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WO2011041293A1 - Dérivés pyrazolo [1, 5—a] pyrimidines comme inhibiteurs de kinase 1 régulatrice de signal d'apoptose - Google Patents

Dérivés pyrazolo [1, 5—a] pyrimidines comme inhibiteurs de kinase 1 régulatrice de signal d'apoptose Download PDF

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WO2011041293A1
WO2011041293A1 PCT/US2010/050500 US2010050500W WO2011041293A1 WO 2011041293 A1 WO2011041293 A1 WO 2011041293A1 US 2010050500 W US2010050500 W US 2010050500W WO 2011041293 A1 WO2011041293 A1 WO 2011041293A1
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alkyl
hetero
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cycloalkyl
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Edcon Chang
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Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds that may be used to inhibit apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) as well as compositions of matter, kits and articles of manufacture comprising these compounds.
  • ASK1 apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
  • the invention also relates to methods for inhibiting ASK1 and treatment methods using compounds according to the present invention.
  • the invention relates to methods of making the compounds of the present invention, as well as intermediates useful in such methods.
  • the present invention relates to ASK1 inhibitors, compositions of matter, kits and articles of manufacture comprising these compounds, methods for inhibiting ASK1, and methods and intermediates useful for making the inhibitors.
  • Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, which are members of the serine/threonine kinase family. Wang et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 31607-31611, Ichijo et al. Science 1997, 275, 90-94.
  • ASK1 is also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAPKKK5)
  • MAP3K5 MAP/ERK kinase kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • MEKK5 MEK kinase 5
  • ASK1 is accessible in the protein databases by the accession number NM 005923. ASK1 is ubiquitously expressed with the highest expression in the heart, pancreas, testis, and ovaries.
  • MAP kinases mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus via phosphorylation cascades. Egan and Weinbery Nature 1993, 365, 781-783.
  • the MAPK cascades are multifunctional intracellular signaling pathways that are evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotic cells. Widmann et al. Physiol Rev 1999, 79, 143-180; Kyriakis and Avruch, J. Physiol Rev 2001, 81, 807-869; Ichijo Oncogene 1999, 75:6087-6093. All eukaryotic cells possess multiple MAPK pathways. In mammalian cells, three MAPK cascades that converge on ERKs, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAP kinases have been extensively characterized. Egan and Weinbery Nature 1993, 365, 781-783; Boulton et al.
  • JNK and p38 are preferentially activated by various cytotoxic stress such as UV radiation, X-ray, heat shock, osmotic shock, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1. Tibbies and Woodgett, Cell Mol, Life Sci. 1999, 55: 1230-1254. JNK and p38 are thus also called stress- activated protein kinases (SAPKs).
  • SAPKs stress- activated protein kinases
  • Each MAPK cascade involves three classes of serine/threonine kinases, MAPK, MAPK kinanse (MAP2K) and MAP2K kinase (MAP3K).
  • MAPK MAPK kinanse
  • MAP3K MAP3K phosphorylates and thereby activates MAP2K in turn phosphorylates and activates MAPK.
  • Activated MAPK may translocate to the cell nucleus and regulate the activities of transcription factors and thereby control gene expression. Sturgill and Wu, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 1092, 350; Nishida and Gotoh, Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993, 18, 128; Errede and Levin Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1993, 5, 254; Marshall Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1994, 82.
  • MAP3Ks play pivotal roles in sensing and signaling of cellular and environmental stress.
  • the MAP3Ks in the JNK and p38 pathways are highly divergent in number and structure. At least eleven MAP3Ks have been identified upstream of JNK, each of which activates single or multiple downstream MAPK cascades. This diversity and complexity are consistent with the variety of stimuli that activate MAPK pathways. Kyriakis and Avruch Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81, 807-869.
  • ASK1 was originally identified as an apoptosis-inducing MAP3K.
  • ASK1 regulates the p38 and JNK pathways by directly phosphorylating and thereby activating their respective MAPK s, MK 4(SEK1)/MK 7 and MK 3/MK 6.
  • MK 4(SEK1)/MK 7 and MK 3/MK 6. Wang et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 277, 31607-31611; Ichijo et al. Science 1997, 275, 90-94.
  • the activity of ASKl is tightly regulated; a ubiquitously expressed reduction/oxidation protein thioredoxin (Trx) binds to the N-terminal and inhibits its activity.
  • ASKl is activated by various cytotoxic stresses including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and calcium overload, and by receptor-mediated
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • LPS endotoxic lipopolysaccharide
  • ASKl has a role in the pathogenesis of TNF-a-induced insulin resistance.
  • ASKl is thus a pivotal component not only in stress-induced cell death but also in a broad range of biological activities in order for cells to adapt to or oppose various stresses. Modulating the activity of ASK1 potentially have beneficial effect in treating or preventing a wide range of diseases and conditions including, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Thompson, Science 1995, 267, 1456-1462; Yuan and Yanker Nature 2000, 407, 802-809; Los et al. Immunity 1999, 10, 629-639.
  • United States Patent No. 5,981,265 and No. 6,074,861 claim methods for regulating MAP3K protein activity in a cell by transforming or transfecting the cell with a nucleic acid that is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule encoding MAP3K1, MAP3K2, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, and MAP3K6.
  • Oligonucleotides for use in antisense, and triplex formation, as ribozymes, probes or primers and in other applications are generally disclosed.
  • WO 01/07461 discloses antisense compositions and methods for using the antisense compositions to modulate the expression of MAP3K5 and treat diseases associated with expression of MAP3K5.
  • a small molecule inhibitor may be proof to be an effective means for regulating ASK1 activities.
  • the present invention relates to compounds that have activity for inhibiting ASK1.
  • the present invention also provides compositions, articles of manufacture and kits comprising these compounds.
  • the invention relates to methods of making the compounds of the present invention, as well as intermediates useful in such methods.
  • the invention is directed to compounds having the formula:
  • n 1, 2, or 3;
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of (C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, (C 9 -i2)bicycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)bicycloalkyl, (C 4 _i2)aryl, hetero(Ci_io)aryl, (C 9 _i2)bicycloaryl, and hetero(C 4 _i 2 )bicycloaryl;
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, thio, mercapto, oxy, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 -i2)aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, (Ci_io)alkyloxycarbonyl, (C 4 -i2)aryloxycarbonyl,
  • hetero(C 4 _i2)bicycloaryl each unsubstituted or further substituted, provided that at least one of R is selected from the group consisting of dihydroxy(Ci_6)alkyl and dihydroxy(Ci_6)haloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted;
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of oxy, thio, halo, (Ci_io)alkyl, (Ci_io)alkenyl, (C 3-12 )cycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, (C 9 _i 2 )bicycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i 2 )bicycloalkyl,
  • hetero(C 3 _i2)bicycloalkyl, hetero(Ci_s)aryl and hetero(C 4 -i2)bicycloaryl optionally contain up to four heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and
  • each of said 1-3 substituents of R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, thio, (Ci_ 6 )alkylthio, oxy, arylalkyloxy, oxo, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 -i2)aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, (Ci_6)alkylcarbonyl, oxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, amino, amido, carboxamido,
  • P 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, thio, oxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_6)haloalkyl, (Ci_6)cycloalkyl, and (Ci_ 6 )alkoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted with 1-2 substituents, wherein each of said 1-2 substituents of R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, halo(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (C 3 _ 6 )cycloalkyl,
  • the present invention is intended to encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable ionized forms (e.g., salts) and solvates (e.g., hydrates) of the compounds, regardless of whether such ionized forms and solvates are specified since it is well known in the art to administer pharmaceutical agents in an ionized or solvated form. It is also noted that unless a particular stereochemistry is specified, recitation of a compound is intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers (e.g. , enantiomers or
  • the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions that comprise an ASK1 inhibitor according to the present invention as an active ingredient.
  • compositions according to the invention may optionally comprise 0.001%- 100% of one or more inhibitors of this invention.
  • These pharmaceutical compositions may be administered or coadministered by a wide variety of routes, including for example, orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly, rectally, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation, vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery (for example by catheter or stent), subcutaneously,
  • compositions may also be administered or coadministered in slow release dosage forms.
  • the invention is directed to kits and articles of manufacture for treating disease states associated with ASKl .
  • the kit comprises a composition comprising at least one ASKl inhibitor of the present invention in combination with instructions.
  • the instructions may indicate the disease state for which the composition is to be administered, storage information, dosing information and/or instructions regarding how to administer the composition.
  • the kit may also comprise packaging materials.
  • the packaging material may comprise a container for housing the composition.
  • the kit may also optionally comprise additional components, such as syringes for administration of the composition.
  • the kit may comprise the composition in single or multiple dose forms.
  • the invention is directed to articles of manufacture that comprise a composition comprising at least one ASKl inhibitor of the present invention in combination with packaging materials.
  • the packaging material may comprise a container for housing the composition.
  • the container may optionally comprise a label indicating the disease state for which the composition is to be administered, storage information, dosing information and/or instructions regarding how to administer the composition.
  • the article of manufacture may also optionally comprise additional components, such as syringes for administration of the composition.
  • the article of manufacture may comprise the composition in single or multiple dose forms.
  • the invention is directed to methods of using compounds, compositions, kits and articles of manufacture according to the present invention.
  • the compounds, compositions, kits and articles of manufacture are used to inhibit ASKl .
  • the compounds, compositions, kits and articles of manufacture are used to treat a disease state for which ASKl possess activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease state.
  • a compound is administered to a subject wherein ASKl activity within the subject is altered, preferably reduced.
  • a prodrug of a compound is administered to a subject that is converted to the compound in vivo where it inhibits ASKl .
  • a method of inhibiting ASKl comprises contacting an ASKl with a compound according to the present invention.
  • a method of inhibiting ASKl comprises causing a compound according to the present invention to be present in a subject in order to inhibit ASKl in vivo.
  • a method for using a compound according to the present invention in order to manufacture a medicament for use in the treatment of a disease state that is known to be mediated by ASKl, or that is known to be treated by ASKl inhibitors.
  • prodrug that is converted in vivo to a compound according to the present invention. It is also noted that certain compounds of the present invention may be altered in vivo prior to inhibiting ASKl and thus may themselves be prodrugs for another compound. Such prodrugs of another compound may or may not themselves independently have ASKl inhibitory activity.
  • Figure 1 illustrates SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 referred to in this application.
  • Acetylamino means the radical -NR-C(0)CH3 where R is hydrogen or a further substituent.
  • Alicyclic means a moiety comprising a non-aromatic ring structure. Alicyclic moieties may be saturated or partially unsaturated with one, two or more double or triple bonds. Alicyclic moieties may also optionally comprise heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The nitrogen atoms can be optionally quaternerized or oxidized and the sulfur atoms can be optionally oxidized.
  • alicyclic moieties include, but are not limited to moieties with (C 3 _ 8 ) rings such as cyclopropyl, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cycloheptane, cycloheptene, cycloheptadiene, cyclooctane, cyclooctene, and cyclooctadiene.
  • moieties with (C 3 _ 8 ) rings such as cyclopropyl, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cycloheptane, cycloheptene, cycloheptadiene, cyclooctane
  • Aliphatic means a moiety characterized by a straight or branched chain arrangement of constituent carbon atoms and may be saturated or partially unsaturated with one, two or more double or triple bonds.
  • alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 - 2 o)alkenyl, a (C 2 _i5)alkenyl, a (C 2 -io)alkenyl, a (C 2 _5)alkenyl or a
  • alkenyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 )alkenyl, a (C 3 )alkenyl or a (C4)alkenyl.
  • alkenylene include ethene-l,2-diyl, propene-l,3-diyl, methylene- 1,1-diyl, and the like.
  • alkenylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 - 2 o) alkenylene, a (C2-15) alkenylene, a (C 2 _io) alkenylene, a (C 2 -5) alkenylene or a (C 2-3 ) alkenylene.
  • alkenylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 ) alkenylene, a (C 3 ) alkenylene or a (C 4 ) alkenylene.
  • Alkoxy means an oxygen moiety having a further alkyl substituent. The alkoxy groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted.
  • Alkyl represented by itself means a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical having a chain of carbon atoms, optionally with one or more of the carbon atoms being replaced with oxygen (See “oxaalkyl”), a carbonyl group (See “oxoalkyl”), sulfur (See “thioalkyl”), and/or nitrogen (See “azaalkyl”).
  • (Cx)alkyl and (Cx_y)alkyl are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
  • (Ci_6)alkyl includes alkyls that have a chain of between 1 and 6 carbons (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methylallyl, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, and the like).
  • 1 and 6 carbons e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methylallyl, ethynyl, 1-propynyl
  • Alkyl represented along with another radical means a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic divalent radical having the number of atoms indicated or when no atoms are indicated means a bond (e.g., (C 6 -io)aryl(Ci_3)alkyl includes, benzyl, phenethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-thienylmethyl, 2-pyridinylmethyl and the like).
  • alkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci_ 2 o)alkyl, a (Ci_i 5 )alkyl, a (Ci_i 0 )alkyl, a (Ci_ 5 )alkyl or a (Ci_ 3 )alkyl.
  • alkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci)alkyl, a (C 2 )alkyl or a (C 3 )alkyl.
  • Alkylene unless indicated otherwise, means a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic, divalent radical.
  • (Cx)alkylene and (Cx_y)alkylene are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
  • alkylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci_ 2 o)alkylene, a (Ci_i 5 )alkylene, a (Ci_io)alkylene, a (Ci_ 5 )alkylene or a (Ci_ 3 )alkylene.
  • alkylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci)alkylene, a (C 2 )alkylene or a (C 3 )alkylene.
  • Alkylidene means a straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic radical connected to the parent molecule by a double bond.
  • (Cx)alkylidene and (Cx_y)alkylidene are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain.
  • alkylidene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci_2o)alkylidene, a (Ci_i5)alkylidene, a (Ci_io)alkylidene, a (Ci_5)alkylidene or a (Ci_3)alkylidene.
  • alkylidene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Ci)alkylidene, a (C 2 )alkylidene or a (C 3 )alkylidene.
  • Alkynyl means a straight or branched, carbon chain that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (-C ⁇ C- or -C ⁇ CR, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent).
  • alkynyl include ethynyl, propargyl, 3 -methyl- 1-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.
  • alkynyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 - 2 o)alkynyl, a (C 2 _i 5 )alkynyl, a (C 2 _io)alkynyl, a (C 2 _ 5 )alkynyl or a (C 2 - 3 )alkynyl.
  • alkynyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a
  • Alkynylene means a straight or branched, divalent carbon chain having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (-CR ⁇ CR'-, wherein R and R are each independently hydrogen or further substituents).
  • alkynylene include ethyne-l,2-diyl, propyne-l ,3-diyl, and the like.
  • alkynylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 _ 20 ) alkynylene, a (C 2 -15) alkynylene, a (C 2 _io) alkynylene, a (C 2 -5) alkynylene or a (C 2 - 3 ) alkynylene.
  • alkynylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 2 ) alkynylene, a (C 3 ) alkynylene or a (C 4 ) alkynylene.
  • amino means a nitrogen moiety having two further substituents where, for example, a hydrogen or carbon atom is attached to the nitrogen.
  • representative amino groups include -NH 2 , -NHCH 3 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH((Ci_i 0 )alkyl), -N((Ci_i 0 )alkyl) 2 , -NH(aryl),
  • the compounds of the invention containing amino moieties may include protected derivatives thereof. Suitable protecting groups for amino moieties include acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.
  • Animal includes humans, non-human mammals (e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like) and non-mammals (e.g., birds, and the like).
  • non-human mammals e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like
  • non-mammals e.g., birds, and the like.
  • Aromatic means a moiety wherein the constituent atoms make up an unsaturated ring system, all atoms in the ring system are sp 2 hybridized and the total number of pi electrons is equal to 4n+2.
  • An aromatic ring may be such that the ring atoms are only carbon atoms or may include carbon and non-carbon atoms (See “heteroaryl”).
  • Aryl means a monocyclic or polycyclic ring assembly wherein each ring is aromatic or when fused with one or more rings forms an aromatic ring assembly. If one or more ring atoms is not carbon (e.g., N, S), the aryl is a heteroaryl. (Cx)aryl and (Cx_y)aryl are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the ring.
  • aryl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C3_i4)aryl, a (C3_io)aryl, a (C 3 _ 7 )aryl, a (Cg-io)aryl or a (C 5 _ 7 )aryl.
  • aryl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 5 )aryl, a (C 6 )aryl, a (C 7 )aryl, a (Cg)aryl., a (Cg)aryl or a (Cio)aryl.
  • Azaalkyl means an alkyl, as defined above, except where one or more of the carbon atoms forming the alkyl chain are replaced with substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms (-NR- or -NRR', wherein R and R' are each independently hydrogen or further substituents).
  • a (Ci_io)azaalkyl refers to a chain comprising between 1 and 10 carbons and one or more nitrogen atoms.
  • Aza-cyclyl means a heterocyclyl moiety containing at least one nitrogen atom and the point of attachment of the cyclyl is through the nitrogen atom.
  • Bicycloalkyl means a saturated or partially unsaturated fused, spiro or bridged bicyclic ring assembly.
  • "bicycloalkyl,” either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 4 _i5)bicycloalkyl, a (C 4 _io)bicycloalkyl, a
  • bicycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Cg)bicycloalkyl, a (Cc>)bicycloalkyl or a
  • Bicycloaryl means a fused, spiro or bridged bicyclic ring assembly wherein at least one of the rings comprising the assembly is aromatic.
  • (Cx)bicycloaryl and (Cx_Y)bicycloaryl are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the bicyclic ring assembly and directly attached to the ring.
  • "bicycloaryl,” either alone or represented along with another radical can be a (a (C 4 -is)bicycloaryl, a (C4_io)bicycloaryl, a (C 6 _io)bicycloaryl or a (C 8 _io)bicycloaryl.
  • "bicycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (Cg)bicycloaryl, a (Cc>)bicycloaryl or a
  • “Bridging ring” and “bridged ring” as used herein refer to a ring that is bonded to another ring to form a compound having a bicyclic or polycyclic structure where two ring atoms that are common to both rings are not directly bound to each other.
  • Non-exclusive examples of common compounds having a bridging ring include borneol, norbornane,
  • One or both rings of the bicyclic system may also comprise heteroatoms.
  • Carbamoyl or “aminocarbonyloxy” means the radical -OC(0)NR ', wherein R and R' are each independently hydrogen or further substituents.
  • Carbocycle means a ring consisting of carbon atoms.
  • Cyano means the radical -CN.
  • Cycloalkyl means a non-aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated, monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring assembly.
  • (Cx)cycloalkyl and (Cx_y)cycloalkyl are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the ring assembly.
  • (C 3 _io)cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, 2,5-cyclohexadienyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantan-l-yl, decahydronaphthyl, oxocyclohexyl, dioxocyclohexyl, thiocyclohexyl, 2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-l-yl, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 3 _i 4 )cycloalkyl, a (C 3 _i 0 )cycloalkyl, a (C 3 _ 7 )cycloalkyl, a (C 8 _io)cycloalkyl or a (C 5 _ 7 )cycloalkyl.
  • cycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a (C 5 )cycloalkyl, a (C 6 )cycloalkyl, a (C 7 )cycloalkyl, a (Cg)cycloalkyl, a (Cc > )cycloalkyl or a
  • Cycloalkylene means a divalent, saturated or partially unsaturated, monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring assembly.
  • (Cx)cycloalkylene and (Cx_y)cycloalkylene are typically used where X and Y indicate the number of carbon atoms in the ring assembly.
  • "cycloalkylene,” either alone or represented along with another radical can be a (C 3 _i 4 )cycloalkylene, a (C 3 _i 0 )cycloalkylene, a (C 3 _ 7 )cycloalkylene, a (C 8 _io)cycloalkylene or a (C5_7)cycloalkylene.
  • "cycloalkylene,” either alone or represented along with another radical can be a (Cs)cycloalkylene, a (Ce)cycloalkylene, a (Cy)cycloalkylene, a
  • (C8)cycloalkylene a (Cc>)cycloalkylene or a (Cio)cycloalkylene.
  • Cyclyl means a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic monovalent ring radical where the ring may be aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated, and polycyclic, wherein the ring atoms are all carbon atoms or optionally one or more of the ring atoms are heteroatoms.
  • Disease specifically includes any unhealthy condition of an animal or part thereof and includes an unhealthy condition that may be caused by, or incident to, medical or veterinary therapy applied to that animal, i.e., the "side effects" of such therapy.
  • EC50 means the molar concentration of an agonist that produces 50% of the maximal possible effect of that agonist.
  • the action of the agonist may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
  • fused ring refers to a ring that is bonded to another ring to form a compound having a bicyclic structure where the ring atoms that are common to both rings are directly bound to each other.
  • Non-exclusive examples of common fused rings include decalin, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, indole, furan, benzofuran, quinoline, and the like.
  • Compounds having fused ring systems may be saturated, partially saturated, carbocyclics, heterocyclics, aromatics, heteroaromatics, and the like.
  • Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • Heteroalkyl means alkyl, as defined in this Application, provided that one or more of the atoms within the alkyl chain is a heteroatom.
  • heteroalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(Ci_2o)alkyl, a
  • hetero(Ci_i5)alkyl a hetero(Ci_io)alkyl, a hetero(Ci_s)alkyl, a hetero(Ci_3)alkyl or a
  • heteroalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(Ci)alkyl, a hetero(C2)alkyl or a hetero(C3)alkyl.
  • Heteroaryl means a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic aromatic group wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom and the remaining ring atoms are carbon.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclic aromatic groups having five or six ring atoms, wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom and the remaining ring atoms are carbon.
  • the nitrogen atoms can be optionally quaternerized and the sulfur atoms can be optionally oxidized.
  • Heteroaryl groups of this invention include, but are not limited to, those derived from furan, imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, oxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrroline, thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazole and tetrazole.
  • Heteroaryl also includes, but is not limited to, bicyclic or tricyclic rings, wherein the heteroaryl ring is fused to one or two rings independently selected from the group consisting of an aryl ring, a cycloalkyl ring, a cycloalkenyl ring, and another monocyclic heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl ring.
  • bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzo[£]furan, benzo[b]thiophene, benzimidazole, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, quinazoline, thieno[2,3-c]pyridine, thieno[3,2-£]pyridine, thieno[2,3-£]pyridine, indolizine, imidazo[l ,2a]pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, quinolizine, indole, isoindole, indazole, indoline, benzoxazole, benzopyrazole, benzothiazole, imidazo[l,5-a]pyridine, pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyridine, imidazo[l,2-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[l,2- c]pyrimidine, imidazo[l,
  • heteroaryl can be attached to the parent molecule through either the heteroaryl group itself or the aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or heterocycloalkyl group to which it is fused.
  • the heteroaryl groups of this invention can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • "heteroaryl,” either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(Ci_i3)aryl, a hetero(C 2 -i3)aryl, a hetero(C 2 -6)aryl, a
  • heteroaryl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(C 3 )aryl, a hetero(C 4 )aryl, a hetero(Cs)aryl, a hetero(C 6 )aryl, a hetero(Cy)aryl, a hetero(Cg)aryl or a hetero(Cc))aryl.
  • Heteroatom refers to an atom that is not a carbon atom. Particular examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Heteroatom moiety includes a moiety where the atom by which the moiety is attached is not a carbon.
  • Heterobicycloalkyl means bicycloalkyl, as defined in this Application, provided that one or more of the atoms within the ring is a heteroatom.
  • hetero(C9_i 2 )bicycloalkyl as used in this application includes, but is not limited to, 3-aza- bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-yl, 2-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-yl, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl, and the like.
  • "heterobicycloalkyl,” either alone or represented along with another radical can be a hetero(Ci_i 4 )bicycloalkyl, a hetero(C 4 _i 4 )bicycloalkyl, a hetero(C 4 _9)bicycloalkyl or a hetero(C 5 _9)bicycloalkyl.
  • hetero(Cs)bicycloalkyl can be a hetero(Cs)bicycloalkyl, hetero(Ce)bicycloalkyl,
  • hetero(Cy)bicycloalkyl hetero(Cg)bicycloalkyl or a hetero(Cc))bicycloalkyl.
  • Heterobicycloaryl means bicycloaryl, as defined in this Application, provided that one or more of the atoms within the ring is a heteroatom.
  • hetero(C 4 _i 2 )bicycloaryl as used in this Application includes, but is not limited to, 2-amino-4-oxo- 3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
  • heterocycloaryl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a
  • hetero(C 5 _9)bicycloaryl can be a hetero(Cs)bicycloaryl, hetero(Ce)bicycloaryl,
  • Heterocycloalkyl means cycloalkyl, as defined in this Application, provided that one or more of the atoms forming the ring is a heteroatom selected, independently from N, O, or S.
  • Non-exclusive examples of heterocycloalkyl include piperidyl, 4-morpholyl, 4-piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, perhydropyrrolizinyl, 1 ,4-diazaperhydroepinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(Ci_i3)cycloalkyl, a hetero(Ci_9)cycloalkyl, a
  • heterocycloalkyl either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a
  • hetero(C 2 )cycloalkyl a hetero(C 3 )cycloalkyl, a hetero(C 4 )cycloalkyl, a hetero(Cs)cycloalkyl, a hetero(Ce)cycloalkyl, hetero(C 7 )cycloalkyl, hetero(Cg)cycloalkyl or a hetero(C 9 )cycloalkyl.
  • Heterocycloalkylene means cycloalkylene, as defined in this Application, provided that one or more of the ring member carbon atoms is replaced by a heteroatom.
  • heterocycloalkylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(Ci_i3)cycloalkylene, a hetero(Ci_9)cycloalkylene, a hetero(Ci_6)cycloalkylene, a hetero(C 5 _9)cycloalkylene or a hetero(C 2 _6)cycloalkylene.
  • heterocycloalkylene either alone or represented along with another radical, can be a hetero(C 2 )cycloalkylene, a hetero(C 3 )cycloalkylene, a hetero(C 4 )cycloalkylene, a hetero(Cs)cycloalkylene, a
  • hetero(Ce)cycloalkylene hetero(C 7 )cycloalkylene, hetero(Cg)cycloalkylene or a
  • Heterocyclyl means a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic monovalent ring radical where the ring may be aromatic, saturated or partially unsaturated, and polycyclic, wherein at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom.
  • Haldroxy means the radical -OH.
  • IC 50 means the molar concentration of an inhibitor that produces 50% inhibition of the target enzyme.
  • Iminoketone derivative means a derivative comprising the moiety -C(NR)-, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent.
  • “Isomers” means compounds having identical molecular formulae but differing in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes "optical isomers.” A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a "chiral center.” A compound with one chiral center has two enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality.
  • a mixture of the two enantiomeric forms is termed a "racemic mixture.”
  • a compound that has more than one chiral center has 2" "1 enantiomeric pairs, where n is the number of chiral centers.
  • Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist as ether an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed a "diastereomeric mixture.”
  • a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center.
  • Enantiomers are characterized by the absolute configuration of their chiral centers and described by the R- and ⁇ -sequencing rules of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. Conventions for stereochemical nomenclature, methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well known in the art (e.g., see “Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5th edition, March, Jerry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001).
  • leaving group means the group with the meaning conventionally associated with it in synthetic organic chemistry, i.e., an atom or group displaceable under reaction ⁇ e.g., alkylating) conditions.
  • Examples of leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halo ⁇ e.g., F, CI, Br and I), alkyl ⁇ e.g., methyl and ethyl) and sulfonyloxy ⁇ e.g., mesyloxy, ethanesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy and tosyloxy), thiomethyl, thienyloxy, dihalophosphinoyloxy, tetrahalophosphoxy, benzyloxy, isopropyloxy, acyloxy, and the like.
  • Niro means the radical -N0 2 .
  • Oxaalkyl means an alkyl, as defined above, except where one or more of the carbon atoms forming the alkyl chain are replaced with oxygen atoms (-0- or -OR, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent).
  • an oxa(Ci_io)alkyl refers to a chain comprising between 1 and 10 carbons and one or more oxygen atoms.
  • the carbonyl group may be an aldehyde, ketone, ester, amide, acid, or acid halide.
  • an oxo(Ci_io)alkyl refers to a chain comprising between 1 and 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbonyl groups.
  • Oxy means the radical -O- or -OR, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent. Accordingly, it is noted that the oxy radical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents to form different oxy groups including hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy or carbonyloxy.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a
  • composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means salts of compounds of the present invention which are pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined above, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity.
  • Such salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,
  • o-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1 ,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, /?-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, /?-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid,
  • hydroxynaphthoic acid hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid and the like.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include base addition salts which may be formed when acidic protons present are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
  • Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine and the like.
  • Phosphonyl means "the radical -P(0)(OR)(OR'), wherein R and R' are hydrogen or a further substituent. It is noted that the phosphonyl radical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents to form different phosphonyl groups including phosphonice acids and phosphate esters, and sulfones.
  • Polycyclic ring includes bicyclic and multi-cyclic rings.
  • the individual rings comprising the polycyclic ring can be fused, spiro or bridging rings.
  • Prodrug means a compound that is convertible in vivo metabolically into an inhibitor according to the present invention.
  • the prodrug itself may or may not also have activity with respect to a given target protein.
  • a compound comprising a hydroxy group may be administered as an ester that is converted by hydrolysis in vivo to the hydroxy compound.
  • esters that may be converted in vivo into hydroxy compounds include acetates, citrates, lactates, phosphates, tartrates, malonates, oxalates, salicylates, propionates, succinates, fumarates, maleates, methylene-bis-b-hydroxynaphthoates, gentisates, isethionates, di-/?-toluoyltartrates, methanesulfonates, ethanesulfonates, benzenesulfonates, p- toluenesulfonates, cyclohexylsulfamates, quinates, esters of amino acids, and the like.
  • a compound comprising an amine group may be administered as an amide that is converted by hydrolysis in vivo to the amine compound.
  • Protected derivatives means derivatives of inhibitors in which a reactive site or sites are blocked with protecting groups. Protected derivatives are useful in the preparation of inhibitors or in themselves may be active as inhibitors. A comprehensive list of suitable protecting groups can be found in P.G.M. Wuts and T.W. Greene, "Greene 's Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007.
  • Ring and "ring assembly” means a carbocyclic or a heterocyclic system and includes aromatic and non-aromatic systems.
  • the system can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic.
  • the individual rings comprising the polycyclic ring can be fused, spiro or bridging rings.
  • Subject and “patient” includes humans, non-human mammals (e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, deer, and the like) and non-mammals (e.g., birds, and the like).
  • Substituted or unsubstituted means that a given moiety may consist of only hydrogen substituents through available valencies (unsubstituted) or may further comprise one or more non-hydrogen substituents through available valencies (substituted) that are not otherwise specified by the name of the given moiety.
  • isopropyl is an example of an ethylene moiety that is substituted by -CH 3 .
  • a non-hydrogen substituent may be any substituent that may be bound to an atom of the given moiety that is specified to be substituted. Examples of substituents include, but are not limited to, aldehyde, alicyclic, aliphatic,
  • (Ci_io)alkyl alkylene, alkylidene, amide, amino, aminoalkyl, aromatic, aryl, bicycloalkyl, bicycloaryl, carbamoyl, carbocyclyl, carboxyl, carbonyl group, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylene, ester, halo, heterobicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylene, heteroaryl, heterobicycloaryl, heterocycloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy, iminoketone, ketone, nitro, oxaalkyl, and oxoalkyl moieties, each of which may optionally also be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, thio, oxy, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 -i 2 )aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, amino, (Ci_io)alkylamino, sulfonamido, imino, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphonyl, (Ci_io)alkyl, halo(Ci_io)alkyl, hydroxy(Ci_io)alkyl, carbonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, thiocarbonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, sulfonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, sulfmyl(Ci_io)alkyl, phosphonyl, (Ci_
  • hetero(C 4 _i 2 )bicycloaryl is itself optionally substituted by a further substituent.
  • examples of the further substituent include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, thio, oxy, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 _i 2 )aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, amino,
  • Sulfmyl means the radical -SO- and/or -SO-R, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent. It is noted that the sulfmyl radical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents to form different sulfmyl groups including sulfuric acids, sulfanamides, sulfmyl esters, and sulfoxides.
  • Sulfonamido means the radical -S(0) 2 -NR- and/or - S(0) 2 -NRR', -NR-S(0) 2 - and/or -NR-S(0) 2 R', wherein each R and R' are independently hydrogen or a further substituent.
  • Sulfonyl means the radical -SO 2 - and/or -SO 2 -R, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent. It is noted that the sulfonyl radical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents to form different sulfonyl groups including sulfonic acids, sulfonamides, sulfonate esters, and sulfones.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” means that amount which, when administered to an animal for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease.
  • Thioalkyl means an alkyl, as defined above, except where one or more of the carbon atoms forming the alkyl chain are replaced with sulfur atoms (-S- or -S-R, wherein R is hydrogen or a further substituent).
  • a thio(Ci_io)alkyl refers to a chain comprising between 1 and 10 carbons and one or more sulfur atoms.
  • Treatment or “treating” means any administration of a compound of the present invention and includes:
  • Ureido means the radicals -NR-C(0)-NR'- and/or -N-C(0)-N-R", wherein R, R' and R' are independently hydrogen or a further substituent. It is noted that the ureido radical may be further substituted with a variety of substituents to form different uredio groups.
  • a Ci alkyl indicates that there is one carbon atom but does not indicate what are the substituents on the carbon atom.
  • a (Ci)alkyl comprises methyl (i.e., -CH 3 ) as well as -CRR'R" where R, R, and R" may each independently be hydrogen or a further substituent where the atom attached to the carbon is a heteroatom or cyano.
  • CF 3 , CH 2 OH and CH 2 CN for example, are all (Ci)alkyls.
  • terms such as alkylamino and the like comprise dialkylamino and the like.
  • a compound having a formula that is represented with a dashed bond is intended to include the formulae optionally having zero, one or more double bonds, as exemplified and shown below:
  • atoms making up the compounds of the present invention are intended to include all isotopic forms of such atoms.
  • Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium
  • isotopes of carbon include 13 C and 14 C.
  • the present invention relates to compounds that may be used to inhibit ASK1.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions, kits and articles of manufacture comprising such compounds.
  • the present invention relates to methods and intermediates useful for making the compounds. Further, the present invention relates to methods of using said compounds.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also possess activity for other members of the same protein family and thus may be used to address disease states associated with these other family members.
  • the present invention relates to compounds that are useful as ASK1 inhibitors.
  • ASK1 inhibitors of the present invention consisting of formula I:
  • n 1, 2, or 3;
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of (C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, (C 9 -i2)bicycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)bicycloalkyl, (C 4 _i2)aryl, hetero(Ci_io)aryl, (C 9 _i2)bicycloaryl, and hetero(C4-i2)bicycloaryl;
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, thio, mercapto, oxy, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 -i2)aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, (Ci_io)alkyloxycarbonyl, (C 4 -i2)aryloxycarbonyl,
  • hetero(Ci_io)aryloxycarbonyl aminocarbonyl, amino, Ci_io)alkylamino, amido, carboxamido, carbamoyl, (Ci_i 0 )alkylamino, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, imino, sulfonyl, sulfmyl, phosphonyl, (Ci_io)alkyl, halo(Ci_io)alkyl, hydroxy(Ci_io)alkyl, dihydroxy(Ci_6)alkyl,
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of oxy, thio, halo, (Ci_io)alkyl, (Ci_io)alkenyl, (C 3-12 )cycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl, (C 9 _i 2 )bicycloalkyl, hetero(C 3 _i 2 )bicycloalkyl, (C 4 _i2)aryl, hetero(Ci_io)aryl, (C9_i2)bicycloaryl, and hetero(C 4 _i2)bicycloaryl, each unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents, wherein the hetero(C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl,
  • hetero(C 3 _i2)bicycloalkyl, hetero(Ci_s)aryl and hetero(C 4 -i2)bicycloaryl optionally contain up to four heteroatoms that are independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and
  • each of said 1-3 substituents of R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, thio, (Ci_ 6 )alkylthio, oxy, arylalkyloxy, oxo, hydroxy, carbonyloxy, (Ci_io)alkoxy, (C 4 -i2)aryloxy, hetero(Ci_io)aryloxy, carbonyl, (Ci_6)alkylcarbonyl, oxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, amino, amido, carboxamido,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, thio, oxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_6)haloalkyl, (Ci_6)cycloalkyl, and (Ci_ 6 )alkoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted with 1-2 substituents, wherein each of said 1-2 substituents of R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, halo(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (C 3 _6)cycloalkyl,
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, and admantanyl.
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl, indolyl, naphthayl, isoindolyl, benzo furanyl, furanyl, benzo[d][l,3]dioxolyl, benzo[c][l,2,5]oxadiazolyl, benzo[c][l,2,5]thiadiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, is
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl,
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, and theinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with said 1-3 substituents. In other variations, Ring A is a thienyl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents.
  • Ring A is a six-membered aryl or heteroaryl, where the heteroaryl contains optionally up to four nitrogen atoms.
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl.
  • Ring A is phenyl.
  • R 4 is pyridine - 2-yl or pyridine-3-yl.
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, oxy, hydroxy, cyano, (Ci_ 6 )alkoxy, (C 4 _i 2 )aryloxy, hetero(C 1-10 )aryloxy, (C 1 _6)alkyl, halo(C 1- 6)alkyl, hydroxy(C 1- 6)alkyl, dihydroxy(C 1- 6)alkyl, dihydroxy(C 1- 6)haloalkyl, aza(C 1-6 )alkyl, oxa(C 1 _6)alkyl, oxo(C 1-6 )alkyl,
  • hetero(C 1-10 )aryl each substituted or unsubstituted; provided that at least one of R is selected from the group consisting of dihydroxy(C 1- 6)alkyl and dihydroxy(C 1- 6)haloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted.
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, thio, oxy, cyano, (C 1-6 )alkyl, (C 2- 6)alkenyl, (C 2 _6)alkynyl, halo(C 1 _6)alkyl, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, hydroxyl(C 1 _6)alkyl, dihydroxy)alkyl, dihydroxy(C 1 _6)haloalkyl, phosphonylalkyl, mercapto, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfamoyl, amino, amido, carboxamido, carbamoyl, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, carbonyloxy, hetero(C 1-5 )aryl, and (C 4-6 )aryl; provided that at least one of R is selected from the group consisting of dihydroxy(C 1- 6)alkyl and dihydroxy(C 1- 6)hal
  • R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, -OCHF 2 , -OCF 3 , furanyloxy, (C 1-6 )alkyl, halo(C 1-6 )alkyl, hydroxyl(C ⁇ )alkyl, -CF 3 , -CH 2 NHC(0)OC(CH 3 ) 3 , -C(CH 3 )(OH)CF 3 ,
  • -C(CH 3 ) NOH, hetero(C 1-5 )aryl(C 1-6 )alkyl, -CH 2 OCH 2 CF 3 , -NC(0)CH 3 , -NHS(0) 2 CH 3 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(0)OCH 3 , -OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , -SCF 3 , -sulfonylpyrrolidinyl, hetero(C 1-5 )aryl, hetero Ci.
  • k is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • each R 21 is selected from the group consisting of -0(CH 2 ) n CH(OH)CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) p OH, -(CHR 23 ) p OH where R 23 is H, (C 1-6 )alkyl or (C 1- 6)cycloalkyl, and where p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; provided that at least one of R is selected from the group consisting of , [0123] In still other variations, each R is selected from the group consisting of , where R 21 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) p OH,
  • R 23 is H, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl or (Ci_ 6 )cycloalkyl, and wherein p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • each R is selected from the group consisting of where R 2 i is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) p OH and -(CHR 23 ) p OH where R 23 is H, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl or (Ci_6)cycloalkyl, and wherein p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • n 1
  • k is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • each R 2 i is selected from the group consisting of -0(CH 2 ) n CH(OH)CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) p OH, -(CHR 23 ) p OH where R 23 is H, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl or (Ci_6)cycloalkyl, and where p is 1, 2, 3, or 4;
  • R 7 , Rs, R9, Rio, and Rn is selected from the group consisting of , and that at least two of R 7 , Rg, R9, Rio, and Rn are hydrogen.
  • R 7 , Rg, R 10 , and Rn are each hydrogen
  • Rg is selected from the group consisting of 5 where R 21 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) p OH and -(CHR 23 ) p OH where R 23 is H, (C 1-6 )alkyl or (Ci ⁇ cycloalkyl, and p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • Rg is selected from the group consisting of -C(CH 3 )(CH 2 OH)OH, -C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 OH)OH,
  • Rg is selected from the group consisting of - C(CH 3 )(CH 2 OH)OH, -C(CF 3 )(CH 2 OH)OH, and -C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 OH)OH.
  • R 9 is -C(CH 3 )(CH 2 OH)OH.
  • R 9 is -C(CF 3 )(CH 2 OH)OH.
  • R and Ring A are each hydrogen.
  • R 2 is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of (C 3-12 )cycloalkyl, hetero(C 3-12 )cycloalkyl, (Cc> -12 )bicycloalkyl, hetero(C 3-12 )bicycloalkyl, (C 4-12 )aryl,
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, naphthalenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinlyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxaliny
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 4 is hydrogen or is one of the 1-3 substituents.
  • R 2 is a phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents.
  • R 2 is a pyridyl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents.
  • R 2 is a morpholin-4-yl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents.
  • R 2 is a piperidin-l-yl, unsubstituted or substituted with said 1-3 substituents.
  • R 2 is a cyclic moiety
  • the 1-3 substituents of R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, halo, cyano, oxo, oxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkoxy,
  • (Ci_6)alkylsulfonyl each unsubstituted or substituted.
  • the 1-3 substituents of R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, halo, cyano, oxo, (Ci_ 6 )alkoxyl, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )haloalkyl, hydroxy(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, cyanoalkyl, (Ci_ 6 )haloalkoxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkylthio,
  • alkylsulfonylamino amido, carboxamido, aryl and aryl(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and alkylsulfonyl.
  • the 1-3 substituents of R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, fluoro, chloro, cyano, oxo, methyl, perfluoromethyl, -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , isobutyl, tert-butyl, hydroxy(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, cyanomethyl, methylthio, methoxy, perfluoromethyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, methylcarbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl. methylcarboxamido, methylamido, methylsulfonyl, methylsulfonylamino, phenyl, and benzyl.
  • the 1-3 substituents of R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, oxo, fluoro, chloro, cyano, cyanomethyl, methyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, -CF 3 , -C(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 C(0)CH 3 , -CH 2 C(0)NH 2 , -CH 2 OH,
  • R 2 is an alkyl.
  • R 2 is substituted (Ci_ 6 )alkyl or (Ci_ 6 )alkenyl, each substituted with 1-3 substituents, where the 1-3 substituents are each
  • each of said 1-3 substituents is independently selected from the group consisting of (Ci_ 6 )cycloalkyl,
  • R 2 is a thio moiety.
  • R 2 is a thio consisting of the formula -SRi 5 , where Ri 5 is selected from the group consisting of (Ci_i 0 )alkyl, halo(Ci_i 0 )alkyl, hydroxy(Ci_io)alkyl, carbonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, thiocarbonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, sulfonyl(Ci_io)alkyl, sulfinyl(Ci_io)alkyl, (C 3 _i2)cycloalkyl(Ci_s)alkyl, hetero(C3-i2)cycloalkyl(Ci_io)alkyl,
  • R2 is a oxy moiety.
  • R 2 consisting the formula-ORi 6 , where Ri6 is selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, (Ci_io)alkyl, halo(Ci_io)alkyl,
  • Ri 6 is -(CH 2 )2S(0) 2 CH 3 , methyl, n-butyl and phenyl.
  • Preferred R2 for the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following.
  • R2 is selected from the roup consisting of
  • R 2 is cyclyl
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 is cyclyl
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 is cyclyl
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 is selected from the group consistin of
  • R 2 is selected from the group
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of -0(cH 2 )3cH 3 , -O c H 3 , and phenoxy.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 2 is unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 2 is unsubstituted morpholin-4-yl.
  • R 2 is .
  • R 2 is
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, thio, oxy, (Ci_i 0 )alkoxy, amino, halo(Ci_i 0 )alkyl, (Ci_i 0 )alkyl, carbonyl(Ci_i 0 )alkyl, hydroxy(Ci_io)alkyl, hetero(Ci_io)alkyl, (C 3 _i 2 )cycloalkyl(Ci_5)alkyl,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, thio, oxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )haloalkyl, (Ci_6)cycloalkyl, and (Ci_ 6 )alkoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted with said 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, halo(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (C 3 _ 6 )cycloalkyl, hetero(Ci_ 5 )cycloalkyl, phenyl, and hetero(Ci_5)aryl.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, perfluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, cyclopropyl, and methoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted with said 1-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halo, halo(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (C 3 _ 6 )cycloalkyl, hetero(Ci_s)cycloalkyl, phenyl, and hetero(Ci_5)aryl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen. In yet still other variations, R 3 is methyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of where t is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • each R 30 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, halo, cyano, oxo, oxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkoxyl, (C 4 -6)aryloxy, (C4-6)aryl(Ci_6)alkyloxy, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl, (Ci_ 6 )haloalkyl, hydroxy(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, aminocarbonyl(Ci_ 6 )alkyl, cyanoalkyl, (Ci_
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, thio, oxy,
  • R 21 is selected from the group consisting of R 21 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) accentOH, -0(CH 2 )CH(OH)CH 2 OH, and -(CHR 23 ) n OH where R 23 is H, (Ci_ 6 )alkyl or (Ci_ 6 )cycloalkyl, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.; and
  • R 22 is selected from the group consisting of H, CH 3 and CF 3 .
  • R 21 is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 CH 2 OFi, -(CH(cyclopropyl)OH), - CH(CH 3 )OH, and -CH(CH 2 CH 3 )OH.
  • R 2 i is hydroxyl(Ci_ 6 )alkyl.
  • R 21 is hydroxylmethyl.
  • R 22 is methyl
  • R 2 is s where each R 30 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, nitro, cyano, fluoro, chloro, methyl, cyanomethyl, -CH 2 OCH 3 , isobutyl, CF 3 , -CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, -OCF 3 , isopropyloxy, -OCH 2 C(0)OH, benzloxy, -OCH 2 C(0)OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -OCH 2 CH 2 morpholinyl, -OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ,
  • R 3 o is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, -CH 2 OH, -(C ⁇ OH, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, and -OCH 2 C(0)OH.
  • R 2 is unsubstituted phenyl. In other variations, R 2 is . In still other
  • R 2 is . In yet still other variations, R 2 is .
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, perfluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, cyclopropyl, and methoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted with said 1-2 substituents.
  • R 3 is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is methyl.
  • tceutically acceptable salts thereof include but are not limited to, the following:
  • the compounds of the present invention may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biohydrolyzable ester, biohydrolyzable amide, biohydrolyzable carbamate, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
  • the compound optionally comprises a substituent that is convertible in vivo to a different substituent such as hydrogen.
  • the compound may be present as a mixture of stereoisomers, or the compound may present as a single stereoisomer.
  • composition comprising as an active ingredient a compound according to any one of the above embodiments and variations and a pharmaceutical excipient.
  • the composition is a solid
  • composition adapted for oral administration.
  • composition is a liquid formulation adapted for oral administration.
  • composition is a tablet.
  • composition is a liquid formulation adapted for parenteral administration.
  • the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of the above embodiments and variations, wherein the composition is adapted for administration by a route selected from the group consisting of orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly, rectally, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation, vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery (for example by catheter or stent), subcutaneously,
  • kits comprising a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations; and instructions which comprise one or more forms of information selected from the group consisting of indicating a disease state for which the composition is to be administered, storage information for the composition, dosing information and instructions regarding how to administer the composition.
  • the kit comprises the compound in a multiple dose form.
  • an article of manufacture comprising a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations; and packaging materials.
  • the packaging material comprises a container for housing the compound.
  • the container comprises a label indicating one or more members of the group consisting of a disease state for which the compound is to be administered, storage information, dosing information and/or instructions regarding how to administer the compound.
  • the article of manufacture comprises the compound in a multiple dose form.
  • the present invention relates to medicaments for treating disease state.
  • a medicament for treating diseases and conditions which ASK1 possesses activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease state More particularly, medicaments for treating the disease states that are described in the methods of using the compounds of the invention.
  • a therapeutic method comprising administering a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations to a subject.
  • a method of inhibiting ASK1 comprising causing a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations to be present in a subject in order to inhibit ASK1 in vivo.
  • a method of inhibiting ASK1 comprising administering a first compound to a subject that is converted in vivo to a second compound wherein the second compound inhibits ASK1 in vivo, the second compound being a compound according to any one of the above embodiments and variations.
  • a method of treating a disease state for which ASK1 possesses activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease state comprising causing a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations to be present in a subject in a therapeutically effective amount for the disease state.
  • a method of treating a disease state for which ASK1 possesses activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease state comprising administering a compound of any one of the above embodiments and variations to a subject, wherein the compound is present in the subject in a therapeutically effective amount for the disease state.
  • a method of treating a disease state for which ASK1 possesses activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease state comprising administering a first compound to a subject that is converted in vivo to a second compound wherein the second compound inhibits ASK1 in vivo, the second compound being a compound according to any one of the above embodiments and variations.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, infectious diseases, diseases and conditions that are mediated by inducible pro-inflammatory proteins, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, respiratory diseases, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatic ischemia, liver disease, congestive heart failure, pathologic immune responses, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation,
  • gastroenterological diseases gastroenterological diseases, hematological diseases, and urological diseases.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of the disease state is selected from the group consisting of diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG), metabolic acidosis, ketosis, appetite regulation, obesity and complications associated with diabetes including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, chemotherapy-induced enteritis, oral mucositis, Shortened Bowel Syndrome, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis; hypertension; myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cerebral infarction, cerebral apoplexy and metabolic syndrome.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, asthma, allergies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, seizures, Huntington's disease, polyglutamine diseases, traumatic brain injury, ischemic and hemorrhaging stroke, cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease, including apoptosis-driven neurodegenerative disease, caused by traumatic injury, acute hypoxia, ischemia or glutamate neurotoxicity.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • epilepsy seizures
  • Huntington's disease polyglutamine diseases
  • traumatic brain injury ischemic and hemorrhaging stroke
  • cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease including apoptosis-driven neurodegenerative disease, caused by traumatic injury, acute hypoxia, ischemia or glutamate neurotoxicity.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, graft vs. host disease, multiple sclerosis, or
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and multiple myeloma-related bone disorder.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of sepsis, septic shock, and Shigellosis.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of edema, analgesia, fever and pain, such as neuromuscular pain, headache, cancer pain, dental pain and arthritis pain.
  • the disease state is selected from the group consisting of ischemia/reperfusion in stroke, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatic ischemia, liver disease, congestive heart failure, pathologic immune responses such as that caused by T cell activation and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be present and optionally administered in the form of salts, hydrates and prodrugs that are converted in vivo into the compounds of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention possess a free base form
  • the compounds can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid, e.g., hydrohalides such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide; other mineral acids and their corresponding salts such as sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, etc.; and alkyl and
  • monoarylsulfonates such as ethanesulfonate, toluenesulfonate and benzenesulfonate; and other organic acids and their corresponding salts such as acetate, tartrate, maleate, succinate, citrate, benzoate, salicylate and ascorbate.
  • Further acid addition salts of the present invention include, but are not limited to: adipate, alginate, arginate, aspartate, bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, caprylate, chloride, chlorobenzoate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, fumarate, galacterate (from mucic acid), galacturonate, glucoheptonate, gluconate, glutamate, glycerophosphate,
  • pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base.
  • bases include alkali metal hydroxides including potassium, sodium and lithium hydroxides; alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as barium and calcium hydroxides; alkali metal alkoxides, e.g., potassium ethanolate and sodium propanolate; and various organic bases such as ammonium hydroxide, piperidine, diethanolamine and N-methylglutamine.
  • aluminum salts of the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to: copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
  • Organic base salts include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, e.g., arginine, betaine, caffeine, chloroprocaine, choline, A .N'-dibenzylethylenediamine (benzathine), dicyclohexylamine, diethanolamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,
  • Compounds of the present invention that comprise basic nitrogen containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as (C 1-4 ) alkyl halides, e.g., methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and tert-butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; di (C 1-4 ) alkyl sulfates, e.g., dimethyl, diethyl and diamyl sulfates; (Cio-is) alkyl halides, e.g., decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and aryl (C 1-4 ) alkyl halides, e.g., benzyl chloride and phenethyl bromide.
  • Such salts permit the preparation of both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds of the present invention.
  • N-oxides of compounds according to the present invention can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • N-oxides can be prepared by treating an unoxidized form of the compound with an oxidizing agent ⁇ e.g. , trifluoroperacetic acid, permaleic acid, perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, or the like) in a suitable inert organic solvent ⁇ e.g., a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane) at approximately 0 °C.
  • an oxidizing agent e.g., trifluoroperacetic acid, permaleic acid, perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, or the like
  • a suitable inert organic solvent e.g., a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane
  • the N-oxides of the compounds can be prepared from the N- oxide of an appropriate starting material.
  • Prodrug derivatives of compounds according to the present invention can be prepared by modifying substituents of compounds of the present invention that are then converted in vivo to a different substituent. It is noted that in many instances, the prodrugs themselves also fall within the scope of the range of compounds according to the present invention. For example, prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a compound with a carbamylating agent ⁇ e.g. ,
  • Compounds of the present invention may also be conveniently prepared, or formed during the process of the invention, as solvates (e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present invention may be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, is intended to encompass any compound according to the present invention that is utilized in the form of a salt thereof, especially where the salt confers on the compound improved pharmacokinetic properties as compared to the free form of compound or a different salt form of the compound.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt form may also initially confer desirable pharmacokinetic properties on the compound that it did not previously possess, and may even positively affect the pharmacodynamics of the compound with respect to its therapeutic activity in the body.
  • An example of a pharmacokinetic property that may be favorably affected is the manner in which the compound is transported across cell membranes, which in turn may directly and positively affect the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the compound.
  • the solubility of the compound is usually dependent upon the character of the particular salt form thereof, which it utilized.
  • an aqueous solution of the compound will provide the most rapid absorption of the compound into the body of a subject being treated, while lipid solutions and suspensions, as well as solid dosage forms, will result in less rapid absorption of the compound.
  • ASK1 activates the p38 and JNK pro-apoptotic pathways in response to environmental stresses. Wang et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 31607-31611; Ichijo et al. Science 1997, 275, 90- 94. ASK1 induces apoptosis through ASKl-p38/JNK cascades in response to pro-apoptotic stresses (e.g. oxidative stress and TNF) and pathogenic stresses (e.g. ER stress, GPCR-and ⁇ - induced ROS production). Overexpression of wild-type or constitutively active ASK1 induces apoptosis in various cells through mitochondria-dependent caspase activation.
  • pro-apoptotic stresses e.g. oxidative stress and TNF
  • pathogenic stresses e.g. ER stress, GPCR-and ⁇ - induced ROS production.
  • Overexpression of wild-type or constitutively active ASK1 induces apoptosis in various cells through mitochondria
  • Apoptosis plays an essential role in normal development and tissue homeostasis; such that when dysregulated, it contributes to multiple diseases including, but are not limited to, amyloidosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, cancers, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, cardiac hypertrophy respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, hematological diseases, and urological diseases.
  • diseases including, but are not limited to, amyloidosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, cancers, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, cardiac hypertrophy respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, gastroenterological diseases, hematological diseases, and urological diseases.
  • ASK1 contributes not only to regulation of cell death but also has diverse functions in the decision of cell fate such as cytokine responses, cell
  • ASK1 induces neurite outgrowth in PC 12 cells.
  • ASK1 is activated by CaMKII, which activates ASKl-p38 pathway in neurons, suggesting that ASK1 might play critical roles in synaptic plasticity.
  • TRAF6-ASKl-p38 pathway plays an essential role in inflammatory and innate immune responses. Hayakaw et al. Microbes and Infection
  • ASK1 has a role in the pathogenesis of TNF-a-induced insulin resistance.
  • Overexpression of wild-type ASK1 increases serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-l, and decreases insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS- 1, leading to impair insulin signaling.
  • modulating the activity of ASK1 by the compounds of the invention would have impact of a multiple of diseases and condition; in particularly, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, infectious diseases, diseases and conditions that are mediated by inducible proinflammatory proteins, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, respiratory diseases, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatic ischemia, liver disease, congestive heart failure, pathologic immune responses, thrombin- induced platelet aggregation, gastroenterological diseases, hematological diseases, and urological diseases.
  • diseases and condition in particularly, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, infectious diseases, diseases and conditions that are mediated by inducible proinflammatory proteins, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, cardiac hypertrophy, respiratory diseases, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy
  • Metabolic diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, diabetes, particularly, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic dislipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG), metabolic acidosis, ketosis, appetite regulation, obesity and complications associated with diabetes including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, chemotherapy-induced enteritis, oral mucositis, Shortened Bowel Syndrome and kidney disease.
  • diabetes particularly, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic dislipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG), metabolic acidosis, ketosis, appetite regulation, obesity and complications associated with diabetes including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, chemotherapy-induced enteritis, oral mucositis, Shortened Bowel Syndrome and kidney disease.
  • ITT impaired glucose tolerance
  • IGF impaired fasting plasma glucose
  • ketosis ketosis
  • obesity
  • the conditions mediated by ASK1 inhibitors of the invention further include hyperlipidemia such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesteremia, hypoHDLemia and postprandial hyperlipidemia; arteriosclerosis; hypertension; myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cerebral infarction, cerebral apoplexy and metabolic syndrome.
  • hyperlipidemia such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesteremia, hypoHDLemia and postprandial hyperlipidemia
  • arteriosclerosis hypertension
  • myocardial infarction angina pectoris
  • cerebral infarction cerebral apoplexy and metabolic syndrome.
  • Inflammatory diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, asthma, allergies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Neurodegenerative diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease (Nakagawa et al. Nature 2000, 403, 98-103), Parkinson's disease (Imai et al. Cell 2001, 105, 891-902), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, seizures, Huntington's disease, polyglutamine diseases (Nishitoh et al. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 1345-1355), traumatic brain injury, ischemic and hemorrhaging stroke, cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease, including apoptosis-driven neurodegenerative disease, caused by traumatic injury, acute hypoxia, ischemia or glutamate neurotoxicity.
  • Autoimmune diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, graft vs. host disease, multiple sclerosis, or
  • Destructive bone disorders which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and multiple myeloma- related bone disorder.
  • Infectious diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, sepsis, septic shock, and Shigellosis.
  • Diseases and conditions that are mediated by inducible pro-inflammatory proteins which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, edema, analgesia, fever and pain, such as neuromuscular pain, headache, cancer pain, dental pain and arthritis pain.
  • Other conditions that are mediated by ASK1 and may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, ischemia/reperfusion in stroke, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, hepatic ischemia, liver disease, congestive heart failure, pathologic immune responses such as that caused by T cell activation, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
  • a wide variety of therapeutic agents may have a therapeutic additive or synergistic effect with ASK1 inhibitors according to the present invention.
  • Combination therapies that comprise one or more compounds of the present invention with one or more other therapeutic agents can be used, for example, to: 1) enhance the therapeutic effect(s) of the one or more compounds of the present invention and/or the one or more other therapeutic agents; 2) reduce the side effects exhibited by the one or more compounds of the present invention and/or the one or more other therapeutic agents; and/or 3) reduce the effective dose of the one or more compounds of the present invention and/or the one or more other therapeutic agents.
  • combination therapy is intended to cover when agents are administered before or after each other (sequential therapy) as well as when the agents are administered at the same time.
  • the present invention particularly relates to the use of the compounds of the invention in combination with one or more other antidiabetic agents.
  • other antidiabetic agents include, but are not limited to insulin signaling pathway modulators, like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitors, and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitors; compounds influencing a dysregulated hepatic glucose production, like glucose-6- phosphatase (G6Pase) inhibitors, fructose- 1,6-bisphosphatase (F-l,6-BPase) inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase (GP) inhibitors, glucagon receptor antagonists and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) inhibitors; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) inhibitors; insulin sensitivity enhancers (insulin sensitizers); insulin secretion enhancers
  • PTPase inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent. Nos. 6,057,316, 6,001,867, and PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/58518, WO 99/58522, WO 99/46268, WO
  • Examples of GFAT inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1997, 135(1), 67-77.
  • G6Pase inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/14090, WO 99/40062 and WO 98/40385, European Patent Publication No. EP682024 and Diabetes 1998, 47,1630-1636.
  • F- 1 ,6-BPase inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/14095, WO 99/47549, WO 98/39344, WO 98/39343 and WO 98/39342.
  • Examples of GP inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,998,463, PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/26659, WO 97/31901, WO 96/39384 and W09639385 and European Patent Publication Nos. EP 978279 and EP 846464.
  • glucagon receptor antagonists that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,880,139 and 5,776,954, PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/01423, WO 98/22109, WO
  • PEPCK inhibitors examples include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,030,837 and Mol. Biol. Diabetes 1994, 2, 283-99.
  • Examples of PDHK inhibitors that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to those disclosed in J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2741- 2746.
  • insulin sensitivity enhancers examples include, but are not limited to GSK-3 inhibitors, retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists, Beta-3 AR agonists, UCP modulators, antidiabetic thiazolidinediones
  • glitazones non-glitazone type PPAR gamma agonists, dual PPAR gamma/PPAR alpha agonists, antidiabetic vanadium containing compounds and biguanides such as metformin.
  • GSK-3 inhibitors include, but are not limited to those disclosed in PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/21927 and WO 97/41854.
  • RXR modulators include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,981,784, 5,071,773, 5,298,429 and 5,506,102 and PCT Publication Nos.
  • Beta-3 AR agonists include, but are not limited to CL-316,243 (Lederle Laboratories) and those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,705,515 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/29672, WO 98/32753, WO 98/20005, WO 98/09625, WO 97/46556, and WO 97/37646.
  • Examples of UCP modulators include agonists of UCP- 1 , UCP-2 and UCP-3.
  • UCP modulators include, but are not limited to those disclosed in Vidal-Puig et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 235(1), 79-82.
  • Examples of antidiabetic, PPAR modulating thiazolidinediones include, but are not limited to, (S)-((3,4-dihydro-2-(phenyl-methyl)-2H-l-benzopyran-6-yl)methyl- thiazolidine-2,4-dione (englitazone), 5 - ⁇ [4-(3 -(5 -methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)- 1 -oxo-propyl)- phenyl]-methyl ⁇ -thiazolidine-2,4-dione (darglitazone), 5- ⁇ [4-(l-methyl-cyclohexyl)methoxy)- phenyl]methyl]-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (ciglitazone), 5- ⁇ [4-(2-(l-indolyl)ethoxy)phenyl]methyl ⁇ - thiazolidine-2,4-dione
  • non-glitazone type PPAR gamma agonists include, but are not limited to N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine analogues, such as GI-262570, reglixane (JTT501), and FK-614 and metaglidasen (MBX-102).
  • Examples of dual PPAR gamma/PPAR alpha agonists include, but are not limited to omega.-[(oxoquinazolinylalkoxy)phenyl]alkanoates and analogs thereof including those described in PCT Publication No. WO 99/08501 and Diabetes 2000, 49(5), 759-767; tesaglitazar, muraglitazar, and naveglitazar.
  • Examples of antidiabetic vanadium containing compounds include, but are not limited to those disclosed in the U.S. Patent No. 5,866,563.
  • Metformin dimethyldiguanide
  • GLUCOPHAGETM hydrochloride salt
  • insulin secretion enhancers include but are not limited to glucagon receptor antagonists (as described above), sulphonyl urea derivatives, incretin hormones or mimics thereof, especially glucagon- like peptide- 1 (GLP-1) or GLP-1 agonists, beta-cell imidazoline receptor antagonists, and short-acting insulin secretagogues, like antidiabetic phenylacetic acid derivatives, antidiabetic D-phenylalanine derivatives, and mitiglinide and pharmaceutical acceptable salts thereof.
  • GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide- 1
  • beta-cell imidazoline receptor antagonists beta-cell imidazoline receptor antagonists
  • short-acting insulin secretagogues like antidiabetic phenylacetic acid derivatives, antidiabetic D-phenylalanine derivatives, and mitiglinide and pharmaceutical acceptable salts thereof.
  • sulphonyl urea derivatives include, but are not limited to, glisoxepid, glyburide, glibenclamide, acetohexamide, chloropropamide, glibornuride, tolbutamide, tolazamide, glipizide, carbutamide, gliquidone, glyhexamide, phenbutamide, tolcyclamide;
  • glimepiride and gliclazide can be administered in the form that they are marketed under the trademarks RASTINON HOECHSTTM, AZUGLUCONTM, DIAMICRONTTM, GLUBORIDTM, GLURENORMTM, PRO-DIABANTM and AMARYLTM, respectively.
  • GLP-1 agonists include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,120,712, 5,118,666 and 5,512,549, and PCT Publication No. WO 91/11457.
  • GLP-1 agonists include those compounds like GLP-1 (7-37) in which compound the carboxy-terminal amide functionality of Arg is displaced with Gly at the 37 position of the GLP-1 (7-36)NH 2 molecule and variants and analogs thereof including GLN 9 -GLP-1 (7-37), D- GLN 9 -GLP-1 (7-37), acetyl LYS 9 -GLP-1 (7-37), LYS 18 -GLP-1 (7-37) and, in particular, GLP-1 (7-37)OH, VAL 8 -GLP-1 (7-37), GLY 8 -GLP- 1(7-37), THR 8 -GLP-1 (7-37), GLP-1 (7-37) and 4- imidazopropionyl
  • GLP-1 agonist a 39-amino acid peptide amide, which is marketed under the trademark BYETTATM.
  • Extendatide has the empirical formula C 184 H 282 N 50 O g0 S and molecular weight of 4186.6 Daltons.
  • Extendatide is as follows: H-His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-
  • GLP-2 glucagon-like peptide-2
  • GLP-2 agonists include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,056,886 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/53208,
  • GLP-2 agonist is WO 01/49314 and WO 03/099854.
  • GLP-2 agonist is a GLP-2 agonist
  • TEDUGLUTIDETM a 39-amino acid peptide amide (NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc.).
  • beta-cell imidazoline receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to those described in PCT Publication No. WO 00/78726 and J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 278,
  • An example of an antidiabetic phenylacetic acid derivative is repaglinide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Examples of antidiabetic D -phenylalanine derivatives include, but are not limited to nateglinide (N-[(trans4-isopropylcyclohexyl)-carbonyl]-D-phenylalanine, EP 196222 and EP 526171) and repaglinide ((S)-2-ethoxy-4- ⁇ 2-[[3-methy- l-l-[2-(l-piperidinyl)phenyl]butyl]- amino]-2-oxoethyl ⁇ benzoic acid, EP 0 147 850 A2 and EP 0 207 331 Al).
  • Nateglinide is intended to include the particular crystal forms (polymorphs) disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
  • Repaglinide and nateglinide may be administered in the form as they are marketed under the trademarks NOVONORMTM and STARLIXTM, respectively.
  • alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, acarbose, N- (l,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl)valiolamine (voglibose) and the 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative miglitol.
  • Acarbose is 4",6"-dideoxy-4'-[(l S)-(l ,4,6/5)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclo- hexenylamino)maltotriose.
  • acarbose can as well be described as 0-4,6-dideoxy- 4- ⁇ [lS,4R,5S,6S]-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-l-yl]-amino)-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl-(l-4)-0- alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-4)-D-glucopyranose.
  • Acarbose and miglitol may be administered in the forms that they are marketed under the trademarks GLUCOBAYTM and DIASTABOL 50TM respectively.
  • Examples of inhibitors of gastric emptying other than GLP-1 include, but are not limited to those disclosed in J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85(3), 1043-1048, and Diabetes Care 1998, 21, 897-893, especially Amylin and analogs thereof such as pramlintide. Amylin is described in Diabetologia, 1996, 39, 492-499.
  • Examples of a 2 -adrenergic antagonists include, but are not limited to midaglizole which is described in Diabetes 1987, 36, 216-220.
  • the insulin that may be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention include, but are not limited to animal insulin preparations extracted from the pancreas of bovine and pig; human insulin preparations genetically
  • the antidiabetic compound administered in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention is selected from the group consisting of nateglinide, mitiglinide, repaglinide, metformin, extendatide, rosiglitazone, tesaglitazar, pioglitazone, glisoxepid, glyburide, glibenclamide, acetohexamide, chloropropamide, glibornuride, tolbutamide, tolazamide, glipizide, carbutamide, gliquidone, glyhexamide, phenbutamide, tolcyclamide, glimepiride and gliclazide, including any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Examples of the preparation and formulation of PTPase inhibitors, GSK-3 inhibitors, non-small molecule mimetic compounds, GFAT inhibitors, G6Pase inhibitors, glucagon receptor antagonists, PEPCK inhibitors, F-l,6-BPase inhibitors, GP inhibitors, RXR modulators, Beta-3 AR agonists, PDHK inhibitors, inhibitors of gastric emptying and UCP modulators are disclosed in the patents, applications and references provided herein.
  • the other antidiabetic compound may be administered (e.g., route and dosage form) in a manner known per se for such compound.
  • ASK1 inhibitors of the invention and the other antidiabetic compound may be administered sequentially (i.e., at separate times) or at the same time, either one after the other separately in two separate dose forms or in one combined, single dose form.
  • the other antidiabetic compound is administered with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention as a single, combined dosage form.
  • the dose of the antidiabetic compound may be selected from the range known to be clinically employed for such compound.
  • any therapeutic compounds of diabetic complications, antihyperlipemic compounds, antiobestic compounds or antihypertensive compounds can be used in combination with ASK1 inhibitors of the invention in the same manner as the above antidiabetic compounds.
  • therapeutic compounds of diabetic complications include, but are not limited to, aldose reductase inhibitors such as tolrestat, epalrestat, zenarestat, zopolrestat, minalrestat, fidarestat, CT-112 and ranirestat; neurotrophic factors and increasing compounds thereof such as NGF, NT-3, BDNF and neurotrophin production-secretion promoters described in WO01/14372 (e.g., 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-methyl- l-imidazolyl)-5-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]oxazole); neuranagenesis stimulators such as Y- 128; PKC inhibitors such as ruboxistaurin mesylate; AGE inhibitors such as
  • antihyperlipemic compounds include, but are not limited to, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as pravastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin; squalene synthase inhibitors such as compounds described in WO97/10224 (e.g., N-[[(3R,5S)-l-(3-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7- chloro-5-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,l-benzoxazepin-3-yl]acetyl]- piperidine-4-acetic acid); fibrate compounds such as bezafibrate, clofibrate, simfibrate and clinofibrate; ACAT inhibitors such as avasimibe and eflucimibe; anion exchange resins such as colest
  • antiobestic compounds include, but are not limited to, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, phentermine, sibutramine, amfepramone, dexamphetamine, mazindol, phenylpropanolamine, clobenzorex; MCH receptor antagonists such as SB-568849 and SNAP-7941; neuropeptide Y antagonists such as CP-422935; cannabinoid receptor antagonists such as SR-141716 and SR-147778; ghrelin antagonist; 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors such as BVT-3498; pancreatic lipase inhibitors such as orlistat and ATL-962; Beta-3 AR agonists such as AJ-9677; peptidic anorexiants such as leptin and CNTF (Ciliary Neurotropic Factor); cholecystokinin agonists such as lintitript and FPL- 15849;
  • angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril, enalapril and delapril
  • angiotensin II antagonists such as candesartan cilexetil, losartan, eprosartan, valsartan, telmisartan, irbesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, tasosartan and l-[[2'-(2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-4H-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-2-ethoxy-lH-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid; calcium channel blockers such as manidipine, nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine and efonidipine; potassium channel openers such as levcromakalim, L-27152, AL0671 and NIP- 121; and clonidine.
  • compositions Comprising ASK1 Inhibitors
  • compositions and administration methods may be used in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention.
  • Such compositions may include, in addition to the compounds of the present invention, conventional pharmaceutical excipients, and other conventional, pharmaceutically inactive agents.
  • the compositions may include active agents in addition to the compounds of the present invention.
  • These additional active agents may include additional compounds according to the invention, and/or one or more other pharmaceutically active agents.
  • compositions may be in gaseous, liquid, semi-liquid or solid form, formulated in a manner suitable for the route of administration to be used.
  • routes of administration for oral administration, capsules and tablets are typically used.
  • parenteral administration reconstitution of a lyophilized powder, prepared as described herein, is typically used.
  • compositions comprising compounds of the present invention may be administered or coadministered orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially,
  • compositions according to the invention may also be administered or coadministered in slow release dosage forms.
  • ASK1 inhibitors and compositions comprising them may be administered or coadministered in any conventional dosage form.
  • Co-administration in the context of this invention is intended to mean the administration of more than one therapeutic agent, one of which includes a ASK1 inhibitor, in the course of a coordinated treatment to achieve an improved clinical outcome.
  • Such co-administration may also be coextensive, that is, occurring during overlapping periods of time.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application may optionally include one or more of the following components: a sterile diluent, such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvent; antimicrobial agents, such as benzyl alcohol and methyl parabens; antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite; chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers, such as acetates, citrates and phosphates; agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose, and agents for adjusting the acidity or alkalinity of the composition, such as alkaline or acidifying agents or buffers like carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates, hydrochloric acid, and organic acids like acetic and citric acid.
  • Parenteral preparations may optionally be enclosed in ampules
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • TWEEN surfactants
  • dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
  • Derivatives of the compounds, such as prodrugs of the compounds may also be used in formulating effective pharmaceutical compositions.
  • composition a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like may be formed.
  • the form of the resulting composition will depend upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration, and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle.
  • the effective concentration needed to ameliorate the disease being treated may be empirically determined.
  • compositions according to the present invention are optionally provided for administration to humans and animals in unit dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, dry powders for inhalers, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, and oral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containing suitable quantities of the compounds, particularly the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, preferably the sodium salts, thereof.
  • the pharmaceutically therapeutically active compounds and derivatives thereof are typically formulated and administered in unit-dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms.
  • Unit-dose forms refers to physically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art.
  • Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the therapeutically active compound sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier, vehicle or diluent.
  • unit-dose forms include ampoules and syringes individually packaged tablet or capsule.
  • Unit- dose forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof.
  • a multiple-dose form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dose form.
  • Examples of multiple-dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules or bottles of pint or gallons.
  • multiple dose form is a multiple of unit-doses that are not segregated in packaging.
  • the composition may comprise: a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, or carboxymethylcellulose; a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and talc; and a binder such as starch, natural gums, such as gum acaciagelatin, glucose, molasses,
  • a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, or carboxymethylcellulose
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and talc
  • a binder such as starch, natural gums, such as gum acaciagelatin, glucose, molasses,
  • Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to form a solution or suspension.
  • a carrier such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, or
  • solubilizing agents for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.
  • acetate sodium citrate
  • cyclodextrine derivatives for example, sorbitan monolaurate
  • triethanolamine sodium acetate for example, triethanolamine oleate
  • other such agents for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.
  • the composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a sufficient quantity of an inhibitor of the present invention to reduce ASK1 activity in vivo, thereby treating the disease state of the subject.
  • Dosage forms or compositions may optionally comprise one or more compounds according to the present invention in the range of 0.005% to 100% (weight/weight) with the balance comprising additional substances such as those described herein.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable composition may optionally comprise any one or more commonly employed excipients, such as, for example pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, talcum, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, sodium saccharin, talcum.
  • compositions include solutions, suspensions, tablets, capsules, powders, dry powders for inhalers and sustained release formulations, such as, but not limited to, implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, and biodegradable, biocompatible polymers, such as collagen, ethylene vinyl acetate,
  • compositions may optionally contain 0.01%- 100% (weight/weight) of one or more ASK1 inhibitors, optionally 0.1- 95%, and optionally 1-95%.
  • Salts, preferably sodium salts, of the inhibitors may be prepared with carriers that protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as time release formulations or coatings.
  • the formulations may further include other active compounds to obtain desired combinations of properties.
  • Oral pharmaceutical dosage forms may be as a solid, gel or liquid.
  • solid dosage forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. More specific examples of oral tablets include compressed, chewable lozenges and tablets that may be enteric-coated, sugar-coated or film-coated.
  • capsules include hard or soft gelatin capsules. Granules and powders may be provided in non-effervescent or effervescent forms. Each may be combined with other ingredients known to those skilled in the art.
  • compounds according to the present invention are provided as solid dosage forms, preferably capsules or tablets.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may optionally contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder; a diluent; a disintegrating agent; a lubricant; a glidant; a sweetening agent; and a flavoring agent.
  • binders examples include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution, sucrose, and starch paste.
  • Examples of lubricants that may be used include, but are not limited to, talc, starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid.
  • Examples of diluents that may be used include, but are not limited to, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol, and dicalcium phosphate.
  • glidants examples include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide.
  • disintegrating agents examples include, but are not limited to, crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose.
  • coloring agents examples include, but are not limited to, any of the approved certified water-soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate.
  • sweetening agents examples include, but are not limited to, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such as sodium cyclamate and saccharin, and any number of spray-dried flavors.
  • flavoring agents examples include, but are not limited to, natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds that produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate.
  • wetting agents examples include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
  • anti-emetic coatings examples include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates.
  • film coatings examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.
  • the salt of the compound may optionally be provided in a composition that protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach.
  • the composition can be formulated in an enteric coating that maintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the active compound in the intestine.
  • the composition may also be formulated in combination with an antacid or other such ingredient.
  • dosage unit form When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may optionally additionally comprise a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms may optionally additionally comprise various other materials that modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar and other enteric agents.
  • Compounds according to the present invention may also be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup may optionally comprise, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics.
  • active materials such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics.
  • materials that supplement the desired action such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics.
  • a compound may be used for treating asthma or hypertension, it may be used with other bronchodilators and antihypertensive agents, respectively.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be included in tablets comprising compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and wetting agents.
  • Enteric-coated tablets because of the enteric-coating, resist the action of stomach acid and dissolve or disintegrate in the neutral or alkaline intestines.
  • Sugar-coated tablets may be compressed tablets to which different layers of pharmaceutically acceptable substances are applied.
  • Film-coated tablets may be compressed tablets that have been coated with polymers or other suitable coating. Multiple compressed tablets may be compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle utilizing the pharmaceutically acceptable substances previously mentioned.
  • Coloring agents may also be used in tablets. Flavoring and sweetening agents may be used in tablets, and are especially useful in the formation of chewable tablets and lozenges.
  • liquid oral dosage forms examples include, but are not limited to, aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non- effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules.
  • aqueous solutions examples include, but are not limited to, elixirs and syrups.
  • elixirs refer to clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations.
  • elixirs examples include, but are not limited to solvents.
  • solvents that may be used include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup.
  • syrups refer to concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose. Syrups may optionally further comprise a preservative.
  • Emulsions refer to two-phase systems in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid. Emulsions may optionally be oil-in- water or water-in- oil emulsions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in emulsions include, but are not limited to non-aqueous liquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives.
  • examples of pharmaceutically acceptable substances that may be used in non- effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form include diluents, sweeteners and wetting agents.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable substances that may be used in effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide.
  • Coloring and flavoring agents may optionally be used in all of the above dosage forms.
  • preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic add, sodium benzoate and alcohol.
  • emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • suspending agents include sodium
  • carboxymethylcellulose pectin, tragacanth, Veegum and acacia.
  • Diluents include lactose and sucrose.
  • Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin and artificial sweetening agents such as sodium cyclamate and saccharin.
  • wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
  • organic acids that may be used include citric and tartaric acid.
  • Sources of carbon dioxide that may be used in effervescent compositions include sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.
  • Coloring agents include any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof.
  • flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds that produce a pleasant taste sensation.
  • the solution or suspension in for example propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is preferably encapsulated in a gelatin capsule.
  • a gelatin capsule Such solutions, and the preparation and encapsulation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the solution e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier e.g., water
  • liquid or semi-solid oral formulations may be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils, glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters ⁇ e.g., propylene carbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions or suspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells.
  • Other useful formulations include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re 28,819 and 4,358,603.
  • compositions designed to administer the compounds of the present invention by parenteral administration generally characterized by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.
  • injectables may be prepared in any conventional form, for example as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
  • excipients examples include, but are not limited to water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol.
  • the injectable compositions may also optionally comprise minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.
  • Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system such that a constant level of dosage is maintained (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,795) is also contemplated herein.
  • the percentage of active compound contained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject.
  • Parenteral administration of the formulations includes intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations.
  • Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as the lyophilized powders described herein, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterile emulsions.
  • the solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.
  • suitable carriers include, but are not limited to physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • PBS physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline
  • thickening and solubilizing agents such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may optionally be used in parenteral preparations include, but are not limited to aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and other
  • aqueous vehicles examples include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringers Injection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection, Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection.
  • nonaqueous parenteral vehicles examples include fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil and peanut oil.
  • Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations may be added to parenteral preparations, particularly when the preparations are packaged in multiple-dose containers and thus designed to be stored and multiple aliquots to be removed.
  • antimicrobial agents include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl /?-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride.
  • Examples of isotonic agents that may be used include sodium chloride and dextrose.
  • Examples of buffers that may be used include phosphate and citrate.
  • antioxidants that may be used include sodium bisulfate.
  • Examples of local anesthetics that may be used include procaine hydrochloride.
  • Examples of suspending and dispersing agents that may be used include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone examples include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN 80).
  • a sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions includes EDTA.
  • Pharmaceutical carriers may also optionally include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.
  • the concentration of an inhibitor in the parenteral formulation may be adjusted so that an injection administers a pharmaceutically effective amount sufficient to produce the desired pharmacological effect.
  • concentration of an inhibitor and/or dosage to be used will ultimately depend on the age, weight and condition of the patient or animal as is known in the art.
  • Unit-dose parenteral preparations may be packaged in an ampoule, a vial or a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteral administration should be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.
  • Injectables may be designed for local and systemic administration.
  • a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.1% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more, preferably more than 1% w/w of the ASK1 inhibitor to the treated tissue(s).
  • the inhibitor may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment will be a function of the location of where the composition is parenterally administered, the carrier and other variables that may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage values may also vary with the age of the individual treated.
  • the ASK1 inhibitor may optionally be suspended in micronized or other suitable form or may be derivatized to produce a more soluble active product or to produce a prodrug.
  • the form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle.
  • the effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease state and may be empirically determined.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be prepared as lyophilized powders, which can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and other mixtures.
  • the lyophilized powders may also be formulated as solids or gels.
  • Sterile, lyophilized powder may be prepared by dissolving the compound in a sodium phosphate buffer solution containing dextrose or other suitable excipient. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. Briefly, the lyophilized powder may optionally be prepared by dissolving dextrose, sorbitol, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose or other suitable agent, about 1-20%, preferably about 5 to 15%, in a suitable buffer, such as citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those of skill in the art at, typically, about neutral pH.
  • a suitable buffer such as citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those of skill in the art at, typically, about neutral pH.
  • ASK1 inhibitor is added to the resulting mixture, preferably above room temperature, more preferably at about 30-35 °C, and stirred until it dissolves.
  • the resulting mixture is diluted by adding more buffer to a desired concentration.
  • the resulting mixture is sterile filtered or treated to remove particulates and to insure sterility, and apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial may contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the inhibitor.
  • Topical mixtures may be used for local and systemic administration.
  • the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsions or the like and are formulated as creams, gels, ointments, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.
  • the ASK1 inhibitors may be formulated as aerosols for topical application, such as by inhalation (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,126, 4,414,209, and 4,364,923, which describe aerosols for delivery of a steroid useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases, particularly asthma).
  • These formulations for administration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfme powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose.
  • the particles of the formulation will typically have diameters of less than 50 microns, preferably less than 10 microns.
  • the inhibitors may also be formulated for local or topical application, such as for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application to the eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application.
  • Topical administration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also for administration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies.
  • Nasal solutions of the ASK1 inhibitor alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can also be administered.
  • rectal administration may also be used.
  • pharmaceutical dosage forms for rectal administration are rectal suppositories, capsules and tablets for systemic effect.
  • Rectal suppositories are used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into the rectum that melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or more pharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable substances utilized in rectal suppositories are bases or vehicles and agents to raise the melting point.
  • bases examples include cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax,
  • suppositories include spermaceti and wax. Rectal suppositories may be prepared either by the compressed method or by molding. The typical weight of a rectal suppository is about 2 to 3 gm. Tablets and capsules for rectal administration may be manufactured using the same
  • oral, intravenous and tablet formulations that may optionally be used with compounds of the present invention. It is noted that these formulations may be varied depending on the particular compound being used and the indication for which the formulation is going to be used.
  • the compounds of the present invention are stable and can be used safely.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful as ASK1 inhibitors for a variety of subjects (e.g., humans, non-human mammals and non-mammals).
  • the optimal dose may vary depending upon such conditions as, for example, the type of subject, the body weight of the subject, on the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and specific properties of the particular compound being used. Generally, acceptable and effective daily doses are amounts sufficient to effectively slow or eliminate the condition being treated. Typically, the daily dose for oral administration to an adult (body weight of about 60 kg) is about 1 to 1000 mg, about 3 to 300 mg, or about 10 to 200 mg. It will be appreciated that the daily dose can be given in a single administration or in multiple (e.g. , 2 or 3) portions a day.
  • Kits and Articles of Manufacture Comprising ASK1 Inhibitors
  • the invention is also directed to kits and other articles of manufacture for treating diseases associated with ASK1. It is noted that diseases are intended to cover all conditions for which the ASK1 possess activity that contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the condition.
  • a kit comprising a composition comprising at least one inhibitor of the present invention in combination with instructions.
  • the instructions may indicate the disease state for which the composition is to be administered, storage information, dosing information and/or instructions regarding how to administer the composition.
  • the kit may also comprise packaging materials.
  • the packaging material may comprise a container for housing the composition.
  • the kit may also optionally comprise additional components, such as syringes for administration of the composition.
  • the kit may comprise the composition in single or multiple dose forms.
  • an article of manufacture comprises a composition comprising at least one inhibitor of the present invention in combination with packaging materials.
  • the packaging material may comprise a container for housing the composition.
  • the container may optionally comprise a label indicating the disease state for which the composition is to be administered, storage information, dosing information and/or instructions regarding how to administer the composition.
  • the kit may also optionally comprise additional components, such as syringes for administration of the composition.
  • the kit may comprise the composition in single or multiple dose forms.
  • the packaging material used in kits and articles of manufacture according to the present invention may form a plurality of divided containers such as a divided bottle or a divided foil packet.
  • the container can be in any conventional shape or form as known in the art which is made of a pharmaceutically acceptable material, for example a paper or cardboard box, a glass or plastic bottle or jar, a re-sealable bag (for example, to hold a "refill" of tablets for placement into a different container), or a blister pack with individual doses for pressing out of the pack according to a therapeutic schedule.
  • the container that is employed will depend on the exact dosage form involved, for example a conventional cardboard box would not generally be used to hold a liquid suspension.
  • kits can be used together in a single package to market a single dosage form.
  • tablets may be contained in a bottle that is in turn contained within a box.
  • the kit includes directions for the administration of the separate components.
  • the kit form is particularly advantageous when the separate components are preferably administered in different dosage forms (e.g., oral, topical, transdermal and parenteral), are administered at different dosage intervals, or when titration of the individual components of the combination is desired by the prescribing physician.
  • Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil. The recesses have the size and shape of individual tablets or capsules to be packed or may have the size and shape to accommodate multiple tablets and/or capsules to be packed. Next, the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses accordingly and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
  • the tablets or capsules are individually sealed or collectively sealed, as desired, in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
  • the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
  • kits are a dispenser designed to dispense the daily doses one at a time in the order of their intended use.
  • the dispenser is equipped with a memory-aid, so as to further facilitate compliance with the regimen.
  • a memory-aid is a mechanical counter that indicates the number of daily doses that has been dispensed.
  • a battery-powered micro-chip memory coupled with a liquid crystal readout, or audible reminder signal which, for example, reads out the date that the last daily dose has been taken and/or reminds one when the next dose is to be taken.
  • Scheme B Another general synthetic route for producing compounds of the present invention is shown in Scheme B.
  • Chloro intermediate Al (see Scheme A) can be coupled with a carboxy- substituted benzoyl chloride. This is followed by a double addition reaction with a Grignard reagent to give alcohol intermediate Bl.
  • Bl can further react with a boronic acid or an amine to give the corresponding final products under Suzuki and displacement reaction conditions, respectively.
  • Scheme C General Synthetic Route III
  • Compounds according to the present invention can also be prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomer. While resolution of enantiomers can be carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of compounds, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereoisomeric salts).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt of a compound can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base.
  • inorganic and organic acids and bases suitable for the preparation of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds are set forth in the definitions section of this Application.
  • the salt forms of the compounds can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates.
  • the free acid or free base forms of the compounds can be prepared from the corresponding base addition salt or acid addition salt form.
  • a compound in an acid addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free base by treating with a suitable base (e.g., ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide, and the like).
  • a compound in a base addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitable acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, etc).
  • N-oxides of compounds according to the present invention can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • N-oxides can be prepared by treating an unoxidized form of the compound with an oxidizing agent (e.g. , trifluoroperacetic acid, permaleic acid, perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, or the like) in a suitable inert organic solvent (e.g., a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane) at approximately 0 °C.
  • an oxidizing agent e.g., trifluoroperacetic acid, permaleic acid, perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, or the like
  • a suitable inert organic solvent e.g., a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane
  • the N-oxides of the compounds can be prepared from the N- oxide of an appropriate starting material.
  • Compounds in an unoxidized form can be prepared from N-oxides of compounds by treating with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like) in an suitable inert organic solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like) at 0 to 80 °C.
  • a reducing agent e.g., sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like
  • an inert organic solvent e.g., acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like
  • Prodrug derivatives of the compounds can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., for further details see Saulnier et al. (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985).
  • appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound with a suitable carbamylating agent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbonochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like).
  • a suitable carbamylating agent e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbonochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like.
  • Protected derivatives of the compounds can be made by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A detailed description of the techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal can be found in P.G.M. Wuts and T.W. Greene, "Greene 's Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis ' ", 4
  • Compounds according to the present invention may be conveniently prepared, or formed during the process of the invention, as solvates ⁇ e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present invention may be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an
  • aqueous/organic solvent mixture using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol.
  • the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as the Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI), Bachem (Torrance, CA), Sigma (St. Louis, MO), or may be prepared by methods well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, following procedures described in such standard references as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, vols. 1-23, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 2006; Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, vols. 1-5 and supps., Elsevier Science Publishers, 1998; Organic Reactions, vols.
  • a racemic mixture of a compound may be reacted with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds.
  • the diastereomers may then be separated in order to recover the optically pure enantiomers.
  • Dissociable complexes may also be used to resolve enantiomers (e.g., crystalline diastereoisomeric salts).
  • Diastereomers typically have sufficiently distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and can be readily separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. For example, diastereomers can typically be separated by chromatography or by
  • Diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and can be readily separated by taking advantage of these
  • the diastereomers can be separated by chromatography or, preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.
  • the optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization.
  • a more detailed description of the techniques applicable to the resolution of stereoisomers of compounds from their racemic mixture can be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, and Samuel H. Wilen, Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1981).
  • Chiral components can be separated and purified using any of a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • chiral components can be purified using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).
  • SFC supercritical fluid chromatography
  • chiral analytical SFC/MS analyses are conducted using a Berger analytical SFC system (AutoChem, Newark, DE) which consists of a Berger SFC dual pump fluid control module with a Berger FCM 1100/1200 supercritical fluid pump and FCM 1200 modifier fluid pump, a Berger TCM 2000 oven, and an Alcott 718 autosampler.
  • the integrated system can be controlled by BI-SFC Chemstation software version 3.4.
  • Detection can be accomplished with a Waters ZQ 2000 detector operated in positive mode with an ESI interface and a scan range from 200-800 Da with 0.5 second per scan.
  • Chromatographic separations can be performed on a ChiralPak AD-H, ChiralPak AS-H, ChiralCel OD-H, or ChiralCel OJ-H column (5 ⁇ , 4.6 x 250 mm; Chiral Technologies, Inc. West Chester, PA) with 10 to 40% methanol as the modifier and with or without ammonium acetate (10 mM).
  • Any of a variety of flow rates can be utilized including, for example, 1.5 or 3.5 mL/min with an inlet pressure set at 100 bar.
  • sample injection conditions can be used including, for example, sample injections of either 5 or ⁇ ⁇ in methanol at 0.1 mg/mL in concentration.
  • preparative chiral separations are performed using a Berger MultiGram II SFC purification system.
  • samples can be loaded onto a ChiralPak AD column (21 x 250 mm, 10 ⁇ ).
  • the flow rate for separation can be 70 mL/min, the injection volume up to 2 mL, and the inlet pressure set at 130 bar. Stacked injections can be applied to increase the efficiency.
  • the inhibitory effect of the compound of the invention on ASK1 may be evaluated by a variety of binding assays and functional assays.
  • ASK1 protein for the assay may be prepared by standard PCR cloning and expression in a vector.
  • Example A discloses such a method of preparing the enzyme.
  • ASK1 is commercially available through Millipore (Cat. #14-606).
  • the inhibitory effect of the compound of the invention on ASK1 may be evaluated by evaluating the phosphorylating activity of the enzyme on a known substrate with or without the presence of the test compound.
  • Example B provides such an assay where myelin basic protein (Wako) is used as substrate and detection is by scintillation counting. It should be understood other substrates and detection mechanism may be used.
  • a commercially available a kit, Cisbio's HTRF® KinEASETM STK kit has shown to be useful for evaluating ASK1 activity.
  • the assay uses an anti-phosphoseric specific, Eu3+-Cryptate labeled antibody to mark the phosphorylated product of ASK1 on a biotinylated kinase substrate, and detection is by time resolved
  • Example C provides the assay protocol.
  • IC 50 values of selected compounds of the invention were measured using the assay described in Example B. Some of the exemplified compounds were shown to have IC 50 of greater than 1 ⁇ , some others less than about 1 ⁇ , and most others of the compounds have an IC 50 value of less than about 0.1 ⁇ .
  • the IC 50 values of selected compounds of the present invention are given in Table 1.
  • Step A Commercially available HCI salt of ethyl 3-ethoxy-3-iminopropionate 1A (25 g, 1.0 equivalent) was neutralized by adding it portion wise to a mixture of ice, saturated NaHC0 3 and EtOAc with vigorous stirring for 5-10 minutes. The bi-layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. Combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and dried in vacuo.
  • Step B 5-Aminopyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (1C), 5-amino-2- methylpyrazolo [ 1 ,5 -a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (1H), 5 -amino-2-ethylpyrazolo [ 1 ,5 -ajpyrimidin- 7(4H)-one (1M), or 5-amino-2-cyclopropylpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (1Q) was added portion wise to ice-cooled POCI3 (0.3 M).
  • Step C Phosphorylated intermediate ID, II, IN or 1R was suspended in 6-12 N HC1 (0.6 M) at 0 °C. The mixture was then warmed to room temperature and was stirred for 15-24 h. At 0 °C, a 6-14 N aqueous solution of NaOH was added to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to 9. For ID and II, the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and was washed twice with water; after having been dried under a stream of nitrogen, the off- white solid was further washed with Et 2 0 and dried to give analytically pure IE (74%) or 1 J (48%).
  • 1J 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) ⁇ ppm 2.28 (s, 3 H) 5.86 (s, 1 H) 6.37 (s, 1 H) 6.88 (br. s., 1 H); ESI-MS: m/z 183.0 (M+H) + .
  • phenylboronic acid 7. g, 60 mmol
  • [l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]- dichloropalladium(II) 1.0 g, 1.4 mmol
  • dioxane 120 ml
  • saturated NaHC0 3 60 ml
  • Brine was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc five times. Combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Step A In a large pear flask was added 2-methyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin- 5-amine (2A, 16 g, 73 mmol) in pyridine (370 ml) to give a orange solution. At 0 °C, was added 4-bromobenzoyl chloride (18 g, 81 mmol), the reaction was stirred in ice-bath for 3 hours, before leaving it in the refrigerator for another 12 hours. The reaction was quenched by slowly added saturated NaHC0 3 (350 ml) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 minutes before the precipitate was collected on a fritted glass funnel.
  • 2-methyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin- 5-amine 2A, 16 g, 73 mmol
  • 4-bromobenzoyl chloride 18 g, 81 mmol
  • Step B In a large pear flask was added 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-l,3,2- dioxaborolane (3 A, 19 ml, 100 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (230 ml) and saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 (120 ml).
  • Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the vigorously stirring mixture for 30 minutes before 4-bromo-N-(2-methyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)benzamide (21 g, 52 mmol) and [l, -bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II) (0.85 g, 1.0 mmol) were added. Equipped with a vigreux column, the flask was then heated to 105 °C for 18 hours.
  • Step C In a pear flask were added N-(2-methyl-7-phenylpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-5- yl)-4-(prop-l-en-2-yl)benzamide (3B, 5.9 g, 16 mmol) and methanesulfonamide (1.5 g, 16 mmol) in t-butanol (80 ml) to give a yellow suspension. To this at 0 °C were then added water (80 ml) and AD-mix- ⁇ (45 g), and the mixture was vigorously stirred at 0°C for 18 h. At 0 °C, sodium sulfite (4.0 g, 32 mmol) was added as a solid.
  • AGAGAAGGGGA-3 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and
  • Sf-21 cells were seeded to achieve lxl 0 6 cells/mL in 100 mL of Sf-900 II SFM medium (Invitrogen) which contains 10% fetal calf serum and then cultured at 27 °C for 24 hrs.
  • Sf-900 II SFM medium Invitrogen
  • To express ASKl in cells 0.15 mL of the recombinant baculovirus virus stock was added to cells, and the then cultured for 60 hrs. The cells were separated from the culture solution by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min and washed once with PBS.
  • the cells were suspended in 10 mL of lysis buffer (25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X, 130 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, Protease inhibitor complete (Roche), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate) and ruptured by four times of treatment with a homogenizer (POLYTRON) at 20000 rpm for 30 seconds. Active ASKl protein was purified from a supernatant obtained by centrifugal separation at 40000 rpm for 45 min using anti-FLAG M2 Affinity Gel (Sigma).
  • lysis buffer 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X, 130 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, Protease inhibitor complete (Roche), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate
  • Example B Scintillation Assay for Measuring the Inhibitory Effect of Exemplified Compounds of the Invention against ASKl .
  • test compounds (2.5 ⁇ ) dissolved in DMSO were added to wells containing 37.5 ⁇ of the reaction solution (25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 10 mM magnesium acetate, 1 mM DTT) including 30 ng of active ASKl protein and 1 ⁇ g of myelin basic protein (Wako), and incubated at room temperature for 5 min.
  • 10 of ATP solution (2.5 ⁇ ATP, 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ [ ⁇ - 32 ⁇ ] ⁇ ) was added to wells. After incubating at room temperature for 30 min, the reaction was terminated by adding 50 ⁇ of 20% TCA solution.
  • Recombinant human ASKl is purchased from Millipore (Cat # 14-606).
  • the enzymatic assay of ASKl is set up by using HTRF® KinEASETM STK S3 kit, the Universal Assay for Serine/Threonine Kinases kit from CisBio.
  • the inhibitory properties of compounds to ASKl may be determined using a white 384-well-plate format under the following reaction conditions: 25 nM ASKl, 1 ⁇ CisBio STK S3-biotion peptide, 100 ⁇ ATP, and 1% - 2% DMSO in kinase assay buffer of 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.01% Brij35, 0.2 mM EDTA, and 1 mM DTT. Reaction product is determined quantitatively by HTRF after the addition of detection reagent SA-XL665 and STK-antibody-cryptate.
  • the assay reaction may be initiated as follows: 2 ⁇ of the mixture of 3 ⁇ CisBio STK S3-biotion peptide and 300 ⁇ ATP with 2 ⁇ of test compound (2 fold serial dilutions for 11 data points for each inhibitor) containing 3% - 6% DMSO are added to each well of the plate, followed by the addition of 2 ⁇ of 75 nM ASKl to initiate the reaction (final enzyme concentration was 25 nM for ASKl). The reaction mixture may then be incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, and quenched and developed by the addition of 6 ⁇ , of 100-fold diluted STK-antibody-Cryptate and 250 nM SA-XL665 in Cisbio HTRF detection buffer (50mM
  • pIC50 value negative log of IC 50 as indicator of the potency of a test compound.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés inhibiteurs de kinase 1 régulatrice de signal d'apoptose (« ASK1 ») de la formule dans laquelle les variables sont telles que définies par les présentes. L'invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques, des nécessaires et des articles de fabrication qui comportent de tels composés ; des procédés et des intermédiaires utiles pour la fabrication des composés, et des procédés d'utilisation desdits composés.
PCT/US2010/050500 2009-09-30 2010-09-28 Dérivés pyrazolo [1, 5—a] pyrimidines comme inhibiteurs de kinase 1 régulatrice de signal d'apoptose Ceased WO2011041293A1 (fr)

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US9254284B2 (en) 2012-01-27 2016-02-09 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitor
WO2016025474A1 (fr) 2014-08-13 2016-02-18 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Procédés de traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire
US9585886B2 (en) 2010-12-16 2017-03-07 Calchan Limited ASK1 inhibiting pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
WO2018209354A1 (fr) 2017-05-12 2018-11-15 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Inhibiteurs de kinases de régulation du signal d'apoptose 1 et leurs procédés d'utilisation
US10238636B2 (en) 2014-09-24 2019-03-26 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Methods of treating liver disease
US10246439B2 (en) 2017-05-25 2019-04-02 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
US10253018B2 (en) 2017-05-25 2019-04-09 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
US10450301B2 (en) 2017-05-25 2019-10-22 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
WO2019206120A1 (fr) 2018-04-28 2019-10-31 深圳微芯生物科技股份有限公司 Composé de formamide, son procédé de préparation et son utilisation
WO2019213244A1 (fr) 2018-05-02 2019-11-07 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Inhibiteurs de la kinase 1 régulant le signal d'apoptose contenant des tétrazoles et leurs méthodes d'utilisation
US10597382B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2020-03-24 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Tetrazole containing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
US10604490B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2020-03-31 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Processes for preparing ASK1 inhibitors
US10683289B2 (en) 2018-05-02 2020-06-16 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
USRE48150E1 (en) 2010-07-02 2020-08-11 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitors
US10946004B2 (en) 2014-12-23 2021-03-16 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Solid forms of an ASK1 inhibitor
US10968199B2 (en) 2018-08-22 2021-04-06 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cycloalkyl-containing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
CN113227070A (zh) * 2018-08-14 2021-08-06 比奥根Ma公司 Ask1抑制剂
USRE48711E1 (en) 2009-07-13 2021-08-31 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase inhibitors
US11345699B2 (en) 2018-11-19 2022-05-31 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors and methods of use thereof
US11466033B2 (en) 2019-03-25 2022-10-11 Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Substituted pyridines as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitors
RU2783647C2 (ru) * 2017-05-12 2022-11-15 Энанта Фармасьютикалс, Инк. Ингибиторы регулирующей апоптотические сигналы киназы 1 и способы их получения

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