WO2011149040A1 - リパーゼによる高度不飽和脂肪酸含有油脂の製造方法 - Google Patents
リパーゼによる高度不飽和脂肪酸含有油脂の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6472—Glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] residues, i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
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- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
- A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils
- A23D9/007—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
- A23D9/013—Other fatty acid esters, e.g. phosphatides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS OR COOKING OILS
- A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils
- A23D9/02—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings or cooking oils characterised by the production or working-up
- A23D9/04—Working-up
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- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/001—Refining fats or fatty oils by a combination of two or more of the means hereafter
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- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
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- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/16—Refining fats or fatty oils by mechanical means
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
- C11C1/02—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils
- C11C1/04—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis
- C11C1/045—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by hydrolysis using enzymes or microorganisms, living or dead
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/04—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils
- C11C3/10—Ester interchange
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/065—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage with microorganisms other than yeasts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing fat using a lipase reaction.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids are not only essential nutrients for the growth of vertebrates, including humans, but in recent years there have been many reports on their involvement in cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases. In particular, it has been reported that the intake of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid is useful for human health. There are reports that the intake of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and the intake and ratio of n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids are important. In industrialized society, energy intake, saturated fatty acid intake and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake tend to increase, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake tends to decrease. It has been thought that it is related to.
- Fish oil is an oil rich in n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, and their intake is widely recommended, and in order to consume n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids more efficiently, n-
- the device which concentrates 3 type polyunsaturated fatty acid is done.
- concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids using lipase reactions is used.
- Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of hydrolyzing fats and oils into free fatty acids and glycerin, and it is known that various animals and plants and microorganisms have lipases. Certain lipases do not act on all fatty acids in the same way, and their reactivity varies depending on the bonding position in the glyceride, the carbon chain length of the fatty acid, the number of double bonds, and the like. Therefore, it is possible to selectively hydrolyze fatty acids using such lipases, and as a result, it is possible to concentrate specific fatty acids in the glyceride fraction.
- the hydrolysis reaction with lipase is an effective method for concentrating highly unsaturated fatty acids.
- the concentration of the highly unsaturated fatty acid in the glyceride fraction also proceeds.
- the hydrolysis reaction becomes dull, and it is necessary to add an excess of enzyme in order to further promote the hydrolysis reaction.
- an excess of enzyme is added, the hydrolysis reaction proceeds further, but this time the hydrolysis reaction reaches the target highly unsaturated fatty acid, and the concentration effect accompanying the increase in hydrolysis is reduced and the yield is reduced. Will also decline.
- hydrolysis can be further promoted by reacting with a new enzyme except for the enzyme whose activity has been reduced.
- the degree of hydrolysis proceeds too much, the yield is remarkably reduced, and the concentration effect of the desired highly unsaturated fatty acid does not appear.
- the temperature of the enzyme reaction As for the temperature of the enzyme reaction, the optimum temperature is known for each enzyme, and the reaction is carried out within that range.
- the fats and oils subject to the lipase reaction increase in viscosity at low temperatures. Since the stirring efficiency with the enzyme-containing water deteriorates, it is usually carried out at 30-40 ° C.
- the reaction temperature is room temperature in the examples of Patent Document 1 (filed in 1982), and Patent Documents 2-7 thereafter. In the examples (filed in 1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1999, respectively), they are 37, 37, 37, 30, 35, and 35 ° C., respectively.
- Oils and fats enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids are used for the purpose of ingesting useful components such as docosahexaenoic acid (hereinafter abbreviated as “DHA”) and eicosapentaenoic acid (hereinafter also abbreviated as “EPA”).
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- the gist of the present invention is the following (1) and (2) methods for reducing the saturated fatty acid content, and (3) to (14) glycerides having a low saturated fatty acid content.
- a method of concentrating a highly unsaturated fatty acid by allowing a highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing glyceride to act on a lipase having a low reactivity with a highly unsaturated fatty acid, wherein the lipase reaction is carried out at a temperature of 25 ° C. or lower.
- the lipase is a lipase derived from a microorganism belonging to any of the genus Candida, Alkaligenes, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Thermomyces, and Rhizomucor.
- area% refers to each component of a chart obtained by analyzing a mixture of glycerides containing various fatty acids as components using gas chromatography or thin layer chromatography / flame ionization detector (TLC / FID).
- the ratio of the peak area to the total peak area indicates the content ratio of the peak component.
- TLC / FID was used for the lipid composition by gas chromatography according to the method shown in the Examples.
- highly unsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA can be concentrated and glycerides with a low saturated fatty acid content can be produced.
- highly unsaturated fatty acids which are preferable for health, the intake of excess saturated fatty acids can be reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram in which the ratio of saturated fatty acid and EPA + DHA contained in the glyceride fraction at the time of lipase treatment at each reaction temperature in Example 1 is expressed as 100.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing the ratio of saturated fatty acid and EPA + DHA contained in the glyceride fraction when subjected to lipase treatment at each reaction temperature in Example 2 as 100, the result of the reaction at 40 ° C.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes over time in saturated fatty acid, EPA, and DHA amounts in the lipase reaction of Example 3 (20 ° C., 600 unit / mL oil).
- FIG. 1 is a diagram in which the ratio of saturated fatty acid and EPA + DHA contained in the glyceride fraction at the time of lipase treatment at each reaction temperature in Example 1 is expressed as 100.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing the ratio of saturated fatty acid and EPA + DHA contained in the glyceride fraction when subject
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing changes over time in saturated fatty acid, EPA, and DHA amounts in the lipase reaction of Example 3 (20 ° C., 300 unit / mL oil).
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing changes over time in saturated fatty acid, EPA, and DHA amounts in the lipase reaction of Comparative Example 1 (40 ° C., 600 unit / mL oil).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a comparison of saturated fatty acid, EPA, and DHA amounts in the lipase reaction of Example 4 (20 ° C.) and Comparative Example 2 (40 ° C.). It is a figure which shows the result of Example 5 which reacted on the large scale.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing changes over time in the amount of saturated fatty acid, EPA, and DHA in the lipase reaction of Example 7.
- the highly unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds, and more preferably a fatty acid having 20 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds.
- ⁇ -linolenic acid (18: 3, n-3), ⁇ -linolenic acid (18: 3, n-6), arachidonic acid (20: 4, n-6), dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid (20: 3, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5, n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22: 5, n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6, n-3), etc. Illustrated. These are known to be contained in a large amount in certain microbial oils, vegetable oils, marine animal oils, and the like.
- the saturated fatty acid is a saturated fatty acid having 14, 16, 18 carbon atoms.
- the highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing glycerides are triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycerides containing the above-mentioned highly unsaturated fatty acids as constituent fatty acids.
- the above microbial oils, vegetable oils and marine animal oils are triglycerides containing highly unsaturated fatty acids.
- the lipase used in the present invention may be any lipase as long as it does not act on highly unsaturated fatty acids and has the property of concentrating the highly unsaturated fatty acids in the undegraded glyceride fraction by the hydrolysis reaction.
- lipases derived from Candida cylindracea and Candida rugosa concentrate DHA, arachidonic acid, and ⁇ -linolenic acid.
- Lipases derived from Rhizomucor miehei also have DHA enrichment ability.
- Lipases derived from Alcaligenes sp. And Pseudomonas sp. Have EPA concentration ability. These are all commercially available and can be easily obtained. These can be fixed and used as necessary.
- a lipase derived from Candida cylindracea which is a lipase derived from the genus Candida, can be used.
- Lipase OF manufactured by Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- obtained from microorganisms belonging to the lipase derived from a microorganism belonging to Alcaligenes sp Alcaligenes sp (Alcaligenes sp.) (Lipase QLM, Lipase QLC, Lipase PL, all produced by Meito Sangyo Co.), Burke Horide rear cepacia (Burkholderia cepacia) Lipase (lipase PS, manufactured by Amano Enzyme Co., Ltd.), lipase obtained from microorganisms belonging to Pseudomonas fluorescens (lipase AK, manufactured by Amano Enzyme Co., Ltd.), microorganism belonging to Thermomyces lanuginosa ( Thermomyces lanuginosa ) Lipase (Lipozy
- the amount of lipase used is usually 10 to 2000 units, preferably 200 to 700 units, per 1 g of triglyceride.
- One unit is the amount of enzyme that liberates 1 micromole of fatty acid per minute.
- the hydrolysis reaction with lipase needs to be carried out in the presence of a sufficient amount of water so that the lipase hydrolysis activity is expressed.
- the amount of water present is desirably 10 to 200% by weight, preferably 50 to 150% by weight, based on triglyceride.
- Hydrolysis is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as dry nitrogen in order to suppress fatty acid degradation, enzyme deactivation, and the like. Further, an antioxidant such as tocopherol, ascorbic acid, t-butyl hydroquinone may be used in combination.
- the hydrolysis reaction is carried out at 25 ° C. or less, preferably 10 to 25 ° C., more preferably 15 to 20 ° C. The lower the temperature, the more preferable the saturated fatty acid content is decreased. However, when the temperature is 10 ° C. or lower, the enzyme reaction rate itself becomes too slow and the viscosity of the oil and fat is increased. Is most preferred.
- the reaction phase may be set to an average of 15 to 20 ° C., and the reaction may be carried out while maintaining in the range of about ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the hydrolysis reaction is carried out by stirring or flowing by blowing an inert gas or the like. In the hydrolysis, the reaction is carried out until the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid in the constituent fatty acid reaches the target concentration.
- the conditions vary depending on the raw oil and fat.
- the reaction time is preferably 7 hours or more, and usually by hydrolysis for 5 to 24 hours, one reaction of lipase
- the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid is 46 area% or more. It may be allowed to react for a longer time. As shown in the examples, there was no adverse effect even when reacted for 65 hours.
- the acid value can also be used as an index indicating the degree of hydrolysis. When the acid value is usually 140 or more, the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid is 46 area% or more.
- a mixture of unreacted triglyceride and hydrolyzate is obtained as a reaction solution.
- lipase which is less reactive with highly cloth saturated fatty acids, undergoes hydrolysis, highly cloth saturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the constituent fatty acids in the unreacted triglycerides and partial glycerides in the reaction solution.
- the ratio is increased and is concentrated until the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid is 40 area% or more at the end of hydrolysis.
- most of the free fatty acids are occupied by fatty acids other than highly unsaturated fatty acids.
- the aqueous layer containing lipase and glycerin is removed by centrifugation or the like to obtain an oil layer reaction solution, and then free fatty acids are removed.
- a method for separating and removing free fatty acids known methods such as a method for removing as an alkali salt, a method using a liquid chromatography apparatus, a fractional distillation method, a crystal fractionation method and the like can be adopted, but molecular distillation and steam distillation are preferred.
- a glyceride mixture of triglycerides and partial glycerides containing docosahexaenoic acid at high concentrations is obtained.
- docosahexaenoic acid is concentrated to 40 area% or more, further 46 area% or more, and the total amount of saturated fatty acids having 14, 16, and 18 carbon atoms is 12 area% or less, preferably 10 areas.
- % Glycerides or less can be obtained.
- the content of palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms) having a large content among saturated fatty acids is 8 area% or less, preferably 6 area% or less.
- the lipid composition of the glyceride in the obtained reaction oil became a thing with a high ratio of a triglyceride.
- the proportion of triglycerides is about 70% by area at 40 ° C., but 80% by area at low temperature reaction. The above was obtained.
- a glyceride in which highly unsaturated fatty acids are concentrated and the content of saturated fatty acids is reduced can be obtained.
- Deoxidation, decolorization, and deodorization may be performed by any method.
- Deacidification is performed by distillation, decolorization is performed by activated clay, activated carbon, or the like, and deodorization is performed by steam distillation or the like.
- deoxidation treatment is carried out by distillation, monoglyceride is also removed at the same time, so that the triglyceride ratio of the obtained fat can be further increased.
- a triglyceride content of 85 area% or more, preferably 90 area% or more can also be obtained.
- the fatty acid composition and acid value were measured by the following methods.
- Fatty acid composition measurement The fatty acid composition of the fish oil used as a raw material was measured by gas chromatography after converting the fish oil to ethyl ester. That is, 1 mL of 1N sodium ethylate / ethanol solution was added to 40 ⁇ L of fish oil and stirred for about 30 seconds. Thereafter, 1 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid was added for neutralization, 2 mL of hexane and 3 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium sulfate solution were added, and after stirring and standing, the upper layer was measured by gas chromatography.
- the fatty acid composition of the glyceride fraction of the oil subjected to the enzyme reaction was measured by gas chromatography after removing the free fatty acid as a by-product of the enzyme reaction after ethylation of the glyceride fraction. That is, 1 mL of 1N sodium ethylate / ethanol solution was added to 70 ⁇ L of reaction oil, and the mixture was stirred for about 30 seconds. Thereafter, 1 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid was added to neutralize, 700 ⁇ L of hexane and 3 mL of a saturated aqueous ammonia sulfate solution were added and stirred, and after standing, the upper layer containing ethyl ester and free fatty acid was recovered.
- AV Acid Value
- the acid value (AV) was measured according to the standard method for analyzing fats and oils (2003 version) (edited by the Japan Oil Chemists' Society). About 0.5 g of oil was dissolved in ethanol, 1 drop of phenolphthalein was added, neutralization titration was performed with a 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and the following formula was calculated.
- AV titer (mL) ⁇ 56.11 / sample weight (g)
- Example 1 Add 1.5 mL of water and 5 mg of lipase OF (Naito Sangyo Co., Ltd., 600 unit / mL oil) to 3 mL of purified fish oil 1 (deacidified tuna oil, Nippon Suisan Co., Ltd.) and magnetically in a thermostatic bath at 10-60 ° C. Stir with a stirrer for 14 hours. After stirring for 14 hours, sample about 2 mL of the reaction oil, heat at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the lipase, and then separate the oil layer and the aqueous layer with a centrifuge (40 ° C., 1800 g, 10 minutes). A reaction oil was obtained.
- the fatty acid composition (area%) and the acid value of the glyceride fraction of the obtained reaction oil and the fatty acid composition (area%) of the purified fish oil 1 are shown in Table 1.
- the sum of myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0) and stearic acid (C18: 0) contents (area%) in the glyceride fraction obtained by gas chromatography is shown as the saturated fatty acid content.
- saturated fatty acid content in the examples is used in the same meaning.
- the saturated fatty acid content is about 15% at a reaction temperature of 30 to 60 ° C, whereas it is 11.40% at 25 ° C, 9.36% at 20 ° C, 7.74% at 15 ° C, and 8.42% at 10 ° C.
- the reaction decreased significantly when reacted at low temperatures.
- the saturated fatty acid content was greatly reduced at 10-25 ° C. Further, at 10 ° C., the reaction rate was inferior to other temperature conditions and the acid value (AV) was as low as 113.9. However, even under such conditions, the saturated fatty acid content was as low as 8.42%,
- the value (AV) was 125.1 and was significantly reduced from the 40 ° C. condition where the hydrolysis reaction proceeded more.
- Example 2 100 g of water and 320 mg of lipase OF (640 mg / ml oil) are added to 200 g of purified fish oil 2 (deacidified tuna oil, Nihon Suisan Co., Ltd.) and stirred with a stirring blade at 10 to 40 ° C. for 20 hours. did. After stirring for 20 hours, the reaction oil was heated at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes to deactivate the lipase, and then an upper reaction oil was obtained.
- the fatty acid composition (area%) and the acid value of the glyceride fraction of the obtained reaction oil and the fatty acid composition (area%) of the purified fish oil 2 are shown in Table 2 (only representative fatty acids for the fatty acid composition).
- the glyceride content was calculated by subtracting the free fatty acid content from the acid value as equivalent to oleic acid and subtracting from the whole reaction oil.
- the sum of myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitic acid (C16: 0) and stearic acid (C18: 0) contents (area%) in the glyceride fraction obtained by gas chromatography is shown as the saturated fatty acid content. It was. Compared to 35 and 40 ° C., the saturated fatty acid content was greatly reduced at 10 to 25 ° C.
- FIG. 2 shows the EPA and DHA content and the saturated fatty acid content in the glyceride fraction when the above results are the same as in FIG. From this figure, it can be seen that saturated fatty acids are greatly reduced while EPA and DHA remain high under conditions of 10 to 25 ° C.
- Example 3 4 mL of water and 13.3 mg of lipase OF (600 unit / mL oil) or 6.7 mg (300 unit / mL oil) were added to 8 mL of purified fish oil 1, and the mixture was stirred with a stirring blade.
- the reaction temperature was 20 ° C.
- Samples of about 1 to 2 g after 2, 5, 8, 14, and 20 hours were heated at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the lipase, and then centrifuged with an oil layer in a centrifuge (40 ° C., 1800 g, 10 minutes). The aqueous layer was separated to obtain a reaction oil.
- the saturated fatty acid content (area%) and the EPA and DHA contents (area%) for each hour are shown in FIGS.
- the saturated fatty acid content decreased significantly with the reaction time, and the EPA and DHA content increased.
- Example 4 1.5 mL of water and 5 mg of lipase OF (600 unit / mL oil) were added to 3 mL of purified fish oil 3 (deacidified tuna oil, Nippon Suisan Co., Ltd.), and the mixture was stirred for 14 hours in a thermostatic bath at 20 ° C. with a magnetic stirrer. After stirring for 14 hours, sample about 2 mL of the reaction oil, heat at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the lipase, and then separate the oil layer and the aqueous layer with a centrifuge (40 ° C., 1800 g, 10 minutes). A reaction oil was obtained. As a comparative example, the reaction was carried out at 40 ° C.
- Example 4 While changing the conditions of Example 4 above by temperature. All conditions are the same except for temperature.
- the saturated fatty acid content (area%), EPA and DHA content (area%) of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2 are shown in FIG. From this figure, it was found that the saturated fatty acid content was greatly reduced and the EPA and DHA contents were slightly increased in the 20 ° C. condition compared to the 40 ° C. condition.
- Example 5 Purified fish oil 4 (deoxidized tuna oil, Nihon Suisan Co., Ltd.) 6,000 L, water 3,000 L, and lipase OF were charged into a 5 kg (300 unit / mL oil) reaction tank and stirred for 21 hours while maintaining at 20-25 ° C. Reaction was performed. After 21 hours, about 50 g of the reaction oil was sampled and heated at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to deactivate the lipase to obtain an upper layer reaction oil.
- FIG. 7 shows the saturated fatty acid content (area%), the EPA and DHA contents (area%) of the purified fish oil, the saturated fatty acid content (area%) in the reaction oil glyceride fraction, and the EPA and DHA contents (area%). It was confirmed that even when the reaction was performed on a large scale, EPA and DHA were concentrated and the saturated fatty acid content was greatly reduced to 10% or less.
- Example 6 The lipid composition (area%) in the glyceride fraction was measured with respect to the reaction oil under the conditions of 10, 20, 40, and 50 ° C. in Example 1. As shown in Table 3, when the reaction was carried out at 10 and 20 ° C., a triglyceride ratio of 80 area% or more could be obtained. On the other hand, when reacted at 40 and 50 ° C., they were about 72.8% and 59.9%, respectively. It was shown that by performing the lipase reaction at a low temperature, not only the saturated fatty acid content can be reduced, but also the triglyceride ratio can be increased.
- Example 7 Comparative Example 3
- purified fish oil 5 refined sardine oil, Nippon Suisan Co., Ltd.
- 2 mL of water 100-600 unit / g oil of lipase QLM (Nasang Sangyo Co., Ltd.), and magnetically at 20 ° C or 40 ° C.
- the mixture was stirred with a stirrer for 17 to 65 hours.
- the reaction solution was heated at 90 ° C. for 15 minutes to deactivate the lipase, and the oil layer and the aqueous layer were separated by a centrifuge (room temperature, 3000 rpm, 5 minutes) to obtain a reaction oil.
- Table 4 shows the acid value of the obtained reaction oil, the fatty acid composition (area%) of the glyceride fraction, the hydrolysis rate (%), and the fatty acid composition (area%) of the purified fish oil 5.
- the hydrolysis rate was calculated from the acid value and the saponification value of purified fish oil 5 (206.04) by the following formula.
- Hydrolysis rate (acid value / saponification value) ⁇ 100
- the relationship between the hydrolysis rate and the fatty acid composition (area%) is shown in FIG. From Table 4 and FIG. 8, also in the EPA concentration reaction using lipase QLM, the saturated fatty acid content was reduced when reacted at 20 ° C. compared to 40 ° C., which is a temperature zone generally practiced.
- One of the purposes of ingesting physiologically active fatty acids such as EPA and DHA is to prevent heart and vascular diseases such as hypercholesterolemia.
- Saturated fatty acids are important as an energy source, but in modern eating habits, especially in middle-aged and elderly people, they tend to be overdose, and it is not preferable to take them actively.
- the amount of saturated fatty acids to be taken together when taking highly unsaturated fatty acids is small.
- the fats and oils produced by the invention of the present invention are used as health foods and supplements for supplying n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids because highly unsaturated fatty acids are concentrated and saturated fatty acids are further reduced. Suitable for
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Abstract
Description
魚油はn-3系高度不飽和脂肪酸を豊富に含む油脂であり、それらの摂取が広く推奨されるとともに、より効率よくn-3系高度不飽和脂肪酸を摂取するために、魚油中のn-3系高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮する工夫がされている。リパーゼ反応を用いる高度不飽和脂肪酸の濃縮はそのひとつである。
本発明は、下記(1)、(2)の飽和脂肪酸含有率を低減させる方法、(3)~(14)の飽和脂肪酸含有率の低いグリセリドを要旨とする。
(1)高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリドに高度不飽和脂肪酸に対して反応性の低いリパーゼを作用させて高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮する方法において、リパーゼ反応を25℃以下の温度で行うことを特徴とする飽和脂肪酸含有率を低減させる方法。
(2)リパーゼが、カンジダ属、アルカリゲネス属、バークホリデリア属、シュードモナス属、サーモマイセス属、リゾムコール属のいずれかに属する微生物由来のリパーゼである(1)の方法。
(4)リパーゼが、カンジダ属、アルカリゲネス属、バークホリデリア属、シュードモナス属、サーモマイセス属、リゾムコール属のいずれかに属する微生物由来のリパーゼである(3)の高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリド。
(5)リパーゼ反応によって高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮したグリセリドであって、グリセリド中のドコサヘキサエン酸の含有量が46面積%以上であり、かつ、飽和脂肪酸の含有量が12面積%以下であるグリセリド。
(6)グリセリド中のドコサヘキサエン酸の含有量が46面積%以上である(5)のグリセリド。
(7)飽和脂肪酸の含有量が10面積%以下である(5)又は(6)のグリセリド。
(8)パルミチン酸の含有量が8面積%以下である(5)ないし(7)いずれかのグリセリド。
(9)パルミチン酸の含有量が6面積%以下である(8)のグリセリド。
(10)グリセリド中のトリグリセリドの割合が80面積%以上である(5)ないし(9)いずれかのグリセリド。
(11)グリセリド中のトリグリセリドの割合が85面積%以上である(10)のグリセリド。
(13)グリセリド中のエイコサペンタエン酸の含有量が28面積%以上である(12)のグリセリド。
(14)飽和脂肪酸の含有量が17面積%以下である(12)又は(13)のグリセリド。
本発明において、飽和脂肪酸とは、炭素数14,16,18の飽和脂肪酸である。これらは、エネルギー源としては重要な栄養素であるが、現代の食生活では通常の食事で必要以上に摂取されることが多く、過剰に摂取すべきではない脂肪酸と考えられている。
本発明において用いるリパーゼは、高度不飽和脂肪酸に対して作用しにくく、加水分解反応で未分解のグリセリド画分中に高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮する性質を持てば、どのようなリパーゼでも良い。例えばカンディダ シリンドラセ(Candida cylindracea)、カンジダ ルゴサ(Candida rugosa)由来のリパーゼはDHA、アラキドン酸、γリノレン酸を濃縮する。リゾムコール ミエヘイ(Rhizomucor miehei)由来のリパーゼもDHA濃縮能を有する。アルカリゲネス エスピー(Alcaligenes sp.)、シュードモナス エスピー(Pseudomonas sp.)由来のリパーゼはEPA濃縮能を有する。これらはいずれも市販されており容易に入手できる。これらは必要に応じて固定化して使用することもできる。例示すれば、カンディダ属由来のリパーゼである、カンディダ シリンドラセ(Candida cylindracea)由来のリパーゼを用いることができる。カンディダ シリンドラセ(Candida cylindracea)由来のリパーゼとしては、名糖産業株式会社製リパーゼOFが例示される。あるいは、アルカリゲネス エスピー(Alcaligenes sp.)に属する微生物から得られるリパーゼ(リパーゼQLM、リパーゼQLC、リパーゼPL、いずれも名糖産業(株)製)、バークホリデリア セパシア(Burkholderia cepacia)に属する微生物から得られるリパーゼ(リパーゼPS、天野エンザイム(株)製)、シュードモナス フルオレセンス(Pseudomonas fluorescens)に属する微生物から得られるリパーゼ(リパーゼAK、天野エンザイム(株)製)、サーモマイセス ラヌギノサス(Thermomyces lanuginosa)に属する微生物から得られるリパーゼ(リポザイムTLIM、ノボザイム社製)などが挙げられる。
リパーゼの使用量は、通常トリグリセリド1gに対して10~2000ユニット、好ましくは200~700ユニットとするのが望ましい。なお1ユニットは1分間に1マイクロモルの脂肪酸を遊離する酵素量である。リパーゼによる加水分解反応は、リパーゼの加水分解活性が発現するのに十分な量の水の存在下に行う必要がある。水の存在量としては、トリグリセリドに対して10~200重量%、好ましくは50~150重量%とするのが望ましい。
加水分解反応は25℃以下、好ましくは10~25℃、さらに好ましくは15~20℃で行う。低温であるほど、飽和脂肪酸の含有率を低下させるのには好ましいが、10℃以下では酵素反応の速度自体が遅くなりすぎる点や油脂の粘度が高くなる点に配慮すると、15~20℃前後が最も好ましい。大量反応の場合、反応相を平均15~20℃になるよう設定し、±5℃程度の範囲に保持しながら反応を行えばよい。加水分解反応は撹拌や不活性ガス等の吹込による流動などによって行う。
加水分解は、構成脂肪酸中に占めるドコサヘキサエン酸の割合が目的濃度になるまで反応を行う。条件は原料油脂により異なるが、例えばマグロ油(DHA23%程度含有)などを原料とする場合、反応時間は7時間以上が好ましく、通常5~24時間加水分解することにより、1回のリパーゼ反応で、ドコサヘキサエン酸の割合は46面積%以上になる。さらに長い時間反応させてもかまわない。実施例に示すように65時間反応しても悪影響はなかった。また酸価を加水分解の程度を示す指標とすることもでき、通常酸価が140以上になればドコサヘキサエン酸の割合は46面積%以上になる。
遊離脂肪酸を除去することにより、高濃度でドコサヘキサエン酸を含有するトリグリセリドおよび部分グリセリドのグリセリド混合物が得られる。
本発明のリパーゼ反応油脂について、脱酸、脱色、脱臭処理を行うことによって、高度不飽和脂肪酸が濃縮され、かつ、飽和脂肪酸含有量が低減されたグリセリドを得ることができる。脱酸、脱色、脱臭はどのような方法で行ってもよいが、脱酸処理は蒸留処理により、脱色処理は活性白土、活性炭などによる処理により、脱臭処理は水蒸気蒸留などにより行う。
脱酸処理を蒸留で行うと、同時にモノグリセリドも除去されるので、得られる油脂のトリグリセリド比率をさらに高めることができる。トリグリセリドが85面積%以上、好ましくは90面積%以上のものを得ることもできる。
脂肪酸組成の測定
原料に用いた魚油の脂肪酸組成は、魚油をエチルエステル化してガスクロマトグラフィーにて測定した。すなわち、魚油40μLに1Nナトリウムエチラート/エタノール溶液1mLを加え、約30秒間撹拌した。その後、1N塩酸を1mL加えて中和し、ヘキサン2mL、飽和硫酸アンモニア水溶液3mLを加え、撹拌、静置後、上層をガスクロマトグラフィーにて測定した。
機種;Agilent 6850 GC system (Agilent社)
カラム;DB-WAX J&W 122-7032
カラム温度;200℃
注入温度;300℃
注入方法;スプリット
スプリット比;50:1
検出器温度:300℃
検出器:FID
キャリアーガス:ヘリウム (2.9mL/min、コンスタントフロー)
本発明の実施例において、酸価(AV)の測定は基準油脂分析試験法(2003年度版)(社団法人日本油化学会編)に準じて行った。
油約0.5gをエタノールに溶解し、フェノールフタレイン1滴を加え、1N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液で中和滴定を行い、下式により算出した。
AV=滴定量(mL)×56.11/サンプル重量(g)
脂質組成は薄層クロマトグラフィー/水素炎イオン化検出器(TLC/FID,イアトロスキャン、三菱化学ヤトロン株式会社)にて行った。油20μLをヘキサン1mLに溶解し、クロマロッドに0.5μLを負荷した。ヘキサン、ジエチルエーテル、酢酸の混合溶液(ヘキサン:ジエチルエーテル:酢酸=70:30:0.1容積比)を展開溶媒として用い、35分間展開した。これをイアトロスキャンにて分析した。
精製魚油1(脱酸マグロ油、日本水産株式会社)3mLに水1.5mLとリパーゼOF5mg(名糖産業株式会社、600unit/mL油)を加えて、10~60℃の恒温槽内でマグネチックスターラーにて14時間撹拌した。14時間撹拌後、反応油約2mLをサンプリングし、80℃で10分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、その後遠心分離機(40℃、1800g、10分)にて油層と水層とを分離し反応油を得た。
得られた反応油のグリセリド画分の脂肪酸組成(面積%)及び酸価と精製魚油1の脂肪酸組成(面積%)を表1に示した。また、ガスクロマトグラフィーで得られたグリセリド画分中のミリスチン酸(C14:0)、パルミチン酸(C16:0)、ステアリン酸(C18:0)含量(面積%)の合計を飽和脂肪酸含量として示した(以下、実施例中で「飽和脂肪酸含量」と記載するときは同じ意味で用いる)。
精製魚油2(脱酸マグロ油、日本水産株式会社)200gに水100gとリパーゼOF320mg(名糖産業株式会社、640unit/ml油)を加えて、10~40℃にて撹拌羽にて20時間撹拌した。20時間撹拌後、反応油を80℃で15分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、その後上層の反応油を得た。
得られた反応油のグリセリド画分の脂肪酸組成(面積%)及び酸価と精製魚油2の脂肪酸組成(面積%)を表2に示した(脂肪酸組成については代表的な脂肪酸のみ)。ここでグリセリド含量は酸価からオレイン酸相当として遊離脂肪酸含量を算出し、反応油全体から差し引いて算出した。また、ガスクロマトグラフィーで得られたグリセリド画分中のミリスチン酸(C14:0)、パルミチン酸(C16:0)、ステアリン酸(C18:0)含量(面積%)の合計を飽和脂肪酸含量として示した。
35、40℃に比べ10~25℃では飽和脂肪酸含量が大幅に低減された。
8mLの精製魚油1に水4mLとリパーゼOF13.3mg(600unit/mL油)または6.7mg(300unit/mL油)を加えて、撹拌羽で撹拌した。反応温度は20℃とした。2、5、8、14、20時間後に約1~2gをサンプリングし、80℃で10分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、その後遠心分離機(40℃、1800g、10分)にて油層と水層とを分離し反応油を得た。
時間ごとの飽和脂肪酸含量(面積%)、EPAとDHA含量(面積%)を図3、4に示した。反応時間とともに飽和脂肪酸含量は大幅に低減し、EPAとDHA含量は増加した。
反応温度を40℃にする以外は、実施例3のリパーゼを600unit/mL用いた場合と同じ条件、操作で反応を行った。
時間ごとの飽和脂肪酸含量(面積%)、EPAとDHA含量(面積%)を図5に示した。飽和脂肪酸含量は反応2時間で15.0%まで減少したが、反応時間が長くなっても更なる減少は認められず、15%程度の高い含量で推移した。
精製魚油3(脱酸マグロ油、日本水産株式会社)3mLに水1.5mLとリパーゼOF5mg(600unit/mL油)を加えて、20℃の恒温槽内でマグネチックスターラーにて14時間撹拌した。14時間撹拌後、反応油約2mLをサンプリングし、80℃で10分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、その後遠心分離機(40℃、1800g、10分)にて油層と水層とを分離し反応油を得た。
比較例として、上記実施例4の条件を温度だけ変化させて40℃にて反応を行った。温度以外はすべて同じ条件、操作である。
実施例4と比較例2の飽和脂肪酸含量(面積%)、EPAとDHA含量(面積%)を図6に示した。この図から20℃条件の場合、40℃条件と比較して飽和脂肪酸含量が大幅に減少し、EPA、DHA含量は若干増加することが分かった。
精製魚油4(脱酸マグロ油、日本水産株式会社)6,000L、水3,000L、リパーゼOFを5kg(300unit/mL油)反応タンクに仕込み、20~25℃に保ちながら21時間撹拌して反応を行った。21時間後に反応油約50gをサンプリングし、80℃で10分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、上層の反応油を得た。
精製魚油の飽和脂肪酸含量(面積%)とEPAとDHA含量(面積%)、反応油グリセリド画分中の飽和脂肪酸含量(面積%)、EPA、DHA含量(面積%)を図7に示した。大きいスケールで反応を行っても、EPAとDHAが濃縮されるとともに飽和脂肪酸含量が10%以下と大幅に低減されることが確認された。
実施例1の10、20、40、50℃条件での反応油に関してグリセリド画分中の脂質組成(面積%)を測定した。表3に示すように、10、20℃で反応するとトリグリセリドの比率が80面積%以上のものを得ることができた。一方、40、50℃で反応した場合は72.8%、59.9%程度であった。低温でリパーゼ反応を行うことにより、飽和脂肪酸含有量を低下させることができるだけでなく、トリグリセリドの比率を高めることができることが示された。
精製魚油5(精製イワシ油、日本水産株式会社)2gに、水2mL、リパーゼQLM(名糖産業株式会社)100~600unit/g油を加えて、20℃または40℃の温度条件下、マグネチックスターラーにて17~65時間撹拌した。その後、反応液を90℃で15分間加熱してリパーゼを失活させ、遠心分離機(室温、3000rpm、5分)にて油層と水層とを分離し反応油を得た。
得られた反応油の酸価、グリセリド画分の脂肪酸組成(面積%)、加水分解率(%)と精製魚油5の脂肪酸組成(面積%)を表4に示した。加水分解率は酸価および精製魚油5のケン化価(206.04)より下記式にて算出した。
加水分解率=(酸価/ケン化価)×100
また、加水分解率と脂肪酸組成(面積%)の関係を図8に示した。
表4および図8から、リパーゼQLMを用いたEPA濃縮反応においても、20℃で反応すると一般的に実施される温度帯である40℃と比べ飽和脂肪酸含量が低減した。
Claims (14)
- 高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリドに高度不飽和脂肪酸に対して反応性の低いリパーゼを作用させて高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮する方法において、リパーゼ反応を25℃以下の温度で行うことを特徴とする飽和脂肪酸含有率を低減させる方法。
- リパーゼが、カンジダ属、アルカリゲネス属、バークホリデリア属、シュードモナス属、サーモマイセス属、リゾムコール属のいずれかに属する微生物由来のリパーゼである請求項1の方法。
- 高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリドに高度不飽和脂肪酸に対して反応性の低いリパーゼを作用させて高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮する方法において、リパーゼ反応を25℃以下の温度で行うことにより製造したグリセリド中の飽和脂肪酸の割合が12面積%以下の高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリド。
- リパーゼが、カンジダ属、アルカリゲネス属、バークホリデリア属、シュードモナス属、サーモマイセス属、リゾムコール属のいずれかに属する微生物由来のリパーゼである請求項3の高度不飽和脂肪酸含有グリセリド。
- リパーゼ反応によって高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮したグリセリドであって、グリセリド中のドコサヘキサエン酸の含有量が40面積%以上であり、かつ、飽和脂肪酸の含有量が12面積%以下であるグリセリド。
- グリセリド中のドコサヘキサエン酸の含有量が46面積%以上である請求項5のグリセリド。
- 飽和脂肪酸の含有量が10面積%以下である請求項5又は6のグリセリド。
- パルミチン酸の含有量が8面積%以下である請求項5ないし7いずれかのグリセリド。
- パルミチン酸の含有量が6面積%以下である請求項8のグリセリド。
- グリセリド中のトリグリセリドの割合が80面積%以上である請求項5ないし9いずれかのグリセリド。
- グリセリド中のトリグリセリドの割合が85面積%以上である請求項10のグリセリド。
- リパーゼ反応によって高度不飽和脂肪酸を濃縮したグリセリドであって、グリセリド中のエイコサペンタエン酸の含有量が25面積%以上であり、かつ、飽和脂肪酸の含有量が20面積%以下であるグリセリド。
- グリセリド中のエイコサペンタエン酸の含有量が28面積%以上である請求項12のグリセリド。
- 飽和脂肪酸の含有量が17面積%以下である請求項12又は13のグリセリド。
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| JP2012517322A JP5905821B2 (ja) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | リパーゼによる高度不飽和脂肪酸含有油脂の製造方法 |
| CA2800674A CA2800674A1 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | Method for producing oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acid using lipase |
| KR1020127033207A KR101943661B1 (ko) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | 리파아제에 의한 고도 불포화 지방산 함유 유지의 제조 방법 |
| EP11786737.4A EP2578691A4 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF OIL OR FAT CONTAINING HIGHLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACID USING LIPASE |
| US13/700,647 US20130123525A1 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | Method for producing oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acid using lipase |
| CN201180026257.9A CN102959083B (zh) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-05-27 | 利用脂肪酶的含高度不饱和脂肪酸的油脂的制造方法 |
| US15/099,899 US10138502B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2016-04-15 | Method for producing oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acid using lipase |
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| JP2010-122688 | 2010-05-28 | ||
| JP2010122688 | 2010-05-28 |
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| US15/099,899 Continuation US10138502B2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2016-04-15 | Method for producing oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acid using lipase |
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| US (2) | US20130123525A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2578691A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5905821B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101943661B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN102959083B (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2800674A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011149040A1 (ja) |
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- 2011-05-27 CA CA2800674A patent/CA2800674A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| CN102994580A (zh) * | 2012-11-30 | 2013-03-27 | 华南理工大学 | 一种高纯度甘油三酯型pufa的制备方法 |
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| WO2024237282A1 (ja) | 2023-05-17 | 2024-11-21 | 東邦シートフレーム株式会社 | 金属製の梱包容器の検査方法及び製造方法、梱包体の製造方法、並びに梱包容器集合体及び梱包体集合体 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2578691A1 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
| CN102959083B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
| JP5905821B2 (ja) | 2016-04-20 |
| KR20130111233A (ko) | 2013-10-10 |
| KR101943661B1 (ko) | 2019-01-29 |
| US10138502B2 (en) | 2018-11-27 |
| CA2800674A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
| US20160230199A1 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
| EP2578691A4 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
| CN102959083A (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
| US20130123525A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
| JPWO2011149040A1 (ja) | 2013-07-25 |
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