WO2011009973A2 - Apparatus and method for direct laser printing - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for direct laser printing Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011009973A2 WO2011009973A2 PCT/ES2010/000298 ES2010000298W WO2011009973A2 WO 2011009973 A2 WO2011009973 A2 WO 2011009973A2 ES 2010000298 W ES2010000298 W ES 2010000298W WO 2011009973 A2 WO2011009973 A2 WO 2011009973A2
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- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- laser
- receiving substrate
- laser beam
- printed
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/135—Nozzles
- B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
- B41J2/14016—Structure of bubble jet print heads
- B41J2/14088—Structure of heating means
- B41J2/14104—Laser or electron beam heating the ink
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/44—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using single radiation source per colour, e.g. lighting beams or shutter arrangements
- B41J2/442—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using single radiation source per colour, e.g. lighting beams or shutter arrangements using lasers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/435—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/447—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using arrays of radiation sources
- B41J2/455—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of radiation to a printing material or impression-transfer material using arrays of radiation sources using laser arrays, the laser array being smaller than the medium to be recorded
Definitions
- the field of the technique refers to the direct laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, the laser radiation on a receiving substrate by means of laser pulses focused at a shallow point within the liquid contained in a container that avoids the drawbacks related to the preparation of a thin film.
- Direct writing is a suitable method for the realization of micrometric patterns in applications that require a high degree of flexibility, without the restrictions of the use of masks. The most example
- a direct writing technique is the inkjet printing, which allows depositing materials that have been previously dissolved or suspended in a liquid: micrometric drops are deposited when the ink is forced through a small hole.
- the obstruction of the hole constitutes a limiting factor for inkjet printing, especially when a high spatial resolution is desired.
- Laser printing techniques have appeared as interesting alternatives to inkjet printing.
- LIFT laser-induced transfer
- microdrops are deposited through the transfer of liquid from a emitting film, located on a transparent support, to a receiving substrate through the use of a laser pulse.
- the dimensions are determined by the diameter of the laser beam, and by the thickness of the film, typically of a few microns.
- the laser pulse is focused in order to limit the dimensions of the microdroplets, and is absorbed precisely on the surface of the film.
- Patents US 3560258 and US 4970196 refer to the realization of motives for depositing material with laser from a thin film to a receiving substrate.
- direct laser writing is achieved by attacking the thin film of material with a laser pulse from the source of pulsed laser radiation, causing selective removal of material out of the optically transparent support and depositing it on the surface of the receiving substrate.
- the LIFT technique was applied to the transfer of liquids, as detailed in the US patent 6805918.
- the thin film is a liquid film that contains the material to be deposited dissolved or suspended in the liquid
- the solution or suspension is transparent to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation.
- a thin solid absorbent layer is used to absorb the radiation. This thin absorbent layer is located between the transparent support and the liquid film. In all cases, the absorption of the radiation generates a vapor bubble that causes the emission of a micro drop or a micro cub that is deposited on the surface of the receiving substrate and forms a micro drop on it.
- Biotechnology constitutes an alternative method to liquid handling devices, such as pipettes, robotic liquid dispensers, spotting devices, etc., which allows the processing of small sample volumes to be reduced.
- LIFT has been the option for laser printing of fragile dissolved or suspended materials.
- the arrangement of the liquid to be transferred in the form of a thin film is essential.
- the portion of liquid that is transferred is determined by the lateral dimensions of the laser beam, and by the thickness of the liquid layer between the region in which the bubble is generated and the free surface of the liquid, which is facing the surface of the receiving substrate.
- the only way to satisfy both requirements is to prepare the liquid in the form of a thin film on a support transparent to laser radiation. In this way, the laser radiation passes through the transparent support and is absorbed on the surface of the material adjacent to this support. Once the radiation is absorbed, a bubble is generated that drives a portion of the liquid between the bubble and the free surface of the liquid towards the receiving substrate to be printed.
- Some of the disadvantages associated with the preparation of the liquid film are the difficulty of obtaining a uniform thickness and the reproducibility in the preparation process: the liquid films tend to shrink, even if the surface tension is low, and the evaporation is significant due to to its great surface-volume ratio.
- the present invention makes possible the printing of uniform and well-defined drops, with high reproducibility, allowing printing from the same position of the liquid as many times as necessary without reducing the reproducibility.
- the new technique for laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, Ia Laser radiation does not require the prior preparation of any film: the liquid is directly printed from the container that contains it.
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for direct laser printing of dissolved or suspended materials in transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, laser radiation on a receiving substrate, and the method for direct laser printing.
- Materials include both inorganic and organic materials, as well as living cells and
- the apparatus comprises at least means for the production of a laser pulse, having a source of laser radiation and optical means to strongly focus the laser beam.
- the apparatus also comprises a support containing a transparent liquid to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation with the material to be printed dissolved or suspended.
- the support of the transparent liquid a, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation is a container.
- the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed is positioned such that the receiving substrate is not in contact with the liquid; This surface of the receiving substrate is located in parallel and facing a portion of the free surface of the liquid. Between this free surface and the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed there is a separation. To obtain the printed motif, the material to be printed is transferred when a portion of the liquid is driven from the liquid contained in the container to the receiving substrate.
- the optical means focus the laser beam at a point located within the liquid at a short distance from the surface corresponding to the portion of the free surface of the liquid and away from any wall of the liquid container. This point is, in fact, a tiny volume, the focal volume.
- the means for producing the laser beam of the device according to the invention are configured in such a way that the emission and focusing conditions of the laser beam induce the absorption of the energy of the laser pulse mainly in the focal volume. For this localized absorption of the laser pulse to take place, a strong focus of the laser beam is required. If the laser beam is strongly focused, its intensity (energy per unit area and time unit) increases rapidly in depth, being maximum in the focal volume, and the higher the intensity, the greater the laser energy absorbed per unit volume . The energy absorbed from the laser pulse in the focal volume must be sufficient to exceed the threshold of energy density for the generation of a bubble. In these
- the bubble is generated only in the focal volume, and not in the rest of the path of the laser beam inside the liquid, because in this path the section of the beam is greater and the intensity less.
- the appropriate printing conditions depend on the type of liquid, the material to be printed and the laser radiation, as well as environmental factors. Once these conditions have been determined, the means for Ia
- Laser beam production can be adjusted to operate in such a way that high energy absorption occurs in a very small volume around the focal point located within the liquid at a shallow depth.
- Non-linear absorption can be achieved by using short laser pulses in addition to strong focusing.
- the small portion of liquid driven is part of the liquid that is in a container, and not in a thin film; consequently, the process can be repeated as many times as necessary, by affecting the laser pulse in the same position, thanks to the fact that the portion of liquid transferred is spontaneously restored after each laser pulse.
- a first aspect of the invention is the device for laser printing according to independent claim 1 and is included in this description by reference. All embodiments of the device according to dependent claims 2 to 9 are also included by reference in this description.
- a second aspect of the invention is the laser printing method according to independent claim 10 and is included in this description by reference. All embodiments of the method according to dependent claims 11 to 20 are also included by reference in this description.
- Figure 1a shows the scheme of an embodiment of a
- LIFT device where the laser radiation is absorbed on the surface of a film of an absorbent material, as has been considered in the prior art.
- the support of the film is transparent to laser radiation.
- Figure 1b shows the scheme of an embodiment of a
- LIFT device where the laser radiation is absorbed on the surface of an absorbent layer to transfer the material of a transparent film to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation, as it has been considered in the prior art state.
- the support of the absorbent layer is transparent to the laser radiation.
- Figures 2a and 2b show the scheme of two laser beams, with and without focusing.
- Figure 3a shows the scheme of a container containing a transparent liquid, and a laser beam strongly focused and incident on the liquid under the conditions of the present invention.
- Figure 3b shows the scheme of a first embodiment of the invention where the transparent receiver to be printed is located on a liquid container containing a transparent liquid to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation.
- a laser beam passes through the receiver and affects the portion of the free surface of the liquid, being strongly focused within the liquid at a shallow point.
- Figure 3c shows the scheme of the first embodiment comprising an additional viewing camera that focuses on the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed.
- Figure 4 shows the scheme of a second embodiment of the invention where the liquid container is transparent and the laser beam strikes the liquid from the base of the liquid container.
- the laser beam is strongly focused at a point close to the portion of the free surface of the liquid.
- Figures 5 and 6 show the diagrams of a third and a fourth embodiment of the invention where the portion of the free surface of the liquid close to the focal volume of the laser beam is in a hole in the base of the transparent liquid container a, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation.
- Figure 7 shows the scheme of a fifth embodiment of the invention where the laser beam is divided into two laser beams that are focused on the same focal volume in order to obtain a very strong focus.
- Figure 8 shows a "microarray" printed on a receiving substrate using different depths of the focal volume within the liquid under certain conditions of the laser beam and for a given material.
- Figures 9, 10 and 11 show different "microarrays" printed on receiving substrates under certain conditions of the laser beam and for certain materials.
- FIG. 1a shows the scheme of an experimental device of the LIFT to transfer an absorbing material of the laser radiation as it has been considered in the prior art prior art.
- a laser beam (B) produced by means for the production of a laser beam (3) strikes a surface of a thin film of a material (M) through its transparent support (S), and is absorbed in a portion (A) of this surface, causing the ejection of material (5), which is deposited on a receiving substrate (4).
- the arrows indicate the joint displacement of the system formed by the transparent support (S) coated with the thin film of material (M) and the receiving substrate (4).
- Figure 1b shows the scheme of an experimental LIFT device for transferring a transparent material to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation as it has been considered in the prior art.
- a laser beam (B) produced by means for the production of a laser beam (3) strikes the surface of an absorbent layer (L) through its transparent support (S), and is absorbed in a portion (A) of the absorbent layer (L). This results in the ejection of a portion of a thin film of material (M), a thin film that covers the absorbent layer (L).
- the ejected material (5) is deposited on the receiving substrate (4).
- the arrows indicate the joint displacement of the system formed by the transparent support (S) coated with the layer (L) plus the thin film of material (M) and the receiving substrate (4).
- Figures 2a and 2b show diagrams of two configurations of a laser beam (B) in order to help understand the operation of the invention.
- the laser beam (B) is strongly focused as shown in Figure 3a, so that the intensity of the beam is low when the laser beam (B) affects the surface (highlighted by means of a thick dashed line) , but it is high in the tiny focal volume (A). If this intensity is sufficiently high, the energy absorbed per unit volume reaches the threshold necessary to generate a bubble in the liquid (2). In this case, the threshold is reached in the focal volume (A) under the surface, and not in the surface as in the prior art.
- the threshold of the energy absorbed per unit volume to generate a bubble depends on parameters such as the wavelength and the duration of the laser pulse (B), the composition of the liquid (2) or the temperature, among others.
- the bubble generated in the focal volume (A) projects a portion of liquid (2), which is the portion of liquid (2) located between the bubble and the portion of the free surface of the liquid (2).
- the liquid projection (2) can be originated either directly by the impulsion provided by the expansion of the bubble, or by means of the liquid jet (2) resulting from the processes of expansion and collapse of the bubble.
- Figure 3b shows the diagram of an embodiment where the laser beam (B) is focused on the liquid (2) in a tiny focal volume (A) located at a depth d from the portion of the free surface of the liquid.
- the laser beam (B) is strongly focused in order to produce the high energy absorption within the liquid (2) and not on the free surface, of according to the conditions described for Figure 3a.
- the means of production of the laser beam (3) have a source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) and optical means (3.2) to strongly focus the laser beam (B). If a laser beam expander is placed between the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) for the emission of the laser beam (B) and the optical means (3.2) to focus the laser beam (B) a greater focus is achieved.
- the printing technique of the present invention is an apparatus according to claim 1 and operating according to the method of Ia
- claim 10 which acts on a liquid (2) transparent to, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation by means of a strongly focused laser beam (B), such that a high energy absorption in the focal volume ( A) inside the liquid.
- the laser beam (B) comes from the source (3.1) of the laser beam and is strongly focused by the optical means (3.2) below the free surface portion of the liquid (2), at a small depth d, schematically in Figure 3b.
- the high energy absorption in the subsurface occurs under conditions of strong focusing but this effect can be highly favored if the energy absorption occurs under non-linear conditions that can be achieved, for example, by the use of short laser pulses combined with the strong focusing.
- the high energy absorption located in the focal volume (A) leads to the ejection of a portion of liquid (2): in this case, the layer of liquid (2) of thickness d adjacent to the free surface portion of the liquid plays a role similar to that of the liquid film in the prior art state of the LIFT.
- the material is projected backwards, and the receiving substrate (4) is located above the free surface portion of the liquid (2).
- the receiving substrate (4) to be printed must be transparent to laser radiation, which is usually the case in many applications, such as the manufacture of biosensors.
- the ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the receiving substrate (4) placed parallel to and near, but not in contact with, the free surface portion of the liquid (2), and forms a micro drop of the printed material (5) .
- the fastening means (not shown in the figures) of the receiving substrate (4) are such that the separation between the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) can be precisely controlled.
- the writing of the motifs of the printed material (5) takes place by means of the displacement of the receiving substrate (4) with respect to the laser beam (B), the container (1) of the stationary liquid being maintained during the printing process.
- This displacement of the receiving substrate (4) can be controlled by computer, and in this case the displacement must be synchronized with the firing of the laser pulses of the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B).
- the deposit of material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) can be controlled in situ by means of a CCD camera (6) located above the optical means (3.2). Between the CCD camera (6) and the optical means, a reflector and transmitter mirror (7) must be inserted to deflect the laser beam (B) generated by the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B).
- the in-situ control allows adjusting the depth d of the focal volume (A) for which the adequate morphology of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) is obtained.
- Figure 4 shows a second embodiment where the liquid container (1) is transparent.
- the means of production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam (B) crosses the wall of the base of the liquid container (1) and focuses on a tiny focal volume (A) near the free surface portion of the liquid (2).
- the energy of the laser pulse is highly absorbed near this free surface portion leading to the ejection of a portion of liquid (2) that is deposited on the receiving substrate (4) placed parallel to and near, but not in contact with, Ia free surface portion of the liquid (2), and forms a micro drop of printed material (5).
- the fastening means (not shown in the figures) of the receiving substrate (4) are such that the separation between the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) can be precisely controlled.
- This embodiment is applicable to receiving substrates (4) both transparent as not transparent because the laser beam (B) does not pass through the receiving substrate (4).
- the material deposit (5) can be controlled in situ by means of a CCD camera (6) coupled to a microscope objective (8) located above the receiving substrate ( 4).
- the in-situ control allows the adjustment of the depth d of the focal volume (A) for which the adequate morphology of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) is obtained.
- Figure 5 shows a third embodiment similar to those
- the means of production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam (B) penetrates the liquid through the small hole (1.1).
- the receiving substrate (4) is placed near the base of the container (1) of the liquid.
- the laser beam (B) crosses the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) in the hole (1.1), and is focused on the focal volume (A) above this free surface portion.
- the ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the upper surface of the receiving substrate (4) and forms the printed material (5).
- Figure 6 shows a fourth embodiment where the liquid container (1) has a small hole (1.1) at its base similar to that of the previous embodiment, but with a configuration equivalent to that of the second embodiment schematized in Ia Figure 4.
- Production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam strikes the upper free surface of the liquid (2), and the receiving substrate (4) is placed under the container (1) of the liquid and near the base of this container (1) of liquid.
- the laser beam (B) passes through the liquid (2) and is focused above the free surface portion of the liquid (2) in the hole (1.1).
- the ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the upper surface of the receiving substrate (4) and forms the printed material (5).
- Figure 7 shows a fifth embodiment where a laser beam (B) generated by a source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) is divided into two laser beams (B.1 and B.2) by means of a divider of laser beam (3.3), and these two laser beams (B.1 and B.2) are reflected by two mirrors (3.4) and focused
- the first experiment has been carried out in accordance with the first embodiment outlined in Figure 3c, and using a diode laser pumped by diodes (1025 nm wavelength, 450 fs pulse duration, 1 kHz frequency repetition) as a laser source (3.1).
- the laser beam from this source (3.1) has been focused by means of optical means (3.2) and also using a mirror (7).
- the optical means (3.2) have included a microscope objective with a long working distance of 1 cm.
- the receiving substrate (4) used has been a slide of
- the liquid container (1) has been a 100 ⁇ L cylindrical plastic container, held in an independent z-positioner.
- microarray has been prepared by varying the depth of focus d within the liquid (2) by means of the upward movement of the container (1).
- the initial separation between the free surface of the liquid (2) and The receiving substrate (4) to be printed has been around 500 ⁇ m, and the laser pulse energy of 2 ⁇ J.
- a CCD camera (6) focused on the surface of the receiving substrate (4) has allowed observing the deposited material (5) and controlling the optimum depth d.
- the result of the experiment is shown in Figure 8. Each row of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) corresponds to a different depth d.
- the quantity and morphology of the deposited material (5) depends on the relative position of the focal volume (A) with respect to the free surface of the liquid (2). For depths of up to 35 ⁇ m, irregular and misaligned microdrops are obtained, with several satellites. These morphologies are unacceptable for printing applications. However, for a range of 10 ⁇ m deep around 40 ⁇ m, the deposit of well-defined, circular, uniform and satellite-free microdroplets is achieved. This morphology is suitable for printing applications. This
- the experiment not only proves the feasibility of the invention for direct laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation, but also illustrates the importance of focusing strongly on the proper position within the liquid at shallow depth.
- the reproducibility of the technique for printing microdrops is demonstrated by means of the preparation of a large "microarray" (15 rows by 50 columns) under the conditions described above for which circular microdroplets are obtained.
- the "microarray” is shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that all the microdroplets are uniform, with a well-defined circular contour, and have a diameter of about 40 ⁇ m.
- Such high reproducibility demonstrates that the technique allows to overcome the inconveniences associated with the lack of uniformity and stability of the liquid layer inherent in the LIFT.
- the fourth experiment has been carried out in accordance with the second embodiment outlined in Figure 4, and using a diode laser pumped by diodes (1025 nm wavelength, 450 fs pulse duration, 1 kHz frequency repetition) as a laser source (3.1).
- the laser radiation from this source (3.1) has been focused by optical means (3.2) through a container (1) of transparent liquid, which has consisted of a 100 ⁇ L plastic cylindrical container, supported on a translation positioner z.
- the optical means (3.2) have included a microscope objective that has a long working distance of 1 cm.
- the receiving substrate (4) used has been a commercial microscope glass slide coated with poly-L-lysine, and has been placed on a computer-controlled xyz translation positioner, whose displacement has been synchronized with the firing of the laser pulses .
- the liquid (2) is deposited directly from its container (1) by means of the absorption of the energy of a laser pulse (B) strongly focused on a point within the liquid near the surface.
- B a laser pulse
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Abstract
Description
Aparato v método para Ia impresión directa con láser Apparatus and method for direct laser printing
El campo de Ia técnica se refiere a Ia impresión directa con láser de líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser sobre un sustrato receptor por medio de pulsos láser focalizados en un punto poco profundo dentro del líquido contenido en un contenedor que evita los inconvenientes relacionados con Ia preparación de una película delgada. The field of the technique refers to the direct laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, the laser radiation on a receiving substrate by means of laser pulses focused at a shallow point within the liquid contained in a container that avoids the drawbacks related to the preparation of a thin film.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
La escritura directa es un método adecuado para Ia realización de motivos micrométricos en aplicaciones que requieren un alto grado de flexibilidad, sin las restricciones que supone el uso de máscaras. El ejemplo más Direct writing is a suitable method for the realization of micrometric patterns in applications that require a high degree of flexibility, without the restrictions of the use of masks. The most example
representativo de una técnica de escritura directa es Ia impresión por inyección de tinta, que permite depositar materiales que han sido puestos previamente en disolución o en suspensión en un líquido: se depositan gotas micrométricas cuando Ia tinta es forzada a atravesar un pequeño orificio. Representative of a direct writing technique is the inkjet printing, which allows depositing materials that have been previously dissolved or suspended in a liquid: micrometric drops are deposited when the ink is forced through a small hole.
No obstante, Ia obstrucción del orificio constituye un factor limitante para Ia impresión por inyección de tinta, especialmente cuando se desea una alta resolución espacial. Las técnicas de impresión con láser han aparecido como alternativas interesantes a Ia impresión por inyección de tinta. Entre ellas, Ia transferencia inducida por láser (LIFT, del inglés Láser Induced Forward Transfer) de líquidos ha recibido una atención especial. En Ia LIFT se depositan microgotas a través de Ia transferencia de líquido desde una película emisora, situada sobre un soporte transparente, hacia un sustrato receptor mediante el uso de un pulso láser. En este caso no se requiere orificio que limite las dimensiones de las microgotas: las dimensiones son determinadas por el diámetro del haz láser, y por el espesor de Ia película, típicamente de unas mieras. En el caso de Ia LIFT, el pulso láser se focaliza con el objetivo de limitar las dimensiones de las microgotas, y es absorbido justamente en Ia superficie de Ia película. However, the obstruction of the hole constitutes a limiting factor for inkjet printing, especially when a high spatial resolution is desired. Laser printing techniques have appeared as interesting alternatives to inkjet printing. Among them, the laser-induced transfer (LIFT, of the English Laser Induced Forward Transfer) of liquids has received special attention. In the LIFT microdrops are deposited through the transfer of liquid from a emitting film, located on a transparent support, to a receiving substrate through the use of a laser pulse. In this case no hole is required that limits the dimensions of the microdroplets: the dimensions are determined by the diameter of the laser beam, and by the thickness of the film, typically of a few microns. In the case of LIFT, the laser pulse is focused in order to limit the dimensions of the microdroplets, and is absorbed precisely on the surface of the film.
Los primeros desarrollos de las técnicas LIFT centraron sus aplicaciones en Ia microelectrónica, y los materiales a imprimir eran sólidos, principalmente metales, que absorben Ia radiación láser. Las patentes US 3560258 y US 4970196 se refieren a Ia realización de motivos por depósito de material con láser desde una película delgada hacia un sustrato receptor. En esta última patente Ia escritura directa mediante láser se consigue atacando Ia película delgada de material con un pulso láser proveniente de Ia fuente de radiación láser pulsada, causando el arranque selectivo de material fuera del soporte ópticamente transparente y depositándolo sobre Ia superficie del sustrato receptor. The first developments of the LIFT techniques focused their applications on microelectronics, and the materials to be printed were solids, mainly metals, which absorb laser radiation. Patents US 3560258 and US 4970196 refer to the realization of motives for depositing material with laser from a thin film to a receiving substrate. In this last patent, direct laser writing is achieved by attacking the thin film of material with a laser pulse from the source of pulsed laser radiation, causing selective removal of material out of the optically transparent support and depositing it on the surface of the receiving substrate.
En un desarrollo posterior se consideró el depósito de materiales no absorbentes de Ia radiación láser. En esta aplicación, una capa delgada absorbente se intercala entre Ia película delgada del material a depositar y el soporte transparente, como se detalla en Ia patente US 4752455. El pulso láser es dirigido a través del soporte transparente a Ia capa absorbente con suficiente energía para vaporizar rápidamente una porción de Ia capa absorbente. El material de Ia película delgada es eyectado por Ia impulsión debida a Ia vaporización de Ia capa y Ia reacción de Ia misma contra el soporte transparente, y depositado sobre Ia superficie del sustrato receptor. In a later development the deposit of non-absorbent materials of the laser radiation was considered. In this application, a thin absorbent layer is sandwiched between the thin film of the material to be deposited and the transparent support, as detailed in US Patent 4752455. The laser pulse is directed through the transparent support to the absorbent layer with sufficient energy to Quickly vaporize a portion of the absorbent layer. The material of the thin film is ejected by the impulse due to the vaporization of the layer and the reaction thereof against the transparent support, and deposited on the surface of the receiving substrate.
Las siguientes mejoras se centraron en Ia sustitución de las dos capas (Ia capa absorbente y Ia película delgada del material a depositar) por una única película formada por un material que actuaba de matriz con partículas del material a depositar embebidas en Ia matriz. La energía del pulso láser no es absorbida por las partículas embebidas sino por Ia matriz que las rodea. Las patentes US 6177151 y US 6766764 son buenos ejemplos de esta solución técnica. The following improvements focused on the replacement of the two layers (the absorbent layer and the thin film of the material to be deposited) by a single film formed by a material that acted as a matrix with particles of the material to be deposited embedded in the matrix. The energy of the laser pulse is not absorbed by the embedded particles but by the surrounding matrix. US 6177151 and US 6766764 are good examples of this technical solution.
Finalmente, para el depósito de materiales frágiles Ia técnica LIFT se aplicó a Ia transferencia de líquidos, como se detalla en Ia patente US 6805918. En este caso, Ia película delgada es una película líquida que contiene el material a depositar disuelto o en suspensión en el líquido. En muchas aplicaciones, como en Ia impresión de biomoléculas o de células vivas, Ia disolución o suspensión es transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser. En este caso, se usa una capa delgada absorbente sólida para absorber Ia radiación. Esta capa delgada absorbente está situada entre el soporte transparente y Ia película líquida. En todos los casos Ia absorción de Ia radiación genera una burbuja de vapor que provoca Ia emisión de una microgota o un microchorro que se deposita sobre Ia superficie del sustrato receptor y forma sobre ésta una microgota. Otra técnica para Ia impresión con láser de materiales se describió por primera vez en Ia patente EP 2738. En esta técnica Ia radiación láser incide directamente sobre Ia superficie del material a imprimir y se absorbe en ella, produciendo Ia vaporización de una pequeña porción de este material que es emitida hacia atrás (en contraste con Ia LIFT, donde el material es emitido hacia adelante), y depositada por recondensación sobre el sustrato receptor, situado por encima de Ia superficie donde ocurre Ia absorción de Ia radiación láser. Como el haz láser atraviesa el sustrato receptor, este sustrato debe ser transparente a Ia radiación láser. Esta técnica se ha aplicado a Ia impresión de materiales inorgánicos sólidos, pero no es adecuada para materiales frágiles disueltos o en suspensión, ya que estos materiales se Finally, for the deposit of fragile materials, the LIFT technique was applied to the transfer of liquids, as detailed in the US patent 6805918. In this case, the thin film is a liquid film that contains the material to be deposited dissolved or suspended in the liquid In many applications, as in the printing of biomolecules or living cells, the solution or suspension is transparent to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation. In this case, a thin solid absorbent layer is used to absorb the radiation. This thin absorbent layer is located between the transparent support and the liquid film. In all cases, the absorption of the radiation generates a vapor bubble that causes the emission of a micro drop or a micro cub that is deposited on the surface of the receiving substrate and forms a micro drop on it. Another technique for laser printing of materials was described for the first time in patent EP 2738. In this technique the laser radiation directly affects the surface of the material to be printed and is absorbed therein, producing the vaporization of a small portion of this material that is emitted backwards (in contrast to the LIFT, where the material is emitted forward), and deposited by condensation on the receiving substrate, located above the surface where the absorption of the laser radiation occurs. As the laser beam passes through the receiving substrate, this substrate must be transparent to the laser radiation. This technique has been applied to the printing of solid inorganic materials, but it is not suitable for fragile dissolved or suspended materials, since these materials are
descompondrían irreversiblemente durante Ia vaporización. Una revisión genérica de las técnicas de escritura directa se presenta en K.K.B. Hon et al., "Direct writing technology", Advances and developments. CIRP Annals - Manufacturinα Technology 2008, vol. 57, pp. 601-620; y una revisión más directamente relacionada con el campo de Ia invención se presenta en CB. Arnold et al., "Láser direct-write techniques for printing complex materials", MRS Bulletin 2007, vol. 32, pp. 23-31. would irreversibly decompose during vaporization. A generic review of direct writing techniques is presented in K.K.B. Hon et al., "Direct writing technology", Advances and developments. CIRP Annals - Manufacturinα Technology 2008, vol. 57, pp. 601-620; and a review more directly related to the field of the invention is presented in CB. Arnold et al., "Laser direct-write techniques for printing complex materials", MRS Bulletin 2007, vol. 32, pp. 23-31.
La patente US7438859 describe un método y un aparato para el depósito de muestras mediante impulsión con láser. La patente se centra en Ia US7438859 describes a method and an apparatus for depositing samples by means of laser impulsion. The patent focuses on Ia
manipulación de muestras de material en diversos campos, como Ia proteómica automatizada, Ia genómica, y otro tipo de investigación manipulation of material samples in various fields, such as automated proteomics, genomics, and other research
biotecnológica. La invención constituye un método alternativo a los aparatos de manipulación de líquidos, como pipetas, dispensadores de líquidos robotizados, dispositivos de "spotting", etc., el cual permite reducir el procesado de pequeños volúmenes de muestra. Biotechnology The invention constitutes an alternative method to liquid handling devices, such as pipettes, robotic liquid dispensers, spotting devices, etc., which allows the processing of small sample volumes to be reduced.
En el estado de Ia técnica, por tanto, Ia LIFT ha sido Ia opción para Ia impresión con láser de materiales frágiles disueltos o en suspensión. En este caso, Ia disposición del líquido a transferir en forma de película delgada es esencial. La porción de líquido que se transfiere es determinada por las dimensiones laterales del haz láser, y por el espesor de Ia capa líquida existente entre Ia región en que Ia burbuja se genera y Ia superficie libre del líquido, Ia cual se encuentra encarada a Ia superficie del sustrato receptor. Como esta porción debe ser pequeña, y como en todos los casos se supone que Ia burbuja se genera en Ia superficie del líquido distinta de Ia superficie libre, Ia única manera de satisfacer ambos requisitos es preparar el líquido en forma de película delgada sobre un soporte transparente a Ia radiación láser. De esta manera Ia radiación láser atraviesa el soporte transparente y se absorbe en Ia superficie del material adyacente a este soporte. Una vez Ia radiación es absorbida, se genera una burbuja que impulsa una porción del líquido existente entre Ia burbuja y Ia superficie libre del líquido hacia el sustrato receptor a imprimir. In the state of the art, therefore, LIFT has been the option for laser printing of fragile dissolved or suspended materials. In this case, the arrangement of the liquid to be transferred in the form of a thin film is essential. The portion of liquid that is transferred is determined by the lateral dimensions of the laser beam, and by the thickness of the liquid layer between the region in which the bubble is generated and the free surface of the liquid, which is facing the surface of the receiving substrate. As this portion must be small, and as in all cases it is assumed that the bubble is generated on the surface of the liquid other than the free surface, the only way to satisfy both requirements is to prepare the liquid in the form of a thin film on a support transparent to laser radiation. In this way, the laser radiation passes through the transparent support and is absorbed on the surface of the material adjacent to this support. Once the radiation is absorbed, a bubble is generated that drives a portion of the liquid between the bubble and the free surface of the liquid towards the receiving substrate to be printed.
Algunos de los inconvenientes asociados con Ia preparación de Ia película líquida son Ia dificultad de obtener un espesor uniforme y Ia reproducibilidad en el proceso de preparación: las películas líquidas tienden a encoger, incluso si Ia tensión superficial es baja, y Ia evaporación es significativa debido a su gran relación superficie-volumen. Some of the disadvantages associated with the preparation of the liquid film are the difficulty of obtaining a uniform thickness and the reproducibility in the preparation process: the liquid films tend to shrink, even if the surface tension is low, and the evaporation is significant due to to its great surface-volume ratio.
Además, Ia preparación de Ia película líquida requiere buena mojabilidad, Io que se consigue normalmente a través de Ia adición de tensoactivos; no obstante, esto es perjudicial para el depósito de microgotas con diámetros muy pequeños sobre el sustrato receptor. Finalmente, se tiene que In addition, the preparation of the liquid film requires good wettability, which is normally achieved through the addition of surfactants; however, this is harmful for the deposit of microdroplets with very small diameters on the receiving substrate. Finally, you have to
considerar que Ia preparación de Ia película constituye un paso adicional en todo el proceso de impresión, que no solamente compromete Ia flexibilidad de Ia técnica, sino que también incrementa el riesgo de contaminación. El problema que se plantea a partir del estado de Ia técnica anterior se puede formular entonces como de qué forma se puede establecer una técnica que permita Ia impresión con láser de líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser sin requerir Ia previa preparación de una película líquida y sin que exista limitación en el número de veces que el proceso de impresión se puede realizar haciendo incidir el pulso láser en Ia misma posición del líquido. Consider that the preparation of the film constitutes an additional step in the entire printing process, which not only compromises the flexibility of the technique, but also increases the risk of contamination. The problem that arises from the state of the prior art can then be formulated as to how a technique can be established that allows laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, laser radiation without requiring prior preparation. of a liquid film and without any limitation in the number of times the printing process can be performed by affecting the laser pulse in the same position of the liquid.
La presente invención hace posible Ia impresión de gotas uniformes y bien definidas, con una alta reproducibilidad, permitiendo Ia impresión desde Ia misma posición del líquido tantas veces como sea necesario sin reducir Ia reproducibilidad. En Ia presente invención, Ia nueva técnica para Ia impresión con láser de líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser no requiere Ia previa preparación de ninguna película: el líquido es directamente imprimido desde el contenedor que Io contiene. The present invention makes possible the printing of uniform and well-defined drops, with high reproducibility, allowing printing from the same position of the liquid as many times as necessary without reducing the reproducibility. In the present invention, the new technique for laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, Ia Laser radiation does not require the prior preparation of any film: the liquid is directly printed from the container that contains it.
EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN EXPLANATION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a un aparato para Ia impresión directa con láser de materiales disueltos o en suspensión en líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser sobre un sustrato receptor, y al método para Ia impresión directa con láser. Los materiales incluyen tanto materiales inorgánicos como orgánicos, así como células vivas y The present invention relates to an apparatus for direct laser printing of dissolved or suspended materials in transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbent, laser radiation on a receiving substrate, and the method for direct laser printing. Materials include both inorganic and organic materials, as well as living cells and
microorganismos. microorganisms
El aparato comprende como mínimo medios para Ia producción de un pulso láser, disponiendo de una fuente de radiación láser y medios ópticos para focalizar fuertemente el haz láser. El aparato también comprende un soporte que contiene un líquido transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser con el material a imprimir disuelto o en suspensión. El soporte del líquido transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser es un contenedor. The apparatus comprises at least means for the production of a laser pulse, having a source of laser radiation and optical means to strongly focus the laser beam. The apparatus also comprises a support containing a transparent liquid to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation with the material to be printed dissolved or suspended. The support of the transparent liquid a, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation is a container.
La superficie del sustrato receptor a imprimir está posicionada de tal forma que el sustrato receptor no está en contacto con el líquido; esta superficie del sustrato receptor está situada paralelamente y encarada a una porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido. Entre esta superficie libre y Ia superficie del sustrato receptor a imprimir existe una separación. Para Ia obtención del motivo impreso, el material a imprimir es transferido cuando una porción del líquido es impulsada desde el líquido contenido en el contenedor hacia el sustrato receptor. Los medios ópticos focalizan el haz láser en un punto situado dentro del líquido a corta distancia de Ia superficie correspondiente a Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido y lejos de cualquier pared del contenedor de líquido. Este punto es, de hecho, un volumen minúsculo, el volumen focal. Entre este volumen focal y Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido se encuentra una porción de líquido que es Ia porción de material a impulsar hacia Ia superficie del sustrato receptor a imprimir encarada a Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido. Los medios para Ia producción del haz láser del dispositivo de acuerdo con Ia invención están configurados de tal manera que las condiciones de emisión y focalización del haz láser inducen Ia absorción de Ia energía del pulso láser principalmente en el volumen focal. Para que tenga lugar esta absorción localizada del pulso láser se requiere una fuerte focalización del haz láser. Si el haz láser está fuertemente focalizado, su intensidad (energía por unidad de área y unidad de tiempo) aumenta rápidamente en profundidad, siendo máxima en el volumen focal, y cuanto mayor es Ia intensidad, mayor es Ia energía láser absorbida por unidad de volumen. La energía absorbida del pulso láser en el volumen focal debe ser suficiente para superar el umbral de densidad de energía para Ia generación de una burbuja. En estas The surface of the receiving substrate to be printed is positioned such that the receiving substrate is not in contact with the liquid; This surface of the receiving substrate is located in parallel and facing a portion of the free surface of the liquid. Between this free surface and the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed there is a separation. To obtain the printed motif, the material to be printed is transferred when a portion of the liquid is driven from the liquid contained in the container to the receiving substrate. The optical means focus the laser beam at a point located within the liquid at a short distance from the surface corresponding to the portion of the free surface of the liquid and away from any wall of the liquid container. This point is, in fact, a tiny volume, the focal volume. Between this focal volume and the portion of the free surface of the liquid is a portion of liquid that is the portion of material to be propelled towards the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed facing the portion of the free surface of the liquid. The means for producing the laser beam of the device according to the invention are configured in such a way that the emission and focusing conditions of the laser beam induce the absorption of the energy of the laser pulse mainly in the focal volume. For this localized absorption of the laser pulse to take place, a strong focus of the laser beam is required. If the laser beam is strongly focused, its intensity (energy per unit area and time unit) increases rapidly in depth, being maximum in the focal volume, and the higher the intensity, the greater the laser energy absorbed per unit volume . The energy absorbed from the laser pulse in the focal volume must be sufficient to exceed the threshold of energy density for the generation of a bubble. In these
condiciones, Ia burbuja es generada sólo en el volumen focal, y no en el resto del trayecto del haz láser en el interior del líquido, pues en este trayecto Ia sección del haz es mayor y Ia intensidad menor. conditions, the bubble is generated only in the focal volume, and not in the rest of the path of the laser beam inside the liquid, because in this path the section of the beam is greater and the intensity less.
A Io largo del documento, cuando se mencione "fuerte focalización" se debe interpretar que Ia alta absorción de energía se produce en el volumen focal dentro del líquido, y no en el resto del trayecto del haz láser en el líquido, entendiéndose por "alta absorción de energía" aquélla para Ia cual Ia energía absorbida es suficientemente elevada para superar el umbral de densidad de energía para Ia generación de una burbuja de vapor en el interior del líquido. La burbuja generada causa Ia impulsión de Ia porción de líquido situada entre el volumen focal y Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido. Esta porción de líquido es impulsada hacia Ia superficie del sustrato receptor a imprimir. Para que esta porción de líquido sea muy pequeña, se requiere que el punto focal sea muy poco profundo. Throughout the document, when "strong focusing" is mentioned, it should be interpreted that the high energy absorption occurs in the focal volume within the liquid, and not in the rest of the path of the laser beam in the liquid, meaning "high energy absorption "that for which the energy absorbed is sufficiently high to exceed the threshold of energy density for the generation of a vapor bubble inside the liquid. The generated bubble causes the discharge of the portion of liquid located between the focal volume and the portion of the free surface of the liquid. This portion of liquid is propelled towards the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed. For this portion of liquid to be very small, the focal point is required to be very shallow.
Las condiciones de impresión adecuadas dependen del tipo de líquido, del material a imprimir y de Ia radiación láser, así como de factores ambientales. Una vez se han determinado estas condiciones, los medios para Ia The appropriate printing conditions depend on the type of liquid, the material to be printed and the laser radiation, as well as environmental factors. Once these conditions have been determined, the means for Ia
producción del haz láser pueden ser ajustados para operar de tal forma que Ia alta absorción de energía se produzca en un volumen muy pequeño alrededor del punto focal situado dentro del líquido a poca profundidad. Laser beam production can be adjusted to operate in such a way that high energy absorption occurs in a very small volume around the focal point located within the liquid at a shallow depth.
La generación de un volumen de absorción muy pequeño, entendido éste como el volumen donde tiene lugar Ia alta absorción de energía, es favorecida si Ia absorción de energía se produce de forma no-lineal. Se puede conseguir Ia absorción no-lineal mediante el uso de pulsos láser cortos adicionalmente a Ia fuerte focalización. La pequeña porción de líquido impulsada es parte del líquido que se encuentra en un contenedor, y no en una película delgada; en consecuencia, el proceso puede ser repetido tantas veces como sea necesario, haciendo incidir el pulso láser en Ia misma posición, gracias a que Ia porción de líquido transferida es espontáneamente restituida después de cada pulso láser. The generation of a very small absorption volume, understood as the volume where the high energy absorption takes place, is favored if the energy absorption occurs non-linearly. Non-linear absorption can be achieved by using short laser pulses in addition to strong focusing. The small portion of liquid driven is part of the liquid that is in a container, and not in a thin film; consequently, the process can be repeated as many times as necessary, by affecting the laser pulse in the same position, thanks to the fact that the portion of liquid transferred is spontaneously restored after each laser pulse.
Un primer aspecto de Ia invención es el dispositivo para Ia impresión con láser de acuerdo con Ia reivindicación independiente 1 y se incluye en esta descripción por referencia. Todos los modos de realización del dispositivo de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones dependientes 2 a 9 también se incluyen por referencia en esta descripción. A first aspect of the invention is the device for laser printing according to independent claim 1 and is included in this description by reference. All embodiments of the device according to dependent claims 2 to 9 are also included by reference in this description.
Un segundo aspecto de Ia invención es el método de impresión con láser de acuerdo con Ia reivindicación independiente 10 y se incluye en esta descripción por referencia. Todos los modos de realización del método de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones dependientes 11 a 20 también se incluyen por referencia en esta descripción. A second aspect of the invention is the laser printing method according to independent claim 10 and is included in this description by reference. All embodiments of the method according to dependent claims 11 to 20 are also included by reference in this description.
El dispositivo y el método de Ia invención se describen en detalle más adelante en Ia descripción detallada de los modos de realización. The device and the method of the invention are described in detail later in the detailed description of the embodiments.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
La Figura 1a muestra el esquema de un modo de realización de un Figure 1a shows the scheme of an embodiment of a
dispositivo de LIFT donde Ia radiación láser es absorbida en Ia superficie de una película de un material absorbente, tal como ha sido considerado en el estado de Ia técnica anterior. El soporte de Ia película es transparente a Ia radiación láser. LIFT device where the laser radiation is absorbed on the surface of a film of an absorbent material, as has been considered in the prior art. The support of the film is transparent to laser radiation.
La Figura 1 b muestra el esquema de un modo de realización de un Figure 1b shows the scheme of an embodiment of a
dispositivo de LIFT donde Ia radiación láser es absorbida en Ia superficie de una capa absorbente para transferir el material de una película transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser, tal como ha sido considerado en el estado de Ia técnica anterior. El soporte de Ia capa absorbente es transparente a Ia radiación láser. LIFT device where the laser radiation is absorbed on the surface of an absorbent layer to transfer the material of a transparent film to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation, as it has been considered in the prior art state. The support of the absorbent layer is transparent to the laser radiation.
Las Figuras 2a y 2b muestran el esquema de dos haces láser, sin y con focalización. Figures 2a and 2b show the scheme of two laser beams, with and without focusing.
La Figura 3a muestra el esquema de un contenedor que contiene un líquido transparente, y un haz láser fuertemente focalizado e incidente en el líquido bajo las condiciones de Ia presente invención. Figure 3a shows the scheme of a container containing a transparent liquid, and a laser beam strongly focused and incident on the liquid under the conditions of the present invention.
La Figura 3b muestra el esquema de un primer modo de realización de Ia invención donde el receptor transparente a imprimir se encuentra situado sobre un contenedor de líquido que contiene un líquido transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser. Un haz láser atraviesa el receptor e incide sobre Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido, estando fuertemente focalizado dentro del líquido en un punto poco profundo. Figure 3b shows the scheme of a first embodiment of the invention where the transparent receiver to be printed is located on a liquid container containing a transparent liquid to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation. A laser beam passes through the receiver and affects the portion of the free surface of the liquid, being strongly focused within the liquid at a shallow point.
La Figura 3c muestra el esquema del primer modo de realización que comprende una cámara adicional de visionado que enfoca Ia superficie del sustrato receptor a imprimir. Figure 3c shows the scheme of the first embodiment comprising an additional viewing camera that focuses on the surface of the receiving substrate to be printed.
La Figura 4 muestra el esquema de un segundo modo de realización de Ia invención donde el contenedor de líquido es transparente y el haz láser incide sobre el líquido desde Ia base del contenedor de líquido. El haz láser está fuertemente focalizado en un punto próximo a Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido. Figure 4 shows the scheme of a second embodiment of the invention where the liquid container is transparent and the laser beam strikes the liquid from the base of the liquid container. The laser beam is strongly focused at a point close to the portion of the free surface of the liquid.
Las Figuras 5 y 6 muestran los esquemas de un tercer y un cuarto modos de realización de Ia invención donde Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido próxima al volumen focal del haz láser está en un orificio en Ia base del contenedor de líquido transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser. Figures 5 and 6 show the diagrams of a third and a fourth embodiment of the invention where the portion of the free surface of the liquid close to the focal volume of the laser beam is in a hole in the base of the transparent liquid container a, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation.
La Figura 7 muestra el esquema de un quinto modo de realización de Ia invención donde el haz láser está dividido en dos haces láser que son focalizados en el mismo volumen focal con el fin de obtener una muy fuerte focalización. La Figura 8 muestra un "microarray" imprimido sobre un sustrato receptor utilizando diferentes profundidades del volumen focal dentro del líquido bajo determinadas condiciones del haz láser y para un determinado material. Figure 7 shows the scheme of a fifth embodiment of the invention where the laser beam is divided into two laser beams that are focused on the same focal volume in order to obtain a very strong focus. Figure 8 shows a "microarray" printed on a receiving substrate using different depths of the focal volume within the liquid under certain conditions of the laser beam and for a given material.
Las Figuras 9, 10 y 11 muestran diferentes "microarrays" imprimido sobre sustratos receptores bajo determinadas condiciones del haz láser y para determinados materiales. EXPOSICIÓN DETALLADA DE MODOS DE REALIZACIÓN Figures 9, 10 and 11 show different "microarrays" printed on receiving substrates under certain conditions of the laser beam and for certain materials. DETAILED EXHIBITION OF REALIZATION MODES
La Figura 1a muestra el esquema de un dispositivo experimental de Ia LIFT para transferir un material absorbente de Ia radiación del láser tal y como ha sido considerada en el estado de Ia técnica anterior anterior. Un haz láser (B) producido por unos medios para Ia producción de un haz láser (3) incide sobre una superficie de una película delgada de un material (M) a través de su soporte transparente (S), y es absorbido en una porción (A) de esta superficie, originando Ia eyección de material (5), el cual es depositado sobre un sustrato receptor (4). Las flechas indican el desplazamiento solidario del sistema formado por el soporte transparente (S) recubierto con Ia película delgada de material (M) y el sustrato receptor (4). Figure 1a shows the scheme of an experimental device of the LIFT to transfer an absorbing material of the laser radiation as it has been considered in the prior art prior art. A laser beam (B) produced by means for the production of a laser beam (3) strikes a surface of a thin film of a material (M) through its transparent support (S), and is absorbed in a portion (A) of this surface, causing the ejection of material (5), which is deposited on a receiving substrate (4). The arrows indicate the joint displacement of the system formed by the transparent support (S) coated with the thin film of material (M) and the receiving substrate (4).
La Figura 1b muestra el esquema de un dispositivo experimental de Ia LIFT para transferir un material transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación del láser tal y como ha sido considerada en el estado de Ia técnica anterior. Un haz láser (B) producido por unos medios para Ia producción de un haz láser (3) incide sobre Ia superficie de una capa absorbente (L) a través de su soporte transparente (S), y es absorbido en una porción (A) de Ia capa absorbente (L). Esto da lugar a Ia eyección de una porción de una película delgada de material (M), película delgada que recubre Ia capa absorbente (L). El material eyectado (5) es depositado sobre el sustrato receptor (4). Las flechas indican el desplazamiento solidario del sistema formado por el soporte transparente (S) recubierto con Ia capa (L) más Ia película delgada de material (M) y el sustrato receptor (4). Figure 1b shows the scheme of an experimental LIFT device for transferring a transparent material to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation as it has been considered in the prior art. A laser beam (B) produced by means for the production of a laser beam (3) strikes the surface of an absorbent layer (L) through its transparent support (S), and is absorbed in a portion (A) of the absorbent layer (L). This results in the ejection of a portion of a thin film of material (M), a thin film that covers the absorbent layer (L). The ejected material (5) is deposited on the receiving substrate (4). The arrows indicate the joint displacement of the system formed by the transparent support (S) coated with the layer (L) plus the thin film of material (M) and the receiving substrate (4).
Las Figuras 2a y 2b presentan esquemas de dos configuraciones de un haz láser (B) con el fin de ayudar a comprender el funcionamiento de Ia invención. Figures 2a and 2b show diagrams of two configurations of a laser beam (B) in order to help understand the operation of the invention.
Si el haz láser (B) no está focalizado (Figura 2a), el área de cada sección transversal del haz láser es constante, A2=Ai, y por consiguiente Ia intensidad del haz láser (energía por unidad de área y unidad de tiempo) es constante I2=IL If the laser beam (B) is not focused (Figure 2a), the area of each cross section of the laser beam is constant, A 2 = Ai, and therefore the intensity of the laser beam (energy per unit area and time unit ) is constant I 2 = IL
Si el haz láser (B) está focalizado (Figura 2b), el área de su sección transversal decrece al acercarse al punto focal A2<Ai, y por consiguiente Ia intensidad del haz láser aumenta I2=^Ii - If the laser beam (B) is focused (Figure 2b), the area of its cross section decreases when approaching the focal point A 2 <Ai, and therefore the intensity of the laser beam increases I 2 = ^ Ii -
En esta invención el haz láser (B) está fuertemente focalizado como se muestra en Ia Figura 3a, de manera que Ia intensidad del haz es baja cuando el haz láser (B) incide en Ia superficie (destacada por medio de una línea discontinua gruesa), pero es alta en el minúsculo volumen focal (A). Si esta intensidad es suficientemente alta, Ia energía absorbida por unidad de volumen alcanza el umbral necesario para generar una burbuja en el líquido (2). En este caso, el umbral es alcanzado en el volumen focal (A) bajo Ia superficie, y no en Ia superficie como ocurre en el estado de Ia técnica anterior. In this invention the laser beam (B) is strongly focused as shown in Figure 3a, so that the intensity of the beam is low when the laser beam (B) affects the surface (highlighted by means of a thick dashed line) , but it is high in the tiny focal volume (A). If this intensity is sufficiently high, the energy absorbed per unit volume reaches the threshold necessary to generate a bubble in the liquid (2). In this case, the threshold is reached in the focal volume (A) under the surface, and not in the surface as in the prior art.
El umbral de Ia energía absorbida por unidad de volumen para generar una burbuja depende de parámetros como Ia longitud de onda y Ia duración del pulso láser (B), Ia composición del líquido (2) o Ia temperatura, entre otros. The threshold of the energy absorbed per unit volume to generate a bubble depends on parameters such as the wavelength and the duration of the laser pulse (B), the composition of the liquid (2) or the temperature, among others.
La burbuja generada en el volumen focal (A) proyecta una porción de líquido (2), que es Ia porción de líquido (2) localizada entre Ia burbuja y Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido (2). La proyección de líquido (2) puede ser originada ya sea directamente por Ia impulsión proporcionada por Ia expansión de Ia burbuja, ya sea por medio del chorro de líquido (2) resultante de los procesos de expansión y colapso de Ia burbuja. The bubble generated in the focal volume (A) projects a portion of liquid (2), which is the portion of liquid (2) located between the bubble and the portion of the free surface of the liquid (2). The liquid projection (2) can be originated either directly by the impulsion provided by the expansion of the bubble, or by means of the liquid jet (2) resulting from the processes of expansion and collapse of the bubble.
La Figura 3b muestra el esquema de un modo de realización donde el haz láser (B) está focalizado en el líquido (2) en un volumen focal (A) minúsculo situado a una profundidad d desde Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido. El haz láser (B) está fuertemente focalizado con el fin de producir Ia alta absorción de energía dentro del líquido (2) y no en Ia superficie libre, de acuerdo con las condiciones descritas para Ia Figura 3a. Los medios de producción del haz láser (3) tienen una fuente (3.1) del haz láser (B) y medios ópticos (3.2) para focalizar fuertemente el haz láser (B). Si se coloca un expansor de haz láser entre Ia fuente (3.1 ) del haz láser (B) para Ia emisión del haz láser (B) y los medios ópticos (3.2) para focalizar el haz láser (B) se alcanza una focalización mayor. Figure 3b shows the diagram of an embodiment where the laser beam (B) is focused on the liquid (2) in a tiny focal volume (A) located at a depth d from the portion of the free surface of the liquid. The laser beam (B) is strongly focused in order to produce the high energy absorption within the liquid (2) and not on the free surface, of according to the conditions described for Figure 3a. The means of production of the laser beam (3) have a source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) and optical means (3.2) to strongly focus the laser beam (B). If a laser beam expander is placed between the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) for the emission of the laser beam (B) and the optical means (3.2) to focus the laser beam (B) a greater focus is achieved.
La técnica de impresión de Ia presente invención es un aparato de acuerdo con Ia reivindicación 1 y operando de acuerdo con el método de Ia The printing technique of the present invention is an apparatus according to claim 1 and operating according to the method of Ia
reivindicación 10, que actúa sobre un líquido (2) transparente a, o débilmente absorbente de, Ia radiación láser por medio de un haz láser (B) fuertemente focalizado, de tal manera que se produzca una alta absorción de energía en el volumen focal (A) dentro del líquido. El haz láser (B) proviene de Ia fuente (3.1) del haz láser y es fuertemente focalizado por los medios ópticos (3.2) debajo de Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2), a una pequeña profundidad d, de Ia manera esquematizada en Ia Figura 3b. claim 10, which acts on a liquid (2) transparent to, or weakly absorbent of, the laser radiation by means of a strongly focused laser beam (B), such that a high energy absorption in the focal volume ( A) inside the liquid. The laser beam (B) comes from the source (3.1) of the laser beam and is strongly focused by the optical means (3.2) below the free surface portion of the liquid (2), at a small depth d, schematically in Figure 3b.
La alta absorción de energía en Ia subsuperficie se produce bajo condiciones de fuerte focalización pero este efecto puede ser altamente favorecido si Ia absorción de energía ocurre bajo condiciones no lineales que pueden alcanzarse por ejemplo mediante el uso de pulsos láser cortos combinados con Ia fuerte focalización. The high energy absorption in the subsurface occurs under conditions of strong focusing but this effect can be highly favored if the energy absorption occurs under non-linear conditions that can be achieved, for example, by the use of short laser pulses combined with the strong focusing.
La alta absorción de energía localizada en el volumen focal (A) conduce a Ia eyección de una porción de líquido (2): en este caso, Ia capa de líquido (2) de espesor d adyacente a Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido juega un papel similar al de Ia película líquida en el estado de Ia técnica anterior de Ia LIFT. En contraste con Ia LIFT1 en el modo de realización de Ia presente invención el material es proyectado hacia atrás, y el sustrato receptor (4) está situado encima de Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2). Además, el sustrato receptor (4) a imprimir debe ser transparente a Ia radiación láser, Io cual suele ser el caso en muchas aplicaciones, como por ejemplo Ia fabricación de biosensores. La porción de líquido (2) eyectada se deposita sobre el sustrato receptor (4) colocado paralelo a y cerca de, pero no en contacto con, Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2), y forma una microgota del material impreso (5). Los medios de sujeción (no mostrados en las figuras) del sustrato receptor (4) son tales que Ia separación entre el sustrato receptor (4) y Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2) puede ser controlada con precisión. The high energy absorption located in the focal volume (A) leads to the ejection of a portion of liquid (2): in this case, the layer of liquid (2) of thickness d adjacent to the free surface portion of the liquid plays a role similar to that of the liquid film in the prior art state of the LIFT. In contrast to the LIFT 1 in the embodiment of the present invention the material is projected backwards, and the receiving substrate (4) is located above the free surface portion of the liquid (2). In addition, the receiving substrate (4) to be printed must be transparent to laser radiation, which is usually the case in many applications, such as the manufacture of biosensors. The ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the receiving substrate (4) placed parallel to and near, but not in contact with, the free surface portion of the liquid (2), and forms a micro drop of the printed material (5) . The fastening means (not shown in the figures) of the receiving substrate (4) are such that the separation between the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) can be precisely controlled.
La escritura de los motivos del material impreso (5) tiene lugar por medio del desplazamiento del sustrato receptor (4) con respecto al haz láser (B), manteniéndose el contenedor (1 ) del líquido estacionario durante el proceso de impresión. Este desplazamiento del sustrato receptor (4) puede ser controlado por ordenador, y en este caso el desplazamiento debe estar sincronizado con el disparo de los pulsos láser de Ia fuente (3.1 ) del haz láser (B). The writing of the motifs of the printed material (5) takes place by means of the displacement of the receiving substrate (4) with respect to the laser beam (B), the container (1) of the stationary liquid being maintained during the printing process. This displacement of the receiving substrate (4) can be controlled by computer, and in this case the displacement must be synchronized with the firing of the laser pulses of the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B).
Además, como se muestra en Ia Figura 3c, el depósito de material (5) sobre el sustrato receptor (4) puede ser controlado in-situ por medio de una cámara CCD (6) situada encima de los medios ópticos (3.2). Entre Ia cámara CCD (6) y los medios ópticos, debe intercalarse un espejo reflector y transmisor (7) para desviar el haz láser (B) generado por Ia fuente (3.1 ) del haz láser (B). El control in-situ permite ajustar Ia profundidad d del volumen focal (A) para Ia cual se obtiene Ia adecuada morfología del material depositado (5) sobre el sustrato receptor (4). In addition, as shown in Figure 3c, the deposit of material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) can be controlled in situ by means of a CCD camera (6) located above the optical means (3.2). Between the CCD camera (6) and the optical means, a reflector and transmitter mirror (7) must be inserted to deflect the laser beam (B) generated by the source (3.1) of the laser beam (B). The in-situ control allows adjusting the depth d of the focal volume (A) for which the adequate morphology of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) is obtained.
La Figura 4 muestra un segundo modo de realización donde el contenedor de líquido (1 ) es transparente. Los medios de producción (3) del haz láser son tales que el haz láser (B) atraviesa Ia pared de Ia base del contenedor de líquido (1 ) y se focaliza en un volumen focal (A) minúsculo cerca de Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2). La energía del pulso láser es altamente absorbida cerca de esta porción de superficie libre conduciendo a Ia eyección de una porción de líquido (2) que es depositada sobre el sustrato receptor (4) colocado paralelo a y cerca de, pero no en contacto con, Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2), y forma una microgota de material impreso (5). Figure 4 shows a second embodiment where the liquid container (1) is transparent. The means of production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam (B) crosses the wall of the base of the liquid container (1) and focuses on a tiny focal volume (A) near the free surface portion of the liquid (2). The energy of the laser pulse is highly absorbed near this free surface portion leading to the ejection of a portion of liquid (2) that is deposited on the receiving substrate (4) placed parallel to and near, but not in contact with, Ia free surface portion of the liquid (2), and forms a micro drop of printed material (5).
Los medios de sujeción (no mostrados en las figuras) del sustrato receptor (4) son tales que Ia separación entre el sustrato receptor (4) y Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2) puede ser controlada con precisión. The fastening means (not shown in the figures) of the receiving substrate (4) are such that the separation between the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) can be precisely controlled.
Este modo de realización es aplicable a sustratos receptores (4) tanto transparentes como no transparentes porque el haz láser (B) no atraviesa el sustrato receptor (4). En el caso que el sustrato receptor (4) sea transparente, el depósito de material (5) puede ser controlado in-situ por medio de una cámara CCD (6) acoplada a un objetivo de microscopio (8) situados encima del sustrato receptor (4). Como en el anterior modo de realización, el control in-situ permite el ajuste de Ia profundidad d del volumen focal (A) para Ia cual se obtiene Ia adecuada morfología del material depositado (5) sobre el sustrato receptor (4). La Figura 5 muestra un tercer modo de realización similar a los This embodiment is applicable to receiving substrates (4) both transparent as not transparent because the laser beam (B) does not pass through the receiving substrate (4). In the event that the receiving substrate (4) is transparent, the material deposit (5) can be controlled in situ by means of a CCD camera (6) coupled to a microscope objective (8) located above the receiving substrate ( 4). As in the previous embodiment, the in-situ control allows the adjustment of the depth d of the focal volume (A) for which the adequate morphology of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) is obtained. Figure 5 shows a third embodiment similar to those
esquematizados en las Figuras 3b y 3c, donde Ia porción de Ia superficie libre del líquido cerca del volumen focal (A) donde el haz láser (B) es focalizado está en un pequeño orificio (1.1 ) de Ia pared de Ia base del contenedor (1 ) del líquido. Esta porción de superficie libre está representada por una fina línea continua. El líquido (2) es retenido en el contenedor (1 ) a causa de Ia tensión superficial del líquido. schematized in Figures 3b and 3c, where the portion of the free surface of the liquid near the focal volume (A) where the laser beam (B) is focused is in a small hole (1.1) of the wall of the base of the container ( 1) of the liquid. This free surface portion is represented by a thin continuous line. The liquid (2) is retained in the container (1) because of the surface tension of the liquid.
Los medios de producción (3) del haz láser son tales que el haz láser (B) penetra en el líquido a través del pequeño orificio (1.1 ). El sustrato receptor (4) está colocado cerca de Ia base del contenedor (1) del líquido. El haz láser (B) atraviesa el sustrato receptor (4) y Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2) en el orificio (1.1 ), y es focalizado en el volumen focal (A) por encima de esta porción de superficie libre. La porción de líquido (2) eyectada es depositada sobre Ia superficie superior del sustrato receptor (4) y forma el material impreso (5). The means of production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam (B) penetrates the liquid through the small hole (1.1). The receiving substrate (4) is placed near the base of the container (1) of the liquid. The laser beam (B) crosses the receiving substrate (4) and the free surface portion of the liquid (2) in the hole (1.1), and is focused on the focal volume (A) above this free surface portion. The ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the upper surface of the receiving substrate (4) and forms the printed material (5).
La Figura 6 muestra un cuarto modo de realización donde el contenedor (1 ) de líquido tiene un pequeño orificio (1.1 ) en su base similar al del modo de realización anterior, pero con una configuración equivalente a Ia del segundo modo de realización esquematizado en Ia Figura 4. Los medios de Figure 6 shows a fourth embodiment where the liquid container (1) has a small hole (1.1) at its base similar to that of the previous embodiment, but with a configuration equivalent to that of the second embodiment schematized in Ia Figure 4. The means of
producción (3) del haz láser son tales que el haz láser incide sobre Ia superficie libre superior del líquido (2), y el sustrato receptor (4) está colocado debajo del contenedor (1 ) del líquido y cerca de Ia base de este contenedor (1 ) de líquido. El haz láser (B) atraviesa el líquido (2) y es focalizado por encima de Ia porción de superficie libre del líquido (2) en el orificio (1.1 ). La porción de líquido (2) eyectada es depositada en Ia superficie superior del sustrato receptor (4) y forma el material impreso (5). La Figura 7 muestra un quinto modo de realización donde un haz láser (B) generado por una fuente (3.1) del haz láser (B) es dividido en dos haces láser (B.1 y B.2) por medio de un divisor de haz láser (3.3), y estos dos haces láser (B.1 y B.2) son reflejados por dos espejos (3.4) y focalizados Production (3) of the laser beam are such that the laser beam strikes the upper free surface of the liquid (2), and the receiving substrate (4) is placed under the container (1) of the liquid and near the base of this container (1) of liquid. The laser beam (B) passes through the liquid (2) and is focused above the free surface portion of the liquid (2) in the hole (1.1). The ejected liquid portion (2) is deposited on the upper surface of the receiving substrate (4) and forms the printed material (5). Figure 7 shows a fifth embodiment where a laser beam (B) generated by a source (3.1) of the laser beam (B) is divided into two laser beams (B.1 and B.2) by means of a divider of laser beam (3.3), and these two laser beams (B.1 and B.2) are reflected by two mirrors (3.4) and focused
simultáneamente por dos medios ópticos (3.2) en el mismo volumen focal (A). En este caso, puede alcanzarse una focalización todavía mayor en el volumen focal (A) con sólo una única fuente láser (3.1). Todas las figuras son representaciones esquemáticas y no se han usado escalas reales, sólo pretenden servir de ayuda para las explicaciones de los modos de realización. simultaneously by two optical means (3.2) in the same focal volume (A). In this case, an even greater focus on the focal volume (A) can be achieved with only a single laser source (3.1). All the figures are schematic representations and no real scales have been used, they are only intended to help explain the embodiments.
Habiendo descrito algunos modos de realización de Ia invención, se Having described some embodiments of the invention,
proporcionan los siguientes experimentos para ilustrar Ia viabilidad de Ia invención. They provide the following experiments to illustrate the feasibility of the invention.
El primer experimento ha sido llevado a cabo de acuerdo con el primer modo de realización esquematizado en Ia Figura 3c, y utilizando un láser de iterbio bombeado por diodos (1025 nm de longitud de onda, 450 fs de duración de pulso, 1 kHz de frecuencia de repetición) como fuente láser (3.1 ). El haz láser proveniente de esta fuente (3.1) ha sido focalizado por medio de medios ópticos (3.2) y también utilizando un espejo (7). Los medios ópticos (3.2) han comprendido un objetivo de microscopio con una larga distancia de trabajo de 1 cm. El sustrato receptor (4) empleado ha sido un portaobjetos de The first experiment has been carried out in accordance with the first embodiment outlined in Figure 3c, and using a diode laser pumped by diodes (1025 nm wavelength, 450 fs pulse duration, 1 kHz frequency repetition) as a laser source (3.1). The laser beam from this source (3.1) has been focused by means of optical means (3.2) and also using a mirror (7). The optical means (3.2) have included a microscope objective with a long working distance of 1 cm. The receiving substrate (4) used has been a slide of
microscopio comercial de vidrio recubierto con poli-L-lisina, y se ha colocado sobre un posicionador de translación xyz controlado por ordenador, cuyo desplazamiento ha sido sincronizado con el disparo de los pulsos láser. El contenedor (1) de líquido ha sido un contenedor plástico cilindrico de 100 μL, sujetado en un posicionador de translación z independiente. commercial glass microscope coated with poly-L-lysine, and has been placed on a computer-controlled xyz translation positioner, whose displacement has been synchronized with the firing of the laser pulses. The liquid container (1) has been a 100 μL cylindrical plastic container, held in an independent z-positioner.
En este experimento, una disolución de líquido (2) que consiste en una mezcla de agua y glicerol al 20% (v/v) ha sido utilizada para probar Ia viabilidad de Ia técnica propuesta para Ia impresión de microgotas. Un In this experiment, a solution of liquid (2) consisting of a mixture of water and glycerol at 20% (v / v) has been used to test the feasibility of the proposed technique for printing microdroplets. A
"microarray" ha sido preparado variando Ia profundidad de focalización d dentro del líquido (2) por medio del desplazamiento hacia arriba del contenedor (1 ). La separación inicial entre Ia superficie libre del líquido (2) y el sustrato receptor (4) a imprimir ha sido de alrededor de 500 μm, y Ia energía de pulso láser de 2 μJ. Una cámara CCD (6) enfocada en Ia superficie del sustrato receptor (4) ha permitido observar el material depositado (5) y controlar Ia profundidad d óptima. El resultado del experimento se muestra en Ia Figura 8. Cada fila del material depositado (5) sobre el sustrato receptor (4) corresponde a una profundidad d diferente. "microarray" has been prepared by varying the depth of focus d within the liquid (2) by means of the upward movement of the container (1). The initial separation between the free surface of the liquid (2) and The receiving substrate (4) to be printed has been around 500 μm, and the laser pulse energy of 2 μJ. A CCD camera (6) focused on the surface of the receiving substrate (4) has allowed observing the deposited material (5) and controlling the optimum depth d. The result of the experiment is shown in Figure 8. Each row of the deposited material (5) on the receiving substrate (4) corresponds to a different depth d.
El "microarray" obtenido, representado en Ia Figura 8, demuestra que existe un intervalo de profundidades de focalización d para las cuales hay depósito de material líquido (5). Este intervalo se extiende hasta una profundidad d = 45 μm. Por debajo de esta profundidad no se deposita material sobre el sustrato receptor (4). La cantidad y morfología del material depositado (5) depende de Ia posición relativa del volumen focal (A) con respecto a Ia superficie libre del líquido (2). Para profundidades de hasta 35 μm, se obtienen microgotas irregulares y desalineadas, con varios satélites. Estas morfologías son inaceptables para aplicaciones de impresión. Sin embargo, para un intervalo de 10 μm de profundidad alrededor de 40 μm, se consigue el depósito de microgotas bien definidas, circulares, uniformes y sin satélites. Esta morfología es adecuada para aplicaciones de impresión. Este The "microarray" obtained, represented in Figure 8, demonstrates that there is a range of depths of focusing d for which there is a deposit of liquid material (5). This interval extends to a depth d = 45 μm. Below this depth, no material is deposited on the receiving substrate (4). The quantity and morphology of the deposited material (5) depends on the relative position of the focal volume (A) with respect to the free surface of the liquid (2). For depths of up to 35 μm, irregular and misaligned microdrops are obtained, with several satellites. These morphologies are unacceptable for printing applications. However, for a range of 10 μm deep around 40 μm, the deposit of well-defined, circular, uniform and satellite-free microdroplets is achieved. This morphology is suitable for printing applications. This
experimento no sólo prueba Ia viabilidad de Ia invención para Ia impresión directa con láser de líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser, sino que también ¡lustra Ia importancia de focalizar fuertemente en Ia posición adecuada dentro del líquido a poca profundidad. En el segundo experimento, llevado a cabo utilizando el sistema y Ia disolución líquida correspondientes al primer experimento, se demuestra Ia reproducibilidad de Ia técnica para Ia impresión de microgotas por medio de Ia preparación de un gran "microarray" (15 filas por 50 columnas) en las condiciones descritas más arriba para las cuales se obtienen microgotas circulares. El "microarray" se muestra en Ia Figura 9. Se puede observar que todas las microgotas son uniformes, con un contorno circular bien definido, y presentan un diámetro de unas 40 μm. Una reproducibilidad tan alta demuestra que Ia técnica permite superar los inconvenientes asociados con Ia falta de uniformidad y estabilidad de Ia capa líquida inherentes a Ia LIFT. The experiment not only proves the feasibility of the invention for direct laser printing of transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation, but also illustrates the importance of focusing strongly on the proper position within the liquid at shallow depth. In the second experiment, carried out using the system and the liquid solution corresponding to the first experiment, the reproducibility of the technique for printing microdrops is demonstrated by means of the preparation of a large "microarray" (15 rows by 50 columns) under the conditions described above for which circular microdroplets are obtained. The "microarray" is shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that all the microdroplets are uniform, with a well-defined circular contour, and have a diameter of about 40 μm. Such high reproducibility demonstrates that the technique allows to overcome the inconveniences associated with the lack of uniformity and stability of the liquid layer inherent in the LIFT.
En el tercer experimento, llevado a cabo usando el sistema y Ia disolución líquida correspondientes al primer y segundo experimentos, se demuestra que la presente invención permite obtener microgotas muy pequeñas. El control in-situ del proceso de depósito por medio de una cámara CCD (6) facilita encontrar las condiciones adecuadas de impresión por medio del ajuste simultáneo tanto de Ia energía del pulso como de Ia profundidad de focalización d. Así, las microgotas muy pequeñas se obtienen fácilmente, tal y como se ilustra en Ia Figura 10, donde se presentan microgotas con diámetros tan pequeños como 5 μm, que corresponden a volúmenes de microgota inferiores a 30 fl_; alcanzar el mismo resultado mediante LIFT requeriría Ia preparación de una película muy delgada de líquido, Io cual es siempre problemático. In the third experiment, carried out using the system and the liquid solution corresponding to the first and second experiments, it is demonstrated that the present invention allows to obtain very small microdroplets. The in-situ control of the deposition process by means of a CCD camera (6) facilitates finding the appropriate printing conditions by simultaneously adjusting both the pulse energy and the focusing depth d. Thus, very small microdroplets are easily obtained, as illustrated in Figure 10, where microdroplets with diameters as small as 5 μm are presented, corresponding to microdroplet volumes of less than 30 fl_; achieving the same result through LIFT would require the preparation of a very thin film of liquid, which is always problematic.
El cuarto experimento ha sido llevado a cabo de acuerdo con el segundo modo de realización esquematizado en Ia Figura 4, y utilizando un láser de iterbio bombeado por diodos (1025 nm de longitud de onda, 450 fs de duración de pulso, 1 kHz de frecuencia de repetición) como fuente láser (3.1 ). La radiación láser proveniente de esta fuente (3.1 ) ha sido focalizada por medios ópticos (3.2) a través de un contenedor (1) de líquido transparente, que ha consistido en un contenedor cilindrico de plástico de 100 μL, soportado en un posicionador de translación z. Los medios ópticos (3.2) han comprendido un objetivo de microscopio que tiene una larga distancia de trabajo de 1 cm. El sustrato receptor (4) empleado ha sido un portaobjetos de microscopio comercial de vidrio recubierto con poli-L-lisina, y se ha colocado sobre un posicionador de translación xyz controlado por ordenador, cuyo desplazamiento ha sido sincronizado con el disparo de los pulsos láser. The fourth experiment has been carried out in accordance with the second embodiment outlined in Figure 4, and using a diode laser pumped by diodes (1025 nm wavelength, 450 fs pulse duration, 1 kHz frequency repetition) as a laser source (3.1). The laser radiation from this source (3.1) has been focused by optical means (3.2) through a container (1) of transparent liquid, which has consisted of a 100 μL plastic cylindrical container, supported on a translation positioner z. The optical means (3.2) have included a microscope objective that has a long working distance of 1 cm. The receiving substrate (4) used has been a commercial microscope glass slide coated with poly-L-lysine, and has been placed on a computer-controlled xyz translation positioner, whose displacement has been synchronized with the firing of the laser pulses .
En este experimento, se ha comprobado Ia viabilidad del modo de realización esquematizado en Ia Figura 4 para imprimir líquidos transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser por medio de Ia preparación de un "microarray" (10 filas por 15 columnas) en las condiciones para las cuales se obtienen microgotas circulares. La disolución líquida ha consistido en una disolución salina de fosfato tampón (PBS) con glicerol al 20% (v/v). El "microarray" depositado se muestra en Ia Figura 11. Se puede observar que todas las microgotas son uniformes, con un contorno circular bien definido, y presentan un diámetro de unas 40 μm. Tan alta reproducibilidad demuestra también que Ia técnica permite superar los inconvenientes asociados con Ia falta de uniformidad y estabilidad de Ia capa líquida inherentes a Ia LIFT. En Ia presente invención, se desarrolla una técnica para Ia impresión de líquidos (2) transparentes a, o débilmente absorbentes de, Ia radiación láser donde se evitan las restricciones impuestas por Ia preparación de una capa líquida: el líquido (2) es depositado directamente desde su contenedor (1 ) por medio de Ia absorción de Ia energía de un pulso láser (B) fuertemente focalizado en un punto dentro del líquido cerca de Ia superficie. La técnica da lugar al depósito de microgotas uniformes, bien definidas y muy In this experiment, the viability of the embodiment outlined in Figure 4 to print transparent liquids to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation by means of the preparation of a "microarray" (10 rows by 15 columns) in the conditions for which circular microdroplets are obtained. The liquid solution consisted of a phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) with 20% glycerol (v / v). The deposited "microarray" is shown in Figure 11. It can be seen that all the microdrops are uniform, with a well defined circular contour, and have a diameter of about 40 μm. Such high reproducibility also demonstrates that the technique allows to overcome the inconveniences associated with the lack of uniformity and stability of the liquid layer inherent in the LIFT. In the present invention, a technique is developed for the printing of liquids (2) transparent to, or weakly absorbing, the laser radiation where the restrictions imposed by the preparation of a liquid layer are avoided: the liquid (2) is deposited directly from its container (1) by means of the absorption of the energy of a laser pulse (B) strongly focused on a point within the liquid near the surface. The technique results in the deposit of uniform, well-defined and very uniform microdrops.
reproducibles, Io que Ia hace adecuada para aplicaciones de reproducible, which makes it suitable for applications of
"micropatterning". "micropatterning".
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESP200901669 | 2009-07-22 | ||
| ES200901669A ES2360778B1 (en) | 2009-07-22 | 2009-07-22 | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DIRECT PRINTING WITH L�? SER. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011009973A2 true WO2011009973A2 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
| WO2011009973A3 WO2011009973A3 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
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ID=43499464
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2010/000298 Ceased WO2011009973A2 (en) | 2009-07-22 | 2010-07-12 | Apparatus and method for direct laser printing |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| ES (1) | ES2360778B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011009973A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9836688B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2017-12-05 | Avery Dennison Retail Information Services, Llc | System, method, and apparatus for RFID hang tag |
| US9859247B2 (en) | 2012-11-09 | 2018-01-02 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method for bonding bare chip dies |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3670665A1 (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-24 | Hochschule Für Angewandte Wissenschaften München | Laser-induced cell transfer and sorting |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3702643A1 (en) * | 1986-02-10 | 1987-08-13 | Toshiba Kawasaki Kk | INK NIBLE PEN AND WRITING HEAD AND WRITING HEAD CASSETTE DAFUER |
| JPH03187758A (en) * | 1989-12-15 | 1991-08-15 | Ricoh Co Ltd | inkjet recording device |
| RU2096183C1 (en) * | 1995-10-27 | 1997-11-20 | Сергей Николаевич Максимовский | Method of ink-jet printing and ink-jet printing head for its embodiment |
| DE19544099A1 (en) * | 1995-11-27 | 1997-05-28 | Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag | Thermographic printer with ink-filled pits in hollow glass cylinder |
| DE19746174C1 (en) * | 1997-10-18 | 1999-07-08 | Udo Dr Lehmann | Printing cylinder |
| EP1268211B1 (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2007-01-03 | Aurentum Innovationstechnologien GmbH | Method of printing and corresponding print machine |
| KR100590525B1 (en) * | 2003-01-15 | 2006-06-15 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Inkjet printheads and ink ejection methods |
-
2009
- 2009-07-22 ES ES200901669A patent/ES2360778B1/en active Active
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2010
- 2010-07-12 WO PCT/ES2010/000298 patent/WO2011009973A2/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9859247B2 (en) | 2012-11-09 | 2018-01-02 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method for bonding bare chip dies |
| US9836688B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2017-12-05 | Avery Dennison Retail Information Services, Llc | System, method, and apparatus for RFID hang tag |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2360778A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
| ES2360778B1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
| WO2011009973A3 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
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