WO2010150525A1 - 尿酸トランスポーター、並びに、尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 - Google Patents
尿酸トランスポーター、並びに、尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a uric acid transporter, a method for evaluating a predisposition for uric acid transport-related diseases and a predisposition for inflammation-related diseases, an evaluation kit for performing the method, and a test body and a drug related thereto.
- Gout is a disease caused by tissue deposition of monosodium urate crystals and often develops as inflammation of the joints. It has also been known for some time that it is common in hyperuricemia patients and has genetic elements. Gout often accompanies hypertension, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, kidney disease, and the like. In addition, diseases associated with inflammation include rheumatism and infertility, and early treatment and prevention thereof are required.
- uric acid transporter gene 1 uric acid transporter gene 1
- GLUT9 / SLC2A9 glucose transporter 9
- uric acid transporters that increase serum uric acid levels (SUA) and have mutations that are a major cause of gout and hyperuricemia remain unknown. Met.
- Prior art related to uric acid transporter includes Patent Document 1, and prior art related to ABCG2 as a transporter includes Patent Documents 2 to 4, but ABCG2 in the prior art is disclosed as a drug transporter. Yes, it was not involved in uric acid transport, uric acid transport-related diseases and predisposition to inflammation-related diseases.
- JP 2003-93067 “Kidney and placental urate transporters and their genes” JP 2007-60967 “Detection method of gene polymorphism and screening method of drug” Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-16042 “mutant polynucleotides and nucleic acid molecules that can be used for genetic diagnosis of drug absorption abnormality involving ABCG2 protein” Special table 2005-529618 “Prediction method of drug transport ability by ABCG2 polymorphism”
- the present invention specifies a large-capacity type uric acid transporter, and based on the identification, contributes to early treatment and prevention of uric acid transport-related diseases and inflammation-related diseases. It is an object of the present invention to provide a predisposition evaluation method, an evaluation kit for carrying out the predisposition evaluation method, and a test body and a drug related thereto.
- the uric acid transporter of the present invention is composed of a protein having ABCG2, and is characterized by having the ability to excrete uric acid in an ATP-dependent manner.
- At least Q126X does not have a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
- the method for evaluating the predisposition to uric acid transport-related disease and inflammation-related disease of the present invention is a method for evaluating whether or not the uric acid transport ability has a predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom. It comprises a step of detecting a mutation of a gene encoding ABCG2 protein using a sample containing the gene.
- the uric acid transport-related disease predisposition and inflammation-related disease predisposition strictly mean a uric acid transport-related disease predisposition and / or inflammation-related disease predisposition.
- detection of the mutation of the gene encoding ABCG2 protein detection of SNP or a genetic polymorphism in a linkage disequilibrium relationship therewith may be used.
- direct sequencing method For detection of gene polymorphism, direct sequencing method, BAC array CGH method, FISH method, RFLP method, PCR-SSCP method, allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization method, TaqMan PCR method, invader method, HRM method, SmartAmp method, Any of Q-probe method (QP method), MALDI-TOF / MS method, molecular beacon method, RCA method, UCAN method, nucleic acid hybridization method using DNA chip or DNA microarray is useful.
- QP method Q-probe method
- MALDI-TOF / MS method molecular beacon method
- RCA method RCA method
- UCAN method nucleic acid hybridization method using DNA chip or DNA microarray is useful.
- the subject may be, for example, Japanese, black, or white. The same applies to Pacific Rim residents and other races as well.
- the uric acid transport ability is impaired or a condition or disease resulting from it It may be evaluated as having a predisposition to obtain.
- the mutation itself does not change the uric acid transport ability, but because of the linkage disequilibrium with other SNPs, Unlike other SNPs, the possible predisposition may be evaluated indirectly as it may not have.
- the SNP that causes the amino acid mutation described above but also when there is a functional change including ABCG2 dysfunction, it may be evaluated that the uric acid transport ability is defective or a predisposition to cause a condition or disease resulting therefrom. Good.
- Such functional changes including dysfunction of ABCG2 include changes in the function of ABCG2 due to genetic mutations other than the amino acid mutations described above, exons including ABCG2 promoter and untranslated region (UTR), and changes in expression levels due to genetic mutations in introns.
- the serum uric acid concentration is a predetermined value or more, it may be evaluated that the uric acid transport ability is insufficient or a predisposition to cause a condition or disease resulting therefrom is high.
- the threshold value of the serum uric acid concentration for example, any value between 6.0 and 9.0 mg / dl, more preferably between 7.0 and 8.0 mg / dl, such as 6.6, 7.0, and 8.0 mg / dl is suitable.
- hyperuricemia is classified into the type of increased uric acid production, the type of decreased excretion of extrauric uric acid, the type of decreased excretion of renal uric acid, and any of these, and based on the evaluation of ABCG2 function, hyperuricemia
- the classification of the disease may be identified and contributed to treatment according to the cause.
- findings of urine and blood may be used in combination.
- Uric acid transport-related diseases and inflammation-related diseases include hyperuricemia, gout, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, infertility, stroke, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, photosensitivity, chronic kidney disease and the like.
- the kit for evaluating the predisposition to uric acid transport-related disease and the predisposition to inflammation-related disease of the present invention is a kit for evaluating whether or not the uric acid transport-related disease predisposition or predisposition to cause a condition or disease resulting from the failure of uric acid transport ability is a human subject.
- the ABCG2 gene V12M, R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X, or a linkage disequilibrium A means for detecting a certain gene polymorphism is provided.
- the non-human animal of the present invention is a non-human animal that examines the transport kinetics of uric acid, and is characterized in that the ABCG2 gene is deleted.
- the method for examining uric acid transport kinetics of the present invention may use a non-human animal deficient in the ABCG2 gene and measure the serum uric acid concentration.
- a non-human animal in which human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene is overexpressed V12M, R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X
- Non-human animals overexpressing human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene containing any of these mutations non-human cell lines or human cell lines lacking ABCG2 gene, over-expressed human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene
- mice bred with an oxonic acid-containing feed that is an inhibitor of uric acid metabolizing enzyme uricase are useful.
- the uric acid transport-related disease and inflammation-related disease drug of the present invention is a drug that reduces the predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom, and introduces a polynucleotide encoding ABCG2 protein into the cell It has a possible form.
- it is a drug that reduces a predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease caused thereby, and may have a polypeptide corresponding to ABCG2 protein in a form that can be introduced into cells. .
- a large-capacity uric acid transporter is obtained, and it contributes to early treatment and prevention of diseases related to uric acid transport.
- the present inventor has found a high capacity transporter of uric acid as an extension of the knowledge disclosed in Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2, and has reached the present invention.
- the present invention will be described with reference to a demonstration experiment on which the present invention is based.
- the embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the examples described later, and can be changed in design by appropriately using conventionally known techniques.
- the example of a Japanese is mainly given as a test subject here, it is applicable similarly in other races.
- the gene ABCG2 noted in the present invention is Chromosome 4 found in linkage analysis of 21 Taiwan families with gout onset. There is also a background that it is in the gene region of the long arm.
- the gene ABCG2 / BCRP ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2
- McM138900 gout-sensitive locus
- ABCG2 is also a transporter of a nucleotide analog whose structure is similar to uric acid (Non-patent Document 3). Therefore, as shown below, ABCG2 is the first uric acid excretion transporter identified in humans, and it has been shown that a common variant increases serum uric acid concentration (SUA).
- FBCG clinical genetic
- Gout was analyzed in over 700 male cases and over 1800 control Japanese males (SUA ⁇ 7.0 mg / dl). We also analyzed cases of female gout and hyperuricemia. All patients with gout were clinically diagnosed with primary gout. Those whose serum uric acid concentration exceeded 8.0 mg / dl were selected as hyperuricemia cases. In order to investigate the existence and frequency of ABCG2 functional decline in non-Japanese, genetic analysis was also performed on 199 whites and 98 blacks.
- Wild-type ABCG2 cDNA was inserted into the Nhe I site and Apa I site of pcDNA3.1 (+) vector plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), And the myc-tag sequence was connected to the 5 ′ end.
- ABCG2 expression vector or empty vector was temporarily introduced into HEK293 cells using FuGENE6 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind.). Cells were harvested after 48 hours and membrane vesicles were separated by standard methods. [ 3 H] estrone-3-sulfate (ES, 500 nM) and [ 14 C] uric acid (28 ⁇ M) uptake studies were performed.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a primer for mutation analysis designed based on the gene structure of the human ABCG2 gene. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using these primers. The base sequence of the PCR product was analyzed using 3130 ⁇ 1 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, Calif.). Allele discrimination assay (Custom Taqman MGB, Applied Biosystems) using 7700 detector (Applied Biosystems) and gene analysis by melting analysis (HRM method) using LightCycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics) were also performed.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing [ 3 H] ES transport for inhibitors.
- ES transport was also inhibited by uric acid, suggesting the possibility of uric acid transport via ABCG2.
- FIG. 3 (a) is a graph showing [ 14 C] uric acid transport with respect to time
- FIG. 3 (b) is a graph showing [ 14 C] uric acid transport with respect to uric acid concentration.
- ATP-dependent uric acid transport was confirmed in ABCG2-expressing vesicles, but not in control vesicles.
- Uric acid was considered to be a large-capacity ABCG2 substrate because of its mild inhibitory effect on ES transport.
- FIG. 3 (b) uric acid transport via ABCG2 hardly reached saturation at a concentration of 1 mM or less.
- ABCG2 substrate for example ES, 4-sulfate-methylumbelliferone, and E3040 sulfate conjugates, such as sulfuric acid
- ABCG2 small capacity type K m value of approximately 20 [mu] M
- V max 6.96 ⁇ 0.89 nmol / min / mg (protein) which means that high capacity transport via ABCG2 is high. It can be said that it still functions under uric acid conditions.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the topology model and non-synonymous mutation sites of human ABCG2 confirmed in hyperuricemia patients
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the results of sequence analysis of ABCG2.
- V12M, Q126X, Q141K, S441N, F506SfsX4 Five types of mutations (V12M, Q126X, Q141K, S441N, F506SfsX4) in which amino acid changes were observed.
- # indicates an N-linked sugar chain site (N596)
- * indicates a disulfide-bonded cysteine residue (C592, C603, C608).
- V12M, Q126X, and Q141K are SNPs present in the N-terminal region in the cell.
- Such allele frequencies of SNPs are very high in Japanese, and there are reports that Q141K 31.9%, V12M 19.2%, and Q126X 2.8% (Non-patent Document 4).
- the estimated frequency of Japanese with such minor-type alleles was Q141K 53.6%, V12M 34.7%, and Q126X 5.5%.
- the topology model shown in the figure is based on a recent report on the determination of the membrane topology of human ABCG2 (Non-Patent Document 5).
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of uric acid transport analysis of the mutated ABCG2.
- the uric acid transport activity of five mutants was examined using membrane vesicles expressing wild-type and mutant ABCG2 proteins.
- ATP-dependent uric acid transport was almost halved (46.7%) with Q141K and almost disappeared with Q126X, G268R, S441N, and F506SfsX4.
- Q126X did not express the protein on membrane vesicles.
- the uric acid transport activity of Q141K was halved because the expression of ABCG2 protein was halved, which is consistent with the disclosure of Non-Patent Document 3 regarding ES transport.
- the disappearance of uric acid transport in the Q126X mutant is thought to be due to the absence of protein expression at all, while the uric acid transport and protein expression of V12M did not change compared to wild-type ABCG2.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis results for Q141K, where (a) relates to males and females, (b) relates to males, and (c) relates to females.
- QTL quantitative trait locus
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing a uric acid excretion model in the kidney and intestine.
- Two-thirds of the body's uric acid is normally excreted from the kidneys, and one-third enters the intestine where it is decomposed by uric acid.
- uric acid is reabsorbed bidirectionally and secreted via the uric acid transporter.
- ABCG2 is expressed on the proximal tubule cell (kidney) lumen side, hepatocyte bile duct side (liver), and intestinal cells (intestine).
- SNPs that are abundant in ABCG2 on the distal side decrease uric acid excretion and increase serum uric acid concentration.
- the haplotype frequency analysis of V12M, Q126X, and Q141K revealed that the minor type genes Q126X and Q141K do not coexist in one haplotype.
- the Q126 haplotype significantly increases gout risk compared to non-risk haplotypes.
- Q141K is found in another independent risk haplotype. That is, Q126X and Q141K are independent risk factors, and it is possible to easily evaluate whether or not the haplotype on which Q126X or Q141K is placed is a risk haplotype simply by examining each SNP.
- the minor type gene V12M (when SNP is present in V12M) has a linkage disequilibrium relationship with other SNPs even though the mutation itself does not change the uric acid transport ability. In contrast to other SNPs, it has been found that the predisposition to cause a failure of transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom may be indirectly evaluated as having no predisposition.
- FIG. 9 is a table showing the frequency of occurrence of ABCG2 predicted functional decline in the general population (health check-up examinees). More than half of the examinees showed ABCG2 functional decline, but less than a quarter of the functional decline was observed in only 1.2-1.7%. The expected decline in ABCG2 function was observed in both men and women as well.
- FIG. 10 is a table showing the relevance of ABCG2 functional decline in male gout patients. It is clear that the lower the function of ABCG2, the higher the risk of onset. As shown in FIG. 10, ABCG2 functional decline was observed in nearly 80% of gout cases, and the gout risk increased by 2.7 times or more.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the function of ABCG2 and the age of onset.
- An analysis of more than 700 gout cases reveals that the lower the function of ABCG2, the younger the age of onset of gout.
- the function of ABCG2 is 1/4, it was found that the risk of developing in young people under the age of 20 is more than 20 times normal. Even when the function of ABCG2 was 1/2 or 3/4, it was found that the risk of developing gout was extremely high in young people under 20 years old.
- ABCG2 dysfunction is closely related to the early onset of gout, early recognition of its risk is useful for early prevention of onset, early treatment when it occurs, and prevention of symptoms. Therefore, analysis of ABCG2 reduced function SNP and prediction of ABCG2 function based on it are important for predicting the onset risk of diseases such as gout.
- FIG. 12 is a table showing differences by race by ABCG2 mutation.
- Q126X a risk mutation
- Q141K had fewer black people and more white people. Homo was detected only in Caucasians. Therefore, it was found that the analysis of the combination of the two mutations is extremely important for black people and is worth analyzing even for white people. If the analysis is focused on gout cases, the frequency may increase.
- mice In order to clarify the role of ABCG2 in uric acid dynamics, we analyzed using animal models. Using mice, it was confirmed by transport experiments using cell membrane vesicles whether Abcg2 has the ability to transport uric acid in the same manner as human ABCG2. Most mammals, including some primates, including humans, have the urinate metabolizing enzyme uricase, so using mice as they are is not appropriate as a model that reflects human uric acid dynamics. Mice to which potassium oxonate, an inhibitor, was administered every day were used. For its administration, MF feed (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan), potassium oxonate (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan) was bred using oxonic acid-containing feed supplemented with 2.0% (w / w).
- MF feed Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan
- potassium oxonate Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan
- the mouse Abcg2 expression vector was obtained by amplifying a mouse Abcg2 cDNA having a myc tag sequence added to the N-terminus, incorporating it into pGEM T-Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI), and then treating with pcDNA3.1 ( +) It was constructed by integrating the vector into the NotI site.
- mouse Abcg2 In order to confirm the expression of mouse Abcg2 by the prepared myc-mAbcg2 / pcDNA3.1 (+) vector, it was transiently introduced into LLC-PK1 cells, which are polar cells, and the localization pattern was observed. When immunostained with an anti-myc antibody and observed with a confocal microscope, mouse Abcg2 was localized on the apical membrane surface in LLC-PK1 cells, which was consistent with that in the living body. In addition, in order to confirm that mouse Abcg2 transports uric acid in the same manner as human ABCG2, HEK293 cells into which a mouse myc-Abcg2 expression vector was transiently introduced were collected to prepare cell membrane vesicles. When Western blotting was performed to confirm the expression of mouse myc-Abcg2, a band was observed at a position of about 85 kDa.
- the small intestine excised from wild-type FVB mice and Abcg2-deficient mice (body weight 27-32 g) bred with oxonic acid-containing samples was divided into three, and transport experiments were conducted using the most upstream part.
- One end of the intestine was connected to a 5 ml syringe, and the other was connected to a 2.5 ml syringe.
- 5 ml of Ringer Buffer which had been pre-warmed to 37 ° C, was added from the 5 ml syringe to fill the lumen of the intestine.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing [14C] uric acid transport by mouse Abcg2.
- a transport experiment using cell membrane vesicles and radioisotope-labeled uric acid as a substrate confirmed that mouse Abcg2 transports uric acid as well as human ABCG2.
- uric acid concentrations 250 ⁇ M, 500 ⁇ M, 1 mM, 1.5 mM, 2 mM, and 4 mM
- no saturation was found within this concentration range.
- mouse Abcg2 is a high-capacity uric acid transporter that can function even in the presence of a high concentration of uric acid.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing blood uric acid levels and urinary uric acid levels in wild-type mice and Abcg2-deficient mice.
- blood uric acid levels of wild-type mice and Abcg2-deficient mice fed oxonic acid-containing diet for 2 weeks or more were compared, blood uric acid levels of Abcg2-deficient mice were significantly increased compared to wild-type mice (FIG. 14).
- A As in humans, an increase in blood uric acid level due to a decrease in Abcg2 function was confirmed in mice, and therefore it can be used as a model reflecting human uric acid dynamics. Further, along with a significant increase in blood uric acid level (FIG.
- the urinary uric acid level also showed a tendency to increase (FIG. 14 (c)).
- a uric acid transport experiment was conducted using the small intestine isolated from wild-type mice and Abcg2-deficient mice.
- the small intestine was isolated from wild-type mice and Abcg2-deficient mice, and transport experiment of radioisotope-labeled uric acid was conducted. .
- both wild-type mice and Abcg2-deficient mice showed linear uric acid transport up to 30 minutes, and the amount of uric acid transported at 30 minutes was significantly reduced in Abcg2-deficient mice. This suggests that mouse Abcg2 is involved in uric acid transport in the small intestine.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between ABCG2 function and urinary uric acid excretion (UUAV) in gout and hyperuricemia patients (cases diagnosed by a doctor). It can be seen that the lower the function of ABCG2, the more urinary uric acid excretion tends to increase. The increase in the amount of uric acid excreted in urine is a characteristic of hyperuricemia, which was said to be an overproduction type.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the proportion of conventional clinical classification in cases of hyperuricemia with each ABCG2 prediction function. It can be said that the lower the function of ABCG2, the higher the ratio of the uric acid production enhanced type (Overproduction type) and the mixed type (Mixed type). In addition, in the overproduction type and mixed type, there are many patients whose ABCG2 function is reduced (over 80%), and conversely, uric acid excretion decreased in the urine (Underexcretion) In type), it can be seen that few patients have reduced ABCG2 function. In the conventional enhanced production type, it was found that some function reduction of ABCG2 was observed in about 80 to 90% of cases. Even in the mixed type, it was found that some function reduction of ABCG2 was observed in about 70 to 80% of cases.
- uric acid excretion was important as a route of uric acid excretion, and the increase in blood uric acid level was mainly caused by a decrease in uric acid excretion and increased production of uric acid. . Even in the clinical field, the increase in blood uric acid level was considered to be classified into the uric acid urinary excretion type and the uric acid production enhanced type.
- ABCG2 plays a role in uric acid excretion in the kidney, and the prediction and discussion that the clearance of urinary uric acid excretion is reduced due to ABCG2 deficiency.
- the involvement of ABCG2 in uric acid excretion from the small intestine suggests that blood uric acid levels can be reduced by inducing or activating ABCG2 in the gastrointestinal tract, so a new blood uric acid level that can also be used in patients with renal failure Contributes to the development of lowering drugs.
- the present invention relates to hyperuricemia. This contributes to the accurate diagnosis and understanding of disease types, the appropriate and effective use of therapeutic drugs, and the development of therapeutic drugs based on pathological conditions.
- clinical classification of hyperuricemia and selection of therapeutic agents include ABCG2 SNP typing or evaluation of uric acid excretion (evaluation of detailed uric acid excretion by urine accumulation, simple uric acid excretion pattern in spot urine. The latter can be more appropriately implemented by correcting by the physique such as body weight, etc.).
- the large-capacity uric acid transporter is a protein composed of a protein having ABCG2 and having the ability to selectively and ATP-dependently excrete uric acid, preferably at least a reduced function SNP such as Q126X. Offer something not.
- loss-of-function mutations such as Q126X and half-function mutations (Q141K) play an important role in increasing serum uric acid concentration and onset of gout.
- loss-of-function mutations such as Q126X and half-function mutations (Q141K)
- Q141K half-function mutations
- the method for evaluating a predisposition to uric acid transport-related disease and inflammation-related illness is a method for evaluating whether or not the uric acid transport ability has a predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom. Using a sample containing the gene, and detecting a mutation in the gene encoding ABCG2 protein.
- genes encoding ABCG2 protein include V12M, R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X, and many genes that are related to SNP or linkage disequilibrium. Evaluate predisposition when a type is detected.
- the SNP that causes the amino acid mutation described above but also when there is a functional change including ABCG2 dysfunction, it may be evaluated that the uric acid transport ability is defective or a predisposition to cause a condition or disease resulting therefrom. Good.
- Such functional changes including dysfunction of ABCG2 include changes in the function of ABCG2 due to genetic mutations other than the amino acid mutations described above, exons including ABCG2 promoter and untranslated region (UTR), and changes in expression levels due to genetic mutations in introns.
- Uric acid transport-related diseases and inflammation-related diseases include hyperuricemia, gout, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, infertility, stroke, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia (including atrial fibrillation), photosensitivity, chronic kidney Applicable to diseases.
- infertility and photosensitivity were found in an analysis of a family of hyperuricemias with reduced ABCG2 function.
- atrial fibrillation was observed in cases where ABCG2 function decline was observed. This suggests that these diseases may be associated with reduced function of ABCG2.
- a higher serum uric acid concentration is likely to cause uric acid transport-related diseases and inflammation-related diseases. It may be evaluated that the predisposition that can occur is high. This threshold value can be appropriately changed such as 7 or 9.
- ABCG2 gene is a human-derived isogenic gene that hybridizes with human-derived cDNA or DNA consisting of a complementary base sequence under stringent conditions and encodes a polypeptide having uric acid transport ability, in mammals. Their homologues are also included.
- direct sequencing method In order to determine a gene polymorphism, using human blood or tissue as a material, direct sequencing method, BAC array CGH method, FISH method, RFLP method, PCR-SSCP method, allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization method, TaqMan PCR method , Invader method, HRM method, SmartAmp method, Q-probe method (QP method), MALDI-TOF / MS method, molecular beacon method, RCA method, UCAN method, nucleic acid hybridization method using DNA chip or DNA microarray, etc. Available.
- SNP can be directly detected from genomic DNA.
- the base sequence of a part of the allele including at least the polymorphic site Determination, detection with a probe that specifically hybridizes to the polymorphic site, or measurement of the molecular weight of the gene fragment containing the polymorphic site may be performed.
- the amplification product can be determined for SNP by determination of base sequence, measurement of molecular weight by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, analysis of restriction enzyme fragment length, detection by SSCP, electrophoresis, and the like.
- the TaqMan method is a method in which hybridization of an allele-specific oligonucleotide and a template and a PCR method are simultaneously performed and SNP is detected using a fluorescence energy transfer phenomenon.
- an allele-specific probe labeled with a fluorescent dye and a quencher is hybridized to a target site and PCR is performed with a primer designed to amplify a region containing this site, the extension reaction from the primer proceeds, The hybridized probe is cleaved by the 5 ′ nuclease activity of Taq polymerase.
- the fluorescent dye is separated from the quencher, fluorescence is generated, and the template is amplified by the PCR reaction, so that the fluorescence intensity increases exponentially.
- the invader method is a method based on an enzymatic reaction in which two types of oligonucleotides are used, and these probes recognize and cleave specific structures formed with the template DNA.
- An invader probe that is substantially complementary to the first site of the target base sequence, the 3 ′ end side is substantially complementary to the second site of the target base sequence, and the 5 ′ end side is non-complementary to the template
- the target base sequence is recognized by two different probes, including an allele probe containing a flap that forms a single strand.
- the 3 ′ end of the invader probe enters the SNP site, and this structure is cleaved by the enzyme to release the flap.
- the released flap can be quantified by labeling in advance. By preparing two sets of flap-FRET probes and labeling with different fluorescent dyes, each homozygote and heterozygote can be distinguished in a single assay.
- a primer adjacent to the SNP site is prepared, a PCR-amplified sample DNA is used as a template, ddNTP is used for primer extension reaction, and the extension reaction product is subjected to mass spectrometry. This is a method for identifying the added ddNTP. A large number of samples can be processed in a short time without the need for fluorescent labeling of the primer.
- the RCA method is a method of applying SNP typing to a DNA amplification means in which a circular single-stranded DNA is used as a template and a DNA polymerase synthesizes a long complementary strand DNA while moving on it.
- the SNP is identified by the presence or absence of amplification by the RCA method. That is, a single-stranded probe that can anneal with genomic DNA and hybridize to the genomic DNA is hybridized to genomic DNA to perform a chain reaction. If the end of the probe is identified as the SNP site to be identified, if the site matches, it will be connected and become circular, and amplification by RCA will occur, but if it is mismatched, it will not be connected and will not become circular, so RCA amplification will not occur .
- the SNP can be determined by discriminating between these two types of amplification reactions.
- the DNA chip method is a method of hybridization with PCR-amplified fluorescently labeled cDNA or cRNA using a DNA chip in which an oligonucleotide probe containing a polymorphic site is arranged on a microarray. Many SNPs can be detected quickly.
- Methods for determining amino acid sequence polymorphism include, for example, proteome analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis and microfluidics, peptide mapping and amino acid sequence analysis using a mass spectrometer, amino acid sequence analysis using a protein sequencer, protein chip A method for detecting the interaction between a polypeptide and a ligand using the above can be used.
- two-dimensional electrophoresis generally performs isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and SDS-PAGE in the second dimension, and separates thousands of proteins on a single gel. be able to.
- an amphoteric carrier or an immobilized pH gradient gel strip is used.
- SDS-PAGE includes a continuous buffer system using a buffer solution of one kind of pH and a discontinuous buffer system using a buffer solution of a plurality of pHs.
- low BIS concentration gel electrophoresis, concentration gradient gel electrophoresis, tricine-SDS-PAGE, or the like can be used.
- the separated protein can be detected with high sensitivity on a gel using Coomassie blue staining, silver staining, or a fluorescent reagent.
- Western blotting using an antibody against ABCG2 polypeptide can also be used.
- the MALDI-TOF / MS method mixes a protein sample with a matrix that absorbs laser light such as sinapinic acid, irradiates a powerful pulsed laser light after drying, and transfers energy by energy from the matrix.
- ionization of a protein sample is performed, and the molecular weight of the ions is analyzed based on the time-of-flight difference of the sample molecular ions due to initial acceleration.
- tandem mass spectrometry with multiple mass separation units is used, and electrospray ionization is used.
- a quadrupole type, a hybrid type, an ion trap type analyzer and the like are also used.
- the protein chip method can comprehensively and rapidly carry out the interaction between a sample and proteins arranged on a substrate, peptides, antibodies, expressed proteins and the like.
- the evaluation kit according to the present invention is a kit for evaluating whether or not there is a predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease caused by the uric acid transport ability, using a sample containing a human gene of a subject, and using the VCG of the ABCG2 gene , R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X, and a means for detecting a genetic polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium.
- it may be provided as a polynucleotide containing the ABCG2 gene polymorphism, a primer pair for amplifying a DNA fragment containing the polymorphism, or a polynucleotide for detecting the polymorphism.
- Polynucleotide includes both polyribonucleotide and polydeoxyribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA, modified RNA or DNA, for example, DNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, mRNA, unprocessed RNA And fragments thereof.
- Polypeptides are those in which two or more amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, and include those called relatively short-chain peptides or oligopeptides to long-chain proteins called proteins. Polypeptides may contain amino acids other than the 20 genetically encoded amino acids and modified amino acids.
- the modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP ribosylation, amidation, biotinylation, covalent bonding with lipids and lipid derivatives, and cross-linking at the main chain, amino acid side chain, amino terminus, and carboxyl terminus of the peptide bond. Examples include formation, disulfide bond, addition of sugar chain, addition of GPI anchor, phosphorylation and prenylation.
- the method for examining uric acid transport kinetics comprises the step of measuring the serum uric acid concentration using a non-human animal deficient in the ABCG2 gene.
- a non-human animal deficient in the ABCG2 gene may be provided as a means for examining uric acid transport kinetics.
- Non-human animals include mammals such as mice and the like, and also include tissues and cells constituting the living body.
- Samples contain polynucleotides derived from living organisms, and include body fluids collected from tissues and cells, skin, hair roots, mucous membranes, viscera, placenta, umbilical cord blood, and the like.
- a non-human animal in which human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene is overexpressed V12M, R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X
- Non-human animals overexpressing human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene containing any of these mutations non-human cell lines or human cell lines lacking ABCG2 gene, over-expressed human ABCG2 gene or non-human ABCG2 gene
- the uric acid transport-related disease and inflammation-related disease drug according to the present invention is a drug that reduces the predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom, and introduces a polynucleotide encoding ABCG2 protein into the cell Or a polypeptide corresponding to ABCG2 protein in a form that can be introduced into cells.
- uric acid transport can be stably improved over a long period of time, and according to the latter, uric acid transport can be simply improved by administration such as injection.
- the form in which the polynucleotide can be introduced into the cell is a form in which the polynucleotide is introduced into the cell, and the ABCG2 gene in the cell can express ABCG2 encoded to express ABCG2. means.
- the state in which the polypeptide can be introduced into the cell means a form in which the polypeptide is introduced into the cell and can perform the same function as ABCG2 in the cell.
- ABCG2 polynucleotide can be obtained by a method of screening an existing cDNA library using an oligonucleotide probe prepared based on a known nucleotide sequence, or a method such as RT-PCR using an oligonucleotide primer.
- ABCG2 without SNP in any of V12M, R113X, Q126X, Q141K, F208S, G268R, E334X, S441N, L447V, S486N, F506SfsX4, R575X, C608X, ABCG2 without SNP in at least Q126X is preferable, and the polynucleotide is intracellular
- a method of using bare DNA or a method of formulating in the form of a recombinant viral vector is used.
- viral vectors those derived from the genomes of viruses such as Bacyroviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornoviridae, Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae, and Picornaviridae can be used.
- the polynucleotide expression vector may be introduced into the tissue or cells taken out from the living body and then returned to the living body.
- a method of introducing an expression vector incorporating a polynucleotide into a cell by transfection such as a microinjection method or an electroporation method can be used.
- the polynucleotide in the viral vector or expression vector may be linked under the control of a promoter that is expressed systemically or tissue-specifically.
- a catheter is inserted into the artery percutaneously, and the recombinant vector is introduced by inserting the catheter into the renal artery while confirming the position of the catheter with X-rays. Is possible.
- ABCG2 polypeptide can be prepared by a genetic engineering method using the ABCG2 polynucleotide described above. That is, ABCG2 polypeptide can be obtained in vitro by preparing RNA from a vector having a polynucleotide by in vitro transcription and performing in vitro translation using this as a template. Furthermore, if the polynucleotide is recombined into an expression vector, ABCG2 polypeptide can be obtained as an expression product of prokaryotic cells such as E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, and eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect cells and mammalian cells. ABCG2 polypeptide can also be synthesized according to known chemical synthesis methods.
- ABCG2 polypeptides may be provided as peptide derivatives.
- Such derivatives include modifications to promote synthesis and purification, modifications to promote physical and chemical stabilization, stability and instability to metabolism in vivo, and activation modifications such as conditioning.
- Other modifications in the peptide derivatives include acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, flavin covalent bond, heme moiety covalent bond, nucleotide or nucleotide derivative covalent bond, lipid or lipid derivative covalent bond, Phosphatidylinositol covalent bond, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond, demethylation, cross-linking covalent bond formation, cystine formation, pyroglutamate formation, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodine , Methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation
- peptide derivatives occur as residue side chains or N-terminal or C-terminal groups to the extent that they do not destroy the activity of the ABCG2 polypeptide and do not toxic the composition containing it. It can be prepared as a functional group.
- derivatives containing polyethylene glycol side chains that extend the persistence of polypeptides in body fluids aliphatic esters of carboxyl groups, amides of carboxyl groups by reacting with ammonia or amines, amino acid residues formed with acyl moieties N-acyl derivatives of free amino groups or O-acyl derivatives of free hydroxyl groups formed with acyl moieties.
- ABCG2 polypeptides may also be provided as pharmacologically acceptable salts.
- This salt includes both a carboxyl group salt and an amino acid addition salt of a polypeptide.
- the salt of the carboxyl group include inorganic salts such as sodium, calcium, ammonium, iron, and zinc, and salts with organic bases formed using amines such as triethanolamine, arginine, lysine, piperidine, and procaine. It is done.
- acid addition salts include salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and salts with organic acids such as acetic acid and oxalic acid.
- a fusion polypeptide in which a cell membrane-passing peptide is linked to the N-terminal side of the polypeptide can be mentioned.
- Peptides of HIV-1 and TAT and DTD of Drosophila homeobox protein antennapedia can be used as cell membrane-passing peptides.
- the fusion polypeptide can be prepared by genetic engineering using, for example, a fusion polynucleotide prepared by linking ABCG2 polynucleotide and PTD polynucleotide.
- a fusion polypeptide in which cell membrane-passing peptides are linked by a method of binding a polypeptide and a PTD peptide via a crosslinking agent such as EDC or ⁇ -alanine can also be prepared.
- a fusion polypeptide can be transcutaneously inserted into an artery and the recombinant vector introduced by inserting the catheter into the renal artery while confirming the position of the catheter with X-rays.
- the present invention since it is effectively evaluated whether or not there is a predisposition to cause a deficiency in uric acid transport ability or a condition or disease resulting therefrom, it contributes to prevention and early treatment of various diseases related to uric acid transport. In addition, even after the onset, it contributes to the treatment of diseases related to uric acid transport without causing other undesirable effects.
- hyperuricemia inflammation-related diseases such as gout, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, infertility, stroke, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia (including atrial fibrillation), photosensitivity, chronic kidney disease, It is effective for hypertension, which tends to develop as a complication, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, kidney disease, and the like, and is industrially useful.
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Abstract
Description
痛風は、高血圧、肥満、糖尿病、冠動脈疾患、脳血管疾患、腎疾患などを合併することが多い。また、炎症に関連する疾患には、リウマチや不妊症などもあり、これらの早期治療や予防が求められている。
本発明の尿酸輸送動態検査方法は、ABCG2遺伝子を欠損させた非ヒト動物を用い、その血清中尿酸濃度を測定してもよい。
以下に、本発明の根拠となる実証実験を示して、本発明を説明する。なお、本発明の実施形態は、後述の例に限らず、従来公知の技術を適宜援用して設計変更可能である。
また、ここでは、被験者として主に日本人の例を挙げるが、他の人種においても同様に適用可能である。台湾の原住民を含む環太平洋地域では、痛風の発症率が高いことが知られていて、本発明で注目する遺伝子ABCG2は、痛風発症を認める台湾21家系の連鎖解析で見い出された第4染色体長腕の遺伝子領域の中にある、という経緯もある。
そこで以下のように、ABCG2がヒトにおいて初めて確認された尿酸排出トランスポーターであり、その一般的な変異体が血清中尿酸濃度(SUA)を上昇させることを示し、ABCG2遺伝子について臨床遺伝学的解析を実施した。
被験者から採血した全末梢血細胞より高分子量ゲノムDNAを抽出した。血清中尿酸濃度に関する量的形質遺伝子座(QTL)解析では、日本人739例を対象として一般的な機能障害性変異体Q141Kについて遺伝子型解析を実施した。ABCG2の機能低下の頻度を調べるために、別の日本人の健康診断受診者2150名(男性1042名、女性1108名)についてABCG2の遺伝子解析を実施した。
関連試験では、日本人の高尿酸血症男性228例(痛風161例を含む)及び対照日本人男性(SUA≦7.0mg/dl)数百例以上について、遺伝子型解析を実施した。痛風については、男性の症例700例以上及び対照日本人男性(SUA≦7.0mg/dl)1800例以上について解析した。
女性の痛風症例、高尿酸血症の症例もあわせて解析した。全痛風患者は、臨床的に原発性痛風と診断された。血清中尿酸濃度が8.0 mg/dlを超えている者は、高尿酸血症例として選択した。日本人以外におけるABCG2の機能低下の存在と頻度を調べるために、白人199名、黒人98名についても遺伝子解析を実施した。
Diagnostics社)を用いて、膜小胞(20 μg)のウエスタンブロット解析を行った。
図1は、ヒトABCG2遺伝子の遺伝子構造に基づいてデザインした変異解析用プライマーの説明図である。
これらのプライマーを用いたPCRにより、ゲノムDNAを増幅させた。3130×1 Genetic Analyzer(Applied Biosystems社、カリフォルニア州カールズバッド)を用いて、PCR産物の塩基配列を解析した。7700検出器(Applied Biosystems社)を用いた対立遺伝子鑑別アッセイ(Custom Taqman MGB、Applied Biosystems社)やLightCycler 480(Roche Diagnostics社)を用いた融解解析(HRM法)による遺伝子解析も実施した。
図2は、阻害物質に対する[3H]ES輸送を示すグラフである。
ABCG2の典型的な基質である[3H]エストロン-3-硫酸(ES、500 nM)輸送に対する阻害作用について、小胞輸送アッセイシステムを用いて検討した。ESのほかに、別の基質3’-アジド-3’-デオキシチミジン(AZT)が確認された。ES輸送も尿酸により阻害され、ABCG2を介した尿酸輸送の可能性が示唆された。
図3(a)は、時間に対する[14C]尿酸輸送を示すグラフであり、図3(b)は、尿酸濃度に対する[14C]尿酸輸送を示すグラフである。
図3(a)に示す通り、ABCG2発現小胞ではATP依存性尿酸輸送が確認されたが、対照小胞では確認されなかった。これは、ABCG2による直接的な高容量性尿酸輸送の初めての実証である。ES輸送に対する阻害作用が軽度なため、尿酸は大容量型のABCG2基質であると考えられた。実際に、図3(b)に示す通り、1mM以下の濃度では、ABCG2を介した尿酸輸送はほとんど飽和には達しなかった。
これらの知見は、新たに同定されたABCG2の大容量型尿酸エクスポーターという生理学的役割を合理的に説明するものである。
高尿酸血症患者80例を対象としてABCG2遺伝子の全コーディング領域の塩基配列を解析し、アミノ酸に変化がみられた5種類の変異(V12M、Q126X、Q141K、S441N、F506SfsX4)を発見した。なお、#はN結合糖鎖部位(N596)を示し、*はジスルフィド結合のシステイン残基(C592、C603、C608)を示す。
ABCG2の機能に対する尿酸輸送活性の作用を明らかにするため、野生型及び変異体ABCG2蛋白質を発現している膜小胞を用いて、5種類の変異体の尿酸輸送活性について調べた。
ATP依存性尿酸輸送は、Q141Kでほぼ半減(46.7%)し、Q126X、G268R、S441N、F506SfsX4ではほとんど消失した。ウエスタンブロット解析によると、Q141K変異体におけるABCG2蛋白質発現は半減(45.2%)し、Q126Xでは膜小胞上に蛋白質は発現しなかった。また、F208S、E334X、L447V、S486N、R575X、C608X変異により、ABCG2のATP依存性尿酸輸送は顕著に減少し、そのうちF208S、E334X、L447V、S486N、R575Xではほとんど消失していた。
Q126X変異体において尿酸輸送が消失したのは、蛋白質発現が全く認められなかったことが原因と考えられる一方で、野生型ABCG2と比べてV12Mの尿酸輸送及び蛋白質発現は変化しなかった。これらのデータは、ABCG2蛋白質発現がどの程度減少したかが、尿酸輸送活性に直接影響を及ぼすことを明確に証明している。
男性被験者245例及び女性被験者494例から成る日本人739例を対象として、ABCG2における高頻度の機能障害性変異体Q141Kについて、血清中尿酸濃度の量的形質遺伝子座(QTL)解析を実施した。C/C、C/A、A/Aは、それぞれQ141Kの野生型被験者、ヘテロ接合体変異保有者、ホモ接合体変異保有者を示す。
これらの知見によると、ABCG2は血清中尿酸濃度を低下させる生理学的機能を有し、その機能については、ABCG2のSNPに起因する個人差が大きいと考えられる。
体内の尿酸の3分の2が腎から正常に排出され、3分の1が腸管に入り、そこで尿酸分解される。ヒトの腎では、尿酸は双方向に再吸収され、尿酸トランスポーターを介して分泌される。
ABCG2は、近位尿細管細胞(腎)管腔側、肝細胞胆管側(肝)、及び腸細胞(腸)に発現する。障害モデルでは、先端側のABCG2に多いSNPは、尿酸排出を減少させ、血清中尿酸濃度を増加させる。この障害モデルに基づき、ABCG2が尿排出を介して腎における尿酸排出を媒介する生理学的尿酸排出モデルを提案する。
このモデルでは、ABCG2は胆管及び腸分泌によって腸における尿酸排出を媒介すると考えられる。近位尿細管細胞では、その他の尿酸トランスポーター(URAT1及びGLUT9)が腎における尿酸再吸収を媒介する。GLUT9L(GLUT9のアイソフォーム1)及びGLUT9S(GLUT9アイソフォーム2)の位置は、極性を有するMDCK(マディンダービーイヌ腎)細胞に関する観察結果に基づく。
Q126のハプロタイプは、非リスクハプロタイプと比べて、痛風リスクを著明に増加させる。Q141Kは、独立した別のリスクハプロタイプに認められる。
すなわち、Q126XとQ141Kは、独立の危険因子であり、Q126XまたはQ141KそれぞれのSNPを調べるだけで、それが乗っているハプロタイプがリスクハプロタイプか否かを容易に評価できる。
また、マイナータイプの遺伝子V12M(V12MにSNPがある場合)は、その変異自体では尿酸輸送能の変化を来さないにも関わらず、他のSNPと連鎖不平衡の関係にあるために、尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因が他のSNPと異なり、逆に有しない可能性があると間接的に評価してもよいことがわかった。
図10は、男性の痛風患者におけるABCG2の機能低下の関連性を示す表である。ABCG2の機能が下がるほど、発症リスクが高くなることが明らかである。図10に示されるように、ABCG2の機能低下は、痛風症例の8割近くに認められ、2.7倍以上の痛風リスクの上昇が認められた。痛風症例の3割近くには、ABCG2機能の2分の1以下の低下が認められ、4.8倍以上の痛風リスクの上昇が認められた。さらに、4分の1以下の機能低下は、痛風症例の5%以上に認められ、リスクが10倍以上に増加することが認められた。軽度の機能低下でも、有意な痛風発症リスクの増加を認めること、さらに、機能の低下が強いほど、発症リスクが著明に増加することが分かった。女性の痛風症例の解析においても、ABCG2の機能低下を認める例は多く認められ、その発症に関与していることが示唆された。
700例以上の痛風症例の解析により、ABCG2の機能が下がるほど、痛風の発症年齢が若くなることが明らかである。また、ABCG2の機能が1/4の場合は、20才代以下の若年で発症するリスクが正常の20倍以上となることも分かった。ABCG2の機能が1/2、3/4の場合でも20才代以下の若年で痛風を発症するリスクが極めて高いことが分かった。
ABCG2の機能低下は、痛風の若年発症に密接に関連しているので、そのリスクの早期認知は、発症の早期予防や発症した際の早期治療及び症状悪化の防止に有用である。従って、ABCG2機能低下型SNPの解析や、それに基づくABCG2の機能の予測は、痛風などの疾患の発症リスク予測に重要である。
リスクとなる変異であるQ126Xは、黒人に多く、白人にも認められた。Q141Kは、逆に、黒人に少なく、白人の方が多かった。また、ホモは白人にのみ検出された。従って、2つの変異の組み合わせの解析は、黒人においても極めて重要であり、白人においても解析する価値があることがわかった。なお、痛風の症例に絞って解析すれば、頻度が高まる可能性がある。
これらの結果から、日本人のみでなく、黒人や白人においても同様に、ABCG2機能低下型SNPの解析や、それに基づくABCG2の機能の予測は、痛風などの疾患の発症リスク予測に重要である。
ヒトを含む一部の霊長類以外の大部分の哺乳類は、尿酸代謝酵素のウリカーゼを有しるので、マウスをそのまま用いることはヒトの尿酸動態を反映したモデルとしては不適切であるため、ウリカーゼ阻害剤であるオキソン酸カリウムを連日投与したマウスを用いた。その投与には、MF飼料(オリエンタル酵母,Tokyo,Japan)に、オキソン酸カリウム(TokyoChemical
Industry,Tokyo,Japan)を2.0% (w/w)添加したオキソン酸含有飼料を用いて飼育することで行った。
また、マウスAbcg2がヒトABCG2と同様に尿酸を輸送することを確認するため、マウスmyc-Abcg2発現ベクターを一過性導入したHEK293細胞を回収し細胞膜小胞を調製した。マウスmyc-Abcg2の発現を確認するため、ウエスタンブロッティングを行ったところ、約85kDaの位置にバンドが観察された。
細胞膜小胞を用い、放射性同位体標識された尿酸を基質とした輸送実験を行ったところ、マウスAbcg2もヒトABCG2と同様尿酸を輸送することが確認された。また、250μM、500μM、1mM、1.5 mM、2 mM、4 mMの各尿酸濃度において輸送実験を行ったところ、この濃度範囲では飽和性が見出されなかった。これにより、マウスAbcg2は、高濃度の尿酸存在下でも機能し得る高容量性尿酸トランスポーターであることが示された。
オキソン酸含有飼料を2週間以上与えた野生型マウスとAbcg2欠損マウスの血中尿酸値を比較したところ、野生型マウスに比べAbcg2欠損マウスの血中尿酸値は有意に上昇していた(図14(a))。ヒトと同様、マウスにおいてもAbcg2機能が低下することによる血中尿酸値上昇が確認されたため、ヒトの尿酸動態を反映したモデルとして使用可能である。また、血中尿酸値の有意な上昇(図14(b))に伴い、尿中尿酸値も有意ではないながらも上昇傾向を示した(図14(c))。腎機能の指標となるクレアチニンの尿中濃度および血中濃度で補正した尿中尿酸値/血中尿酸値の比は、Abcg2欠損マウスで有意に上昇していた。この結果は、Abcg2欠損による血中尿酸値上昇の原因が、尿中尿酸排泄量の低下では説明できないことを示している。
尿中排泄以外の尿酸の排泄経路としては、腸管からの尿酸分泌が知られているので、野生型マウス及びAbcg2欠損マウスより小腸を単離し、放射性同位体標識された尿酸の輸送実験を行った。その結果、野生型マウス及びAbcg2欠損マウスともに30分まで直線的な尿酸輸送が見られ、30分における尿酸の輸送量はAbcg2欠損マウスにおいて有意に減少していた。このことから、マウスAbcg2が小腸において尿酸の輸送に関与していることが示唆された。
ABCG2の機能が落ちるほど、尿中尿酸排泄量が増加する傾向があることがわかる。尿中尿酸排泄量の増加は、尿酸産生亢進型(Overproduction type)と言われていた高尿酸血症の特徴である。
ABCG2の機能が低下するほど、尿酸産生亢進型(Overproduction type)と混合型(Mixed type)が含まれる割合が高いといえる。また、尿酸産生亢進型(Overproduction type)と混合型(Mixed type)には、ABCG2の機能が低下している患者が多く(8割以上)、逆に、尿中への尿酸排泄低下型(Underexcretion
type)では、ABCG2の機能が低下している患者が少ないことがわかる。
従来の産生亢進型には、ABCG2の何らかの機能低下が、約8~9割の症例に認められることがわかった。混合型においても、ABCG2の何らかの機能低下が、約7~8割の症例に認められることがわかった。
すなわち、従来の分類で尿酸産生亢進型(Overproduction type)と扱われていたものの多くは、実は、産生亢進があったのではなく、ABCG2の機能低下に起因する尿酸の腎外排泄低下が病因であったことがわかり、その際、従来の尿酸産生亢進型と同様に、腎臓においては尿酸排泄亢進型(Renaloverecretion
type)となることがわかった。
従来の産生亢進型には、ABCG2の何らかの機能低下が認められることが多いため、尿酸の腎外排泄の低下に起因するタイプ(腎外における尿酸排泄低下型)が多くを占めることがわかった。
それに対し、本発明者は、オキソン酸含有試料を与えたAbcg2欠損マウスにおいて、腎機能の指標となるクレアチニンの尿中濃度及び血中濃度で補正した場合には、尿中尿酸値/血中尿酸値比は有意に上昇していた。この結果は、腎臓からの尿酸排泄ではAbcg2機能低下による血中尿酸値の上昇を説明できず、腎臓以外の臓器からのAbcg2による尿酸排泄の低下により血中尿酸値が上昇していることを示している。また、ABCG2機能低下により血中尿酸値が上昇している患者において、尿中尿酸排泄クリアランスは低下するどころかむしろ上昇傾向を示していることを見出した。
なお、腸管を用いた輸送実験において小腸のうち上流部を用いたのは、ヒトでは小腸の上部でABCG2の発現が高いという報告があったことに基づく。実際、小腸の下部を用いて行った結果も、尿酸輸送は上流部に比べて弱く、野生型マウスとAbcg2欠損マウスで差がない傾向が見られた。このことは、Abcg2による尿酸の腸管分泌がその発現分布に対応していて、主に小腸上部で行われていることを示唆している。
また、従来の臨床分類では尿酸産生亢進型と分類されていた高尿酸血症患者の一部は、消化管からの尿酸排泄低下が原因である可能性を含むので、本発明は高尿酸血症の正確な病型の診断・把握と、治療薬の適切かつ有効な使用や、病態に基づく治療薬の開発に寄与する。
また、高尿酸血症の臨床分類および治療薬の選択が、ABCG2のSNPのタイピングまたは、尿酸排泄の評価(蓄尿による詳細な尿酸排泄量の評価、スポット尿における簡易的な尿酸排泄パターンの評価。後者は、体重等の体格により補正をすることでより信頼性を高めることが可能である。)により、より適切に実施可能である。
従って、本発明では、大容量型の尿酸トランスポーターとしては、ABCG2を有するタンパク質から成り尿酸を選択的・ATP依存的に排出する能力を備えるもの、好ましくは、少なくともQ126Xなどの機能低下型SNPがないものを提供する。
また、Q126Xなどの機能消失型変異や機能半減型の変異(Q141K)の組み合わせが、血清中尿酸濃度の上昇と痛風の発症に重要な役割を担っているが、簡易な検査処理上は、Q126Xなどの機能消失型変異を1つであれば、痛風など尿酸輸送関連疾患及び炎症関連疾患の素因があると評価することもできる。
ABCG2タンパク質をコードする遺伝子としては、V12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xが挙げられ、SNPまたはそれと連鎖不均衡の関係にある遺伝子多型が検知された場合に素因を有すると評価する。
例えば、不妊症、光線過敏症が、ABCG2の機能低下のある高尿酸血症の家系の解析において見いだされた。また、心房細動が、ABCG2の機能低下を認める症例において認められることが確認された。これらの疾患が、ABCG2の機能低下との関連がある可能性が示唆される。
また、クローンや、PCR法、LCR法、SDA法、RCK法、LAMP法、NASBA法などにより、特定のゲノムDNA領域を増幅した後に、少なくとも多型部位を含む対立遺伝子の一部の塩基配列の決定、多型部位に特異的にハイブリダイズするプローブによる検出、多型部位を含む遺伝子断片の分子量の測定を行ったりしてもよい。
増幅産物は、塩基配列の決定、MALDI-TOF質量分析法等による分子量の測定、制限酵素断片長の解析、SSCPによる検出、電気泳動などによって、SNPを決定することができる。
すなわち、ABCG2遺伝子多型を含むポリヌクレオチド、または多型を含むDNA断片を増幅するためのプライマー対、多型を検出するためのポリヌクレオチドとして提供してもよい。
また、ポリペプチドとは、2以上のアミノ酸がペプチド結合で連結されたものであり、比較的短鎖のペプチドまたはオリゴペプチドと呼ばれるものからタンパク質と呼ばれる長鎖のものまでを含む。ポリペプチドには、遺伝的にコードされている20種類のアミノ酸以外のアミノ酸や、修飾されたアミノ酸を含んでもよい。その修飾には、ペプチド結合の主鎖、アミノ酸側鎖、アミノ末端、カルボキシル末端において、アセチル化、アシル化、ADPリボシル化、アミド化、ビオチン化、脂質や脂質誘導体との共有結合、架橋結合の生成、ジスルフィド結合、糖鎖の付加、GPIアンカーの付加、リン酸化及びプレニル化などが挙げられる。
非ヒト動物としては、マウスなどの哺乳類等が挙げられ、その生体を構成している組織や細胞も含む。また、試料としては、生物に由来するポリヌクレオチドを含有するものであって、組織や細胞から採取される体液、皮膚、毛根、粘膜、内臓、胎盤、臍帯血等を含む。
同様に、ヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト動物、V12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xのうちの少なくともいずれかの変異を含むヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト動物、ABCG2遺伝子を欠損させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、ヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、V12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xのうちの少なくともいずれかの変異を含むヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、或いはそれら細胞株より調製した細胞膜小胞を用いてもよい。
また、ABCG2ポリペプチドは、公知の化学合成法に準じて合成することもできる。
ペプチド誘導体におけるその他の修飾には、アセチル化、アシル化、ADP-リボシル化、アミド化、フラビンの共有結合、ヘム部分の共有結合、ヌクレオチドまたはヌクレオチド誘導体の共有結合、脂質または脂質誘導体の共有結合、ホスファチジルイノシトールの共有結合、交差架橋、環化、ジスルフィド結合、脱メチル化、交差架橋共有結合形成、シスチン形成、ピログルタメート形成、ホルミル化、ガンマーカルボキシル化、グリコシル化、GPIアンカー形成、水酸化、ヨウ素化、メチル化、ミリストイル化、酸化、タンパク質加水分解プロセッシング、リン酸化、プレニル化、ラセミ化、脂質結合、硫酸化、セレノイル化などが含まれる。より具体的には、ペプチド誘導体は、ABCG2ポリペプチドの活性を破壊せず、またこれを含有する組成物に毒性を与えない範囲において、残基の側鎖またはN末端基もしくはC末端基として生じる機能性基として調製することができる。例えば、体液中でポリペプチドの残存を延長するポリエチレングリコール側鎖を含む誘導体、カルボキシル基の脂肪族エステル、アンモニアまたはアミンと反応することによるカルボキシル基のアミド、アシル部分と形成されるアミノ酸残基の遊離アミノ基のN-アシル誘導体またはアシル部分と形成される遊離の水酸基のO-アシル誘導体などが挙げられる。
カルボキシル基の塩は、例えば、ナトリウム、カルシウム、アンモニウム、鉄、亜鉛などの無機塩や、トリエタノールアミン、アルギニン、リジン、ピペリジン、プロカインなどのアミンを用いて形成された有機塩基との塩が挙げられる。酸付加塩としては、例えば塩酸や硫酸などの鉱酸との塩、酢酸やシュウ酸などの有機酸との塩が挙げられる。
Claims (16)
- 尿酸のトランスポーターであって、
ABCG2タンパク質から成り、尿酸を選択的・ATP依存的に排出する能力を備える
ことを特徴とする尿酸トランスポーター。 - 尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を有するか否かを評価する方法であって、
被験者のヒト遺伝子を含む試料を用い、ABCG2タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の変異を検知する工程を有する
ことを特徴とする尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - ABCG2タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の変異の検知が、
SNPまたはそれと連鎖不均衡の関係にある遺伝子多型の検知である
請求項2に記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 遺伝子多型の検知に、ダイレクトシークエンス法、BACアレイCGH法、FISH法、RFLP法、PCR-SSCP法、アレル特異的オリゴヌクレオチドハイブリダイゼーション法、TaqMan PCR法、インベーダー法、HRM法、SmartAmp法、Q-probe法(QP法)、MALDI-TOF/MS法、モレキュラービーコン法、RCA法、UCAN法、DNAチップまたはDNAマイクロアレイを用いた核酸ハイブリダイゼーション法のいずれかを用いる
請求項3に記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 少なくともV12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xのいずれかのアミノ酸変異を生じさせるSNPがある場合に、尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を有すると評価する
請求項2ないし4のいずれかに記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - Q126X単独、または、Q126X 及びQ141Kの組み合わせのいずれかのアミノ酸変異を生じさせるSNPがある場合に、尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を有すると評価する
請求項5に記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - ABCG2の機能不全を含む機能変化がある場合に、尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を有すると評価する
請求項2ないし4のいずれかに記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - ABCG2の機能不全を含む機能変化が、請求項5に記載のアミノ酸変異以外の遺伝子変異によるABCG2の機能変化、ABCG2のプロモーターや非翻訳領域(UTR)を含むエクソン、イントロンにおける遺伝子変異による発現量変化などに基づくABCG2の機能変化、または、転写因子を含む制御因子の変化または化合物によるABCG2の機能変化、CNV(コピー数多型)及びDNAメチル化を含むエピジェネティックな変化によるABCG2の機能変化、micro RNA及びnoncoding RNAを含むRNAによるABCG2の機能変化、ABCG2タンパク質の安定化機構の変化によるABCG2の機能変化のいずれかである。
請求項7に記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 血清中尿酸濃度が所定値以上の場合に、尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を高く有すると評価する
請求項2ないし8のいずれかに記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 血清中尿酸濃度の閾値が、6.0~9.0mg/dl、より好ましくは7.0~8.0mg/dlの間にあるいずれかの値である
請求項9に記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 高尿酸血症を、尿酸産生亢進型、腎外における尿酸排泄低下型、腎臓における尿酸排泄低下型と、混合型とに分類し、ABCG2の機能評価に基づき高尿酸血症の分類を特定する
請求項2ないし10のいずれかに記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 尿酸輸送関連疾患及び炎症関連疾患が、高尿酸血症、痛風、リウマチ、変形性関節症、不妊症、脳卒中、虚血性心疾患、不整脈、光線過敏症、慢性腎臓病のいずれかである
請求項2ないし11のいずれかに記載の尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法。 - 尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を有するか否かを評価するキットであって、
被験者のヒト遺伝子を含む試料を用い、ABCG2遺伝子のV12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xの少なくともいずれかにおけるSNP、またはそれと連鎖不均衡の関係にある遺伝子多型を検知する手段を備える
ことを特徴とする尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価キット。 - 尿酸の輸送動態を検査する生体であって、
ABCG2遺伝子を欠損させた非ヒト動物、または、ヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト動物、V12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xのうちの少なくともいずれかの変異を含むヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト動物、ABCG2遺伝子を欠損させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、ヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、V12M、R113X、Q126X、Q141K、F208S、G268R、E334X、S441N、L447V、S486N、F506SfsX4、R575X、C608Xのうちの少なくともいずれかの変異を含むヒトABCG2遺伝子または非ヒトABCG2遺伝子を過剰発現させた非ヒト細胞株またはヒト細胞株、或いはそれら細胞株より調製した細胞膜小胞である
ことを特徴とする検査体。 - 尿酸の輸送動態を検査する非ヒト動物であって、
尿酸代謝酵素ウリカーゼの阻害剤であるオキソン酸含有飼料により飼育された
請求項14に記載のマウス。 - 尿酸輸送能の不全或いはそれに起因する状態または疾患を生じ得る素因を低減する薬剤であって、
ABCG2タンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチドまたはポリペプチドを細胞内に導入可能な形態で有する
ことを特徴とする尿酸輸送関連疾患及び炎症関連疾患薬。
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| CA2784286A CA2784286A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-06-22 | Urate transporter, method and kit for evaluating urate transport-related disease factor and inflammation-related disease factor, and test sample and drug |
| US13/379,346 US8940286B2 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-06-22 | Urate transporter, as well as method and kit for evaluating urate transport-related disease factor and inflammation-related disease factor, and test sample and drug |
| US14/542,633 US20150080257A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2014-11-16 | Method for evaluating urate transport-related disease factor and inflammation-related disease factor |
| US15/486,788 US20170218451A1 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2017-04-13 | Method of treating, or at least inhibiting the onset of, urate transport failure |
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| JP2012244990A (ja) * | 2011-05-02 | 2012-12-13 | Arkray Inc | 多型検出用プローブ、多型検出方法、薬効評価方法、疾患予測方法及び多型検出用試薬キット |
| CN103898215A (zh) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-07-02 | 广州迪澳生物科技有限公司 | 一种基于恒温技术检测结核分枝杆菌复合群的方法和检测试剂盒 |
| WO2015108180A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-07-23 | 洋孝 松尾 | 痛風発症関連分子、並びに、尿酸関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 |
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| WO2010150525A1 (ja) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | 国立大学法人東京大学 | 尿酸トランスポーター、並びに、尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 |
| US9244036B2 (en) | 2012-11-16 | 2016-01-26 | Cilag Gmbh International | System and method for determination of a concentration of at least one interfering substance and correction of glucose concentration based on the concentration of the interfering substance |
| CN117577321A (zh) | 2017-08-08 | 2024-02-20 | 费森尤斯医疗保健控股公司 | 用于治疗和评估慢性肾脏疾病的进程的系统和方法 |
| CN108330173B (zh) * | 2017-09-29 | 2022-04-15 | 中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所 | RT-qPCR检测猕猴ABCG2基因转录水平的方法 |
| KR102125169B1 (ko) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-06-19 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 통풍 진단 펩타이드, 통풍 진단 프로브, 통풍 진단 키트 및 이를 이용한 정보 제공 시스템 |
| KR102250446B1 (ko) * | 2020-04-20 | 2021-05-10 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 통풍 또는 가성 통풍 진단을 위한 진단 시약, 진단 프로브, 진단 키트 및 정보 제공 시스템 |
| CN113181377A (zh) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-30 | 青岛大学 | Abcg2蛋白在制备改善、治疗或辅助治疗高尿酸血症伴高血脂、高血糖的制剂中的应用 |
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| WO2015108180A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-07-23 | 洋孝 松尾 | 痛風発症関連分子、並びに、尿酸関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 |
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| CN103898215A (zh) * | 2014-03-20 | 2014-07-02 | 广州迪澳生物科技有限公司 | 一种基于恒温技术检测结核分枝杆菌复合群的方法和检测试剂盒 |
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| CA2784286A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
| US20120255044A1 (en) | 2012-10-04 |
| US20170218451A1 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
| JP2015231993A (ja) | 2015-12-24 |
| JP5817038B2 (ja) | 2015-11-18 |
| JPWO2010150525A1 (ja) | 2012-12-06 |
| US20150080257A1 (en) | 2015-03-19 |
| US8940286B2 (en) | 2015-01-27 |
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