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WO2011073269A1 - Dérivés d'arylsulfonamides de pipéridine utilisés en tant que modulateurs de kv.1.3 - Google Patents

Dérivés d'arylsulfonamides de pipéridine utilisés en tant que modulateurs de kv.1.3 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011073269A1
WO2011073269A1 PCT/EP2010/069787 EP2010069787W WO2011073269A1 WO 2011073269 A1 WO2011073269 A1 WO 2011073269A1 EP 2010069787 W EP2010069787 W EP 2010069787W WO 2011073269 A1 WO2011073269 A1 WO 2011073269A1
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phenyl
piperidine
benzenesulfonyl
carboxylic acid
amide
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Robert Greenhouse
Joan Heather Hogg
Xiao-Fa Lin
Counde O'yang
Lubica Raptova
Teresa Alejandra Trejo-Martin
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Evotec OAI AG
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Evotec OAI AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/92—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with a hetero atom directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/96—Sulfur atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • This invention provides piperidine aryl sulfonamide compounds and related pharmaceutical compositions, methods for preventing and/or treating conditions associated with potassium channel activity, and methods of making the subject compounds.
  • Potassium channels represent a complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume.
  • four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s).
  • KCNA3 encodes the voltage-gated K v l .3 potassium channel, which is shaker-related and is expressed in lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes), the central nervous system, fat and other tissues.
  • the functional channel is composed of four identical K v l .3 a-sub units.
  • the K v 1.3 potassium channel regulates membrane potential and thereby indirectly influences calcium signaling in human effector-memory T cells (Grissmer S. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87(23): 9411-5; DeCoursey T.E. et al, Nature 307 (5950): 465-8; Chandy K.G. et al, Trends Pharmacol. Sci.
  • Effector memory T cells are important mediators of multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the K v l .3 channel is expressed in T and B lymphocytes in a distinct pattern that depends on the state of lymphocyte activation and differentiation.
  • naive and central memory T cells increase expression of the Kc a 3.1 channel per cell
  • effector-memory T cells increase expression of the K v l .3 channel.
  • human B cells naive and early memory B cells express small numbers of K v l .3 and Kc a 3.1 channels when they are quiescent, and augment Kc a 3.1 expression after activation.
  • class-switched memory B cells express high numbers of K v l .3 channels per cell (about 1500/cell) and this number increases after activation (Chandy K.G. et al, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25(5): 280-9; Wulff H. et al, J. Clin. Invest. 1 11 (11): 1703-13; Wulff H. et al, J. Immunol. 173(2): 776-86).
  • the K v 1.3 channel promotes the calcium homeostasis required for T-cell receptor-mediated cell activation, gene transcription, and proliferation (Panyi, G et al (2004) Trends Immunol 25:565-569).
  • K v l .3 is physically coupled through a series of adaptor proteins to the T- cell receptor signaling complex and it traffics to the immunological synapse during antigen presentation.
  • blockade of the channel does not prevent immune synapse formation (Panyi G. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101(5): 1285-90; Beeton C. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103(46): 17414-9).
  • K v l .3 and Kc a 3.1 regulate membrane potential and calcium signaling of T cells. Calcium entry through the CRAC channel is promoted by potassium efflux through the K v 1.3 and Kc a 3.1 potassium channels. Blockade of K v 1.3 channels in effector- memory T cells suppresses activities like calcium signaling, cytokine production
  • Effector-memory T cells were originally defined by their expression of cell surface markers, and can enter sites of inflammation in non-lymphoid tissues, while not participating in the process of lymphoid recirculation carried out by most other lymphocytes. TEMs have been shown to uniquely express high numbers of the K v l .3 potassium channel and depend on these channels for their function. In vivo, K v l .3 blockers paralyze effector-memory T cells at the sites of inflammation and prevent their reactivation in inflamed tissues.
  • K v l .3 blockers do not affect the homing to and motility within lymph nodes of naive and central memory T cells, most likely because these cells express the Kc a 3.1 channel and are therefore protected from the effect ofK v 1.3 blockade. Suppressing the function of these cells by selectively blocking the K v l .3 channel offers the potential for highly effective therapy of autoimmune diseases with minimal effects on either beneficial immune responses or other organs (Chandy K.G. et al, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25(5): 280-9;
  • K v l .3 has been reported to be expressed in the inner mitochondrial membrane in lymphocytes.
  • the apoptotic protein Bax has been suggested to insert into the outer membrane of the mitochondria and occlude the pore of K v l .3 via a lysine residue.
  • K v l .3 blockade may be one of many mechanisms that contribute to apoptosis (Szabo I. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 280(13): 12790-8; Szabo I. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105(39): 14861-6)
  • Autoimmune Disease is a family of disorders resulting from tissue damage caused by a malfunctioning immune system, affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Such diseases may be restricted to a single organ, as e.g. in multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes mellitus, or may involve multiple organs as in the case of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment is generally palliative and typically includes anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. The severe side effects of many of these therapies have fueled a continuing search for more effective and selective immunosuppressive drugs. Among these are those which can selectively inhibit the function of effector-memory T cells, known to be involved in the etiology of many of these autoimmune diseases and thereby ameliorate many autoimmune diseases without compromising the protective immune response.
  • Multiple sclerosis is a disease caused by autoimmune damage to the central nervous system including the brain, which affects roughly two and a half million people worldwide. Symptoms include muscle weakness and paralysis, and the disease can progress rapidly and unpredictably and may eventually lead to death. Treatment usually includes the use of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs which have potentially severe side effects.
  • K v l .3 has been shown to be highly expressed in auto- reactive effector memory T cells from MS patients (Wulff, H et al (2003) J Clin Invest 11 1 : 1703-1713; Rus H et al (2005) PNAS 102: 11094-11099). Animal models of multiple sclerosis have been successfully treated using blockers of the K v l .3 potassium channel.
  • T cells in MS lesions in postmortem brain lesions are also predominantly effector-memory T cells that express high levels of the K v 1.3 channel (Wulff H. et al, J. Clin. Invest. 11 1(11): 1703-13; Beeton C. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(46): 17414-9).
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in high blood sugar and other metabolic abnormalities.
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus affects close to four hundred thousand people in the US alone, and is usually diagnosed before age 20. Its long-term consequences may include blindness, nerve damage and kidney failure, and left untreated is rapidly fatal. Treatment involves life-long administration of insulin or pancreas transplantation, both of which may entail serious side effects (Beeton C. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  • K v l .3 is also considered a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, for enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, and for preventing bone resorption in periodontal disease (Tucker K. et al, Int. J. Obes.
  • K v l .3 blockers are thus potential therapeutic agents as immunosuppressants or immune system modulators including for the prevention of graft rejection, and the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
  • K v 1.3 modulators may be used alone or in conjunction with other immunosuppressants, such as selective K ca 3.1 Blockers or cyclosporin, in order to achieve synergism and/or to reduce toxicity, especially of cyclosporin.
  • ShK toxin has been shown to both prevent and treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats, an animal model for human multiple sclerosis (Beeton C. et al 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. U.S.A. 98:13942-7), by selectively targeting T cells chronically activated by the myelin antigen, MBP (myelin basic protein).
  • MBP myelin antigen
  • chronically activated encephalitogenic rat T cells express a unique channel phenotype characterised by high expression of K v 1.3 channels (approximately 1500 per cell) and low numbers of K ca 3.1 channels (approximately 120 per cell). This channel phenotype is distinct from that seen in quiescent and acutely activated cells and may be a functionally relevant marker for chronically activated rat T- lymphocytes.
  • n is from 0 to 3;
  • R 1 is: optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl; or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • each R 2 is independently; hydrogen; or Ci-6-alkyl
  • R 3 is: hydrogen; or Ci-6-alkyl
  • R 4 is: Ci- 6 alkyl; Ci- 6 alkoxy-Ci- 6 alkyl; Ci- 6 alkylsulfonyl-Ci- 6 alkyl; hydroxy-Ci- 6 alkyl; amino-Ci_ 6 alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; aryl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the aryl portion is optionally substituted; optionally substituted C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroaryl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted; aryl-sulfonamido wherein the aryl portion may be optionally substituted; optionally susbstituted heterocycyl; or heterocyclyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the heterocyclyl portion may be optionally substituted; and
  • R 5 is: Ci- 6 alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl; or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • the invention also provides and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of using the compounds, and methods of preparing the compounds.
  • Alkyl means the monovalent linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon moiety, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having from one to twelve carbon atoms.
  • “Lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl group of one to six carbon atoms, i.e. Ci- Cealkyl. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, and the like.
  • Alkenyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of two to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, containing at least one double bond, e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, and the like.
  • Alkynyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of two to six carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, containing at least one triple bond, e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
  • Alkylene means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methylene, ethylene, 2,2-dimethylethylene, propylene, 2- methylpropylene, butylene, pentylene, and the like.
  • alkoxy and alkyloxy which may be used interchangeably, mean a moiety of the formula -OR, wherein R is an alkyl moiety as defined herein.
  • alkoxy moieties include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkyl means a moiety of the formula R a -0-R b -, where R a is alkyl and R b is alkylene as defined herein.
  • exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, by way of example, 2 -methoxy ethyl, 3-methoxypropyl, l-methyl-2-methoxyethyl, l -(2- methoxyethyl)-3-methoxypropyl, and 1 -(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methoxypropyl.
  • Alkoxyalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkoxy as defined herein.
  • Alkylcarbonyl means a moiety of the formula -C(0)-R, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkoxycarbonyl means a group of the formula -C(0)-R wherein R is alkoxy as defined herein.
  • Alkylcarbonylalkyl means a group of the formula -R-C(0)-R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkyl means a group of the formula -R-C(0)-R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkoxy as defined herein.
  • Alkoxycarbonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -0-R-C(0)-R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkoxy as defined herein.
  • Hydroxycarbonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -0-R-C(0)-OH wherein R is alkylene as defined herein.
  • Alkylaminocarbonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-C(O)- NHR' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Dialkylaminocarbonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-C(O)-
  • Alkylaminoalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-NHR' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Dialkylaminoalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-NR'R' wherein
  • R is alkylene and R' and R" are alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonyl means a moiety of the formula - S0 2 -R, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonylalkyl means a moiety of the formula -R'-S0 2 -R" where where R' is alkylene and R" is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -0-R-S0 2 -R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Amino means a moiety of the formula -NRR wherein R and R' each independently is hydogen or alkyl as defined herein, or one of R and R may be tert- butoxycarbonyl or other protecting group. "Amino thus includes “alkylamino (where one of R and R' is alkyl and the other is hydrogen) and “dialkylamino (where R and R' are both alkyl.
  • Aminocarbonyl means a group of the formula -C(0)-R wherein R is amino as defined herein.
  • Alkoxyamino means a moiety of the formula -NR-OR wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl and R' is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfanyl means a moiety of the formula -SR wherein R is alkyl as defined herein.
  • Aminoalkyl means a group -R-R' wherein R is amino and R is alkylene as defined herein.
  • Aminoalkyl includes aminomethyl, aminoethyl, 1 -aminopropyl, 2- aminopropyl, and the like. The amino moiety of “aminoalkyl” may be substituted once or twice with alkyl to provide “alkylaminoalkyl” and “dialkylaminoalkyl” respectively.
  • Alkylaminoalkyl includes methylaminomethyl, methylaminoethyl, methylaminopropyl, ethylaminoethyl and the like.
  • Dialkylaminoalkyl includes dimethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, dimethylaminopropyl, N-methyl-N-ethylaminoethyl, and the like.
  • Aminoalkoxy means a group -OR-R' wherein R is amino and R is alkylene as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonylamido means a moiety of the formula -NRSO2-R wherein
  • R is alkyl and R' is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Aminocarbonyloxyalkyl or “carbamylalkyl” means a group of the formula -R-0-C(0)-NR'R" wherein R is alkylene and R, R" each independently is hydrogen or alkyl as defined herein.
  • Alkynylalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-R' wherein R is alkylene and R is alkynyl as defined herein.
  • Aryl means a monovalent cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety consisting of a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic ring.
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • aryl moieties include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, fluorenyl, indenyl, pentalenyl, azulenyl, oxydiphenyl, biphenyl, methylenediphenyl, aminodiphenyl, diphenylsulfidyl, diphenylsulfonyl, diphenylisopropylidenyl, benzodioxanyl, benzofuranyl, benzodioxylyl, benzopyranyl, benzoxazinyl, benzoxazinonyl, benzopiperadinyl, benzopiperazinyl, benzopyrrolidinyl, benzomorpholinyl, methylened
  • Arylsulfonyl means a group of the formula -SO 2 -R wherein R is aryl as defined herein.
  • Aryloxy means a group of the formula -O-R wherein R is aryl as defined herein.
  • Alkyloxy means a group of the formula -O-R-R" wherein R is alkylene and R is aryl as defined herein.
  • Carboxy means a group of the formula -C(0)-OR wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl as defined herein.
  • Cyanoalkyl means a moiety of the formula -R'-R", where R' is alkylene as defined herein and R" is cyano or nitrile.
  • Cycloalkyl means a monovalent saturated carbocyclic moiety consisting of mono- or bicyclic rings. Preferred cycloalkyl are unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl. Cycloalkyl can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, or dialkylamino, unless otherwise specifically indicated.
  • cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like, including partially unsaturated (cycloalkenyl) derivatives thereof.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means a moiety of the formula -R'-R", where R' is alkylene and R" is cycloalkyl as defined herein.
  • Cycloalkylalkoxy means a group of the formula -O-R-R' wherein R is alkylene and R' is cycloalkyl as defined herein.
  • Heteroaryl means a monocyclic or bicyclic radical of 5 to 12 ring atoms having at least one aromatic ring containing one, two, or three ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being C, with the understanding that the attachment point of the heteroaryl radical will be on an aromatic ring.
  • the heteroaryl ring may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • heteroaryl moieties include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuryl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl
  • Heteroarylalkyl or “heteroaralkyl” means a group of the formula -R-R' wherein R is alkylene and R is heteroaryl as defined herein.
  • Heteroarylsulfonyl means a group of the formula -S0 2 -R wherein R is heteroaryl as defined herein.
  • Heteroaryloxy means a group of the formula -O-R wherein R is heteroaryl as defined herein.
  • Heteroaralkyloxy means a group of the formula -O-R-R" wherein R is alkylene and R" is heteroaryl as defined herein.
  • Haloalkyl means alkyl as defined herein in which one or more hydrogen has been replaced with same or different halogen.
  • exemplary haloalkyls include -CH 2 C1, -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CCI 3 , perfiuoroalkyl (e.g., -CF 3 ), and the like.
  • Haloalkoxy means a moiety of the formula -OR, wherein R is a haloalkyl moiety as defined herein.
  • An exemplary haloalkoxy is difiuoromethoxy.
  • Heterocycloamino means a saturated ring wherein at least one ring atom is N, NH or N-alkyl and the remaining ring atoms form an alkylene group.
  • Heterocyclyl means a monovalent saturated moiety, consisting of one to three rings, incorporating one, two, or three or four heteroatoms (chosen from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur).
  • the heterocyclyl ring may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
  • heterocyclyl moieties include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, thiadiazolylidinyl, benzothiazolidinyl, benzoazolylidinyl, dihydrofuryl, tetrahydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinylsulfoxide, thi
  • Heterocyclylalkyl means a moiety of the formula -R-R' wherein R is alkylene and R is heterocyclyl as defined herein.
  • Heterocyclyloxy means a moiety of the formula -OR wherein R is heterocyclyl as defined herein.
  • Heterocyclylalkoxy means a moiety of the formula -OR-R wherein R is alkylene and R is heterocyclyl as defined herein.
  • Hydroxyalkoxy means a moiety of the formula -OR wherein R is hydro xyalkyl as defined herein.
  • Haldroxyalkylamino means a moiety of the formula -NR-R' wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl and R is hydroxyalkyl as defined herein.
  • Haldroxyalkylaminoalkyl means a moiety of the formula -R-NR'-R" wherein R is alkylene, R is hydrogen or alkyl, and R" is hydroxyalkyl as defined herein.
  • Haldroxycarbonylalkyl or “carboxyalkyl” means a group of the formula -
  • R-(CO)-OH where R is alkylene as defined herein.
  • Hydroxycarbonylalkoxy means a group of the formula -0-R-C(0)-OH wherein R is alkylene as defined herein.
  • Hydroxyalkyloxycarbonylalkyl or "hydroxyalkoxycarbonylalkyl” means a group of the formula -R-C(0)-0-R-OH wherein each R is alkylene and may be the same or different.
  • Hydroxyalkyl means an alkyl moiety as defined herein, substituted with one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxy groups, provided that the same carbon atom does not carry more than one hydroxy group.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2 -hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, l-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl,
  • Hydrocycloalkyl means a cycloalkyl moiety as defined herein wherein one, two or three hydrogen atoms in the cycloalkyl radical have been replaced with a hydroxy substituent. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, 2-, 3-, or 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxy hydroxyalkyl and "hydroxy alkoxyalkyl”, which may be used interchangeably, means an alkyl as defined herein that is substituted at least once with hydroxy and at least once with alkoxy.
  • Alkoxy hydroxyalkyl and "hydroxy
  • alkoxyalkyl thus encompass, for example, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-propan-l -yl and the like.
  • Rea or "ureido” means a group of the formula -NR'-C(0)-NR"R m wherein R, R" and R'" each independently is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Car79 “Carbamate” means a group of the formula -0-C(0)-NR'R" wherein R and R" each independently is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Carboxy means a group of the formula -0-C(0)-OH.
  • Sulfonamido means a group of the formula -S0 2 -NR'R" or -NR'S0 2 - wherein R and R" each independently is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • heteroaryl "cycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl”, means an aryl, phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl which is optionally substituted independently with one to four
  • substituents preferably one or two substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, alkoxy, amino, acylamino, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -COR, -
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl
  • -(CR'R") n -COOR where n is an integer from 0 to 5, R' and R" are independently hydrogen or alkyl, and R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl), or-(CR'R") n -CONR a R b
  • R' and R" are independently hydrogen or alkyl
  • R a and Rb are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl.
  • Certain preferred optional substituents for "aryl”, phenyl", “heteroaryl” "cycloalkyl” or 'Tieterocyclyl” include alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, cyano, amino and alkylsulfonyl.
  • substituents are methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifiuoromethyl, methoxy, amino and methanesulfonyl.
  • "Leaving group” means the group with the meaning conventionally associated with it in synthetic organic chemistry, i.e., an atom or group displaceable under substitution reaction conditions.
  • leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, alkane- or arylenesulfonyloxy, such as methanesulfonyloxy, ethanesulfonyloxy, thiomethyl, benzenesulfonyloxy, tosyloxy, and thienyloxy, dihalophosphinoyloxy, optionally substituted benzyloxy, isopropyloxy, acyloxy, and the like.
  • halogen alkane- or arylenesulfonyloxy
  • alkane- or arylenesulfonyloxy such as methanesulfonyloxy, ethanesulfonyloxy, thiomethyl, benzenesulfonyloxy, tosyloxy, and thienyloxy, dihalophosphinoyloxy, optionally substituted benzyloxy, isopropyloxy, acyloxy, and the like.
  • Module means a molecule that interacts with a target. The interactions include, but are not limited to, agonist, antagonist, and the like, as defined herein.
  • Disease and Disease state means any disease, condition, symptom, disorder or indication.
  • Inert organic solvent or “inert solvent” means the solvent is inert under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith, including for example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, methylene chloride or dichloromethane, dichloro ethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, tert- butanol, dioxane, pyridine, and the like.
  • the solvents used in the reactions of the present invention are inert solvents.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for veterinary as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of a compound means salts that are pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined herein, and that possess the desired
  • Such salts include:
  • acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic, camphorsulfonic acid, citric acid, ethanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, glycolic acid, hydroxynaphtoic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, muconic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, propionic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, trimethylacetic acid, and the like; or
  • Acceptable organic bases include diethanolamine, ethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide.
  • the preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the salts formed from acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and magnesium.
  • Protecting group means the group which selectively blocks one reactive site in a multifunctional compound such that a chemical reaction can be carried out selectively at another unprotected reactive site in the meaning conventionally associated with it in synthetic chemistry. Certain processes of this invention rely upon the protective groups to block reactive nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms present in the reactants.
  • the terms "amino-protecting group” and “nitrogen protecting group” are used interchangeably herein and refer to those organic groups intended to protect the nitrogen atom against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures.
  • Exemplary nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, trifiuoro acetyl, acetamido, benzyl (Bn), benzyloxycarbonyl (carbobenzyloxy, CBZ), p- methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, iert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), and the like.
  • Bn benzyloxycarbonyl
  • CBZ benzyloxycarbonyl
  • p- methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl
  • iert-butoxycarbonyl BOC
  • stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate, when the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one of the substances in which the water retains its molecular state as H 2 0, such combination being able to form one or more hydrate.
  • Subject means mammals and non-mammals. Mammals means any member of the mammalia class including, but not limited to, humans; non-human primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs; and the like. Examples of non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, and the like. The term "subject” does not denote a particular age or sex.
  • Arithritis means diseases or conditions damage to joints of the body and pain associated with such joint damage. Arithritis includes rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, septic arthritis and gouty arthritis.
  • Pain includes, without limitation, inflammatory pain; surgical pain; visceral pain; dental pain; premenstrual pain; central pain; pain due to burns; migraine or cluster headaches; nerve injury; neuritis; neuralgias; poisoning; ischemic injury;
  • interstitial cystitis cancer pain; viral, parasitic or bacterial infection; post-traumatic injury; or pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease state, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease state.
  • the “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, disease state being treated, the severity or the disease treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the route and form of administration, the judgment of the attending medical or veterinary practitioner, and other factors.
  • the terms "those defined above” and “those defined herein” when referring to a variable incorporates by reference the broad definition of the variable as well as preferred, more preferred and most preferred definitions, if any.
  • Treating" or “treatment” of a disease state includes:
  • n is from 0 to 3;
  • R 1 is: optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl; or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
  • each R is independently; hydrogen; or Ci-6-alkyl
  • R is: hydrogen; or Ci-6-alkyl
  • R 4 is: Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkoxy-Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkylsulfonyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl; hydroxy-Ci- 6 alkyl; amino-Ci_ 6 alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; aryl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the aryl portion is optionally substituted; optionally substituted C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; heteroaryl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted; aryl-sulfonamido wherein the aryl portion may be optionally substituted; optionally susbstituted heterocycyl; or heterocyclyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the heterocyclyl portion may be optionally substituted; and R 5 is: Ci_6alkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted C3_6cycloalkyl; or optionally substitute
  • m is from 0 to 2.
  • m is 0 or 1.
  • m is 1.
  • R 1 is optionally substituted aryl.
  • R 1 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_ 6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; carboxy; and cyano.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted once or twice with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci-6alkyl; halo-Ci_6alkoxy; halo; carboxy; and cyano.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted once with Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo; or halo-Ci_6alkyl.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted once with methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, trifiuoromethyl or trifiuoromethoxy.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted once with Ci_6alkyl or halo.
  • R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted with fluoro.
  • R 1 is unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • R 1 is heteroaryl selected from:
  • R 1 is pyridinyl.
  • R is C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with Ci- 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 is cyclohexyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • each R is independently hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R is Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • R 3 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 3 is methyl
  • R 4 is:
  • phenyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the phenyl portion is optionally substituted
  • heteroaryl selected from pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; furanyl; pyridonyl; benzimidazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; tetrahydroisoquinolinyl; benzothiazolyl, pyrazolyl; imidazo[ l ,2- ]pyridinyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiophenyl; imidazo[2,l- 0]thiazolyl; or imidazolyl, each of which may be optionally substituted;
  • heteroaryl-Ci- 6 alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is selected from: pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; furanyl; pyridonyl; benzimidazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl;
  • heterocycyl selected from: tetrahydropyranyl; morpholinyl; oxetanyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; pyrrolidinyl; thiazolidinyl; or azetidinyl, each optionally substituted with Ci_ 6 alkyl or carboxy; or heterocyclyl-Ci-6alkyl wherein the heterocyclyl portion is selected from:
  • R 4 is:
  • phenyl optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; amino; carboxy; sulfonamido; and cyano.
  • phenyl-Ci-6alkyl wherein the phenyl portion is optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci-6alkyl; halo; carboxy; amino; and cyano.
  • heteroaryl selected from pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; furanyl; pyridonyl; benzimidazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; tetrahydroisoquinolinyl; benzothiazolyl, pyrazolyl; imidazo[ l ,2- ]pyridinyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiophenyl; or imidazolyl, each of which may be optionally substituted once or twice with a group or groups
  • heteroaryl-Ci-6alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is selected from: pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; furanyl; pyridonyl; benzimidazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl;
  • phenyl-sulfonamido wherein the phenyl portion may be optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_ 6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; and cyano; heterocycyl selected from: tetrahydropyranyl; morpholinyl; oxetanyl; piperidinyl; pyrrollidinyl; thiazolidinyl; or azetidinyl, each optionally substituted with Ci-6alkyl or carboxy; or
  • tetrahydropyranyl morpholinyl; oxetanyl; piperidinyl; pyrrolidinyl; thiazolidinyl; or azetidinyl, each optionally substituted with Ci_6alkyl or carboxy.
  • R 4 is:
  • phenyl optionally substituted once or with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; carboxy; amino; and sulfonamido.
  • phenyl-Ci_6alkyl wherein the phenyl portion is optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci-6alkyl; halo; amino; and carboxy;
  • heteroaryl-Ci-6alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is selected from: pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; furanyl; pyridonyl; benzimidazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl;
  • phenyl-sulfonamido wherein the phenyl portion may be optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_ 6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; and carboxy;
  • heterocycyl selected from: tetrahydropyranyl; oxetanyl; pyrrolidinyl; and azetidinyl, each optionally substituted with Ci_6alkyl or carboxy; or heterocyclyl-Ci- 6 alkyl wherein the heterocyclyl portion is selected from:
  • R 4 is Ci_ 6 alkyl.
  • Ci-6alkyl may be propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl.
  • R 4 is Ci- 6 alkoxy-Ci_ 6 alkyl.
  • 6 alkoxy-Ci_ 6 alkyl may be 2-methoxy-ethyl, 2 -methoxy-1 -methyl-ethyl, 3-methoxy-propyl, 2-ethoxy-ethyl, or 2-methoxy-propyl.
  • R 4 is Ci_ 6 alkylsulfonyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • Ci-6alkylsulfonyl-Ci-6alkyl such Ci- 6 alkylsulfonyl-Ci- 6 alkyl may be 2-(methanesulfonyl)-ethyl, 2-(methanesulfonyl)-
  • R 4 is hydroxy-Ci_ 6 alkyl.
  • hydroxy-Ci_ 6 alkyl may be 2-hydroxy-ethyl, 2-hydroxy-propyl, 2 -hydroxy- 1 -methyl-ethyl or 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl.
  • R 4 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • optionally substituted phenyl may be unsubstituted phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 3- chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4- trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-phenyl, 3 -fluoro -phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 2,4-difluoro- phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-carboxy-phenyl, or 4-amino-phenyl.
  • R 4 is phenyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the phenyl portion is optionally substituted.
  • the phenyl portion may be unsubstituted phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro-phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro-phenyl, 3- fluoro -phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 2,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3-methoxy- phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-carboxy-phenyl, or 4-amino-phenyl.
  • the Ci_6alkyl portion may be methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylene.
  • the Ci-6alkyl portion may be methylene or ethylene.
  • Ci_6alkyl portion may be methylene
  • R 4 is C3_6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with Ci_6alkyl or phenyl.
  • 6cycloalkyl may be 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl or 3-phenyl-cyclobutyl.
  • R 4 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • such optionally substituted heteroaryl may be pyrazin-2-yl, 5-methyl-pyrazin-
  • R 4 is heteroaryl-Ci_6alkyl wherein the heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted.
  • the heteroaryl portions thereof may be pyrazin-2-yl, 5-methyl-pyrazin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, pyridin-2-yl, 6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl, 6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, furan-2-yl, 6-oxo-pyridin-3-yl, benzimidazol-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, benzothiazol-2-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridin-3-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, imidazol-4-yl, imidazol-l-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, thiophen-2
  • 6alkyl portion may be methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylene.
  • 6 alkyl portion may be methylene or ethylene.
  • 6 alkyl portion may be methylene.
  • R 4 is phenyl-sulfonamido wherein the phenyl portion is optionally substituted.
  • the phenyl portion may be unsubstituted phenyl, 2-chloro-phenyl, 3-chloro-phenyl, 4-chloro- phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, 3-trifiuoromethyl-phenyl, 4-trifiuoromethyl-phenyl, 2-fluoro- phenyl, 3 -fiuoro -phenyl, 4-fluoro-phenyl, 2,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2-methoxy-phenyl, 3- methoxy-phenyl, 4-methoxy-phenyl, 3-carboxy-phenyl, or 4-amino-phenyl.
  • the sulfonamido portion may be of the formula -SO 2 NH-.
  • the sulfonamido portion may be of the formula -NHSO 2 -.
  • R 4 is optionally substituted heterocycyl.
  • heterocycly may be tetrahydropyran-4-yl, oxetan-3-yl, 1-methyl- pyrrolidin-3-yl, l -tert-butoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, or 1-tert- butoxycarbonyl-azetidin-3-yl.
  • R 4 is heterocyclyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl wherein the heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with Ci-6alkyl or carboxy.
  • the heteroaryl portions thereof may be morpholin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-l -yl, l-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-4-yl, 1 - tert-butoxycarbonyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl, 3-tert-butoxycarbonyl-thiazolidin-5-yl, thiazolidine- 4-yl, l -tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-3-yl, or piperidin-3-yl.
  • the Ci_ is heterocyclyl-Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • 6alkyl portion may be methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylene.
  • 6 alkyl portion may be methylene or ethylene.
  • 6 alkyl portion may be methylene.
  • R 4 is benzyl; phenyl; 4-phenyl-butyl;
  • R 4 is benzyl
  • R 4 is phenyl
  • R 4 is 4-phenyl-butyl.
  • R 4 is 2-chlorobenzyl
  • R 4 is 3-chlorobenzyl.
  • R 4 is 4-chlorobenzyl.
  • R 4 is 2-phenyl-cyclopropyl.
  • R 4 is pyrazin-2-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is phenylsulfonamido.
  • R 4 is 2-methyl-phenyl.
  • R 4 is n-butyl
  • R 4 is isobutyl
  • R 4 is tert-butyl
  • R 4 is 3-trifiuoromethy-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 4-trifluoromethy-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 2-fluoro-benzyl
  • R 4 is 3-fluoro-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 4-fluoro-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 4-fluoro-phenyl.
  • R 4 is 2,4-difluoro-phenyl.
  • R 4 is 3-phenyl-cyclobutyl.
  • R 4 is 2-methoxy-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 3-methoxy-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 4-methoxy-benzyl.
  • R 4 is 2-methoxy-ethyl.
  • R 4 is l-(phenyl)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 3-(methanesulfonyl)-propyl.
  • R 4 is 3-carboxy-benzyl. [197] In certain embodiments of formula I, R 4 is 2-(morpholin-4-yl)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(pyrrolidin-l-yl)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is l-methyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl.
  • R 4 is 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- azetidin-3-yl.
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxy-propyl.
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxy-l -methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl.
  • R 4 is 2-hydroxy-ethyl.
  • R 4 is tetrahydropyran-4-yl.
  • R 4 is 2-(ethoxy)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(methanesulfonyl)-l -methyl- ethyl.
  • R 4 is oxetan-3-yl.
  • R 4 is 2-(ethoxy)-l -methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-l -methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-l- methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-( ,N-dimethylamino)-l- methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(furan-2-yl)-l -methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is pyridin-2-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is pyridin-3-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is pyridin-4-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-( pyridin-2-yl)-l -methyl- ethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-( pyridin-4-yl)-l -methyl- ethyl.
  • R 4 is 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- piperidin-4-ylmethyl. [220] In certain embodiments of formula I, R 4 is 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- pyrrolidin-3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 1 -ethyl-pyrrolidin-2 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-chloro-pyridin-5-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 6-oxo-l,6,-dihydropyridin-3- ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- thiazo lidin-5 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 5 -methyl-pyrazin-2 -ylmethyl
  • R 4 is benzimidazol-2 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is thiazol-2-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 4-sulfmamoyl-benzyl.
  • R 4 is l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3,4- dihydro-isoquinolin-2-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)- benzyl.
  • R 4 is 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-2- ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 4-amino-benzyl.
  • R 4 is thiazolidin-4-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is imidazo[l,2-a]pyridin-3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is isoxazol-5 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is imidazol-4 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is imidazol-1 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is pyrazol-3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is isoxazol-3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-l -methyl-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2 -ylmethyl. [244] In certain embodiments of formula I, R 4 is 2-(methanesulfonyl)-ethyl.
  • R 4 is 3 -methoxycarbonyl-b enzyl.
  • R 4 is 6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin3 - ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is imidazo [2, 1 -0]thiazol-6-ylmethy
  • R 4 is 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- piperidin- ⁇ 3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 4 is 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)- pyrrolidin-3-yl.
  • R 4 is pyrrolidin-3 -ylmethyl.
  • R 5 is Ci_ 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is optionally substituted aryl.
  • R 5 is optionally substituted phenyl.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted one, two or three times with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6alkoxy; halo-Ci-6alkyl; halo; carboxy; and cyano.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted once or twice with a group or groups independently selected from: Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkoxy; halo-Ci-6alkyl; halo-Ci-6alkoxy; halo; carboxy; and cyano.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted once with Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkoxy; halo; or halo-Ci_ 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted once with methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro or trifluoromethyl.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted once with fluoro, chloro or methyl.
  • R 5 is phenyl optionally substituted once with Ci_ 6 alkyl or halo.
  • R 5 is unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 5 is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • R 5 is heteroaryl selected from:
  • R 5 is pyridinyl
  • R 5 is pyridin-2-yl.
  • R 5 is pyridin-3-yl.
  • R 5 is C3_6cycloalkyl optionally substituted with Ci_6alkyl.
  • R 5 is cyclohexyl
  • n is from 0 to 3;
  • p is from 0 to 3;
  • each of R 6 and R 7 is independently: Ci_6alkyl; Ci_6alkoxy; halo-Ci_6alkyl; halo; carboxy; or cyano; and
  • R 4 is as described above.
  • n is from 0 to 2.
  • n is 0 or 1.
  • n 0.
  • n 1
  • p is from 0 to 2.
  • p is 0 or 1.
  • p is 0.
  • R 6 is Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkoxy; halo; or halo-Ci- 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro or trifiuoromethyl.
  • R 6 is fluoro, chloro or methyl.
  • R 7 is Ci_ 6 alkyl; Ci_ 6 alkoxy; halo; or halo-Ci- 6 alkyl.
  • R 7 is methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro or trifiuoromethyl.
  • R 7 is fluoro, chloro or methyl.
  • R 7 is fluoro
  • the subject compounds may be more specifically represented by formula Ila or lib
  • n, p, R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 or R 7 is alkyl or contains an alkyl moiety
  • alkyl is preferably lower alkyl, i.e. Ci-Cealkyl, and in many embodiments is Ci-C 4 alkyl.
  • the invention also provides methods for treating a disease or condition mediated by or otherwise associated with potassium channel activity, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the disease or condition may be selected from autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, immune-mediated disorders, or other disorders, including multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes mellitus, type-2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus, graft-versus host disease, transplant rejection, and delayed type hypersensitivity.
  • the invention also provides methods for treating an inflammatory, respiratory or diabetes condition, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the disease may be an inflammatory disease such as arthritis, and more particularly rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airways hyper-responsiveness, septic shock, glomerulonephritis, irritable bowel disease, and Crohn's disease.
  • arthritis and more particularly rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airways hyper-responsiveness, septic shock, glomerulonephritis, irritable bowel disease, and Crohn's disease.
  • the disease may be muscular sclerosis.
  • the disease may be a respiratory disorder, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), asthma, or bronchospasm, or a gastrointestinal (GI) disorder such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), biliary colic and other biliary disorders, renal colic, diarrhea-dominant IBS, pain associated with GI distension.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  • IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • biliary colic and other biliary disorders renal colic
  • diarrhea-dominant IBS pain associated with GI distension.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds generally are either available from commercial suppliers, such as Aldrich Chemical Co., or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991, Volumes 1-15; Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989, Volumes 1-5 and Supplemental; and Organic Reactions, Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991, Volumes 1-40.
  • the following synthetic reaction schemes are merely illustrative of some methods by which the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized, and various modifications to these synthetic reaction schemes can be made and will be suggested to one skilled in the art having referred to the disclosure contained in this Application.
  • the starting materials and the intermediates of the synthetic reaction schemes can be isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but not limited to, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. Such materials can be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
  • reaction temperature range of from about -78 °C to about 150 °C, more preferably from about 0 °C to about 125 °C, and most preferably and conveniently at about room (or ambient) temperature , e . g . , about 20 ° C .
  • Scheme A illustrates one synthetic procedure usable to prepare specific compounds of formula I, wherein X is a leaving group such as halo and may be the same or different for each occurrence, R is lower alkyl, and m, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined herein.
  • step 1 of Scheme A nicotinic ester compound a is reacted with aryl boronic acid compound b, to afford aryl nicotinic ester compound c.
  • the reaction of step 1 may be carried out in the presence of a palladium catalyst.
  • Aryl boronic acid compound b may comprise, for example, a phenyl boronic acid which may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a variety of other aryl or heteroaryl boronic acids.
  • step 2 compound c undergoes reduction in the presence of a catalyst such as a Pd or Pt catalyst in the presence of hydrogen to yield piperidine ester compound d.
  • a catalyst such as a Pd or Pt catalyst
  • Aryl sulfonyl halide compound e may comprise, for example, a phenyl sulfonyl chloride which may be substituted or unsubstituted on the phenyl portion, a pyridine sulfonyl chloride which may be substituted or unsubstituted on the pyridinyl portion, or a variety of other aryl or heteroaryl sulfonyl halides.
  • step 4 the carboxylic ester group of compound f is hydrolized to afford the corresponding piperidine aryl sulfonamide carboxylic acid compound g.
  • step 5 an amide formation reaction occurs wherein carboxylic acid compound g is treated with amine h to give aryl piperidine sulfonamide compound I, which is a compound in accordance with the invention.
  • Various amide coupling reagents such as EDCI, HATU, BOP, PyBOP or carbodiimides may be used in the reaction of step 5.
  • the compounds of the invention are usable for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases and conditions such as arthritis, including but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions.
  • arthritis including but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions.
  • the subject compounds would be useful for the treatment of pulmonary disorders or lung inflammation, including adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary sarcoidosis, asthma, silicosis, and chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease.
  • the disease or condition may be selected from autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, immune-mediated disorders, or other disorders, including multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes mellitus, type-2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus, graft-versus host disease, transplant rejection, and delayed type hypersensitivity.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
  • the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound of the present invention, or an individual isomer, racemic or non-racemic mixture of isomers or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally other therapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients.
  • the compounds of the invention will be administered in a therapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities.
  • Suitable dosage ranges are typically 1-500 mg daily, preferably 1 -100 mg daily, and most preferably 1 -30 mg daily, depending upon numerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used, the route and form of administration, the indication towards which the administration is directed, and the preferences and experience of the medical practitioner involved.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art of treating such diseases will be able, without undue experimentation and in reliance upon personal knowledge and the disclosure of this Application, to ascertain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention for a given disease.
  • Compounds of the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical formulations including those suitable for oral (including buccal and sub-lingual), rectal, nasal, topical, pulmonary, vaginal, or parenteral (including intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, subcutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
  • the preferred manner of administration is generally oral using a convenient daily dosage regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of affliction.
  • a compound or compounds of the invention, together with one or more conventional adjuvants, carriers, or diluents, may be placed into the form of
  • compositions and unit dosages may be comprised of conventional ingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additional active compounds or principles, and the unit dosage forms may contain any suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate with the intended daily dosage range to be employed.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be employed as solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, or liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, or filled capsules for oral use; or in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions for parenteral use.
  • Formulations containing about one (1) milligram of active ingredient or, more broadly, about 0.01 to about one hundred (100) milligrams, per tablet, are accordingly suitable representative unit dosage forms.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms may comprise a compound or compounds of the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as the active component.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules.
  • a solid carrier may be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavouring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component.
  • the active component In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • the powders and tablets preferably contain from about one (1) to about seventy (70) percent of the active compound.
  • Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatine, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
  • the term "preparation" is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as carrier, providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is in association with it.
  • cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges may be as solid forms suitable for oral administration.
  • Emulsions may be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents, for example, such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia.
  • Aqueous solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and thickening agents.
  • Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents.
  • Solid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, and may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol.
  • oily or nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil), and injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate), and may contain formulatory agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution for constitution before use with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for topical administration to the epidermis as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch.
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agents in a flavored base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatine and glycerine or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for administration as suppositories.
  • a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • the subject compounds may be formulated for nasal administration.
  • the solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example, with a dropper, pipette or spray.
  • the formulations may be provided in a single or multidose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.
  • the compounds of the invention may be formulated for aerosol
  • the compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of five (5) microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization.
  • the active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofiuorocarbon (CFC), for example,
  • the aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin.
  • the dose of drug may be controlled by a metered valve.
  • the active ingredients may be provided in a form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP).
  • the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity.
  • the powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of e.g., gelatine or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.
  • formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be formulated in transdermal or subcutaneous drug delivery devices. These delivery systems are advantageous when sustained release of the compound is necessary and when patient compliance with a treatment regimen is crucial. Compounds in transdermal delivery systems are frequently attached to an skin- adhesive solid support.
  • the compound of interest can also be combined with a penetration enhancer, e.g., Azone (l-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one).
  • Sustained release delivery systems are inserted subcutaneously into the subdermal layer by surgery or injection.
  • the subdermal implants encapsulate the compound in a lipid soluble membrane, e.g., silicone rubber, or a biodegradable polymer, e.g., polylactic acid.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms.
  • the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
  • the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.
  • the active ingredient is dissolved in a portion of the water for injection. A sufficient quantity of sodium chloride is then added with stirring to make the solution isotonic. The solution is made up to weight with the remainder of the water for injection, filtered through a 0.2 micron membrane filter and packaged under sterile conditions.
  • nasal spray formulations Several aqueous suspensions containing from about 0.025-0.5 percent active compound are prepared as nasal spray formulations.
  • the formulations optionally contain inactive ingredients such as, for example, micro crystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, dextrose, and the like. Hydrochloric acid may be added to adjust pH.
  • the nasal spray formulations may be delivered via a nasal spray metered pump typically delivering about 50-100 microliters of formulation per actuation. A typical dosing schedule is 2-4 sprays every 4-12 hours.
  • Compounds provided herein can be evaluated using cell-based assays such as electrophysiological assays, or can be evaluated in animal models of autoimmune disease and immune-mediated responses and conditions. Examples of assays are described below.
  • the compounds provided herein can be tested for antagonist activity at voltage-gated ion channels such as voltage-gated potassium channels by measuring their ability to affect channel opening or their ability to block permeation of ions through the channel pore in response to depolarizing voltage changes across the cell membrane.
  • Functional tests of channel activity include but are not limited to ion flux resulting from channel opening measured by electrophysiological methods. These methods can be used to evaluate channel function when the relevant ion channel is heterologously expressed in a mammalian or amphibian cells. These methods can also be used to evaluate compounds provided herein in rodent primary lymphocytes and other mammalian primary cells and cell lines that endogenously express the channel of interest.
  • Compounds can further be evaluated for their ability to bind the ion channel using biochemical approaches. Compounds can also be evaluated for their ability to modify lymphocyte signaling where the channels are known to have a role (e.g., cytokine production and cellular proliferation). Finally, compounds provided herein can be tested in vivo in animal models of immune -mediated processes and disorders and autoimmune diseases known to one skilled in the art, such as, for example, models of multiple sclerosis, arthritis, type I diabetes, and hypersensitivity in rodents or other mammals.
  • Intracellular solution was KC1 130mM, HEPES lOmM, glucose 5 mM, EGTA 1 mM, ATP-Mg 2 mM, and MgCl 2 1 mM, pH 7.2, with KOH.
  • CHO-cells stably expressing the ion channels were clamped at a holding potential (HP) of-80 mV, hyperpolarized to -90 mV to determine the leak current, and depolarized for 200 ms to +40 mV. Intersweep interval was 20 sec. Pulse-cycling rate was 0.1 Hz. The area under curve (charge) during 200 ms of depolarization was analyzed.
  • Patch planar patch-clamp systems anion, Munchen, Germany
  • Prior to recordings cells were detached from culture flasks with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA and re-suspended at a density of approx. 5E6/ml cells per ml.
  • the bath (external) solution contained (mM): NaCl 140, KC14, MgCl 2 1 , CaCl 2 2, Hepes 10, glucose 5; titrated to pH 7.4 with NaOH.
  • the intracellular recording solution contained (mM): KC1 50, KF 60, NaCl 10, EGTA 20, HEPES 10; titrated to pH 7.2 with KOH.
  • CHO-cells stably expressing the ion channels were clamped at a holding potential (HP) of-100 mV, hyperpolarized to -120 mV to determine the leak current, and depolarized for 200 ms to +40 mV. Intersweep interval was 20 sec.
  • the area under curve (charge) during 200 ms of depolarization was analyzed. An initial period of approx. 15 stimuli was recorded to determine an endogenous current rundown. In case of the Port-a-Patch the rundown was biexponentially fitted.
  • the block of the compounds were referred to the charge obtained just prior to compound application. The total charge obtained is plotted against antagonist concentration on a logarithmic scale and IC50s are obtained using standard analysis protocols. After compound had been added a washout was recorded to analyse the reversibility of the block.
  • the internal pipette solution may include 60 mM Potassium-Chloride, 60 mM Potassium Flouride, 20 mM EGTA, and 5 mM Hepes at pH 7.2; normal external solution is 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 2 mM MgCl 2 , 25 mM Hepes, and 10 mM glucose.
  • Concentration-response curves are obtained by recording currents in response to brief (200 msec) depolarizing voltage steps at 15 second intervals. A series of baseline current responses are obtained in the presence of regular external saline.
  • compounds are applied to the cells at increasing concentrations for a defined time period while obtaining current responses.
  • the periods of compound application at each concentration and the number of voltage steps applied to the cell at each concentration are constant for the entire test concentration series. Currents are measured in cells that are voltage clamped at -90 millivolts.
  • Averaged steady- state current level at the end of the 3 minute compound application is measured and normalized to the maximum current response in control saline. These points are then plotted on a logarithmic scale and fitted by a Hill function. The IC 50 is calculated from the resulting Hill fit.
  • [350] Compounds that inhibit K v l .3 currents are tested for activity against other receptors to determine their selectivity for specific family members.
  • the list of receptors assayed includes, but is not restricted to K v l .l, K v 1.5, K v 1.4, K v 3.1, K v 2.1, hERG.
  • the types of assay used for selectivity determination may include Electrophysiological determination of receptor inhibition in either mammalian cells stably expressing DNA encoding the channel of interest or inherently expressing the channel, including by using manual patch clamp or planar patch clamp system. Methods and data analysis will be similar to those described above for K v l .3.
  • the route of administration may include intraperitoneal, (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c), oral (p.o.), intranvenous (i.v.), intrathecal (i. ), or intraplantar.
  • K v l .3 modulators may be administered prior to or post-induction of the immune disease model depending upon the specific model and the compound PK characteristics.
  • administration may include intraperitoneal, (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c), oral (p.o.), intranvenous (i.v.), intrathecal (i.t.), or intraplantar.
  • the endpoints for these studies may include mediation of immune reactions, inflammatory reactions, physical parameters, cellular parameters and will be appropriate for the model being utilized.
  • EAE Encephalomyelitis
  • CNS central nervous system
  • Disease is induced in susceptible strains of mice (S JL mice) by immunization with CNS myelin antigens or alternatively, disease is passively transferred to susceptible mice using antigen stimulated CD4+ T cells (Pettinelli, J. Immunol. 127, 1981 , p. 1420).
  • S JL mice susceptible strains of mice
  • CD4+ T cells antigen stimulated CD4+ T cells
  • EAE is widely recognized as an acceptable animal model for multiple sclerosis in primates (Alvord et al. (eds.) 1984. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ⁇ A useful model for multiple sclerosis. Alan R. Liss, New York).
  • MS model is a viral model, whereby MS like disease is induced by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) (Dal Canto, M.C., and Lipton, H.L., Am. J. Path., 88:497-500 (1977)).
  • TMEV Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus
  • the TMEV picornavirus is inoculated intracerebrally in susceptible strains of mice and induces immune-mediated progressive CNS demyelination which is clinically and pathologically similar to MS.
  • Intracerebral virus injection is performed on 4-6 week old animals that are lightly anesthetized with metofane.
  • Virus is injected using a 27 gauge needle with a Hamilton syringe that delivers a 10 ul volume which contains 2xl0 5 PFU of the Daniel's strain of TMEV.
  • Intracerebral injection results in greater than 98% incidence of chronic viral infection with demyelination.
  • Chronically infected animals for remyelination experiments are generally 6-8 months post-infection.
  • Animals are sacrificed and spinal cord tissue is processed and morphological evaluation of the spinal cord of each animal is assessed histologically.
  • Mice are anesthetized with pentobarbital and perfused by intracardiac administration of fixative (phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde with 1 % glutaraldehyde, pH 7.4).
  • Oligodendrocyte remyelination is characterized by areas of axons with abnormally thin myelin sheaths and the absence of Schwann cells. Statistical comparison of the extent of demyelination and remyelination is performed using the Student's t test. Lysolecithin Induced Demyelination:
  • mice 12 weeks old SJL/J mice are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitol and a dorsal laminectomy is performed in the upper thoracic region of the spinal cord.
  • a 34 guage needle attached to a Hamilton syringe is used to inject 1 ml of a 1% solution of lysolecithin directly into the dorsolateral aspect of the cord.
  • the wound is sutured in two layers, and mice are allowed to recover.
  • the day of lysolecithin injection was designated day 0. Seven days after lysolecithin injection, mice are treated with compound(s) (1 mg/injection each). Control mice are treated with bolus intraperitoneal injection of PBS or other appropriate control.
  • mice are sacrificed and one um thick sections are prepared.
  • the araldite block showing the largest lysolecithin-induced demyelination lesion is used for quantitative analysis.
  • the total area of the lesion is quantitated using a Zeiss interactive digital analysis system.
  • the total number of remyelinated fibers is quantitated using a Nikon
  • the data is expressed as number of remyelinated axons/mm of lesion.
  • the collagen-induced arthritis model (CIA) is used as an autoimmune model for testing compounds (Myers, L.K. et al. Life Sci. (1997), 61(19): 1861 -1878). Immunization of genetically susceptible rodents or primates with Type II collagen (CII) in complete Freund's adjuvant leads to the development of a severe polyarticular arthritis after about 3 weeks.
  • CII Type II collagen
  • Bovine collagen type II (CII) is emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant at a final concentration of 2 mg/ml, and a total of 0.1 ml is injected intradermally at three sites at the base of the tail. Twenty-one days later, a booster (0.1 ml) consisting of CII emusified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (2 mg/ml) is injected intradermally across three sites at the tail base. A further 3 days later animals are injected with lipopolysaccharide (40 ⁇ g in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]; E.
  • PBS lipopolysaccharide
  • mice Animals with a clinical score of 0.5 or above are used in compound assessment experiments and administered varying doses of test compound. Mice are monitored until 40 days after immunization, when they were killed and blood collected for serum and draining lymph nodes collected for assessment of stimulated cytokine secretion.
  • NOD mouse represents a model in which auto -immunity against beta-cells is the primary event in the development of IDDM.
  • Diabetogenesis is mediated through a multi-factorial interaction between a unique MHC class II gene and multiple, unlinked, genetic loci, as in the human disease.
  • STZ streptozotocin
  • STZ beta-cell toxin streptozotocin
  • STZ is taken up by the pancreatic beta cell through the glucose transporter GLUT-2. This substance decomposes intracellularly, and causes damage to DNA either by alkylation or by the generation of NO.
  • DNA strand breaks leads to the activation of the abundant nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which synthesizes large amounts of the (ADP-ribose) polymer, using NAD+ as a substrate.
  • PARP poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
  • NAD+ NAD+
  • the cellular concentration of NAD+ may then decrease to very low levels, which is thought to abrogate the ability of the cell to generate sufficient energy and, finally, to lead to cell death.
  • DTH skin reaction is evaluated 24 and 48 hours later.

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Abstract

Composés de formule (I) ou sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables de ceux-ci; m, R1, R2, R3, R4 et R5 dans la formule (I) étant tels que définis dans la description. Des procédés de préparation et d'utilisation desdits composés pour traiter des maladies associées à la modulation des canaux potassiques sont également décrits.
PCT/EP2010/069787 2009-12-16 2010-12-15 Dérivés d'arylsulfonamides de pipéridine utilisés en tant que modulateurs de kv.1.3 Ceased WO2011073269A1 (fr)

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WO2016146583A1 (fr) 2015-03-13 2016-09-22 4Sc Discovery Gmbh Inhibiteurs de kv1.3 et leur application médicale
WO2016146575A1 (fr) 2015-03-13 2016-09-22 4Sc Discovery Gmbh Inhibiteurs kv1.3 et application médicale correspondante
CN113056461A (zh) * 2018-10-30 2021-06-29 H.隆德贝克有限公司 作为Kv3钾通道激活剂的芳基磺酰基吡咯甲酰胺衍生物
CN114746151A (zh) * 2019-10-07 2022-07-12 D·E·萧尔研究有限责任公司 作为Kv1.3钾Shaker通道阻断剂的芳基杂环化合物

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016146583A1 (fr) 2015-03-13 2016-09-22 4Sc Discovery Gmbh Inhibiteurs de kv1.3 et leur application médicale
WO2016146575A1 (fr) 2015-03-13 2016-09-22 4Sc Discovery Gmbh Inhibiteurs kv1.3 et application médicale correspondante
CN113056461A (zh) * 2018-10-30 2021-06-29 H.隆德贝克有限公司 作为Kv3钾通道激活剂的芳基磺酰基吡咯甲酰胺衍生物
CN114746151A (zh) * 2019-10-07 2022-07-12 D·E·萧尔研究有限责任公司 作为Kv1.3钾Shaker通道阻断剂的芳基杂环化合物

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