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WO2011053951A1 - Système et procédé à la fois pour la charge de batterie et la régulation de charge dans un circuit unique doté d'une trajectoire de puissance bidirectionnelle unique - Google Patents

Système et procédé à la fois pour la charge de batterie et la régulation de charge dans un circuit unique doté d'une trajectoire de puissance bidirectionnelle unique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011053951A1
WO2011053951A1 PCT/US2010/055041 US2010055041W WO2011053951A1 WO 2011053951 A1 WO2011053951 A1 WO 2011053951A1 US 2010055041 W US2010055041 W US 2010055041W WO 2011053951 A1 WO2011053951 A1 WO 2011053951A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
batteries
voltage
battery
current
power
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2010/055041
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English (en)
Inventor
Ira S. Faberman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IFTRON TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Original Assignee
IFTRON TECHNOLOGIES Inc
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Filing date
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Application filed by IFTRON TECHNOLOGIES Inc filed Critical IFTRON TECHNOLOGIES Inc
Publication of WO2011053951A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011053951A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter

Definitions

  • An exemplary aspect of this invention relates to voltage and current control.
  • an exemplary embodiment is directed toward bidirectional voltage translation, as well as a battery charge and discharge controller.
  • Lithium chemistry rechargeable batteries are significantly different in management requirements than more established chemistries based on lead or nickel, etc. This is in part because lithium chemistry batteries are highly intolerant of too high or too low a terminal voltage, and because the rate of charge and discharge must also be kept within limits.
  • a rechargeable lithium battery system typically includes a battery, a battery management system (BMS) that closely monitors the battery, and a battery charger designed specifically to charge the lithium batteries. Where the charger is not adequately adapted, a charge controller can be deployed between the charger and the battery.
  • BMS battery management system
  • a battery management system is employed to monitor the state of the battery.
  • the BMS will monitor things such as battery voltage, individual cell voltage (where a battery includes multiple cells in series), battery temperature, etc.
  • the BMS may also be designed to command a disconnect of the battery from the load if during discharge, the battery voltage gets too low or discharge current gets too high, or disconnect the charger in the event that the charger voltage or current gets too high.
  • the disconnect functionality is usually carried out by relays, contactors or semiconductor switches. These devices are frequently bulky and often completely separate pieces of hardware.
  • the BMS will also usually provide a balancing function so that individual cell voltages, where cells are in series, remain close together. Most frequently, the balancing function is preformed during charging and most notably during the last stages of charging when the battery is approaching or is at the fully charged voltage.
  • the lithium battery charger is typically a constant current - constant voltage system with a current limit that is consistent with the charging current limitations of the intended battery and a voltage regulation point that is consistent with the required intended battery maximum charge voltage.
  • an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein is bidirectional, it is uniquely capable of at least being able to provide the above disparate functions of BMS, discharge and charge control without the need for additional circuitry beyond that which will be disclosed for bidirectional voltage translation.
  • BMS discharge and charge control
  • other novel attributes bring unique charge, discharge and BMS functionality and benefits.
  • one exemplary embodiment is fully capable of regulating the battery charge current independent from the source of charge power as long as the source current exceeds the charge current set-point of the circuit.
  • An example of such a source might be an alternator that has sufficient current capability.
  • the exemplary embodiment is fully capable of regulating and limiting the charge voltage reaching the battery. Taken together, these abilities to manage both charge current and voltage, alone supplant the need for a lithium battery charger or charge controller. What is less obvious is that the disclosed technology can also deploy sensors to monitor battery temperature and state of balance, and other factors and act upon these to modulate the charge current and voltage according to the requirements of the battery.
  • the disclosed embodiments ca n assert a complex charging regime in response to the specific design requirements of the battery and from localized factors such as temperature, initial battery voltage, battery age, initial state of charge, state of balance, etc.
  • the disclosed technology is also fully capable of completely disconnecting the battery from the charging source if needed.
  • the disclosed technology is capable of monitoring the battery voltage and disconnecting it from the load if the battery voltage becomes too low. But unlike a simple switch, the disclosed technology is also capable of tapering the current made available to the load, as the battery voltage reaches the lower allowable voltage limit, rather than abruptly opening a switch. This feature has significant value in an operational system where an abrupt interruption of power would be undesirable.
  • the disclosed technology is capable of continuous discharge current limiting at any battery given voltage, protecting the battery from discharge currents that would be too high for the specific battery.
  • the disclosed technology is capable of modulating the discharge current limit or discharge voltage limit in response to the specific requirements of the battery and for localized factors such as battery temperature, battery age, the state of balance, etc.
  • the disclosed technology can if desired, completely disconnect the battery from the load.
  • the disclosed technology is capable of performing the functions of a BMS including battery voltage monitoring and battery balancing when teamed with a balancer.
  • a BMS battery voltage monitoring and battery balancing when teamed with a balancer.
  • An example would be teaming with an embodiment of the same invention, configured as a battery balancer.
  • Other BMS functions, including over voltage and under voltage protection can easily be handled by the ability of the disclosed technology to monitor and disconnect the battery. Even more unique is the ability of the disclosed technology to mitigate excessive demand upon the battery by limiting current or voltage in either direction;
  • the disclosed technology can include circuitry that is capable of monitoring and logging battery data such as charge and discharge cycles, aggregate amp-hours, age, etc. Not only can the disclosed technology be configured to report on this data but can act on the data by dynamically adjusting charge and discharge voltages and currents in response to this data, as dictated by, for example, the battery operating requirements.
  • Another exemplary aspect of the disclosed technology is directed toward the bidirectional voltage translation as well as battery charge and discharge control
  • the charge and discharge controller aspect is valuable because along with a battery balancer (be it the disclosed balancer or a balancer using another technology), it more than adequately provides all the functionality of a battery management system (BMS) - and some type of BMS is almost always needed to make a lithium battery practical.
  • BMS battery management system
  • Yet another exemplary aspect is a BMS in combination with a bidirectional voltage translator or power controller.
  • Yet another exemplary aspect of the invention is the ability to bidirectionally translate voltage up or down, irrespective of the presence of a battery, thus providing voltage up conversion and voltage down conversion in a single device.
  • Figs. 1A and IB illustrate exemplary regulator circuits.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary current flow circuit.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates an exemplary voltage regulator circuit.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates another exemplary voltage regulator circuit.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates an exemplary bidirectional current regulating circuit.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary circuit that compensates for different charging and discharging requirements.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates another exemplary circuit that compensates for different charging and discharging requirements.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a circuit with charge voltage limit regulation, discharge voltage limit regulation, charge current regulation, discharge current regulation and output voltage regulation.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates an exemplary equalizer or balancer using a bidirectional power path.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates an exemplary equalizer or balancer using a bidirectional power path and with bidirectional current limiting.
  • Fig. 11A - 11B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of equalizers or balancers deployed in a network.
  • FIG. 12A - 12B illustrate a detailed schematic of an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGs. 13A - 13 illustrate a detailed schematic of the exemplary embodiment of a network of equalizers or balancers.
  • module can refer to any known or later developed hardware, software, firmware, or combination thereof that is capable of performing the functionality associated with that element.
  • the terms determine, calculate and compute, and variations thereof, as used herein are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.
  • the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity.
  • the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
  • the terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” can be used interchangeably.
  • each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C", “one or more of A, B, or C" and "A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.
  • the battery charger is generally designed to provide the correct voltage and charging characteristics for the intended battery voltage, current and battery chemistry.
  • the charging circuitry whether the charger resides in an external circuit, an internal circuit, or in two or more locations, will be considered together to be the battery charger.
  • the charger is removed, left in place and powered down, disconnected or programmed off.
  • the system design will allow the charger to provide the necessary power to the load, substituting for the battery, while the battery is being charged or whenever the charger is available as the primary source of power. Then, whenever the charger is not delivering power, the battery supplies power to the load.
  • the charger whether it is a separate circuit, or a circuit partially or fully integral to further circuitry, is comprised mainly of electronic components and mechanical elements that have little or no function other than to charge the battery and or concurrently support the load during battery charging.
  • the voltage or current from the battery and or charger must be further modified and or conditioned to meet the demands of the load. Examples of this include any circuit that regulates, converts or limits either the voltage or current coming from the battery or charger to make it suitable for use by the downstream elements of the system.
  • the circuitry that regulates the voltage and or current is generally single purpose in design in that the circuit provides regulated voltage and/or protects either the downstream load or the battery from excessive current flow and little else.
  • this downstream voltage regulation circuitry is not directly involved with battery charging. This means that the path that the majority of the current takes through this voltage regulator will not be the same path that current takes between the charger and the battery. Necessarily, this classical approach is then comprised of both a dedicated charging circuit between the source of charging power and the battery, and a separate dedicated regulation circuit between the source of power and or the battery and the ultimate load.
  • technology that combines the functions of both battery charging and load regulation in a single circuit with a single, bidirectional power path.
  • the exemplary technology combines those elements that classically are required both for charging and for load regulation into one circuit that provides a bidirectional power path, and thus leads not only to higher efficiency, lower cost and smaller size, but can also provide unique and surprising attributes that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain.
  • Figs. 1A and IB illustrate exemplary circuit configurations that include a switch control circuit Al, a power source (e.g., battery VI), switches SI and S2, capacitors CI and C2 and load Rl.
  • a power source e.g., battery VI
  • switches SI and S2 switches SI and S2
  • capacitors CI and C2 and load Rl.
  • Fig. 1A the pair of switches, SI and S2 are deployed in series across a DC voltage VI.
  • the switches are controlled by the switch control circuit Al such that they conduct alternately.
  • the junction El between the switches is first at the positive voltage of the source VI, and then at the negative voltage of the source VI.
  • An inductor LI is deployed at the junction of the switches.
  • the other end of inductor LI is connected to capacitor CI.
  • the other terminal of capacitor CI is tied to the negative voltage of the voltage source VI at ground.
  • this terminal could as easily be tied to the positive terminal of VI or tied to both terminals of VI (with capacitor C2) as in Fig. IB.
  • inductor LI and capacitors CI are exemplary embodiments
  • C2 are of values that together comprise a substantial filter at the frequency of the alternating switches SI and S2. Since the voltage at El has an average value based on the voltage of VI relative to the on times of S1/S2 being switched (hereinafter called the duty cycle - which can be any value between 0 and 100%), the DC voltage E2, at the junction of LI and CI, C2 is the average voltage that is substantially equal to the voltage across VI times the duty cycle of S1/S2.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary current flow control circuit that includes comparable componentry as Fig. 1, but the load is now battery Bl, representative of one of many possible sources of energy.
  • Bl represents a discharged battery or capacitor with a predisposed charge of, for example, zero volts (0V)
  • the circuit will cause current to flow into Bl and thereby charge Bl until the voltage across Bl is substantially equal to the open circuit voltage at E2, where the voltage at E2 is a function of the voltage across VI and the duty cycle of S1/S2.
  • the direction of current flow is a function of the difference in magnitude of the voltage of VI and voltage of E2 and the duty cycle of SI, S2.ln summary, the direction of current flow between E2 and El and therefore into or out of VI is a function of the difference in voltage between E2 and the average voltage of El, where the average voltage of El is a function of the voltage of VI times the ratio of on times or duty cycle of SI and S2.
  • the magnitude of current flow in either direction is a function of the difference between the voltages of E2 and El, where El is the average of voltage VI and Bl and the duty cycle of S1/S2, divided by the total of the series resistances in the circuit. This, if there were no circuit resistance, any difference whatsoever in the voltage between El and E2 would cause infinite current to flow. However, in practical circuits, all the circuit elements have some resistance and therefore, the magnitude of current for a given voltage ratio is thereby governed.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates an arrangement that regulates the voltage at E2 as a function of difference between the voltage at E2 and a reference voltage E3.
  • An error amplifier A2 is deployed such that the voltage E2 is made responsive to the difference between the reference voltage E3 and the voltage of E2, by adjusting the duty cycle via the switch control circuit Al (shown here in block diagram form for simplicity) that controls the on-time ratio duty cycle of switches Sland S2. It is notable that the circuit is capable of adding or removing energy from Bl as is appropriate to regulate the voltage at E2 to the regulation voltage E3 as impressed by Zener diode Dl at the input of error amplifier A2.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a similar but complimentary arrangement in which the voltage of VI is regulated rather than that of the voltage at E2.
  • the circuit can add or remove energy from VI as needed to achieve voltage regulation at VI by adding or subtracting it from Bl.
  • VI is assumed to be a voltage source that has sufficient compliance to afford external regulation.
  • a source might include a battery or batteries, a large capacitor or capacitors, other electrical storage element(s), or other source(s) of power.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates one exemplary way of regulating or limiting the current flowing in either direction as may be necessary to protect circuit components, for performance reasons, or the like.
  • voltage regulation componentry that was demonstrated in the previous figures has been removed, leaving only the current regulating components.
  • R2 is a sense resistor deployed in series within the main current path for the purpose of measuring the magnitude and direction of current flow.
  • R2 only represents a current monitoring device, since there are many ways that this measurement can be accomplished, including, for example: magnetic amplifiers and Hall Effect devices, to name just a few.
  • the sensing element can be deployed in many locations in the current path in order to achieve the desired result.
  • the example clearly demonstrates the capability of the circuit to separately regulate or limit the current flowing one direction verses the other. This may be very advantageous in practice because, for example, in the case of use as a charge and discharge control, the battery may have distinctly different charging current requirements, compared to discharge current capability.
  • Zener diodes D2 and D3 represent two different reference voltages, one for charge current regulation and one for discharge current regulation.
  • A4 influence the switch control circuit Al, through diodes D4 and D5. Note that the polarity of D4 and D5 are such that the range of influence of each error amplifier over switch control circuit Al is limited to one direction only. This circuit not only demonstrates that the current can be regulated or limited, but the regulation point can be different for each direction of current flow in the circuit.
  • FIGs. 1 through 5 illustrate that voltage can be regulated for either VI or Bl, either by adding or subtracting energy to either source of energy, VI or Bl, and that current can also be regulated or limited in either direction, regardless of the magnitudes of voltage of VI or Bl, by manipulating the on-time duty cycle of S1/S2 such that it deviates on the appropriate side of the duty cycle point of electrical equilibrium.
  • the result of this ability will be more fully explained by the following examples which are for illustration purposes only and are in no way intended to suggest the limits of application of this technology.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary circuit wherein the circuit is deployed between two batteries, B2 and Bl that have different voltages, different chemistries and different charging requirements.
  • battery B2 be representative of a lithium battery
  • Bl be representative of a lead-acid battery.
  • the batteries need not be those as specifically shown in this example, but in general can be any type of battery(ies) and/or energy source(s) as discussed above.
  • Rl represent the system load and Gl a battery charger.
  • Bl and Gl represent an existing battery and charging system such as that commonly found throughout industry or in transportation.
  • Gl and the implied voltage regulation contained therein are already suited to the task of charging Bl and of supporting the load Rl.
  • the exemplary embodiment is connected to the existing battery, load and charger through connector Jl, and returned through a common ground. In this arrangement, the voltage of B2 is necessarily larger in voltage than Bl.
  • error amplifier A2 compares the voltage of the lead-acid battery, Bl to the reference voltage at E5, and through R3, controls the switch control circuit Al to keep the desired voltage on Bl constant.
  • A3 and A5 may be adjusted so that there will be additional current available from the charger Gl for charging the battery Bl if it had been previously discharged. This implies that by deliberately limiting the charge current flowing to battery B2 with regard to the charging capability of charger Gl, the system can apportion how much current will be used to charge B2 and how much will be left over to charge Bl and to simultaneously aid in supporting any loads imposed by Rl.
  • An example might be that if the battery charger were capable of 50 amps, the B2 charge limit might be set to 20 amps, leaving 30 am ps available to charge Bl and to supply load current while still allowing B2 to charge.
  • error amplifier A6 will protect battery B2 from over-discharge by comparing the voltage across B2 to reference voltage E7 and limiting the discharge voltage of B2 to a safe lower limit, below which, no further discharge will be allowed. At this point, the circuit will limit the current available from B2 to avoid over- discharge, and any continuing load imposed by Rl will finally draw the rest of the current from Bl.
  • the source of energy with the series switches deployed across it should be higher in voltage than the other source of energy. This is predominantly because voltage equal to that of the second source of power must be achievable by dividing the voltage of the first source of power by the on- time duty cycle of the series switches S1/S2 or current equilibrium cannot exist.
  • Fig. 7 demonstrates a circuit arrangement that has a similar function.
  • the voltage of the higher voltage battery here illustrated as a series connection of two batteries, BIA and BIB, is used as the determining factor for charge and discharge of B2.
  • BIA and BIB the voltage of the higher voltage battery
  • close examination and comparison with the embodiment of Fig. 6 will reveal very little difference between the two embodiments.
  • Even the amplifier sense points are located in the same place in the block diagram.
  • the voltage regulation amplifier A2 senses the existing battery Bl but at a higher voltage, while those dedicated to protecting the additional battery B2 sense that voltage, albeit at a lower voltage.
  • this embodiment illustrates that the system is not limited by the difference in voltage of the two power sources.
  • Raising the effective impedance has the advantage of reducing the current available to the load when such a reduction in current is desirable. These times include but are not limited to initial start-up or when recovering from a fault condition, including occurrences such as a short circuit across the output. During times such as these, if the resistances in the circuit are low, large currents may flow due to large voltage mismatches between the voltage of the power source with the series switches across it times the duty cycle of the switches and the voltage of the other power source, or in other words, when the circuit is very far from the current equilibrium point. It is then advantageous to limit the conduction time of the switches and therefore limit the current that ca n flow. By doing so, extraneous and potentially harmful currents will be suppressed.
  • Fig. 8 is an exemplary embodiment that only includes one battery B2. As ca n be seen, Fig. 8 is identical to Fig. 6 except that power source Bl has been removed. When the source of power Gl is not energized, the exemplary embodiment provides power to the load Rl and will do so as long as power is available from the source of energy B2. When the Gl is energized, the energy in B2 will be replenished while Gl will supply additional current to support the load.
  • the exemplary system allows the use of a source of power B2 that is not equal in voltage to the load requirement, yet, the system does the required voltage regulation, while at the same time, acts as a battery manager that can accurately charge the battery while protecting it from over voltage, under voltage, excessive charge current and excessive discharge current, through the use of a single bidirectional current path.
  • FIG. 9 demonstrates how two batteries, Bl and B2 ca n be equalized or balanced in a non dissipative-manner through a bidirectional power path.
  • the batteries Bl and B2 are placed in series, and series switches SI and S2 are placed across them.
  • One node of LI is placed at the junction of the two batteries El.
  • the series combination of Bl and B2 are representative of one source of power and B2 alone is representative of the other source of power.
  • a ratiometric, voltage-based control loop shown as Rl, R2 and A2 improves the response of the circuit and hastens equalization because it will increase the equalization current and keep this current high until voltage equalization occurs.
  • error amplifier A2 compares the voltage at El, the junction of the two batteries, with the voltage E2 at the junction of a voltage divider.
  • the design voltages of the two batteries is assumed to be the same and thus, if Rl is equal to R2, A2 will adjust the duty cycle to make El equal to E2, or 50% of the total voltage across both batteries.
  • the ratio of Rl to R2 can be changed to accommodate this difference, so that the junction of the two batteries will still be equalized to the correct voltage for each battery.
  • equalization occurs regardless of the state of charge of the batteries or the total voltage across them.
  • Fig. 10 demonstrates a refinement of the circuit set forth in Fig. 9 that ca n greatly reduce the time for current tapering to occur and thus improve the effectivity of the system.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a modification the circuit of Fig. 9 through the addition of current sense amplifier A3 and resistor R3. It is the purpose of these additional components to move the balance reference voltage E2 in such direction so as to further increase the balance current flowing in the batteries Bl and B2 in response to the instantaneous balance current. This is accomplished by impressing a larger or smaller voltage across the battery terminals (depending on the direction of balancing current) while the taper current is flowing, than the final balance voltage when the circuit is finally at equilibrium.
  • the circuit will act to reduce the effect upon the balance reference voltage proportionally toward the final level at the fully balanced state.
  • This dynamic approach to the balancing reference voltage significantly increases the average current during current tapering and thereby significantly reduces the time that taper requires.
  • the voltage at E2 will be modified in response to balancing current such that a higher net voltage difference between the resting voltage and balance voltage were presented at the battery terminals. This, in turn, then increases the balance current so that the state of charge of the batteries changes more quickly. Because the newly increased current would then cause a further increase the balance current, etc., a runaway condition could be induced if the transfer function of the circuit containing amplifier A3 were too great. However, the system is stable if the overall transfer function has a gain of less than 1. Near this point, the result would be nearly a 2:1 increase in balance current or 20 amps with a significant shortening of required balance time.
  • FIG. 11 An exemplary application of the arrangement of Fig. 9 can be seen in Fig. 11.
  • a number of batteries (Bl - B6) (although any number of batteries could be present) are deployed in series in order to achieve a required total voltage for a given application.
  • a scalable network of the circuits disclosed in Fig. 9 is interspersed across the series of batteries in such a manner that each junction in the series string of batteries is serviced by the disclosed technology.
  • the system will equalize or balance the voltages of all batteries regardless of the absolute voltage of the series string, or the state of charge. This is because, if a single battery is out of voltage balance, energy is either added or subtracted from the adjacent batteries on either side and any change in the voltage of the adjacent batteries due to the transfer of energy, will be balanced out in similar fashion from the circuits servicing them. So it can be seen that regardless of the total voltage across the series of batteries, or the state of charge, the system will equalize the voltages of all of the batteries.
  • the number of batteries in series can be any required number as needed to supply the voltage to the system with which it is associated.
  • port E3 can be placed at any junction between any of the batteries such as ports E5, E7, E8, etc., and the placement in this example is only for illustration and clarity. Although each section in Fig. 11 depicts an error amplifier, and the amplifiers enhance operation, they are not strictly necessary for operation, since in many applications, it may be sufficient to set the duty cycle of the switches at the ratio of the two battery design voltages tied to the junction as described earlier.
  • a further and perhaps even less obvious attribute to deploying the technology in a network as in Fig. 11 is that energy can be removed from E3 as in the load imposed by R9.
  • a load represented by R9 removes energy, the technology acts to distribute the energy loss to all batteries in the system. Since E3 has been placed in the example for illustration and could instead be placed at any battery junction, it is easy to understand that several of such ports ca n be placed wherever desired and that multiple loads and power sources of various voltages ca n thereby be accommodated without unbalancing the battery(ies).
  • Figs. 12A - 12B illustrate an exemplary detailed working schematic of one embodiment of the invention. More specifically, Figs. 12A - 12B show a detailed working schematic of one embodiment of Fig. 8. While specific part numbers and component values are illustrated, it should be appreciated that the parts and component values may change depending on the environment in which the technology is deployed.
  • FIG. 12A-12B are a detailed schematic of a working system that adds lithium battery power to existing lead-acid battery systems.
  • Figs. 13A - 13B illustrate a portion of Fig. 11 in greater detail including exemplary specific component parts that can be used to realize the circuitry of Fig. 11.
  • the circuit varies from Fig. 11 in that in Fig. 11 has four identical balancing sections, while the exemplary detailed Fig. 13 shows only two.
  • the circuit in Figs. 13A - 13B can be scaled as appropriate as discussed in relation to the above embodiments.
  • FIGs. 13A-13B are a detailed schematic of a working network of bidirectional battery balancers.
  • the present invention in its various embodiments, includes components, methods, processes, means, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, subcombinations and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the present invention after understanding the present disclosure.
  • the present invention in various embodiments, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and/or reducing cost of implementation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un procédé permettant de gérer la charge de batterie, la décharge de batterie, l'équilibrage de batterie, l'égalisation de batterie, la translation de tension bidirectionnelle, l'augmentation de tension, l'abaissement de tension ou la régulation de charge d'une ou de plusieurs sources d'énergie employant une trajectoire de puissance bidirectionnelle unique, incluant la capacité de mettre en réseau le système ce qui permet d'obtenir des attributs uniques supplémentaires.
PCT/US2010/055041 2009-11-02 2010-11-02 Système et procédé à la fois pour la charge de batterie et la régulation de charge dans un circuit unique doté d'une trajectoire de puissance bidirectionnelle unique Ceased WO2011053951A1 (fr)

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US25722509P 2009-11-02 2009-11-02
US61/257,225 2009-11-02

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WO2011053951A1 true WO2011053951A1 (fr) 2011-05-05

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PCT/US2010/055041 Ceased WO2011053951A1 (fr) 2009-11-02 2010-11-02 Système et procédé à la fois pour la charge de batterie et la régulation de charge dans un circuit unique doté d'une trajectoire de puissance bidirectionnelle unique

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DE102011077073A1 (de) * 2011-06-07 2012-12-13 Varta Microbattery Gmbh Notfallsystem für Stromausfälle
EP2804286A3 (fr) * 2013-05-15 2015-01-07 LG CNS Co., Ltd. Appareil et procédé à circuit d'équilibrage actif et algorithme d'équilibrage actif de chargement et de déchargement de batteries secondaires connectées en série
CN111976538A (zh) * 2019-12-27 2020-11-24 中北大学 一种车载复合电源系统的均衡结构及其均衡方法

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US5734205A (en) * 1996-04-04 1998-03-31 Jeol Ltd. Power supply using batteries undergoing great voltage variations
US5751150A (en) * 1995-08-11 1998-05-12 Aerovironment Bidirectional load and source cycler
US20040130292A1 (en) * 2000-06-14 2004-07-08 Buchanan William D. Battery charging system and method
US6841971B1 (en) * 2002-05-29 2005-01-11 Alpha Technologies, Inc. Charge balancing systems and methods
US20080185994A1 (en) * 2006-05-31 2008-08-07 Aeroflex Plainview, Inc. Low-power battery system
US20080191663A1 (en) * 2002-11-25 2008-08-14 Tiax Llc Bidirectional power converter for balancing state of charge among series connected electrical energy storage units

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US5751150A (en) * 1995-08-11 1998-05-12 Aerovironment Bidirectional load and source cycler
US5734205A (en) * 1996-04-04 1998-03-31 Jeol Ltd. Power supply using batteries undergoing great voltage variations
US20040130292A1 (en) * 2000-06-14 2004-07-08 Buchanan William D. Battery charging system and method
US6841971B1 (en) * 2002-05-29 2005-01-11 Alpha Technologies, Inc. Charge balancing systems and methods
US20080191663A1 (en) * 2002-11-25 2008-08-14 Tiax Llc Bidirectional power converter for balancing state of charge among series connected electrical energy storage units
US20080185994A1 (en) * 2006-05-31 2008-08-07 Aeroflex Plainview, Inc. Low-power battery system

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011077073A1 (de) * 2011-06-07 2012-12-13 Varta Microbattery Gmbh Notfallsystem für Stromausfälle
US9653930B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2017-05-16 Varta Microbattery Gmbh Emergency system for power failures
EP2804286A3 (fr) * 2013-05-15 2015-01-07 LG CNS Co., Ltd. Appareil et procédé à circuit d'équilibrage actif et algorithme d'équilibrage actif de chargement et de déchargement de batteries secondaires connectées en série
US9559528B2 (en) 2013-05-15 2017-01-31 Hbl Corporation Apparatus and method with active balancing circuit and active balancing algorithm for charging and discharging secondary batteries connected in series
CN111976538A (zh) * 2019-12-27 2020-11-24 中北大学 一种车载复合电源系统的均衡结构及其均衡方法
CN111976538B (zh) * 2019-12-27 2022-09-20 中北大学 一种车载复合电源系统的均衡结构及其均衡方法

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