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WO2011111554A1 - Syngas production method - Google Patents

Syngas production method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011111554A1
WO2011111554A1 PCT/JP2011/054421 JP2011054421W WO2011111554A1 WO 2011111554 A1 WO2011111554 A1 WO 2011111554A1 JP 2011054421 W JP2011054421 W JP 2011054421W WO 2011111554 A1 WO2011111554 A1 WO 2011111554A1
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Prior art keywords
gas
reaction
carbon dioxide
introduction
reformer
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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誠 寺井
秀史 赤阪
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Air Water Inc
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Air Water Inc
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/38Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
    • C01B3/384Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts the catalyst being continuously externally heated
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0238Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a carbon dioxide reforming step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0811Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by combustion of fuel
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141Feedstock

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a synthesis gas production method and apparatus for generating a synthesis gas composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reforming a hydrocarbon compound gas such as natural gas.
  • Syngas mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used as a raw material for organic synthesis, and it is expected that demand for syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide in various ratios will increase in the future. .
  • organic synthesis such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol synthesis, and dimethyl ether synthesis
  • H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2
  • carbon dioxide gas reforming of methane represented by the following formula (1) The method is useful.
  • Patent Document 2 an external heating type carbon dioxide reforming reaction that does not include steam is performed. However, in this document, carbon dioxide as much as 12 times the amount of carbon dioxide required for the reaction is added.
  • Patent Document 3 an internal heat supply type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction is disclosed as being similar to the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction. However, this document merely discloses a reactor in which a part of heat necessary for the reforming reaction is supplemented from the outside by a reaction assisting heater in the embodiment.
  • each example is a basic research stage document that focuses on verifying the activity of the reforming catalyst, and is essentially a “reforming method without external heating” and “unnecessarily excessive carbon dioxide”. It does not disclose a heat neutralizing carbon dioxide gas reforming method under practical conditions such as “a reforming method that effectively suppresses carbon deposition without adding gas”. As described above, none of the examples reach a practical level as a synthesis gas production apparatus.
  • JP-A-8-239201 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-270802 JP 2004-099363 A JP 2008-136907 A
  • the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction includes “establishment of a thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming method under practical conditions” and “presence of carbon deposition on the catalyst under practical conditions”
  • a catalyst having high activity for each of the hydrocarbon combustion reaction and carbon dioxide reforming reaction Is required.
  • Patent Document 1 demonstrates that the above-described quaternary catalyst has both activities by separate tests.
  • a thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide reforming reaction in which hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and oxygen are simultaneously introduced into the reactor. Is not implemented.
  • the reforming catalyst described in Patent Document 1 also has high reforming reaction activity and high carbon deposition resistance. It is characterized by that.
  • this Patent Document 1 only discloses an embodiment in which the temperature in the reformer is controlled by external heating, or an embodiment in which steam or carbon dioxide gas as an oxidizing agent is excessively supplied. That is, there is no mention that carbon deposition can be sufficiently suppressed by performing a heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction with an appropriate raw material gas composition without any external heating.
  • a method of adding an oxidizing agent steam, carbon dioxide, etc.
  • steam is added to the internal heat supply type carbon dioxide gas reforming type raw material gas.
  • (B) Increase the carbon dioxide gas of the raw material.
  • (C) Increase both carbon dioxide and oxygen as raw materials.
  • (D) Increase the reaction pressure.
  • the above methods (a), (b), (c), and (d) are used, for example, the following changes (A), (B), (C), and (D) respectively occur.
  • (A) Increase in reaction temperature and use of raw materials (mainly oxygen gas).
  • (B) Reduction in reaction efficiency and increase in the amount of raw material (mainly carbon dioxide) used.
  • (C) Increase in usage of raw materials (all raw material gases).
  • (D) Decrease in reaction efficiency, increase in raw material usage, and promotion of carbon precipitation reaction. Increasing the reaction temperature leads to an increase in equipment cost, and increasing the amount of raw material used results in an increase in raw material cost.
  • reaction efficiency when the reaction efficiency is lowered, the generation efficiency of the product gas is lowered with respect to the amount of raw material used, and it is necessary to remove methane remaining as an impurity. Furthermore, when the carbon deposition reaction is accelerated, it leads to catalyst inactivation and reformer blockage. In this way, when obtaining a synthesis gas having a low H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2, adding steam to the raw material gas is disadvantageous in design conditions associated with higher temperatures and higher pressures, as well as the amount of raw material used and the reaction. This leads to an increase in manufacturing cost in terms of efficiency.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and significantly reduces carbon deposition on the catalyst without increasing the raw material gas more than necessary, and has a low H 2/2 of about 1-2 . It is an object of the present invention to provide a synthesis gas production method and apparatus capable of stably generating a synthesis gas having a CO ratio.
  • the synthesis gas production method of the present invention causes hydrocarbon gas, oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas as a raw material gas to contact and react with a catalyst, thereby causing combustion reaction and reforming reaction of hydrocarbon gas.
  • a synthesis gas production method for producing a synthesis gas mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide At the start of the reforming reaction, After raising the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction to a predetermined start temperature, When introducing the raw material gas, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced in advance is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced.
  • the gist is to reduce the introduction amount of carbon dioxide gas to an amount necessary for a reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas after the inside of the reformer has been raised to a predetermined startup end temperature by the introduction of the raw material gas. Further, in order to achieve the above object, the synthesis gas production apparatus of the present invention causes hydrocarbon gas, oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas as a raw material gas to come into contact reaction with a catalyst, and combustion reaction and reforming reaction of hydrocarbon gas.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced in advance.
  • the gist is to control the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas to be reduced to an amount necessary for a reaction for obtaining a predetermined synthesis gas after the inside of the reformer has been raised to a predetermined startup end temperature by the introduction of the raw material gas. .
  • the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction is raised to a predetermined start temperature, and then the raw material gas is introduced.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction for obtaining a predetermined synthesis gas, and the introduction of the raw material gas is modified.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is reduced to the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain the predetermined synthesis gas.
  • carbon deposition can be suppressed even after the apparatus is started (after the reaction is stabilized) without adding steam or excess carbon dioxide. Furthermore, an external heating furnace, a pure water production apparatus, a steam generation apparatus, etc. become unnecessary, and equipment cost can be suppressed. Moreover, since excessive steam and carbon dioxide are not required, raw material costs can be reduced.
  • the introduction of the hydrocarbon gas is started after the introduction of the carbon dioxide gas is started, a part of the hydrocarbons originally subjected to the reforming reaction is decomposed, particularly at the start-up. Consumption can be avoided, and reduction in raw material efficiency can be prevented. Further, it is possible to effectively prevent the precipitation of carbon due to the hydrocarbon decomposition reaction.
  • the introduction of the oxygen-based gas is started after the introduction of the hydrocarbon-based gas, the reaction is abruptly caused by introducing the hydrocarbon in the presence of high-temperature oxygen. It can be avoided and the danger can be prevented from increasing.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an outline of a thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide reforming apparatus used for the operation test.
  • an oxygen introduction passage 1 for introducing oxygen a carbon dioxide introduction passage 2 for introducing carbon dioxide, and a hydrocarbon introduction passage 3 for introducing natural gas as a hydrocarbon gas merge into a raw material gas introduction passage 4.
  • the source gas is introduced into the reformer 5.
  • the hydrocarbon introduction path 3 is provided with a desulfurizer 7 that removes sulfur, which is an odorous component in natural gas, and a hydrocarbon heater 8 that heats the hydrocarbon gas to be desulfurized before the desulfurizer 7.
  • a hydrogen gas introduction path 9 for introducing hydrogen gas for desulfurization joins the hydrocarbon introduction path 3.
  • a nitrogen gas introduction path 18 for introducing a purge nitrogen gas joins the hydrocarbon introduction path 3.
  • the carbon dioxide gas introduction path 2 is provided with a carbon dioxide heater 6 for preheating the carbon dioxide to be introduced.
  • a flow rate controller 10 is provided in each of the oxygen introduction path 1, the carbon dioxide introduction path 2, the hydrocarbon introduction path 3, and the hydrogen gas introduction path 9.
  • the raw material gas introduction path 4 is provided with a preheating heater 17 for preheating the joined oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas and natural gas.
  • the reformer 5 is filled with a quaternary reforming catalyst.
  • a quaternary reforming catalyst an Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) —Pt catalyst is used.
  • Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) —Pt catalyst By using the Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) —Pt catalyst, the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction of the hydrocarbon gas are simultaneously performed in the same reaction region.
  • Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) -Pt catalyst can be obtained, for example, by supporting Rh on an alumina support surface having an appropriate surface area, then supporting Pt, and further supporting Ni and CeO 2 simultaneously.
  • various variations are possible for the selection of the material and shape of the carrier, the presence / absence of coating formation, and the selection of the material.
  • Rh is supported by impregnating an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt of Rh, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction.
  • Pt is supported by impregnating an aqueous solution of a Pt water-soluble salt, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction.
  • Simultaneous loading of Ni and CeO 2 is performed by impregnating a mixed aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt of Ni and a water-soluble salt of Ce, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction.
  • the target Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) -Pt catalyst is obtained by the procedure exemplified above.
  • the reformed gas (syngas) generated by reforming by the reformer 5 filled with the quaternary reforming catalyst is taken out by the syngas take-out passage 11, cooled by the cooler 12, and gas-liquid Liquid such as moisture is removed by the separator 13.
  • reference numeral 14 denotes a cooling water introduction path 14
  • reference numeral 15 denotes a drain pipe 15.
  • the synthesis gas from which the liquid such as moisture has been removed by the gas-liquid separator 13 is purified by a PSA apparatus (not shown) or the like as necessary, and then sent to a synthesis gas utilization facility (not shown) for use.
  • the composition of natural gas used in this operation test is as follows.
  • CO 2 / C, O 2 / C means the following.
  • CO 2 / C (CO 2 [mol] in raw material gas) / (C [mol] in natural gas)
  • O 2 / C (O 2 [mol] in source gas) / (C [mol] in natural gas)
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a startup process in this apparatus. That is, after starting the apparatus, the following steps 1 to 4 are performed. (Step 1) In the temperature raising step, the temperature of the raw material gas at the reforming catalyst inlet is raised to 350 to 400 ° C.
  • Step 3 In the hydrocarbon introduction step, introduction of natural gas as hydrocarbon gas is started.
  • the following may be assumed as the cause of carbon deposition at the startup of the apparatus.
  • the raw material gases are introduced into the reformer 5 in the order of carbon dioxide gas, hydrocarbon, and oxygen.
  • the H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas is about 1
  • the combustion reaction proceeds on the catalyst, and the catalyst layer was about 400 ° C.
  • the temperature gradually increases and finally reaches about 800 ° C.
  • the carbon deposition reaction tends to occur when the reaction gas temperature is 700 ° C. or lower.
  • a 1 K 1 ⁇ (pCO) 2 / (pCO 2 ) (9)
  • a 2 K 2 ⁇ (pCO) ⁇ (pH 2 ) / (pH 2 O) (10)
  • a 1 Carbon activity value with respect to the above formula (7)
  • a 2 Carbon activity value with respect to the above formula (8)
  • K 1 and K 2 Equilibrium constants determined from temperature Reaction in the catalyst layer in the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an apparatus activation process according to the present invention.
  • the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction is heated to a predetermined starting temperature and then reformed in advance when the raw material gas is introduced.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas, and the reformer interior is predeterminedly started by introducing the raw material gas.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is reduced to the amount required for the reaction to obtain a given synthesis gas. That is, after starting the apparatus, the following steps 1 to 5 are performed.
  • Step 1 In the temperature raising step, nitrogen gas is introduced from the nitrogen gas introduction passage 18 into the hydrocarbon introduction passage 3 and the inside of the reformer 5 is purged with nitrogen gas, while the hydrocarbon heater 8 and the preheating heater 17 perform nitrogen treatment. The gas is introduced into the reformer 5 while being heated, and the gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is raised to 350 to 400 ° C.
  • Step 3 In the hydrocarbon introduction step, introduction of nitrogen gas from the nitrogen gas introduction passage 18 is stopped, and introduction of natural gas as hydrocarbon gas is started from the hydrocarbon introduction passage 3.
  • Step 1 In the temperature raising step, if the temperature is raised at the initial stage of startup, the reaction temperature in the subsequent thermal neutralization reaction may be raised to 1000 ° C. or more, and control may become difficult. Since there is a risk of explosion, the gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is preferably 400 ° C. or lower.
  • Table 4 is an appearance photograph of the used catalyst after adopting the starting process to which the present invention is applied and performing the reforming reaction under the above-described conditions.
  • Table 2 shows the measurement results of carbon deposition amount and pressure loss of the used catalyst.
  • the above-described conventional starting process was shown as a comparative example, and an unused catalyst was shown as an initial sample.
  • a large amount of carbon of 10% by weight or more was deposited, but in the example, only a very small amount of carbon was deposited as 0.062% by weight.
  • CH 4 conversion showing the efficiency of the reforming reaction (CH 4 is consumed in the reaction [mol] / CH 4 in the raw material gas [mol]) is 99% or more
  • the numerical value was high, and the reforming reaction could be advanced only by the heat of combustion reaction occurring in the catalyst layer without using an external heating device of the reformer 5 such as a reaction auxiliary heater.
  • the H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas was 0.98, which was a value close to 1.
  • the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction using the quaternary catalyst can be stably advanced, and the following effects were obtained.
  • a high CH 4 conversion rate was achieved by using only the combustion heat generated in the reformer 5 without using an external heating device of the reformer 5 such as a reaction auxiliary heater. Without adding steam or excess carbon dioxide, carbon deposition could be suppressed even after the system was started (after the reaction was stabilized).
  • An external heating furnace, a deionized water production apparatus, a steam generator, etc. become unnecessary, and equipment costs can be suppressed.
  • transduces each raw material gas is not the meaning limited to what was mentioned above, If the introduction amount of a carbon dioxide gas is increased beforehand when introducing each raw material gas, others The order of introducing the source gases may be changed.
  • Oxygen introduction path 2 Carbon dioxide gas introduction path 3: Hydrocarbon introduction path 4: Raw material gas introduction path 5: Reformer 6: Carbon dioxide gas heater 7: Desulfurizer 8: Hydrocarbon heater 9: Hydrogen gas introduction path 10: Flow rate Controller 11: Syngas extraction path 12: Cooler 13: Gas-liquid separator 14: Cooling water introduction path 15: Drain pipe 17: Preheating heater 18: Nitrogen gas introduction path

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Abstract

Disclosed is a syngas production method that reduces the deposition of carbon on a catalyst without increasing the amount of the starting gas unnecessarily. Specifically disclosed is a method for generating syngas that comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide by introducing a hydrocarbon gas, an oxygen gas and a carbonic acid gas and inducing a combustion reaction and a reforming reaction by means of a catalytic reaction with a catalyst, said method involving a temperature increasing process for increasing the temperature on the interior of a reformer to a prescribed startup initiation temperature, a carbonic acid gas introduction initiation process for initiating the introduction of a carbonic acid gas into the heated reformer, a hydrocarbon gas introduction process for introducing a hydrocarbon gas into the reformer, an oxygen gas introduction process for introducing oxygen gas into the reformer. During the carbonic acid gas introduction initiation process, the amount of carbonic acid gas introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the prescribed reaction in order to reduce the deposition of carbon on the interior of the reformer, and after the temperature on the interior of the reformer has been increased to a prescribed startup completion temperature by the introduction of the starting gasses, a carbonic acid gas reduction process is carried out in order to reduce the amount of carbonic acid gas to only the amount that is necessary for the prescribed reaction.

Description

合成ガス製造方法Syngas production method

 本発明は、天然ガス等の炭化水素系化合物ガスを改質して水素と一酸化炭素からなる合成ガスを発生させる合成ガス製造方法および装置に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a synthesis gas production method and apparatus for generating a synthesis gas composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reforming a hydrocarbon compound gas such as natural gas.

 水素と一酸化炭素を主成分とした合成ガスは有機合成の原料用途で使用されており、今後、水素と一酸化炭素を様々な比率で配合した合成ガスの需要が伸びてくると予測される。その中でも、例えばフィッシャー・トロプシュ合成やメタノール合成、ジメチルエーテル合成などの有機合成では、H/CO比が1~2程度と比較的低いものが望まれるケースが増えている。
 ところで、水素と一酸化炭素を主成分として、H/CO比が1~2程度の合成ガスやCOガスを製造する方法では、下記の式(1)で表されるメタンの炭酸ガス改質法が有用である。
 CH+CO→2H+2CO…(1)
 その中でも、メタンと炭酸ガスに加え、酸素を原料ガスとして反応器に供給し、同一触媒上で燃焼反応と改質反応を進行させる熱中和式炭酸ガス改質プロセスが、設備の縮小やメンテナンス費の低減の面で有利である。
 下記の特許文献1では、四元系触媒を使用した熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応に関する記載がある。ところが、本文献は、実施例において「CHの部分酸化反応」および「外部加熱方式のCHの炭酸ガス/水蒸気共改質反応」についてのみを開示するに止まっている。すなわち、外部からの加熱を行わないで改質を行うことについては実質的に開示されていない。
 下記の特許文献2では、スチームを含まない外部加熱方式の炭酸ガス改質反応を実施している。ところが、本文献では、反応に必要な炭酸ガス量の12倍もの炭酸ガスを添加している。
 下記の特許文献3では、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応に類似するものとして、内部熱供給式炭酸ガス改質反応が開示されている。ところが、本文献は、実施例において、反応補助用のヒータにより改質反応に必要な熱の一部を外部から補う反応器を開示するに過ぎない。
 すなわち、いずれの例も、改質触媒の活性を検証することに主眼を置いた基礎研究段階の文献であり、本質的な「外部加熱を行わない改質方法」および「不必要に過度の炭酸ガスを添加しないでカーボンの析出を有効に抑えた改質方法」といった、実用的な条件における熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法を開示するものではない。このように、いずれの例も、合成ガス製造装置として実用レベルに至るものではないのが実情である。
Syngas mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used as a raw material for organic synthesis, and it is expected that demand for syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide in various ratios will increase in the future. . Among them, in organic synthesis such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol synthesis, and dimethyl ether synthesis, there are increasing cases where a relatively low H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2 is desired.
By the way, in a method for producing synthesis gas or CO gas having hydrogen and carbon monoxide as main components and an H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2, carbon dioxide gas reforming of methane represented by the following formula (1) The method is useful.
CH 4 + CO 2 → 2H 2 + 2CO (1)
Among them, the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming process, which supplies oxygen to the reactor as a raw material gas in addition to methane and carbon dioxide, and advances the combustion reaction and reforming reaction on the same catalyst, reduces equipment reduction and maintenance costs. It is advantageous in terms of reduction of.
In the following Patent Document 1, there is a description regarding a thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction using a quaternary catalyst. However, this document only discloses the “partial oxidation reaction of CH 4 ” and the “CO 4 carbon dioxide gas / steam co-reforming reaction of the external heating method” in the examples. In other words, there is substantially no disclosure about performing reforming without external heating.
In Patent Document 2 below, an external heating type carbon dioxide reforming reaction that does not include steam is performed. However, in this document, carbon dioxide as much as 12 times the amount of carbon dioxide required for the reaction is added.
In the following Patent Document 3, an internal heat supply type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction is disclosed as being similar to the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction. However, this document merely discloses a reactor in which a part of heat necessary for the reforming reaction is supplemented from the outside by a reaction assisting heater in the embodiment.
In other words, each example is a basic research stage document that focuses on verifying the activity of the reforming catalyst, and is essentially a “reforming method without external heating” and “unnecessarily excessive carbon dioxide”. It does not disclose a heat neutralizing carbon dioxide gas reforming method under practical conditions such as “a reforming method that effectively suppresses carbon deposition without adding gas”. As described above, none of the examples reach a practical level as a synthesis gas production apparatus.

特開平8−239201号公報JP-A-8-239201 特開平5−270802号公報Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-270802 特開2004−099363号公報JP 2004-099363 A 特開2008−136907号公報JP 2008-136907 A

岸田昌浩,新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構 平成14年度 産業技術研究助成事業研究成果報告書,P.2,(2003)Masahiro Kishida, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, FY2002 Industrial Technology Research Grant Report 2, (2003) 程島真哉,配管技術,Vol.51,No.1,P.8~P.12,(2009)Hoya Shinya, Piping Technology, Vol. 51, no. 1, P.I. 8 ~ P. 12, (2009)

 このように、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応には、「実用的な条件下における熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法の確立」および「実用的な条件下での触媒上におけるカーボン析出有無の把握」という2つの問題がある。
(1)実用的な条件下における熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法の確立
 熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応では、炭化水素の燃焼反応と炭酸ガス改質反応のそれぞれに対して高い活性を持つ触媒が必要になる。特許文献1では、上述した四元系触媒が両活性を持つことについて個別の試験により実証しているが、炭化水素、炭酸ガスおよび酸素を同時に反応器に導入する熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応については、実施されていない。そのため、原料組成や温度、圧力といった効率よく合成ガスを発生させるための改質条件の策定はもとより、外部加熱を全く行わない熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応が成立することさえ確認はされていない。
(2)実用的な条件下での触媒上におけるカーボン析出有無の把握
 上記非特許文献1や非特許文献2に記されているように、炭酸ガス改質反応では、熱中和式に限らず、反応の過程で改質触媒上にカーボンが析出し、触媒活性の低下や反応器閉塞等のトラブルの原因になることが知られている。
 そこで、カーボンの析出を伴わない改質触媒の研究開発は現在も活発に行われており、例えば上記特許文献1に記載されている改質触媒も高い改質反応活性と高いカーボン析出耐性を併せ持つことを特徴としている。
 しかしながら、この特許文献1は、外部加熱によって改質器内の温度を制御した実施例、または酸化剤であるスチームや炭酸ガスを過剰に供給した実施例が開示されているに過ぎない。すなわち、外部加熱を全く行わずにかつ適正な原料ガス組成で熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応を実施して、カーボンの析出を十分に抑制できることについて、一切の言及がない。
 ところで、触媒上のカーボン析出を防ぐ手段として、酸化剤(スチーム、炭酸ガス等)を添加する方法が知られている。例えば上記特許文献4では、内部熱供給型炭酸ガス改質方式の原料ガスにスチームを添加している。これにより、改質触媒上では、炭酸ガス改質反応と並行して水蒸気改質反応が進行し、炭化水素の分解反応によるカーボン析出が起こり難くなる。さらに、原料中のスチーム分圧が上がることで、下記の式(2)に示したような析出カーボンのガス化反応が進み、結果、カーボン析出が抑制される。
 C+HO→CO+H…(2)
 一方で、スチームを添加するためには、純水製造装置、スチーム発生装置等の設備の増設およびメンテナンスが必要となり、結果的に合成ガス製造コストの上昇に繋がる。また、一酸化炭素製造プロセスおよび装置としても、一酸化炭素の発生量が減少するため、スチームの添加は不適当である。さらに、スチームを添加することにより、下記の式(3)に示すメタンの水蒸気改質反応、式(4)に示す一酸化炭素の転化反応が起こりやすくなって、せっかく生成したCOが反応で消費してしまい、発生する合成ガスのH/CO比が高くなってしまい、H/CO比が1~2程度の合成ガスを製造するプロセスとしては不適当である。
 CH+HO→3H+CO…(3)
 CO+HO→H+CO…(4)
 スチームを添加し、かつH/CO比の上昇を抑えるためには、例えば、下記(a)(b)(c)(d)のような手法を用いる必要がある。
(a)原料の酸素を増量する。
(b)原料の炭酸ガスを増量する。
(c)原料の炭酸ガスと酸素をともに増量する。
(d)反応圧力を上昇させる。
 上記(a)(b)(c)(d)の手法を用いた場合、例えば、それぞれ下記(A)(B)(C)(D)のような変化が付随して起こってしまう。
(A)反応温度の高温化と原料(主に酸素ガス)使用量の増加。
(B)反応効率の低下と原料(主に炭酸ガス)使用量の増加。
(C)原料(すべての原料ガス)使用量の増加。
(D)反応効率の低下と原料使用量の増加、ならびにカーボン析出反応の促進。
 反応温度が高温化すると、設備コストの引き上げに繋がり、原料使用量が増加すると、原料コストを引き上げる結果となる。また、反応効率が低下すると、投入する原料使用量に対して製品ガスの発生効率が低下することとなるうえ、不純分として残留するメタンを除去する必要が生じる。さらに、カーボン析出反応が促進すると、触媒の不活性化や改質器の閉塞に繋がる。
 このように、1~2程度の低いH/CO比の合成ガスを得る場合、原料ガスにスチームを添加することは、高温化、高圧化に伴う設計条件の不利や、原料使用量や反応効率面からの製造コストアップに繋がってしまう。
 そこで、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応において、スチームを添加することなく、1~2程度の低いH/CO比の合成ガスを安定して発生させるためには、高いカーボン析出耐性をもつ四元系触媒を活用し、合成ガスの安定製造が可能な装置の運転条件、運転手法を確立することが必要となっていた。
 本発明は、上記のような問題を解決するためになされたものであり、原料ガスを必要以上に増加させることなく、触媒に対するカーボン析出を大幅に低減し、1~2程度の低いH/CO比の合成ガスを安定して発生させることができる合成ガス製造方法および装置を提供することを目的とする。
In this way, the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction includes “establishment of a thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming method under practical conditions” and “presence of carbon deposition on the catalyst under practical conditions” There are two problems.
(1) Establishment of a thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming method under practical conditions In the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction, a catalyst having high activity for each of the hydrocarbon combustion reaction and carbon dioxide reforming reaction Is required. Patent Document 1 demonstrates that the above-described quaternary catalyst has both activities by separate tests. However, a thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide reforming reaction in which hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and oxygen are simultaneously introduced into the reactor. Is not implemented. Therefore, it has not been confirmed that a heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction that does not perform external heating at all is established as well as formulation of reforming conditions for efficiently generating synthesis gas such as raw material composition, temperature and pressure. .
(2) Grasping the presence or absence of carbon deposition on the catalyst under practical conditions As described in Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2, the carbon dioxide reforming reaction is not limited to the thermal neutralization type, It is known that carbon is deposited on the reforming catalyst in the course of the reaction, causing troubles such as a decrease in catalyst activity and reactor blockage.
Therefore, research and development of reforming catalysts that do not involve carbon deposition are still active. For example, the reforming catalyst described in Patent Document 1 also has high reforming reaction activity and high carbon deposition resistance. It is characterized by that.
However, this Patent Document 1 only discloses an embodiment in which the temperature in the reformer is controlled by external heating, or an embodiment in which steam or carbon dioxide gas as an oxidizing agent is excessively supplied. That is, there is no mention that carbon deposition can be sufficiently suppressed by performing a heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction with an appropriate raw material gas composition without any external heating.
By the way, as a means for preventing carbon deposition on the catalyst, a method of adding an oxidizing agent (steam, carbon dioxide, etc.) is known. For example, in Patent Document 4, steam is added to the internal heat supply type carbon dioxide gas reforming type raw material gas. Thereby, on the reforming catalyst, the steam reforming reaction proceeds in parallel with the carbon dioxide reforming reaction, and carbon deposition due to the hydrocarbon decomposition reaction hardly occurs. Furthermore, by increasing the steam partial pressure in the raw material, a gasification reaction of precipitated carbon proceeds as shown in the following formula (2), and as a result, carbon deposition is suppressed.
C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 (2)
On the other hand, in order to add steam, it is necessary to add and maintain facilities such as a pure water production apparatus and a steam generation apparatus, resulting in an increase in synthesis gas production cost. Also, as a carbon monoxide production process and apparatus, addition of steam is inappropriate because the amount of carbon monoxide generated decreases. Furthermore, by adding steam, the steam reforming reaction of methane shown in the following formula (3) and the conversion reaction of carbon monoxide shown in the formula (4) easily occur, and the generated CO is consumed by the reaction. As a result, the H 2 / CO ratio of the generated synthesis gas becomes high, which is inappropriate as a process for producing a synthesis gas having an H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2.
CH 4 + H 2 O → 3H 2 + CO (3)
CO + H 2 O → H 2 + CO 2 (4)
In order to add steam and suppress an increase in the H 2 / CO ratio, it is necessary to use, for example, the following methods (a), (b), (c), and (d).
(A) Increasing the amount of oxygen in the raw material.
(B) Increase the carbon dioxide gas of the raw material.
(C) Increase both carbon dioxide and oxygen as raw materials.
(D) Increase the reaction pressure.
When the above methods (a), (b), (c), and (d) are used, for example, the following changes (A), (B), (C), and (D) respectively occur.
(A) Increase in reaction temperature and use of raw materials (mainly oxygen gas).
(B) Reduction in reaction efficiency and increase in the amount of raw material (mainly carbon dioxide) used.
(C) Increase in usage of raw materials (all raw material gases).
(D) Decrease in reaction efficiency, increase in raw material usage, and promotion of carbon precipitation reaction.
Increasing the reaction temperature leads to an increase in equipment cost, and increasing the amount of raw material used results in an increase in raw material cost. Further, when the reaction efficiency is lowered, the generation efficiency of the product gas is lowered with respect to the amount of raw material used, and it is necessary to remove methane remaining as an impurity. Furthermore, when the carbon deposition reaction is accelerated, it leads to catalyst inactivation and reformer blockage.
In this way, when obtaining a synthesis gas having a low H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2, adding steam to the raw material gas is disadvantageous in design conditions associated with higher temperatures and higher pressures, as well as the amount of raw material used and the reaction. This leads to an increase in manufacturing cost in terms of efficiency.
Therefore, in order to stably generate a synthesis gas having a low H 2 / CO ratio of about 1 to 2 in the thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide reforming reaction without adding steam, it has a high carbon precipitation resistance. It has been necessary to establish operating conditions and operating methods for an apparatus capable of stably producing synthesis gas using a source catalyst.
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and significantly reduces carbon deposition on the catalyst without increasing the raw material gas more than necessary, and has a low H 2/2 of about 1-2 . It is an object of the present invention to provide a synthesis gas production method and apparatus capable of stably generating a synthesis gas having a CO ratio.

 上記目的を達成するため、本発明の合成ガス製造方法は、原料ガスとして炭化水素系ガス、酸素系ガスならびに炭酸ガスを触媒と接触反応させ、炭化水素系ガスの燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせることにより、主として水素と一酸化炭素からなる合成ガスを製造する合成ガスの製造方法であって、
 上記改質反応の起動時に、
 上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、
 上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量しておき、
 上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させることを要旨とする。
 また、上記目的を達成するため、本発明の合成ガス製造装置は、原料ガスとして炭化水素系ガス、酸素系ガスならびに炭酸ガスを触媒と接触反応させ、炭化水素系ガスの燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせることにより、主として水素と一酸化炭素からなる合成ガスを製造する合成ガスの製造装置であって、
 上記改質反応の起動時に、
 上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、
 上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量し、
 上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させるように制御することを要旨とする。
In order to achieve the above object, the synthesis gas production method of the present invention causes hydrocarbon gas, oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas as a raw material gas to contact and react with a catalyst, thereby causing combustion reaction and reforming reaction of hydrocarbon gas. A synthesis gas production method for producing a synthesis gas mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
At the start of the reforming reaction,
After raising the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction to a predetermined start temperature,
When introducing the raw material gas, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced in advance is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced.
The gist is to reduce the introduction amount of carbon dioxide gas to an amount necessary for a reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas after the inside of the reformer has been raised to a predetermined startup end temperature by the introduction of the raw material gas.
Further, in order to achieve the above object, the synthesis gas production apparatus of the present invention causes hydrocarbon gas, oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas as a raw material gas to come into contact reaction with a catalyst, and combustion reaction and reforming reaction of hydrocarbon gas. Is a syngas production apparatus for producing a syngas mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
At the start of the reforming reaction,
After raising the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction to a predetermined start temperature,
When introducing the raw material gas, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced in advance.
The gist is to control the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas to be reduced to an amount necessary for a reaction for obtaining a predetermined synthesis gas after the inside of the reformer has been raised to a predetermined startup end temperature by the introduction of the raw material gas. .

 本発明の合成ガス製造方法および装置では、上記改質反応の起動時に、上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量しておき、上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させる。
 このようにすることにより、装置起動時の触媒上におけるカーボン析出をごく微量に抑えられ、カーボン析出に伴う圧力損失の上昇、触媒活性の低下、改質器の閉塞といったトラブルを回避できる。また、カーボン析出が起こる工程を特定し、その限られた工程内のみで炭酸ガスを増量することにより、装置全体で使用する炭酸ガス量を必要最小限とし、不要な原料ガスの増量を避けることができる。
 その結果、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応を安定して進行させることが可能となり、反応補助ヒータ等の改質器の外部加熱装置を使用することなく、改質器内で発生する燃焼熱のみを利用して高いCH転化率を達成できる。また、スチームや過剰の炭酸ガスを添加することなく、装置起動後(反応安定後)もカーボンの析出を抑制できる。さらに、外部加熱炉、純水製造装置、スチーム発生装置等が不要となり、設備コストを抑えることができる。また、過剰のスチームや炭酸ガスを必要としないため、原料コストも抑えることができる。
 本発明において、上記炭酸ガスの導入を開始した後、炭化水素系ガスの導入を開始する場合には、特に起動時において、本来は改質反応に供される炭化水素の一部が、分解反応により消費されることを回避でき、原料効率の低下を防止できる。また、炭化水素の分解反応が起こることによるカーボンの析出を有効に防止できる。
 本発明において、炭化水素系ガスの導入を開始した後、酸素系ガスの導入を開始する場合には、高温の酸素の存在下に炭化水素を導入することで急激に反応が生じてしまうのを回避でき、危険性が高くなるのを防止できる。
In the synthesis gas production method and apparatus of the present invention, at the start of the reforming reaction, the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction is raised to a predetermined start temperature, and then the raw material gas is introduced. In order to reduce carbon deposition in the reformer, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction for obtaining a predetermined synthesis gas, and the introduction of the raw material gas is modified. After the inside of the mass vessel has risen to a predetermined start end temperature, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is reduced to the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain the predetermined synthesis gas.
By doing so, carbon deposition on the catalyst at the time of starting the apparatus can be suppressed to a very small amount, and troubles such as an increase in pressure loss, a decrease in catalyst activity, and a blockage of the reformer can be avoided. In addition, by identifying the process where carbon deposition occurs and increasing the amount of carbon dioxide only within that limited process, the amount of carbon dioxide used in the entire system is minimized and avoids unnecessary increases in raw material gas. Can do.
As a result, the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction can be stably advanced, and only the combustion heat generated in the reformer can be used without using an external heating device of the reformer such as a reaction auxiliary heater. Can be used to achieve high CH 4 conversion. Moreover, carbon deposition can be suppressed even after the apparatus is started (after the reaction is stabilized) without adding steam or excess carbon dioxide. Furthermore, an external heating furnace, a pure water production apparatus, a steam generation apparatus, etc. become unnecessary, and equipment cost can be suppressed. Moreover, since excessive steam and carbon dioxide are not required, raw material costs can be reduced.
In the present invention, when the introduction of the hydrocarbon gas is started after the introduction of the carbon dioxide gas is started, a part of the hydrocarbons originally subjected to the reforming reaction is decomposed, particularly at the start-up. Consumption can be avoided, and reduction in raw material efficiency can be prevented. Further, it is possible to effectively prevent the precipitation of carbon due to the hydrocarbon decomposition reaction.
In the present invention, when the introduction of the oxygen-based gas is started after the introduction of the hydrocarbon-based gas, the reaction is abruptly caused by introducing the hydrocarbon in the presence of high-temperature oxygen. It can be avoided and the danger can be prevented from increasing.

本発明に使用する合成ガス製造装置を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the synthesis gas manufacturing apparatus used for this invention. 従来の起動プロセスを示す工程図である。It is process drawing which shows the conventional starting process. 本発明を適用した起動プロセスを示す工程図である。It is process drawing which shows the starting process to which this invention is applied. 実施例と比較例の触媒の状態を示す外観写真である。It is an external appearance photograph which shows the state of the catalyst of an Example and a comparative example.

 つぎに、本発明を実施するための形態を説明する。
 まず、四元系触媒を用いて外部加熱を一切行わない天然ガスの熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応の運転試験を実施した。
 図1は、その運転試験に使用した熱中和式炭酸ガス改質装置の概要を示す図である。
 この装置は、酸素を導入する酸素導入路1、炭酸ガスを導入する炭酸ガス導入路2、炭化水素ガスとして天然ガスを導入する炭化水素導入路3が原料ガス導入路4に合流し、これらの原料ガスが改質器5に導入されるようになっている。
 上記炭化水素導入路3には、天然ガス中の付臭成分であるイオウ分を除去する脱硫器7が設けられるとともに、上記脱硫器7の前段に脱硫する炭化水素ガスを加熱する炭化水素ヒータ8が設けられている。また、上記炭化水素導入路3には、脱硫用の水素ガスを導入する水素ガス導入路9が合流している。さらに、上記炭化水素導入路3には、パージ用の窒素ガスを導入する窒素ガス導入路18が合流している。
 一方、上記炭酸ガス導入路2には、導入する炭酸ガスを予熱する炭酸ガスヒータ6が設けられている。また、酸素導入路1、炭酸ガス導入路2、炭化水素導入路3、水素ガス導入路9には、それぞれ流量調節器10が設けられている。
 また、上記原料ガス導入路4には、合流した酸素ガス、炭酸ガス、天然ガスを予熱する予熱ヒータ17が設けられている。
 上記改質器5には、四元系の改質触媒が充填されている。
 上記四元系の改質触媒としては、Rh修飾(Ni−CeO)−Pt触媒が使用される。そして、上記Rh修飾(Ni−CeO)−Pt触媒を使用することにより、炭化水素系ガスの燃焼反応と改質反応とを同じ反応領域内で同時に行なうようになっている。
 すなわち、炭化水素の一部を完全燃焼させて炭化水素をCOとHOとに変換させる燃焼反応と、この燃焼反応により生成したCOとHO、および原料ガスとして導入したCOを、残余の炭化水素と反応させてHとCOとに変換させる改質反応とを、前記触媒上で進行させ、炭化水素をHとCOとに変換させる。
 上記Rh修飾(Ni−CeO)−Pt触媒は、例えば、適当な表面積を有するアルミナ担体表面にRhを担持させ、ついでPtを担持させ、さらにNiとCeOとを同時担持させることにより得られる。ただし、担体の材質や形状の選択、被覆物形成の有無またはその材質の選択は、種々のバリエーションが可能である。
 Rhの担持は、Rhの水溶性塩の水溶液を含浸後、乾燥、焼成、水素還元することにより行われる。また、Ptの担持は、Ptの水溶性塩の水溶液を含浸後、乾燥、焼成、水素還元することにより行われる。NiおよびCeOの同時担持は、Niの水溶性塩およびCeの水溶性塩の混合水溶液を含浸後、乾燥、焼成、水素還元することにより行われる。
 上に例示した手順により、目的とするRh修飾(Ni−CeO)−Pt触媒が得られる。各成分の組成は重量比で、Rh:Ni:CeO:Pt=(0.05−0.5):(3.0−10.0):(2.0−8.0):(0.3−5.0)、望ましくは、Rh:Ni:CeO:Pt=(0.1−0.4):(4.0−9.0):(2.0−5.0):(0.3−3.0)に設定することが好ましい。
 なお、上記における各段階での水素還元処理を省略し、実際の使用に際して触媒を高温で水素還元して用いることもできる。各段階で水素還元処理を行ったときも、さらに使用に際して触媒を高温で水素還元して用いることができる。
 上記四元系の改質触媒が充填された改質器5で改質されて生成した改質ガス(合成ガス)は、合成ガス取出路11によって取り出され、冷却器12で冷却され、気液分離器13で水分等の液体が除去される。図において、符号14は冷却水導入路14、符号15はドレン管15である。気液分離器13で水分等の液体が除去された合成ガスは、必要に応じて図示しないPSA装置等により精製されたのち、同じく図示しない合成ガス利用設備に送られて利用に供される。
 この運転試験において用いた天然ガスの組成は、下記のとおりである。
 CH=89~90%
 C=5~6%
 C=2~3%
 C10=1~2%
 また、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応では、主として前述の式(1)(3)(4)および下記の式(5)の反応が連続的に起こっていると考えられる。
 CH+2O→CO+2HO…(5)
 さらに、ガス内の微量成分であるC、C、C10については、上述した式(1)(3)(5)とともに、いずれも下記の式(6)に示す反応過程を経るものと考えられる。
 C2n+2+(3n+1)/2O→nCO+(n+1)HO…(6)
 (ただし、n=2~4)
 この運転試験の条件は、合成ガス中のH/CO比が理論上およそ1となるよう、原料ガス組成、改質温度、改質圧力を、上述した天然ガス組成と式(1)および(3)~(6)からの平衡計算のシュミレーション結果に基づいて設定した。
 具体的には、CO/C=0.9~1.1、O/C=0.55~0.60、改質触媒入口の原料ガス温度を350~400℃、改質器の出口圧力は50~100kPaGである。
 ここで、CO/C、O/Cは、下記を意味する。
 CO/C=(原料ガス中のCO[mol])/(天然ガス中のC[mol])
 O/C=(原料ガス中のO[mol])/(天然ガス中のC[mol])
 この条件において運転試験を行うと、装置の起動時(反応の開始直後)、触媒上にカーボンが多量に析出した。その理由としては、おそらく、高いカーボン析出耐性を持つ四元系触媒を用いた場合においても、水素と一酸化炭素を等mol量発生させる条件での炭酸ガス改質反応では、装置起動時のカーボン析出を避けることが難しいためであると考えられる。
 このように、単純に、シュミレーションどおりの条件で運転しようとしても、装置起動時におけるカーボン析出によって、圧力損失の異常増大や改質器等の閉塞の原因となり、装置の起動プロセスを正常に稼動させることができず、前述した「実用的な条件下における熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法の確立」および「実用的な条件下での触媒上におけるカーボン析出有無の把握」という問題は依然として解決することができない。
 図2は、この装置における起動プロセスを示すフローチャートである。
 すなわち、装置の起動開始後、以下の工程1~工程4を行う。
 (工程1)昇温工程において、改質触媒入口の原料ガス温度を350~400℃まで昇温する。
 (工程2)炭酸ガス導入開始工程において、CO/C=0.9~1.1となる流量で炭酸ガスの導入を開始する。
 (工程3)炭化水素導入工程で、炭化水素ガスとして天然ガスの導入を開始する。
 (工程4)酸素導入工程において、O/C=0.55~0.60となる流量で酸素ガスの導入を開始し、起動を完了する。
 この起動プロセスでは、工程4の開始から約10分で触媒上にカーボンが多量析出し、それに伴い改質器5内が閉塞してしまった。このため、触媒層における圧力損失は、本来10~15kPa程度であるところ、250kPa以上にまで異常上昇してしまい、システムの安定操業等の面で不都合となった。
 この起動プロセスにおいて、装置の起動時にカーボンが析出する原因としては、以下のことが想定される。
 装置起動の際は、炭酸ガス、炭化水素、酸素の順に原料ガスを改質器5に導入する。今回のように、合成ガス中のH/CO比がおよそ1となるような条件では、酸素の導入が開始されると、触媒上で燃焼反応が進行し、およそ400℃であった触媒層の温度が徐々に上昇し、最終的に800℃程度まで到達する。その一方で、カーボン析出反応は、反応ガス温度が700℃以下の場合に起こりやすい。そのため、装置起動時の触媒層の温度が上昇する過程におけるカーボンの析出しやすい温度域に達したときに、カーボンが大量に析出したと考えられる。
 ここで、上述したカーボン析出反応は、下記の式(7)(8)の反応によって起こると想定される。
 2CO→C+CO…(7)
 CO+H→C+HO…(8)
 ここで、上記式(7)(8)は平衡反応であり、カーボンが析出するか否かは反応ガス中のCO、CO、H、HOの各分圧(pCO)、(pCO)、(pH)、(pHO)と反応ガス温度によって決まると考えられる。
 したがって、下記の式(9)(10)で示されるカーボン活性値A、Aが1を上回ると式(7)(8)が右に進んでカーボンが析出し、カーボン活性値A、Aが1を下回ると式(7)(8)が左に進んでカーボンはガス化し、析出は起こらないと考えられる。
=K×(pCO)/(pCO)…(9)
=K×(pCO)×(pH)/(pHO)…(10)
 A:上記式(7)に対するカーボン活性値
 A:上記式(8)に対するカーボン活性値
 K、K:温度から求められる平衡定数
 熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応において、触媒層における反応ガスのカーボン活性値を上記式(9)(10)に基づいて算出すると、下記の表1のようになり、反応ガスがおよそ700℃以下のときにA、Aともに1以上となって、カーボン析出が起こりうることがわかる。

Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
 したがって、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応が開始した後、反応ガスが400℃から徐々に上昇して700℃に達するまでの間に、触媒層にカーボンが多量に析出すると考えられる。
 一方、起動初期に最初から700℃以上の高温にしてしまうと、その後の熱中和反応での反応温度が1000℃以上に上がって制御が困難になってしまうおそれがあるうえ、着火や爆発の危険性も生じてしまう。
 そこで、本発明では、反応開始直後の触媒上におけるカーボン析出を抑制するために、起動初期のみ、原料ガスとして改質器5に導入する炭酸ガスの流量を約1.5~2倍に増量した。
 図3は、本発明における装置の起動プロセスを示すフローチャートである。
 本発明では、上記改質反応の起動時に、上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量しておき、上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させる。
 すなわち、装置の起動開始後、以下の工程1~工程5を行う。
 (工程1)昇温工程において、窒素ガス導入路18から炭化水素導入路3に窒素ガスを導入して改質器5内を窒素ガスでパージしながら、炭化水素ヒータ8および予熱ヒータ17で窒素ガスを加熱しながら改質器5に導入し、改質触媒入口のガス温度を350~400℃まで昇温する。
 (工程2)炭酸ガス導入開始工程において、定格量の1.5~2倍であるCO/C=1.5~2.0となる流量で炭酸ガスの導入を開始する。このとき、炭酸ガスは、炭酸ガスヒータ6および予熱ヒータ17で昇温される。
 (工程3)炭化水素導入工程において、窒素ガス導入路18からの窒素ガス導入を停止し、炭化水素導入路3より炭化水素ガスとして天然ガスの導入を開始する。
 (工程4)酸素導入工程は、改質触媒入口のガス温度が350~400℃まで昇温されたのち、O/C=0.55~0.60となる流量で酸素ガスの導入を開始する。これにより、熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応が開始する。
 (工程5)炭酸ガス減量工程において、改質触媒入口の原料ガス温度が700℃以上となったことを確認した後、炭酸ガスの減量を開始し、定格量であるCO/C=0.9~1.1となる流量まで炭酸ガスの流量を減らし、起動を完了する。
 上記の起動プロセスでは、カーボンの析出による急激な圧力上昇は起こらず、本来の正常範囲である10kPa程度の圧力損失に留まり、安定に装置を運転することが可能となった。
 なお、(工程1)昇温工程は、起動初期に高温にしてしまうと、その後の熱中和反応での反応温度が1000℃以上に上がって制御が困難になってしまうおそれがあるうえ、着火や爆発の危険性も生じるため、改質触媒入口のガス温度で400℃以下とするのが好ましい。
 また、(工程2)炭酸ガス導入開始工程では、CO/Cを1.5以上とすることが好ましく、CO/Cを1.5以上、2.0以下とするのがより好ましい。CO/Cが1.5未満では、カーボン析出を十分に防止することができず、反対に2.0を超えると、原料ガスの使用量が不必要に増大するので好ましくない。
 また、(工程4)では、ある程度時間をかけて酸素ガスを導入することにより、熱中和式反応を徐々に安定させるのが好ましく、酸素ガスの導入流量を徐々に多くしてO/C=0.55~0.60となる流量とするのが好ましい。
 また、例えば、あらかじめ炭酸ガスを導入開始する前に、炭化水素の導入を開始すると、本来は改質反応に供される炭化水素の一部が、分解反応により消費されてしまい、原料効率が大幅に低下してしまうので、あらかじめ炭酸ガスを導入開始してから炭化水素の導入を開始するのが好ましい。
 また、例えば、炭化水素を導入する前に酸素の導入を開始すると、高温の酸素の存在下に炭化水素を導入することで急激に反応が生じる危険性が高くなるので、炭化水素を導入開始した後に酸素の導入を開始するのが好ましい。
 つぎに、四元系触媒を使用したときの触媒上におけるカーボンの析出状態について検証した。
 図4は、本発明を適用した起動プロセスを採用し、かつ上述した条件で改質反応を行った後の使用済み触媒の外観写真である。また、下記の表2は、当該使用済み触媒のカーボン析出量、圧力損失の測定結果を示す。比較として、上述した従来の起動プロセスを比較例として、未使用の触媒を初期サンプルとして示した。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
 図4および表2から明らかなように、比較例では、10重量%以上もの多量のカーボンが析出していたが、実施例では、0.062重量%とごく微量のカーボン析出に留まっている。その結果、比較例では250kPa以上あった圧力損失が、実施例では10kPa程度に抑えられ、触媒活性の低下や反応器閉塞といったトラブルを招かないことがわかる。
 このような起動プロセスを採用することで、装置を安定的に起動させることが可能となり、「実用的な条件下における熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法の確立」および「実用的な条件下での触媒上におけるカーボン析出有無の把握」を実現できた。
 本実施形態で行った下記の反応条件では、改質反応の効率を示すCH転化率(反応で消費されるCH[mol]/原料ガス中のCH[mol])は99%以上の高い数値となり、反応補助ヒータ等の改質器5の外部加熱装置を使用することなく、触媒層で起こる燃焼反応熱のみによって改質反応を進行させることができた。また、合成ガス中のH/CO比は0.98とほぼ1に近い値であった。
 このように、本実施形態では、改質反応が平衡状態に到達していることがわかり、四元系触媒を使用した熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方法が、合成ガス製造方法として極めて有効であることがわかる。
 また、表2の結果から、装置の起動時だけでなく、その後の安定運転時においても、カーボンの析出量は微量であることが明らかであり、本発明によって、装置起動時、および装置安定運転時にカーボンの析出を伴わない熱中和式炭酸ガス改質方式の合成ガス製造方法を確立することができた。
 本実施形態の起動プロセスによれば、以下の効果が得られる。
 装置起動時の触媒上におけるカーボン析出をごく微量に抑えられ、カーボン析出に伴う圧力損失の上昇、触媒活性の低下、改質器5の閉塞といったトラブルを回避できる。
 カーボン析出が起こる工程を特定し、その限られた工程内のみで炭酸ガスを増量することにより、装置全体で使用する炭酸ガス量を必要最小限とし、不要な原料ガスの増量を避けることができる。
 その結果、四元系触媒を使用した熱中和式炭酸ガス改質反応を安定して進行させることが可能となり、以下の効果が得られた。
 反応補助ヒータ等の改質器5の外部加熱装置を使用することなく、改質器5内で発生する燃焼熱のみを利用して高いCH転化率を達成した。
 スチームや過剰の炭酸ガスを添加することなく、装置起動後(反応安定後)もカーボンの析出を抑制できた。
 外部加熱炉、純水製造装置、スチーム発生装置等が不要となり、設備コストを抑えることができる。また、過剰のスチームや炭酸ガスを必要としないため、原料コストも抑えることができる。
 なお、上記各実施形態において、各原料ガスを導入する工程の順序は、上述したものに限定される趣旨ではなく、各原料ガスを導入する際にあらかじめ炭酸ガスの導入量を増量すれば、その他の原料ガスの導入順序を変更しても差し支えない。 Next, an embodiment for carrying out the present invention will be described.
First, an operation test of a natural gas thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction was performed using a quaternary catalyst without any external heating.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an outline of a thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide reforming apparatus used for the operation test.
In this apparatus, an oxygen introduction passage 1 for introducing oxygen, a carbon dioxide introduction passage 2 for introducing carbon dioxide, and a hydrocarbon introduction passage 3 for introducing natural gas as a hydrocarbon gas merge into a raw material gas introduction passage 4. The source gas is introduced into the reformer 5.
The hydrocarbon introduction path 3 is provided with a desulfurizer 7 that removes sulfur, which is an odorous component in natural gas, and a hydrocarbon heater 8 that heats the hydrocarbon gas to be desulfurized before the desulfurizer 7. Is provided. Further, a hydrogen gas introduction path 9 for introducing hydrogen gas for desulfurization joins the hydrocarbon introduction path 3. Further, a nitrogen gas introduction path 18 for introducing a purge nitrogen gas joins the hydrocarbon introduction path 3.
On the other hand, the carbon dioxide gas introduction path 2 is provided with a carbon dioxide heater 6 for preheating the carbon dioxide to be introduced. A flow rate controller 10 is provided in each of the oxygen introduction path 1, the carbon dioxide introduction path 2, the hydrocarbon introduction path 3, and the hydrogen gas introduction path 9.
The raw material gas introduction path 4 is provided with a preheating heater 17 for preheating the joined oxygen gas, carbon dioxide gas and natural gas.
The reformer 5 is filled with a quaternary reforming catalyst.
As the quaternary reforming catalyst, an Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) —Pt catalyst is used. By using the Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) —Pt catalyst, the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction of the hydrocarbon gas are simultaneously performed in the same reaction region.
That is, the combustion reaction for converting hydrocarbons by complete combustion of a portion of the hydrocarbon into CO 2 and H 2 O, CO 2 was introduced as CO 2 and H 2 O produced by the combustion reaction, and the raw material gas Is allowed to react with the remaining hydrocarbons to convert them into H 2 and CO, and proceeds on the catalyst to convert the hydrocarbons into H 2 and CO.
The Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) -Pt catalyst can be obtained, for example, by supporting Rh on an alumina support surface having an appropriate surface area, then supporting Pt, and further supporting Ni and CeO 2 simultaneously. . However, various variations are possible for the selection of the material and shape of the carrier, the presence / absence of coating formation, and the selection of the material.
Rh is supported by impregnating an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt of Rh, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction. Pt is supported by impregnating an aqueous solution of a Pt water-soluble salt, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction. Simultaneous loading of Ni and CeO 2 is performed by impregnating a mixed aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt of Ni and a water-soluble salt of Ce, followed by drying, firing, and hydrogen reduction.
The target Rh-modified (Ni—CeO 2 ) -Pt catalyst is obtained by the procedure exemplified above. The composition of each component is Rh: Ni: CeO 2 : Pt = (0.05−0.5) :( 3.0−10.0) :( 2.0−8.0) :( 0 .3-5.0), desirably Rh: Ni: CeO 2 : Pt = (0.1-0.4) :( 4.0-9.0) :( 2.0-5.0): It is preferable to set to (0.3-3.0).
It should be noted that the hydrogen reduction treatment at each stage in the above may be omitted, and the catalyst may be used after hydrogen reduction at a high temperature in actual use. Even when the hydrogen reduction treatment is performed in each stage, the catalyst can be further reduced with hydrogen at a high temperature before use.
The reformed gas (syngas) generated by reforming by the reformer 5 filled with the quaternary reforming catalyst is taken out by the syngas take-out passage 11, cooled by the cooler 12, and gas-liquid Liquid such as moisture is removed by the separator 13. In the figure, reference numeral 14 denotes a cooling water introduction path 14, and reference numeral 15 denotes a drain pipe 15. The synthesis gas from which the liquid such as moisture has been removed by the gas-liquid separator 13 is purified by a PSA apparatus (not shown) or the like as necessary, and then sent to a synthesis gas utilization facility (not shown) for use.
The composition of natural gas used in this operation test is as follows.
CH 4 = 89-90%
C 2 H 6 = 5-6%
C 3 H 8 = 2 to 3%
C 4 H 10 = 1 to 2%
In addition, in the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction, it is considered that mainly the reactions of the above-described formulas (1), (3), and (4) and the following formula (5) occur continuously.
CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O (5)
Further, C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , and C 4 H 10 that are trace components in the gas are represented by the following formula (6) together with the above-described formulas (1), (3), and (5). It is thought that it goes through a reaction process.
C n H 2n + 2 + ( 3n + 1) / 2O 2 → nCO 2 + (n + 1) H 2 O ... (6)
(However, n = 2-4)
The conditions of this operation test are that the raw gas composition, the reforming temperature, and the reforming pressure are the same as the natural gas composition described above and the formulas (1) and (1) so that the H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas is theoretically about 1. 3) Based on the simulation results of equilibrium calculation from (6).
Specifically, CO 2 /C=0.9 to 1.1, O 2 /C=0.55 to 0.60, the raw material gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is 350 to 400 ° C., the outlet of the reformer The pressure is 50 to 100 kPaG.
Here, CO 2 / C, O 2 / C means the following.
CO 2 / C = (CO 2 [mol] in raw material gas) / (C [mol] in natural gas)
O 2 / C = (O 2 [mol] in source gas) / (C [mol] in natural gas)
When an operation test was performed under these conditions, a large amount of carbon was deposited on the catalyst when the apparatus was started up (immediately after the start of the reaction). This is probably because, even when using a quaternary catalyst with high carbon deposition resistance, the carbon dioxide reforming reaction under the condition of generating equimolar amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, This is thought to be because it is difficult to avoid precipitation.
In this way, even if the operation is simply performed under the conditions as simulated, carbon deposition at the start of the apparatus causes an abnormal increase in pressure loss and blockage of the reformer, etc., so that the start process of the apparatus operates normally. The problems of “establishing a thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming method under practical conditions” and “ascertaining the presence or absence of carbon deposition on the catalyst under practical conditions” described above are still solved. I can't.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a startup process in this apparatus.
That is, after starting the apparatus, the following steps 1 to 4 are performed.
(Step 1) In the temperature raising step, the temperature of the raw material gas at the reforming catalyst inlet is raised to 350 to 400 ° C.
(Step 2) In the carbon dioxide introduction start step, introduction of carbon dioxide is started at a flow rate of CO 2 /C=0.9 to 1.1.
(Step 3) In the hydrocarbon introduction step, introduction of natural gas as hydrocarbon gas is started.
(Step 4) In the oxygen introduction step, introduction of oxygen gas is started at a flow rate of O 2 /C=0.55 to 0.60, and startup is completed.
In this start-up process, a large amount of carbon was deposited on the catalyst in about 10 minutes from the start of step 4, and the inside of the reformer 5 was blocked accordingly. For this reason, the pressure loss in the catalyst layer was originally about 10 to 15 kPa, but increased abnormally to 250 kPa or more, which was inconvenient in terms of stable operation of the system.
In this startup process, the following may be assumed as the cause of carbon deposition at the startup of the apparatus.
When the apparatus is started, the raw material gases are introduced into the reformer 5 in the order of carbon dioxide gas, hydrocarbon, and oxygen. As in this case, under the condition that the H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas is about 1, when the introduction of oxygen is started, the combustion reaction proceeds on the catalyst, and the catalyst layer was about 400 ° C. The temperature gradually increases and finally reaches about 800 ° C. On the other hand, the carbon deposition reaction tends to occur when the reaction gas temperature is 700 ° C. or lower. Therefore, it is considered that a large amount of carbon is deposited when the temperature reaches a temperature range where carbon is likely to be precipitated in the process in which the temperature of the catalyst layer rises at the time of starting the apparatus.
Here, it is assumed that the carbon deposition reaction described above occurs by the reactions of the following formulas (7) and (8).
2CO → C + CO 2 (7)
CO + H 2 → C + H 2 O (8)
Here, the above formulas (7) and (8) are equilibrium reactions, and whether or not carbon is precipitated depends on the partial pressures (pCO), (pCO) of CO, CO 2 , H 2 , H 2 O in the reaction gas. 2 ), (pH 2 ), (pH 2 O) and the reaction gas temperature.
Therefore, when the carbon activity values A 1 and A 2 represented by the following formulas (9) and (10) exceed 1, the formulas (7) and (8) advance to the right to deposit carbon, and the carbon activity values A 1 , When A 2 is less than 1, equations (7) and (8) advance to the left, carbon is gasified, and no precipitation occurs.
A 1 = K 1 × (pCO) 2 / (pCO 2 ) (9)
A 2 = K 2 × (pCO) × (pH 2 ) / (pH 2 O) (10)
A 1 : Carbon activity value with respect to the above formula (7) A 2 : Carbon activity value with respect to the above formula (8) K 1 and K 2 : Equilibrium constants determined from temperature Reaction in the catalyst layer in the thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming reaction When the carbon activity value of the gas is calculated based on the above formulas (9) and (10), it becomes as shown in Table 1 below, and when the reaction gas is about 700 ° C. or less, both A 1 and A 2 become 1 or more. It can be seen that carbon deposition can occur.
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Therefore, it is considered that a large amount of carbon is deposited on the catalyst layer after the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction is started and before the reaction gas gradually rises from 400 ° C. and reaches 700 ° C.
On the other hand, if the temperature is raised to 700 ° C. or higher from the beginning at the beginning of the start-up, the reaction temperature in the subsequent thermal neutralization reaction may rise to 1000 ° C. or higher, making control difficult, and risk of ignition or explosion. Sex will also occur.
Therefore, in the present invention, in order to suppress carbon deposition on the catalyst immediately after the start of the reaction, the flow rate of the carbon dioxide gas introduced into the reformer 5 as the raw material gas is increased by about 1.5 to 2 times only at the initial stage of startup. .
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an apparatus activation process according to the present invention.
In the present invention, at the time of starting the reforming reaction, the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction is heated to a predetermined starting temperature and then reformed in advance when the raw material gas is introduced. In order to reduce carbon deposition in the reactor, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas, and the reformer interior is predeterminedly started by introducing the raw material gas. After rising to the end temperature, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is reduced to the amount required for the reaction to obtain a given synthesis gas.
That is, after starting the apparatus, the following steps 1 to 5 are performed.
(Step 1) In the temperature raising step, nitrogen gas is introduced from the nitrogen gas introduction passage 18 into the hydrocarbon introduction passage 3 and the inside of the reformer 5 is purged with nitrogen gas, while the hydrocarbon heater 8 and the preheating heater 17 perform nitrogen treatment. The gas is introduced into the reformer 5 while being heated, and the gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is raised to 350 to 400 ° C.
(Step 2) In the carbon dioxide introduction start step, introduction of carbon dioxide is started at a flow rate of CO 2 /C=1.5 to 2.0 which is 1.5 to 2 times the rated amount. At this time, the carbon dioxide gas is heated by the carbon dioxide heater 6 and the preheating heater 17.
(Step 3) In the hydrocarbon introduction step, introduction of nitrogen gas from the nitrogen gas introduction passage 18 is stopped, and introduction of natural gas as hydrocarbon gas is started from the hydrocarbon introduction passage 3.
(Step 4) In the oxygen introduction step, after the gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is raised to 350 to 400 ° C., oxygen gas introduction is started at a flow rate of O 2 /C=0.55 to 0.60 To do. Thereby, the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction starts.
(Step 5) In the carbon dioxide gas reduction step, after confirming that the raw material gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet has reached 700 ° C. or higher, the carbon dioxide gas reduction is started, and the rated amount of CO 2 / C = 0. The flow of carbon dioxide is reduced to a flow rate of 9 to 1.1, and the start-up is completed.
In the above startup process, a sudden pressure increase due to carbon deposition does not occur, the pressure loss is about 10 kPa which is the original normal range, and the apparatus can be operated stably.
In addition, (Step 1) In the temperature raising step, if the temperature is raised at the initial stage of startup, the reaction temperature in the subsequent thermal neutralization reaction may be raised to 1000 ° C. or more, and control may become difficult. Since there is a risk of explosion, the gas temperature at the reforming catalyst inlet is preferably 400 ° C. or lower.
In (Step 2) carbon dioxide introduction introduction step, CO 2 / C is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably CO 2 / C is 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less. If CO 2 / C is less than 1.5, carbon deposition cannot be sufficiently prevented. Conversely, if it exceeds 2.0, the amount of source gas used is unnecessarily increased, which is not preferable.
Further, in (Step 4), it is preferable to gradually stabilize the thermal neutralization reaction by introducing oxygen gas over a certain period of time, and by gradually increasing the introduction flow rate of oxygen gas, O 2 / C = The flow rate is preferably 0.55 to 0.60.
In addition, for example, if the introduction of hydrocarbons is started before the introduction of carbon dioxide gas in advance, part of the hydrocarbons that are originally used for the reforming reaction are consumed by the decomposition reaction, which greatly increases the raw material efficiency. Therefore, it is preferable to start introduction of hydrocarbons after the introduction of carbon dioxide gas is started in advance.
In addition, for example, if the introduction of oxygen is started before the introduction of hydrocarbons, the introduction of hydrocarbons starts because the risk of abrupt reaction is increased by introducing hydrocarbons in the presence of high-temperature oxygen. It is preferable to start the introduction of oxygen later.
Next, the carbon deposition state on the catalyst when a quaternary catalyst was used was verified.
FIG. 4 is an appearance photograph of the used catalyst after adopting the starting process to which the present invention is applied and performing the reforming reaction under the above-described conditions. Table 2 below shows the measurement results of carbon deposition amount and pressure loss of the used catalyst. For comparison, the above-described conventional starting process was shown as a comparative example, and an unused catalyst was shown as an initial sample.
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
As apparent from FIG. 4 and Table 2, in the comparative example, a large amount of carbon of 10% by weight or more was deposited, but in the example, only a very small amount of carbon was deposited as 0.062% by weight. As a result, it can be seen that the pressure loss of 250 kPa or more in the comparative example is suppressed to about 10 kPa in the examples, and troubles such as a decrease in catalyst activity and reactor clogging are not caused.
By adopting such a start-up process, it becomes possible to start up the apparatus stably. “Establishment of thermal neutralization carbon dioxide reforming method under practical conditions” and “under practical conditions” “Understanding the presence or absence of carbon deposition on the catalyst” was realized.
In the following reaction conditions was performed in the present embodiment, CH 4 conversion showing the efficiency of the reforming reaction (CH 4 is consumed in the reaction [mol] / CH 4 in the raw material gas [mol]) is 99% or more The numerical value was high, and the reforming reaction could be advanced only by the heat of combustion reaction occurring in the catalyst layer without using an external heating device of the reformer 5 such as a reaction auxiliary heater. Further, the H 2 / CO ratio in the synthesis gas was 0.98, which was a value close to 1.
Thus, in this embodiment, it can be seen that the reforming reaction has reached an equilibrium state, and the thermal neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming method using a quaternary catalyst is extremely effective as a synthesis gas production method. I understand that.
Further, from the results of Table 2, it is clear that the amount of carbon deposition is very small not only at the time of starting the apparatus but also at the time of stable operation thereafter. We have established a synthesis method for syngas production using carbon dioxide reforming system with no carbon precipitation.
According to the activation process of the present embodiment, the following effects can be obtained.
Carbon deposition on the catalyst at the start of the apparatus can be suppressed to a very small amount, and troubles such as an increase in pressure loss, a decrease in catalyst activity, and a blockage of the reformer 5 can be avoided.
By identifying the process in which carbon deposition occurs and increasing the amount of carbon dioxide only within the limited process, the amount of carbon dioxide used in the entire system can be minimized and the increase in unnecessary raw material gas can be avoided. .
As a result, the heat neutralization type carbon dioxide gas reforming reaction using the quaternary catalyst can be stably advanced, and the following effects were obtained.
A high CH 4 conversion rate was achieved by using only the combustion heat generated in the reformer 5 without using an external heating device of the reformer 5 such as a reaction auxiliary heater.
Without adding steam or excess carbon dioxide, carbon deposition could be suppressed even after the system was started (after the reaction was stabilized).
An external heating furnace, a deionized water production apparatus, a steam generator, etc. become unnecessary, and equipment costs can be suppressed. Moreover, since excessive steam and carbon dioxide are not required, raw material costs can be reduced.
In addition, in each said embodiment, the order of the process which introduce | transduces each raw material gas is not the meaning limited to what was mentioned above, If the introduction amount of a carbon dioxide gas is increased beforehand when introducing each raw material gas, others The order of introducing the source gases may be changed.

 1:酸素導入路
 2:炭酸ガス導入路
 3:炭化水素導入路
 4:原料ガス導入路
 5:改質器
 6:炭酸ガスヒータ
 7:脱硫器
 8:炭化水素ヒータ
 9:水素ガス導入路
10:流量調節器
11:合成ガス取出路
12:冷却器
13:気液分離器
14:冷却水導入路
15:ドレン管
17:予熱ヒータ
18:窒素ガス導入路
1: Oxygen introduction path 2: Carbon dioxide gas introduction path 3: Hydrocarbon introduction path 4: Raw material gas introduction path 5: Reformer 6: Carbon dioxide gas heater 7: Desulfurizer 8: Hydrocarbon heater 9: Hydrogen gas introduction path 10: Flow rate Controller 11: Syngas extraction path 12: Cooler 13: Gas-liquid separator 14: Cooling water introduction path 15: Drain pipe 17: Preheating heater 18: Nitrogen gas introduction path

Claims (4)

原料ガスとして炭化水素系ガス、酸素系ガスならびに炭酸ガスを触媒と接触反応させ、炭化水素系ガスの燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせることにより、主として水素と一酸化炭素からなる合成ガスを製造する合成ガスの製造方法であって、
 上記改質反応の起動時に、
 上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、
 上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量しておき、
 上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させることを特徴とする合成ガス製造方法。
Produces a synthesis gas consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by causing hydrocarbon-based gas, oxygen-based gas, and carbon dioxide gas as the source gas to react with the catalyst to cause a combustion reaction and reforming reaction of the hydrocarbon-based gas. A method for producing synthesis gas comprising:
At the start of the reforming reaction,
After raising the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction to a predetermined start temperature,
When introducing the raw material gas, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced in advance is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced.
A synthesis gas production method characterized by reducing the introduction amount of carbon dioxide gas to an amount necessary for a reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas after the inside of the reformer has been raised to a predetermined startup end temperature by introducing the raw material gas. .
上記炭酸ガスの導入を開始した後、炭化水素系ガスの導入を開始する請求項1記載の合成ガス製造方法。 The synthesis gas production method according to claim 1, wherein the introduction of the hydrocarbon-based gas is started after the introduction of the carbon dioxide gas is started. 炭化水素系ガスの導入を開始した後、酸素系ガスの導入を開始する請求項1または2記載の合成ガス製造方法。 The synthesis gas production method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the introduction of the oxygen-based gas is started after the introduction of the hydrocarbon-based gas is started. 原料ガスとして炭化水素系ガス、酸素系ガスならびに炭酸ガスを触媒と接触反応させ、炭化水素系ガスの燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせることにより、主として水素と一酸化炭素からなる合成ガスを製造する合成ガスの製造装置であって、
 上記改質反応の起動時に、
 上記燃焼反応および改質反応を生じさせる改質器内を所定の起動開始温度に昇温したのち、
 上記原料ガスを導入する際に、あらかじめ改質器内のカーボン析出が減少するよう、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量を超える量に増量し、
 上記原料ガスの導入により改質器内が所定の起動終了温度まで上昇した後、炭酸ガスの導入量を所定の合成ガスを得る反応に必要な量まで減少させるように制御することを特徴とする合成ガス製造装置。
Produces a synthesis gas consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by causing hydrocarbon-based gas, oxygen-based gas, and carbon dioxide gas as the source gas to react with the catalyst to cause a combustion reaction and reforming reaction of the hydrocarbon-based gas. An apparatus for producing synthesis gas,
At the start of the reforming reaction,
After raising the temperature inside the reformer that causes the combustion reaction and the reforming reaction to a predetermined start temperature,
When introducing the raw material gas, the amount of carbon dioxide introduced is increased to an amount exceeding the amount necessary for the reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas so that carbon deposition in the reformer is reduced in advance.
After the inside of the reformer rises to a predetermined start end temperature by the introduction of the raw material gas, the introduction amount of the carbon dioxide gas is controlled to be reduced to an amount necessary for a reaction to obtain a predetermined synthesis gas. Syngas production equipment.
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