y F 4 in addition to PF 6 ⁇ and BF 4 ⁇ .
- An anion represented by —Y ⁇ (1 ⁇ Y ⁇ 4) or a mixture of two or more of these four types is also useful.
- CF 3 may be a chain or cyclic fluorocarbon such as C 2 F 5 .
- the capacity and resistance of the positive electrode 2 greatly contribute to the capacity and resistance of the capacitor.
- the electrode layer 2B of the positive electrode 2 contains activated carbon, and the amount of anion adsorbed on the activated carbon affects the capacity.
- the pore diameter of the activated carbon is not uniform and has a constant pore size distribution. Each adsorbing anion has a radius, and there exists a range of pore sizes of the activated carbon suitable for this radius.
- capacitance when using the activated carbon of the positive electrode 2 and a single anion by adsorbing / desorbing the anion which has multiple types of anion radius with respect to the pore diameter of the activated carbon which has distribution is large. Can also be applied to the positive electrode 2.
- the capacity of the activated carbon is manifested by adsorption of solvated lithium ions at a positive electrode voltage of 3.0 V (vs. Li / Li + potential) or less.
- the state of solvation varies depending on the anion species. That is, by changing the lithium ion solvation radius, it is possible to positively increase the capacity of the positive electrode activated carbon having a positive electrode voltage of 3.0 V (vs. Li / Li + potential) or less.
- This phenomenon is unique to capacitors in which a polarizable electrode is formed using a carbon material that can be pre-doped with lithium ions for the negative electrode and activated carbon for the positive electrode.
- the withstand voltage is high.
- PF 6 - is desirable because of its relatively high withstand voltage. Therefore, when used in combination of two or more anions are PF 6 - and more desirable to include.
- PF 6 - is effectively F - a can be supplied to the aluminum surface, PF 6 - having a capacitor high withstand voltage that is contained in. Therefore, once, PF 6 - using, after forming the aluminum coating electrochemically, other anions such as BF 4-additives may be mixed. By doing in this way, an aluminum fluoride film can be formed efficiently.
- the withstand voltage can be further increased by forming aluminum fluoride on the surface of the current collector 2A by electrode plate treatment in a dry atmosphere such as plasma treatment or gas treatment. Furthermore, since the capacity can be increased and the resistance can be reduced by simultaneously treating the activated carbon, the substantial breakdown voltage can be further increased.
- productivity can be greatly improved because two or more kinds of anions can be handled in the same manner when the electrolyte is handled by the electrode plate treatment in the dry atmosphere.
- Solvents for dissolving the above electrolytes include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma butyrolactone, sulfolane, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, mixtures of chain carbonates and cyclic esters, chain esters
- cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma butyrolactone, sulfolane, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, mixtures of chain carbonates and cyclic esters, chain esters
- two or more kinds of organic solvents having an epoxy group, a sulfone group, a vinyl group, a carbonyl group, an amide group and a cyano group can be appropriately selected.
- an aromatic nitro compound is added as an additive to the electrolytic solution used when pre-doping the negative electrode.
- the additive is decomposed by lowering the potential of the negative electrode below the reduction potential of the additive by pre-doping.
- lithium ions occluded in the negative electrode by pre-doping are suppressed from being discharged from the negative electrode along with charge / discharge, and the potential increase of the negative electrode is suppressed. be able to. Therefore, a high energy density can be maintained.
- the SEI state is controlled by adding an additive to the electrolytic solution and decomposing on the surface of the carbon material of the electrode layer 3B during pre-doping.
- the value of I a / I b is 0.45 or more and less than 2.55.
- the same effect can be obtained by controlling the state of SEI by other methods and, as a result, setting the value of I a / I b within the above range.
- the negative electrode for a capacitor and the capacitor according to the present invention a film is formed by decomposing the additive by lowering the potential of the negative electrode below the reduction potential of the additive contained in the electrolytic solution. Thereby, the electric potential rise of the negative electrode produced by repeating charging / discharging can be suppressed. For this reason, the capacitor according to the present invention exhibits a high energy density even during rapid charge / discharge.
- Such a capacitor is useful, for example, as a hybrid vehicle power source used for regeneration or backup.
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Abstract
Description
まず本発明の実施の形態によるキャパシタのサンプルA、Bと比較例の諸元や作製手順について説明する。サンプルAでは、前述のようにして構成したキャパシタにおいて、添加剤としてニトロ安息香酸(p-ニトロ安息香酸)を電極層3Bの炭素材料に対して0.06wt%添加している。サンプルBでは、サンプルAのニトロ安息香酸に代えて、ニトロフタル酸(4-ニトロフタル酸)を炭素材料に対して0.06wt%添加している。比較例は、前述のようにして構成したキャパシタにおいて、添加剤を除いたキャパシタである。なお各キャパシタの電解液の溶質には1mol/lのLiPF6を用いている。
2 正極
2A,3A 集電体
2B,3B 電極層
3 負極
4 セパレータ
5A,5B リード線
6 外装体
7 封口部材
Claims (6)
- 導電性を有する集電体と、
前記集電体の表面に形成され、カチオンを吸蔵した電極層と、を備え、前記電極層にアニオンが含まれる電気化学キャパシタ用電極であって、
前記電極層の少なくとも一部において、X線光電子分光法を用いて測定された前記アニオンを構成する原子のスペクトルにおける、前記アニオンの分解化合物の存在を示すピーク値Iaと、前記電解質の存在を示すピーク値Ibとの比であるIa/Ibの値が0.45以上、2.55未満である、
電気化学キャパシタ用電極。 - 前記電極層の少なくとも一部において、前記IaがP2pのスペクトルの130eV以上、135eV未満の範囲にあるピーク値であり、前記IbがP2pのスペクトルの135eV以上、140eV以下の範囲になるピーク値である、
請求項1記載の電気化学キャパシタ用電極。 - 前記電極層の少なくとも一部において、X線光電子分光法を用いて測定されたF1sのスペクトルの685eV以上、690eV以下の範囲にあるピーク値Icと、F1sのスペクトルの680eV以上、685eV未満の範囲になるピーク値Idとの比であるIc/Idの値が0.50以上、2.20未満である、
請求項1記載の電気化学キャパシタ用電極。 - 導電性を有する第1集電体と、前記第1集電体の表面に形成された第1電極層とを有する正極と、
導電性を有する第2集電体と、前記第2集電体の表面に形成された第2電極層とを有する負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータと、を有するキャパシタ素子と、
前記キャパシタ素子に含浸し、カチオンとアニオンとで構成された電解質を含む電解液と、
前記キャパシタ素子と前記電解液とを収容する外装体と、を備え、
前記第1電極層は前記アニオンを吸脱着可能であり、
前記第2電極層は、前記カチオンを吸蔵しており、
前記第2電極層の少なくとも一部において、X線光電子分光法を用いて測定された前記アニオンを構成する原子に関するスペクトルにおける、前記アニオンの分解化合物の存在を示すピーク値Iaと、前記電解質の存在を示すピーク値Ibとの比であるIa/Ibの値が0.45以上、2.55未満である、
電気化学キャパシタ。 - 前記第2電極層の少なくとも一部において、前記IaがP2pのスペクトルの130eV以上、135eV未満の範囲にあるピーク値であり、前記IbがP2pのスペクトルの135eV以上、140eV以下の範囲になるピーク値である、
請求項4記載の電気化学キャパシタ。 - 前記第2電極層の少なくとも一部において、X線光電子分光法を用いて測定されたF1sのスペクトルの685eV以上、690eV以下の範囲にあるピーク値Icと、F1sのスペクトルの680eV以上、685eV未満の範囲になるピーク値Idとの比であるIc/Idの値が0.50以上、2.20未満である、
請求項4記載の電気化学キャパシタ。
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| CN201180049682.XA CN103168333B (zh) | 2010-10-15 | 2011-10-14 | 电化学电容器用电极和采用该电极的电化学电容器 |
| JP2012538579A JP6019400B2 (ja) | 2010-10-15 | 2011-10-14 | 電気化学キャパシタ用電極とそれを用いた電気化学キャパシタ |
| US13/821,262 US8988858B2 (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2011-10-14 | Electrode for electrochemical capacitor and electrochemical capacitor using same |
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| DE112017004988T5 (de) | 2016-09-30 | 2019-09-05 | Morgan Advanced Materials Plc. | Anorganische Faserzusammensetzungen |
| WO2022181608A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-25 | 2022-09-01 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学デバイス |
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| USD758328S1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2016-06-07 | Jm Energy Corporation | Lithium ion capacitor |
| JP6034958B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-05 | 2016-11-30 | ルビコン株式会社 | 固体電解コンデンサ及び固体電解コンデンサ用外装ケース |
| WO2016160703A1 (en) | 2015-03-27 | 2016-10-06 | Harrup Mason K | All-inorganic solvents for electrolytes |
| US10707531B1 (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2020-07-07 | New Dominion Enterprises Inc. | All-inorganic solvents for electrolytes |
| JP7010350B1 (ja) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-01-26 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | 陰極体及び電解コンデンサ |
| JP7010351B1 (ja) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-01-26 | 日本ケミコン株式会社 | 陰極体及び電解コンデンサ |
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| CN103168333B (zh) | 2016-01-27 |
| US8988858B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
| JP6019400B2 (ja) | 2016-11-02 |
| JPWO2012049856A1 (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
| CN103168333A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
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