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WO2011050334A1 - Compositions et procédés permettant de reprogrammer des cellules sans modification génétique dans le cadre d'un traitement de l'obésité et de maladies associées - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés permettant de reprogrammer des cellules sans modification génétique dans le cadre d'un traitement de l'obésité et de maladies associées Download PDF

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WO2011050334A1
WO2011050334A1 PCT/US2010/053865 US2010053865W WO2011050334A1 WO 2011050334 A1 WO2011050334 A1 WO 2011050334A1 US 2010053865 W US2010053865 W US 2010053865W WO 2011050334 A1 WO2011050334 A1 WO 2011050334A1
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cell
cells
seq
transducible
transducible material
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Yong Zhu
Shili Wu
Jun Bao
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • Embryonic stem cells are capable of differentiating into many types of cells of the human body. The majority of somatic cells are terminally differentiated and were believed to lack the capability of changing to other types of somatic cells. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and trans differentiation fields have changed this paradigm. Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), i.e. via ectopic expression of four transcription factors, i.e. Oct4 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 1), Sox2 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 2), Klf4 (SEQ ID NO: 3), and cMyc (e.g.
  • Oct4 e.g. SEQ ID NO: 1
  • Sox2 e.g. SEQ ID NO: 2
  • Klf4 SEQ ID NO: 3
  • cMyc e.g.
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 SEQ ID NO: 4
  • a number of modified genetic approaches were further developed to produce iPSCs with potentially reduced risks, including using non-integrating adenoviruses to deliver reprogramming genes (Stadtfeld et al., 2008), transient transfection of reprogramming plasmids (Okita et al., 2008), a piggyBac transposition system and Cre-excisable viruses (Soldner et al., 2009; Woltjen et al., 2009).
  • One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a transducible material comprising an effector domain.
  • the effector domain is capable of exerting reprogramming changes of a biological sample once transduced into a biological sample.
  • the effector domain is inherently capable of transducing into the biological sample.
  • the transducible material further comprises a transduction domain which is covalently or non-covalently associated with or linked to the effector domain.
  • the transduction domain is covalently linked to the effector domain through a linker.
  • the transducible material is capable of selectively transducing into one or more specific biological samples or becoming transducible in a specific environment surrounding the biological sample.
  • composition comprising a biological sample and a transducible material, wherein the transducible material has transduced into the biological material.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reprogramming a biological sample by exposing the biological sample to a composition comprising a transducible material.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating a disease or condition in a biological organism comprising administering a
  • composition comprising a transducible material into the biological organism.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of developing cell-based therapies for various diseases or conditions comprising the step of reprogramming an iPSC, an embryonic stem cell, or a progenitor cell to a
  • transplantable somatic cell or a transplantable progenitor cell using a transducible material using a transducible material.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of developing disease models comprising the step of reprogramming an iPSC, an embryonic stem cell, or a progenitor cell to a transplantable somatic cell or a transplantable progenitor cell using a transducible material.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of identifying an effector domain comprising covalently or non-covalently associating a test effector domain to a transduction domain to form a test transducible molecule, exposing the test molecule to a biological sample, and measuring a reprogramming level of the biological sample.
  • FIG. 1 Characterization of transducible materials
  • FIG. 2 Characterization of transducible materials (II). Protein transduction of 1 IR-tagged transducible materials into OG2-MEF cells examined by immunocytochemistry.
  • Oct4 MEF cells transuded with Oct4-l lR (green)
  • Sox2 MEF cells transuded with Sox2-l 1R (red)
  • Klf4 MEF cells transuded with Klf4-11R (red)
  • cMyc MEF cells transuded with cMyc-HR (green).
  • DAPI Cells stained with DAPI to visualize the nuclei (blue) and the images were merged.
  • FIG. 3 Characterization of transducible materials (III). Protein induced pluripotent stem (piPS) cells clonally expanded and self-renewed in chemical defined media and feeder free condition.
  • piPS Protein induced pluripotent stem
  • FIG. 4 Generation of piPS cells by transducible materials Oct4-l lR, Sox2-l lR, Klf4-11R, and cMyc-HR.
  • A Timeline of piPS cell generation.
  • B Oct4-GFP + piPS cell colonies initially observed around day 30-35. Phase: representative phase contrast image; and GFP: fluorescence image.
  • C Oct4-GFP + piPS cells sustained long term self-renewal under conventional mESC growth condition.
  • D The long-term expanded piPS cells grew as compact and domed colonies that expressed strong ALP, a typical pluripotency marker.
  • E piPS cells expressed other typical pluripotency markers, examined by immunofluorescence: SEA-1 (red), Sox2 (red), Oct4 (ed) and Nanog (red).
  • DAPI DAPI staining for visualization of the nuclei (blue), and the images were merged.
  • F RT-PCR analysis of endogenous pluripotency gene expression in piPS cells.
  • G Oct4 promoter methylation analysis by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Open and closed circles indicate unmethylated and methylated CpGs, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 In vitro and in vivo pluripotency of piPS cells (I). piPS cells effectively differentiated in vitro into cells in the three germ layers: Tuj l : characteristic TUJ1 + neuronal cells-ectoderm (red): Bryt: Brachyury + mesoderm cells (red); and Soxl7: Sox 17 + definitive endoderm cells. Images were merged with DAPI (blue) staining.
  • FIG. 6 In vitro and in vivo pluripotency of piPS cells (II)
  • A RT-PCR analysis of in vitro differentiation of piPS cells.
  • B Chimeric embryos (13.5 dpc, 2 out of 7, left) obtained after transfer of the piPS cell aggregated embryos into a pseudo-pregnant mouse (top).
  • Such piPS cells contributed to the germline cells (Oct4-GFP positive) in isolated genital ridge tissue from chimeric embryos (bottom).
  • Figure 7 Schematic of protein expression vectors for transducible materials. His6: SEQ ID NO: 59; Effector Domain: Ngn3 (SEQ ID NO: 8), PDX1 (SEQ ID NO: 9); MafA (SEQ ID NO: 10), or Foxp3 (SEQ ID NO: 11); Linker: SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • Figure 8 Reprogramming of liver and pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin- producing beta cells by transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 30), His6-PDX1-1 1R (SEQ ID NO: 31) and His6-MafA-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 32) in mouse (I).
  • Mouse- 1, Mouse-2 and Mouse-3 were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein (control group).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Mouse-4, Mouse-5 and Mouse-6 were treated with His6- Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1-1 1R and His6-MafA-l IR (treatment group).
  • Figure 9 Reprogramming of liver and pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin- producing beta cells by transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 IR, His6-PDX1-1 IR and His6-MafA-l IR in mouse (II).
  • Mouse-1, Mouse-2 and Mouse-3 were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein (control group).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Mouse-4, Mouse-5 and Mouse- 6 were treated with His6-Ngn3-1 IR, His6-PDX1-1 IR and His6-MafA-l IR (treatment group).
  • FIG. 10 Reprogramming of liver and pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin-producing beta cells by transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1- 1 1R and His6-MafA-l 1R in mouse (III).
  • Mouse-1, Mouse-2 and Mouse-3 were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein (control group).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Mouse-4, Mouse-5 and Mouse-6 were treated with His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-1 1R and His6-MafA- 1 1R (treatment group).
  • Figure 1 1 Reprogramming of liver and pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin-producing beta cells by transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1- 1 1R and His6-MafA-l lR in mouse (IV).
  • Mouse-1, Mouse-2 and Mouse-3 were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein (control group).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Mouse-4, Mouse-5 and Mouse-6 were treated with His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-1 1R and His6-MafA- 1 1R (treatment group).
  • Figure 12 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l 1R (SEQ ID NO: 33) (IA).
  • IA His6-Foxp3-l 1R
  • Figure 13 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l lR (IB). Flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD25 protein expression in PBMC with lacking of CD 14 monocytes treated with Hisl6-Foxp3-l 1R of lC ⁇ g/ml, 20 ⁇ g/ml, or 50 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Figure 14 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l lR (IIA).
  • IIA His6-Foxp3-l lR
  • Figure 15 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l lR (IIB).
  • Flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD25 protein expression in PBMC sample buffer control and protein (BSA 100 ⁇ g/ml) control.
  • Figure 16 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l lR (IIC). Flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD25 protein expression in PBMC treated with His l6-Foxp3-l 1R of 10 ⁇ g/ml, or 50 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Figure 17 Reprogramming of T cells to Treg cells by transducible material His6-Foxp3-l 1R (IID). Flow cytometric analysis of CD4 and CD25 protein expression in PBMC treated with His l6-Foxp3-l 1R of 100 ⁇ g/ml.
  • One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a transducible material comprising an effector domain.
  • a transducible material used herein refers to a material or a molecule which is not DNA or derived from DNA but is capable of crossing or transducing or being crossed through a membrane of a biological sample (e.g., a cell membrane) so that the transducible material can enter or be brought into the inside of the biological sample from the outside of the biological sample and exerts reprogramming efforts.
  • the transducible material may interact with cell-surface receptors which facilitate the entry of the material into cells through receptor mediated endocytosis.
  • a transducible material is a selective transducible material which is more likely to transduce into a specific type of biological samples (e.g. cancer or tumor cells) or becomes transducible in a specific microenvironment in or around a biological sample (e.g. microenvironment around cancer or tumor) than other biological samples.
  • the selective transducible material comprises a transduction domain (e.g. a cell-targeting peptide or an activatable cell penetrating peptide) that preferably delivers the selective transducible material into a specific type of biological sample or become transducible in a microenvironment around a biological sample.
  • the transducible materials may cross a cell membrane and enter into cytoplasm to reprogram cytoplasm activities such as translation, post-translation modification, signaling pathway, apoptosis pathway. It is further contemplated that the transducible material may cross the nucleus membrane and reprogram or modulate DNA or chromosomal replication, gene transcription, and RNA splicing.
  • An effector domain is a motif or a molecule which, once inside a biological sample, is capable of exerting reprogramming changes of the biological sample.
  • the effector domain may interact with molecules (e.g., proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and lipids) in the biological sample (e.g., in cytoplasm or nuclei) and lead to changes such as proliferation, differentiation, dedifferentiation, trans differentiation, retrodifferentiation, transdertermination, apoptosis, and morphogenesis.
  • the effector domain can be 1) a polypeptide, or a fragment or a mimic thereof; 2) a polynucleotide which cannot be gene expressed once transduced or incorporated into the genome of the biological sample or cause genetic modification but nevertheless interacts with molecules in the biological sample (e.g., a ribozyme, an antisense molecule, a siRNA or miR A, an oligonucleotide, and the like); and 3) a small molecule or other chemical compound (e.g. chemotherapy drugs).
  • an effector domain is inherently transducible, e.g. PDX1 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 9) and euroD (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • effector domain is a polypeptide such as a
  • transcription factor a chromosome remodeling protein, an antibody, or a fragment or mimic thereof.
  • Another example of the effector domain is a small molecule which is not a polymer and binds with a biolpolymer such as protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide and alters the activity or function of the biopolymer.
  • small molecules include, without limitation, acetylation inhibitors, transcription activators, signal pathway activators, signal pathway inhibitors, and methylation inhibitors.
  • an effector domain can be at least one polypeptide that reprograms a somatic cell into a stem cell or change a cell state from one to another.
  • the effector domain can be 1) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Klf4 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3), Sox2 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 2), Lin28 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 5), Oct4 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 1), cMyc (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 4), Nanog (e.g.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO: 6
  • a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Klf4, Sox2, Oct4, cMyc, and any combination thereof 3) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Sox2, Oct4, Lin28, Nanog, and any combination thereof
  • a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Ngn3 e.g. SEQ ID NO: 8
  • PDX1 e.g. SEQ ID NO: 9
  • MafA e.g. SEQ ID NO: 10
  • NeuroD e.g. SEQ ID NO: 7
  • a polypeptide comprising Foxp3 e.g.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 1); 6) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Lin28, Nanog, cMyc, Ngn3, PDX1, MafA, NeuroD, Foxp3, and any combination thereof; 7) a combination of polypeptides Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc; 8) a combination of polypeptides Ngn3, PDX1 and MafA; 9) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of C/ ⁇ - ⁇ , PRDM16, PRDM16M which is a fragment, a shortened form, or a mutated version of PRDM16, and any combination thereof; 10) a combination of polypeptides C/ ⁇ - ⁇ , PRDM16 or PRDM16M; and 11) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Lin28, Nanog, cMyc, Ngn3, PDX1, MafA, NeuroD, Foxp
  • a transducible material further comprises a transduction domain.
  • a transduction domain is a motif that is capable of facilitating the entry of the transducible material into a biological sample (e.g., a cell).
  • the transducible domain is associated with the effector domain covalently, noncovalently or via a linker.
  • the transduction domain is covalently linked to the effector domain through a linker.
  • the linker is a glycine-rich linker that comprises one or more glycine residues (e.g. esggggspg (SEQ ID NO: 55)).
  • transduction domain examples include, without limitation, polymers such as cationic lipid polymers and nanoparticles, protein transduction domains (PTD), cell penetrating peptides (CPPl), cell permeating peptides (CPP2), activatable cell penetrating peptides or conjugates (ACPP), and cell-targeting peptides (CTP).
  • PTD protein transduction domains
  • CPPl cell penetrating peptides
  • CPP2 cell permeating peptides
  • ACPP activatable cell penetrating peptides or conjugates
  • CTP cell-targeting peptides
  • CPP 1 , CPP2, and PTD are peptides known to facilitate delivery of a molecular cargo associated thereof into cells.
  • the association between a CPPl, CPP2 or PTD and the molecular cargo can be through covalent bond or non-covalent interactions.
  • the molecular cargo can be small chemical molecules, peptides, protein, fragment of DNA, RNA such as siRNA and miRNA, or nanosize particles.
  • CPPl and PTD include 5 to 20 amino acid peptide motifs that are capable of penetrating cells independent of surface transporters and of cell cycle phase. CPPl and PTD can also be capable of penetrating through blood-brain barriers.
  • CPPl and PTD can deliver proteins and peptides in vitro and in vivo with uniform distribution throughout the organism after parenteral administration.
  • Cationic PTDs can act as nuclear localization signals and carry an associated molecular cargo to cell nuclei.
  • protein transduction domains include, without limitation, TAT (e.g.
  • poly-arginine e.g. poly-arginine having 7-11 arginine residues such as RRRRRRR, RRRRRRRR, RRRRRRRRR, RRRRRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO: 35)and RRRRRRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO: 36)
  • Penetratin Antennapedia, e.g. RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK (SEQ ID NO: 38)
  • VP22 e.g.
  • DAATATRGRSAASRPTQRPRAPARSASRPRRPVQ (SEQ ID NO: 39)
  • Transportan e.g. GWTLNSAGYLLGKTNLKALAALAKKIL (SEQ ID NO: 40)
  • MAP e.g. KLALKLALKALKAALKLA (SEQ ID NO: 41)
  • MTS e.g.
  • PEP-1 e.g.
  • KETWWETWWTEWSQPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 43)
  • Arg/Trp analogue e.g. RRWRRWWRRWWRRW (SEQ ID NO: 44)
  • polyguanidine peptoids e.g.
  • polyguanidine peptoids with a 6-methylene spacer between backbone and guanidine group such as N-arg 5, 7 or 9 peptoids
  • HIV-1 Rev e.g. SEQ ID NO: 60
  • Flock house virus coat peptide e.g. SEQ ID NO: 61
  • DNA-binding peptides such as c- Fos (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 62), c-Jun (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 63)and yeast GCN4 (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 64).
  • Cell-targeting peptides are proteins or peptides that bind to cell-surface receptors and enter cells through endocytosis.
  • a cell-target peptide targets specific tissues or cell types, for example, GnRH peptides (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 58) target biological samples that express GnRH receptors (e.g. solid tumors and hormone -responsive cancer cell lines). More examples of cell-targeting peptides and the specific biological samples targeted are listed in Table 1.
  • An activatable cell penetrating peptide or conjugate comprises a cationic CPP 1 , CPP2 or PTD and a neutralizing anionic counterpart.
  • the cationic CPP1, CPP2 or PTD and the anionic counterpart are associated via noncovalent interactions (e.g. charge-charge interaction) and/or covalent cleavable linker (e.g. matrix metaloprotease (MMP) cleavable sequence).
  • MMP matrix metaloprotease
  • the anionic counterparts comprise one or more pH sensitive groups such as sulfonamide groups, which are protonated at pH 7.4 (the pH in the blood stream) and become neutral at slightly acidic pH (e.g. pH 6.8). Therefore, charge-charge interactions between cationic CPP1, CPP2 or PTD and the anionic counterpart can be interrupted in slightly acidic microenvironment (e.g. in or around tumor or cancer). MMP concentration in blood stream is lower than that in a microenvironment around tumor or cancer. Therefore, MMP cleavable sequence, which is not cleaved in the bloodstream, is cleaved in environment around tumor or cancer.
  • pH sensitive groups such as sulfonamide groups
  • the cationic CPP1, CPP2 or PTD is no longer neutralized by the anionic counterpart, and therefore is exposed to facilitate the translocation into cells (e.g. tumor or cancer cells).
  • the CPP1, CPP2 or PTD is TAT.
  • the anionic counterparts comprise pH-sensitive polymer (e.g. di-block copolymer) comprising pH-sensitive groups (e.g. sulfonamide groups).
  • an activatable cell penetrating conjugate comprises a conventional hydrophobic core made of a polymer into which an effective domain is incorporated, a peripheral hydrophilic layer composed of poly-ethylene glycol and one or more cationic CPPls, CPP2s or PTDs, and one or more anionic counterpart that neutralize the cationic CPP12, CPP2s or PTDs through charge-charge interactions.
  • Such charge -charge interactions are expected to shield the cationic charges during delivery until the transduction material reaches a slightly acidic microenvironment (e.g. tumor or cancer), which triggers protonation of the anionic counterparts and disrupts the charge -charge association.
  • the cationic CPPls, CPP2s, or PTDs previously quenched by the anionic counterpart, are now capable of facilitating delivery of the effector domain into the surrounding cells (e.g. tumor or cancer cells).
  • a selective transducible material comprises a transduction domain selected from the group consisting of cell-targeting peptides and activatable cell penetrating peptides and activatable cell penetrating conjugates.
  • a transduction domain is associated to an effector domain via covalent bond, non-covalent interactions or through a linker.
  • a transducible material can be made by obtaining the transduction domain and the effector domain separately and associate together through a covalent bond or non-covalent interactions (e.g., repulsive interactions, dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding interactions, dispersive interactions, charge -charge interactions, solvent, counter ion and entropic effects, and water and hydrophobic effects).
  • the transduction material is prepared by mixing the effector domain and transducible domain.
  • a transducible material can be produced by isolating the material from natural resources or recombinantly.
  • the effector domain can be linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the transduction domain and the transducible polypeptide can be made synthetically through chemical synthesis or recombinantly through recombinant technology.
  • a transducible material comprises an effector domain that is inherently transducible, and a transduction domain associated with the effector domain via covalent or non-covalent interactions.
  • a transducible material further comprises one or more motifs that do not interrupt the function of the effector domain or the
  • these motifs are linked covalently, non-covalently or through a linker to the effector domain and/or the transduction domain. In certain embodiments, these motifs facilitate the preparation and/or purification of the transducible material.
  • a linker to the effector domain and/or the transduction domain.
  • these motifs facilitate the preparation and/or purification of the transducible material.
  • One example of such motif is a
  • the polyhistidine-tag to facilitate protein purification in preparation of the transducible material.
  • the polyhistidine-tag comprises at least six histidine residues (e.g. MGSSHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSH ("His6,” SEQ ID NO: 59)).
  • a transducible material includes, for example, Oct4-l lR (SEQ ID NO: 12), Sox2-l lR (SEQ ID NO: 13), Klf4-11R (SEQ ID NO: 14), Lin28-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 16), Nanog-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 17), cMyc-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 15), Ngn3-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 19), PDXl-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 20), MafA-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 21), NeuroD-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 18), Foxp3-l lR (SEQ ID NO: 22), PRDM16-1 1R, PRDM16M-11R and C/ ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ IR wherein 1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 37) stands for a polyarginine sequence of 1 1 arginine residues linking to a linker through which the polyarginie sequence is covalently linked to the effect
  • a transducible material includes, for example, His6-Oct4-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 23), His6-Sox2-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 24), His6-Klf4-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 25), His6- Lin28-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 27), His6-Nanog-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 28), His6-cMyc-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 26), His6-Ngn3-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 30), His6-PDX1-1 IR (SEQ ID NO: 31), His6-MafA-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 32), His6-NeuroD-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 29), His6- Foxp3-l IR (SEQ ID NO: 33), His6-PRDM16-1 IR, His6- PRDM16M-1 IR and His6- C/EBP- -11R.
  • a transducible material can be combined with one or more adjuvants such as growth factors to stimulate cellular growth.
  • islet growth factor e.g. betacellulin
  • islet growth factor is used as an adjuvant in reprogramming liver and/or pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin producing cells (e.g. ⁇ cells).
  • compositions comprising a biological sample and at least one transducible material, wherein the transducible material has transduced into the biological sample.
  • the composition includes a transducible material comprising Foxp3 (e.g. Foxp3-l IR and His6-Foxp3-l IR) and a T cell wherein the transducible material has transduced into the T cell;
  • a composition includes a piPS cell and one or more transducible materials comprising a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, and any combination thereof (e.g.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reprogramming a biological sample by exposing the biological sample to a composition comprising a transducible material.
  • the method preferably reprograms a specific type of biological sample (e.g. cancer or tumor cells) or biological samples in or around a specific microenvironment within a biological organism (e.g. microenvironment around cancer or tumor) than other biological samples by exposing biological samples to a composition comprising a selective transducible material.
  • a biological sample includes a cell, a cluster of cells, a tissue, an organ, a biological body from a biological organism.
  • the biological sample can be normal, healthy sample or abnormal, diseased sample (e.g., cancer or tumor).
  • a biological organism includes, for example, a microorganism (e.g., bacteria), a fungus, a plant and an animal (e.g., a human).
  • a microorganism e.g., bacteria
  • a fungus e.g., a plant
  • an animal e.g., a human
  • An organ from an animal biological organism includes, for example, a circulatory organ (e.g., heart, blood and blood vessels), a digestive organ (e.g., salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus), an endocrine organ (e.g., endocrine glands such as the
  • hypothalamus pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands
  • an integumentary organ e.g., skin, hair and nails
  • a lymphatic organ e.g., lymph nodes and vessels, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen
  • a muscular organ e.g., muscles
  • a nervous organ e.g., brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nerves
  • a reproductive organ e.g., ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis
  • a respiratory organ e.g., the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm
  • a skeletal organ e.g., bones, cartilage, ligaments and
  • An organ from a plant biological organism includes, for example, root, stem, leaf, flower, seed and fruit.
  • a tissue from a biological sample includes a connective tissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, and an epithelial tissue.
  • a tissue can be normal or healthy, and alternatively, abnormal or unhealthy (e.g., cancerous).
  • a tissue from a biological sample e.g. a plant
  • a cell can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • a prokaryotic cell includes, for example, bacteria.
  • a eukaryotic cell includes, for example, a fungus, a plant cell, and an animal cell.
  • the types of an animal cell includes, for example, a cell from circulatory/immune system or organ (e.g., a B cell, a T cell (cytotoxic T cell, natural killer T cell, regulatory T cell, T helper cell), a natural killer cell, a granulocyte (e.g., basophil granulocyte, an eosinophil granulocyte, a neutrophil granulocyte and a hypersegmented neutrophil), a monocyte or macrophage, a red blood cell (e.g., reticulocyte), a mast cell, a thrombocyte or megakaryocyte, and a dendritic cell); a cell from an endocrine
  • a cell further includes a mammalian stem cell which include an embryonic stem cell, a fetal stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, and an adult stem cell.
  • a stem cell is a cell that is capable of undergoing cycles of cell division while maintaining an undifferentiated state and differentiating into specialized cell types.
  • a stem cell can be an omnipotent stem cell, a pluripotent stem cell, a multipotent stem cell, an oligopotent stem cell and an unipotent stem cell (See, Hans R. Sch51er (2007). "The Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory" in ikolaus
  • a stem cell may also include a cancer stem cell.
  • reprogramming a biological sample used herein is exchangeable with or refers to modulating, altering, or changing the biological activities of the biological sample (e.g., cell) or modulating, altering, or changing the state or status of the biological sample from one to another.
  • a biological sample e.g., a cell
  • the biological activities of the cell are modulated or altered so as to lead to cell proliferation, differentiation (e.g., from progenitor cells to terminally differentiated cells), dedifferentiation (e.g., from terminally differentiated cells to pluripotent stem cells), transdifferentiation (e.g., from one type of terminally differentiated cells to another type of terminally differentiated cells), retrodifferentiation (e.g., from terminally differentiated cells to progenitor cells), transdertermination (e.g., from one type of progenitor cells to a type of terminally differentiated cells that are usually derived from another type of progenitor cells under natural conditions), apoptosis (e.g., cell death of cells or cancer cells), morph
  • the state of a biological sample can be altered or changed from abnormal or diseased state to normal or healthy state (e.g., from cancer cells to noncancer cells); from one cell type to another cell type (e.g., from undifferentiated stem cells to differentiated stem cells or specialized cells), from differentiated or specialized cells to undifferentiated cells or stem cells (e.g., an omnipotent stem cell, a pluripotent stem cell, a multipotent stem cell, an oligopotent stem cell and an unipotent stem cell)(e.g., from fibroblast cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)), from somatic cells to stem cells or induced stem cells, from one state of stem cells to another state of stem cells (e.g., from ominipotent stem cells to pluripotent stem cells), from one type of differentiated cells to another type of differentiated cells (e.g., T-cells to regulatory T cells, pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin-producing beta cells).
  • a biological sample is exposed to a transducible material and reprogrammed.
  • the biological sample can be exposed in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.
  • the biological sample is exposed in vitro through contacting the sample with the transducible material in an environment outside of a living biological organism (e.g., in a cell culture system or a test tube).
  • the biological sample is exposed in vivo through contacting the material with a biological organism containing the sample or introducing (e.g., through administration) the material into the organism.
  • the transducible materials can be administered via any known administration route such as for example parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, including intravenous infusion, intramuscular, or intradermal injection) or non- parenteral (e.g., oral, intranasal, intraocular, sublingual, rectal, or topical) route.
  • parenteral e.g., subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, including intravenous infusion, intramuscular, or intradermal injection
  • non- parenteral e.g., oral, intranasal, intraocular, sublingual, rectal, or topical
  • the biological sample is exposed ex vivo when the biological sample (e.g., a cell, a tissue or an organ) is taken outside the biological organism, contacted with the transducible material, and placed back to the same or different biological organisms.
  • ex vivo exposures comprise removing a biological sample from the biological organism, exposing the biological sample to a transduc
  • OG2-MEF cells are exposed to a composition comprising protein Oct4-l 1R, Sox2-l 1R, Klf4-1 1R and cMyc-1 1R and
  • iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
  • T cells are exposed to a composition comprising protein Foxp3-l 1R or His6-Foxp3-l 1R and programmed to regulatory T cells (Treg cells).
  • Treg cells regulatory T cells
  • liver and/or pancreatic exocrine cells are exposed to a composition comprising one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of Ngn3-1 1R, PDX1-11R, MafA-1 1R, NeuroD-l lR, His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1- 11R, His6-MafA- 11R, and His6-NeuroD- 11R and reprogrammed into insulin producing cells (e.g. ⁇ cells).
  • the composition further comprises one or more adjuvant such as Islet growth factor (e.g. betacellulin).
  • the composition comprises His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-11R, and His6-MafA- 1 1R.
  • the composition comprises His6- Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1-11R, His6-MafA-l 1R and betacellulin. Without intending to be bound to a particular mechanism, it is further contemplated that such
  • reprogramming is through transdetermination and/or trans differentiation.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of treating, preventing or reducing a disease or condition in a biological organism by
  • composition comprising a transducible material into the organism.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a transducible material.
  • the composition comprises a selective transducible material.
  • the treatment, prevention or reduction of a disease or condition is associated with the change or reprogramming of a biological sample (e.g., a cell, a tissue or an organ) in the organism.
  • the disease or condition treatable by the method include, without limitations, tumor, cancer, metabolic diseases or conditions (e.g. type I and type II diabetes and obesity), inflammatory conditions, cardiac diseases, neurogenerative diseases (e.g. anemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, burns, or arthritis), autoimmune diseases or conditions (e.g. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, alopecia areata, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), anemia (e.g.
  • metabolic diseases or conditions e.g. type I and type II diabetes and obesity
  • inflammatory conditions e.g. type I and type II diabetes and obesity
  • cardiac diseases e.g. anemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, burns, or arthritis
  • autoimmune diseases or conditions e.g. acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, alopecia areata
  • autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pernicious anaemia arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, Chagas disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohns disease, dermatomyositis, endometriosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), Hashimoto's disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, Kawasaki disease, IgA nephropathy, idiopathic
  • thrombocytopenic purpura interstitial cyctitis, lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, morphea, multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, narcolepsy, neuromyotonia, pemphigus vulgaris, psoriasis, polymyositis, primary billiary cirrhosis, schizophrenia, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, stiff person syndrome, temporal arteritis ("Giant cell arteritis”), ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, vitiligo, and Wegener's granulomatosis).
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • a transducible material can be administered to a biological organism having a tumor to activate the apoptosis of the tumor cells or make tumor cells more sensitive to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or cancer drugs.
  • a transducible material can be administered to a biological organism to enhance or attenuate immune system and thus treat or prevent immune-related diseases or inflammatory diseases.
  • protein Foxp3-l 1R or His6-Foxp3-l 1R is transduced to T cells and programs them to Treg cells, which suppress the overactive immune system and thus is a treatment for auto-immune diseases
  • a transducible material can be administered to a biological organism to treat metabolic diseases or conditions such as type I diabetes, type II diabetes, or obesity.
  • metabolic diseases or conditions such as type I diabetes, type II diabetes, or obesity.
  • a protein selected from the group consisting of His6-PRDM16-1 1R, His6-PRDM16M-1 1R, His6-C/EBP- -11R, and combination thereof is transduced to white fat cells and programs them to brown fat cells.
  • reprogramming is through transdetermination and/or transdifferentiation.
  • compositions comprising a protein selected from the group consisting of Ngn3-11R, PDXl-11R, MafA-11R, NeuroD-l lR, His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-11R, His6-MafA-l lR, His6-NeuroD-l lR and any combination thereof can be transduced into liver and/or pancreatic exocrine cells and programs them to insulin producing cells (e.g. ⁇ cells).
  • insulin producing cells e.g. ⁇ cells
  • one or more adjuvant such as Islet growth factor (e.g. betacellulin) is/are also administered to the biological organism.
  • the composition comprises His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1-1 1R, and His6-MafA- 1 1R.
  • the composition comprises His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-11R, His6-MafA-l 1R and betacellulin. Without intending to be bound to a particular mechanism, it is further contemplated that such reprogramming is through
  • transdetermination and/or transdifferentiation can be administered to a biological organism to treat cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction or ischemia.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reprogramming iPSCs, embryonic stem cells, or other types of stem or progenitor cells to certain types of somatic cells or progenitor cells, which can be developed as cell-based therapies for various diseases or conditions, including anemia,
  • the stem cells or progenitor cells may be patient-specific or non-patient-specific, repaired to rid of molecular defects or not, before they are exposed to transducible materials for controlled differentiation or reprogramming.
  • the reprogrammed cells may be enriched, purified, or manipulated before transplanted back to patients.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reprogramming iPSCs, embryonic stem cells, or other types of stem or progenitor cells to certain types of somatic cells or progenitor cells, which can be used as disease models for drug screening, mechanism study, toxicity assay, or other research and drug discovery and development tools.
  • the method comprises exposing an iPSC, an embryonic stem cell, or a progenitor cell to a composition comprising a transducible material to reprogram the iPSC, embryonic stem cell, or progenitor cell to a transplantable somatic cell or a transplantable progenitor cell; transplanting the transplantable somatic cell or transplantable progenitor cell into a biological sample or a biological organism; developing the biological sample or biological organism to become a disease model.
  • the method comprises reprogramming patient-specific cells to iPSCs using a transducible materials; further generating different type of cells from patient specific iPSCs with or without tranducible materials; and developing a disease model using patient-specific iPSCs or iPSC- derived cells.
  • the method of developing drug screening or toxicity models comprises reprogramming somatic cells, progenitor cells, or multipotent cells to iPSCs using a transducible material; further generating different type of cells from iPSCs with or without exposing to transducible materials; and using iPSCs and/or iPSC-derived cells to screen the effects and/or toxicities of different compounds.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of developing cell-based therapies for various diseases or conditions comprising the step of reprogramming an iPSC, an embryonic stem cell, or a progenitor cell to a
  • transplantable somatic or progenitor cell using a transducible material; transplanting the transplantable somatic or progenitor cell into a biological sample or biological organism; assessing the therapeutic effect of the transplantable somatic or progenitor cell.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of identifying a effector domain, wherein the method comprises the steps of covalently linking a test effector domain to a know transduction domain to form a test transducible molecule; exposing the test molecule to a biological sample, and measuring the reprogramming of the biological sample to indicate whether the test effector domain can exerts a change in the biological sample.
  • another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of identifying a transducible domain, wherein the method comprises the steps of covalently linking a known effector domain to a test transduction domain to form a test transducible molecule; exposing the test molecule to a biological sample, and measuring the location of the test molecule in or the reprogramming effect of the biological sample to indicate whether the test transduction domain can transduce the effector domain into the biological sample.
  • Example 1 Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [0075] l.a. Preparation of transducible material Oct4-l 1R, Sox2-l 1R, Klf4-1 1R, and cMyc-HR.
  • a poly-arginine protein transduction domain was fused to the C-terminal of each reprogramming proteins Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc through a linker SEQ ID NO. 55 to form a fused protein Oct4-l 1R, Sox2-l 1R, Klf4-1 1R and cMyc-11R respectively ( Figure 1 A).
  • These poly-arginine fused proteins were expressed in E. Coli in inclusion body form, which were then solubilized, refolded, and further purified to render transducible materials Oct4-l 1R, Sox2-l 1R, Klf4-1 1R and cMyc- 11R.
  • the protein identities were confirmed by mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis (Figure IB).
  • a transducible material (Oct4- 11 R, Sox2- 11 R, Klf4- 11 R, or cMyc- 11 R) was added to mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells at various concentrations for 6- 72 hours. Cell morphology and protein presence were examined by
  • transducible materials were found to enter cells at concentrations of 0.5-8 ⁇ g/ml within 6 hours, and translocated into nucleus ( Figure 2).
  • the transduced proteins were fairly stable inside of cells for up to 48 hours ( Figure 3).
  • the protein transduction condition described in paragraph 0047 was used to reprogram OG2/Oct4-GFP reporter MEF cells.
  • Cells were treated in 4 cycles. In each cycle the fibroblasts (initially seeded at the density of 5xl0 4 cells/well in a six- well plate) were first treated with transducible materials Oct4-l 1R, Sox2-l 1R, Klf4- 11R and cMyc-1 1R at 8 ⁇ g/ml in the mESC growth media supplemented with or without 1 mM valproic acid (VP A, a inhibitor of the enzyme histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)) for overnight, followed by changing to the same media without the transducible material and VPA, and culturing for additional 36 hours before the next cycle of the treatment.
  • VP A a inhibitor of the enzyme histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)
  • the generated murine piPS cells have been stably expanded for over twenty passages, and were morphologically indistinguishable to classic mES cells, forming compact domed small colonies ( Figures 4B and 4C). They expressed typical pluripotency markers examined by immunocytochemistry and staining, including ALP ( Figure 4D), Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and SSEA1 ( Figure 4E). RT-PCR analysis confirmed endogenous gene expression of these pluripotency markers and additional pluripotency genes ( Figure 4F). A single cell survival assay also demonstrated that piPS cells clonally expanded efficiently as Oct4-positive colonies in feeder-free and N2/B27-chemically defined conditions.
  • piPS cells To examine the developmental potential of piPS cells, standard in vitro differentiation using embryoid bodies (EB) or monolayer chemically defined stepwise differentiation, as well as in vivo chimerism assays were performed.
  • piPS cells efficiently formed EB in suspension, and differentiated into cells in the three primary germ layers, including primitive endoderm (AFP, Soxl7), foregut endoderm (FoxA2), pancreatic cells endoderm (PDX1, Pax6), mesoderm (Brachyury), and neural (Soxl) and neuronal cells (pill-tubulin)-ectoderm ( Figures 5 and 6 A).
  • Example 2 Reprogramming of liver and pancreatic exocrine cells to insulin-producing beta cells by transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 IR, His6-PDX1- 1 IR and His6-MafA-l IR in mouse.
  • a poly-arginine protein transduction domain was fused respectively to the C-terminal of each reprogramming protein (Ngn3, PDX1 and MafA) through a linker (SEQ ID NO: 55) to form His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1-1 1R and His6-Maf A- 11R respectively ( Figure 7). His6 (SEQ ID NO: 59) was included to facilitate protein purification.
  • poly-arginine fused proteins were expressed in E. Coli in inclusion body form, which were then solubilized, refolded, and further purified to prepare transducible materials His6-Ngn3-11R, His6-PDX1-1 1R and His6-MafA-l lR. The protein identities were confirmed by mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis.
  • CD-I mice (Charles River Laboratory) were divided into two groups: the treatment group and the control group.
  • Transducible material His6-Ngn3-11R (lmg/kg), His6-PDX1-1 1R (lmg/kg), and His6-MafA- 11R (lmg/kg) were injected into each mouse by intraperitoneal (IP) in treatment group (Mouse-4, Mouse-5 and Mouse-6) and BSA (lmg/kg) was injected into each mouse in the control group (Mouse- 1, Mouse-2 and Mouse-3). There was no Greenish-brown or Yellow aspirate when needle penetrated into each mouse peritonea. Injections were repeated every day for 7 days.
  • mice of both treatment and control group were sacrificed on the 3rd day after the completion of all injections.
  • the mouse liver and pancreas were washed with IX PBS and fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde for overnight. Then the liver and pancreatic tissues were processed by standard Paraffin Embedding protocol.
  • the Tissue sections, 5-micro in thickness, were prepared routinely with histology microtomes and mounted on standard histology glass slides. The wax in tissues was dissolved by xylene during processing of tissue sections. Tissue sectioning and histologic and immunohistochemical staining were performed using routine methods.
  • IF A indirect fluorescent-antibody
  • the slides were blocked with 0.05% Tween-20 (TBST) and 3% BSA for 1 hour at RT and were incubated with mouse anti-insulin antibody (Invitrogen) at 4°C overnight.
  • the slides were washed three times with PBS for 15 minutes at RT and incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated swine anti-mouse antibody (KPL) for 2 hours at RT. Same concentration of Mouse IgG was used as isotype control.
  • Anti-DAPI antibody was added to slides as a nuclear marker. The slides were washed as before and mounted with aqueous mounting media (Biomeda, Foster City, CA).
  • Endothelial markers were identified under the microscope (Olympus BX51, San Diego, CA) and merged cells were analyzed by Microsuite Biological Suite program (Olympus BX51, San Diego, CA) ( Figures 8-11).
  • the results showed that the treatment group had more insulin- producing cells (Figure 9) in livers comparing to the control group ( Figure 8).
  • the pancreas of the control group showed a cluster of insulin-producing cells ( Figure 10), while the pancreas of the treatment group showed insulin-producing cells in bigger area ( Figure 1 1). Therefore, the results showed that treatment of transducible materials His6-Ngn3-1 1R, His6-PDX1-1 1R, and His6-MafA-l 1R converted liver and/or pancreas cells to insulin-producing cells.
  • Example 3 Reprogramming of T cells and programs them to Treg cells using transducible material Foxp3.
  • a poly-arginine protein transduction domain was fused to the C-terminal of each reprogramming protein Foxp3 through a linker (SEQ ID NO: 55) to form His6-Foxp3-l 1R ( Figure 7). His6 (SEQ ID NO: 59) was included to facilitate protein purification.
  • the poly-arginine fused protein was expressed in E. Coli in inclusion body form, which were then solubilized, refolded, and further purified to prepare transducible materials His6-Foxp3-l 1R. The protein identities were confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • Histopaque-1077 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO
  • CD 14+ monocytes were removed by magnetic bead selection (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA).Briefly, 108 PBMCs were incubated with 200 anti-CD 14 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) in ice for 30 minutes.
  • the cells were washed with cold IX PBS with 2% FCS and centrifuged at 300g for 10 minutes and then resuspended in IX PBS with 2% FCS.
  • the cell suspension was applied to the magnetic column and unbinding cells were passed through by washing 3 times with IX PBS with 2% FCS.
  • the PBMC/mono- were harvested by centrifuged at 300g for 10 minutes.
  • the PBMC/mono- were cultured in 6-well plates (Becton Dickinson, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% FBS, nonessential amino acids, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 25 mM HEPES, 200 units/ml penicillin, and streptomycin at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 .
  • His6-Foxp3-l lR (10 ⁇ g/ml, 20 ⁇ g/ml, or 50 ⁇ g/ml) was added to the cells.
  • BSA 100 ⁇ g/ml was added to another well as control.
  • the cells were washed with PBS for flow cytometric analysis using a Beckman Coulter FC500 cytometer with Cytomics CXP software (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) ( Figures 12 and 13).
  • the results showed that the CD4+CD25+T cells (Treg cells) have dramatically increased with treatment of transducible material His6- Foxp3-l 1R, and the increase is protein-dose dependent.
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMC/mono were cultured in 6-well plates (Becton Dickinson, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% FBS, nonessential amino acids, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 25 mM HEPES, 200 units/ml penicillin, and streptomycin at 37°C and 5% C02.
  • FBS Frequency-Benson
  • nonessential amino acids 2 mM glutamine
  • 1 mM sodium pyruvate 1 mM sodium pyruvate
  • 25 mM HEPES 200 units/ml penicillin
  • streptomycin streptomycin at 37°C and 5% C02.
  • Foxp3 10 ⁇ g/ml, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • BSA 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • Same concentration of the Foxp3 or BSA was added after cultured two days. Following 5 days of culture, the cells were washed with PBS twice.
  • the cells were re-suspended in 100 ⁇ ⁇ diluted and added rabbit anti-human CD25 for 90 minutes.
  • the cells were washed three time with cold 1XPBS supplied 2% FBS and then the conjugated-PE mouse anti-human CD4 as well as conjugated-FITC goat anti-rabbit IgG were added to the cells for 60minutes in ice.
  • Conjugated-PE mouse IgG and rabbit IgG were incubated with another group cells as Isotype control.
  • the cells were washed with PBS for flow cytometric analysis using a Beckman Coulter FC500 cytometer with Cytomics CXP software (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) ( Figures 14-17).
  • the results showed that the CD4+CD25+T cells (Treg cells) have dramatically increased with treatment of transducible material His6-Foxp3-l 1R, and the increase is protein- dose dependent.
  • Example 4 Reprogramming of other types of cells (e.g. white fat cells) to brown fat cells.
  • white adipose tissue is the most prevalent fat tissue in adult humans and is obesity-related
  • brown adipose tissue or BAT
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • WAT white adipose tissue
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • BAT brown adipose tissue
  • BAT plays an important role in the prevention and therapy of obesity and diabetes, and interestingly brown adipocytes can be transdifferentiated from white adipocytes.
  • the cells to be reprogrammed are treated either in vivo or in vitro with protein(s), or chemical(s), or the combination(s) of them to be converted to brown adipose cells.
  • white fat cell precursors are reprogrammed to brown adipose cells through transdetermination.
  • white fat cells are reprogrammed to brown fat cells through transdifferentiation.
  • This method can be used as a treatment for obesity and related diseases.
  • the obesity-related diseases include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis, cancer, sleep apnea, abdominal hernias, varicose veins, gout, gall bladder disease, respiratory problems including Pickwickian syndrome, and liver malfunction.
  • patients inflicted with obesity are treated with protein drugs, small molecule drugs, or the combination, through injection into fat tissue, generating more brown fat cells.
  • the more brown fat cells act as a "glucose sink” and burn more fats than before, leading to lower body weight indexes (BWIs) for patients.
  • PRDM16 a transcription factor highly enriched in brown fat cells compared to white fat cells.
  • a zinc-finger protein, PRDM16 is believed to be the master transcription factor that controls the determination of brown fat fate.
  • C/ ⁇ - ⁇ another transcription factor that has been shown to form a protein complex with PRDM16.
  • the proteins used in the reprogramming process are usually transcription factors. Transcription factors are intracellular signaling proteins which transducer signals to the cell nucleus. Therefore, to use transcription factors as a therapeutic product to induce cellular reprogramming, some modifications are required to make the proteins capable of penetrating the cell membrane and getting into cell nuclei.
  • One way of achieving that is to fuse protein transduction domains (PTDs), such as TAT, Poly-arginine, Penetratin (Antennapedia), VP22, Transportan, MAP, MTS, or PEP-1, to the N-termini or the C-termini of the proteins. These PTDs are capable of translocating the transcription factors into cells or even nuclei.
  • the transcription factors also have nuclear localization sequences which can help them get into nuclei.
  • Another way of modifying the proteins is to engineer a peptide to the N- terminus or the C-terminus of each protein.
  • the peptide is a ligand for some cell- surface receptors and will facilitate the entry of the proteins into cells through receptor mediated endocytosis.
  • Another way of delivering proteins into cells is using polymers or PTD peptides as carriers for the proteins.
  • the proteins or modified proteins are from natural sources, produced from E. coli or other expression systems using recombinant DNA technology, or synthesized.
  • the proteins include transcription factors, such as PRDM16, PRDM16M, C/ ⁇ - ⁇ , or their homologues (counterparts) from species other than human.
  • the chemicals can replace some or all of the programming proteins, achieving the same reprogramming process.
  • transducible material examples include, without limitation, His6- PRDM16-1 1R, or His6- PRDM16M -11R, and His6-C/EBP-P-11R.

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Abstract

La présente invention porte sur des compositions et sur des procédés se rapportant à la reprogrammation d'autres cellules (telles que les cellules grasses blanches) dans les cellules grasses brunes sans introduire des gènes exogènes dans les échantillons. En particulier, la présente invention porte sur des matériaux transducteurs qui peuvent pénétrer par transduction dans les échantillons biologiques mais qui ne sont pas des gènes ou qui provoquent des modifications génétiques. La présente invention porte également sur des procédés de reprogrammation du trajet des échantillons biologiques ou de traitement de maladies à l'aide des compositions transductrices associées.
PCT/US2010/053865 2009-10-22 2010-10-22 Compositions et procédés permettant de reprogrammer des cellules sans modification génétique dans le cadre d'un traitement de l'obésité et de maladies associées Ceased WO2011050334A1 (fr)

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WO2014010746A1 (fr) * 2012-07-12 2014-01-16 京都府公立大学法人 Cellules adipeuses brunes et leur procédé de préparation
US20150166958A1 (en) * 2012-07-12 2015-06-18 Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation Brown fat cells and method for preparing same
EP2873727A4 (fr) * 2012-07-12 2015-12-23 Kyoto Prefectural Public Univ Corp Cellules adipeuses brunes et leur procédé de préparation
JPWO2014010746A1 (ja) * 2012-07-12 2016-06-23 京都府公立大学法人 褐色脂肪細胞及びその調製方法
JP2018108080A (ja) * 2012-07-12 2018-07-12 京都府公立大学法人 褐色脂肪細胞及びその調製方法

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