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WO2010031110A1 - Dispositif de stockage de données et procédés de codage et de décodage - Google Patents

Dispositif de stockage de données et procédés de codage et de décodage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010031110A1
WO2010031110A1 PCT/AU2009/001205 AU2009001205W WO2010031110A1 WO 2010031110 A1 WO2010031110 A1 WO 2010031110A1 AU 2009001205 W AU2009001205 W AU 2009001205W WO 2010031110 A1 WO2010031110 A1 WO 2010031110A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bar code
data
colour
storage device
symbols
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU2009/001205
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English (en)
Inventor
Keng Tiong Tan
Douglas Kian Wu Chai
Hiroko Kato
Siong Khai Ong
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Edith Cowan University
Original Assignee
Edith Cowan University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2008904797A external-priority patent/AU2008904797A0/en
Application filed by Edith Cowan University filed Critical Edith Cowan University
Publication of WO2010031110A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010031110A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
    • G06K19/06037—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking multi-dimensional coding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
    • G06K19/06046—Constructional details
    • G06K19/0614—Constructional details the marking being selective to wavelength, e.g. color barcode or barcodes only visible under UV or IR

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a data storage device, and methods of encoding and decoding a data storage device. More particularly, the invention relates to the field of encoding and decoding of machine-based data using high capacity multi-coloured composite bar codes or other symbol sets in a colour space. It has utility in, for example, bar code applications using mobile devices to provide a colour two- dimensional bar code for true ubiquitous computing.
  • Ubiquitous computing refers to where people use computers in their natural environment without realising the computers' presence due to the naturalness of their existence. It is a world where human-to-human interaction has higher priority over human-to-computer interaction. In such a world, human beings are not dependent on computers. Rather, computers exist to work for humans, making their lives convenient, while the machines invisibly, synchronising themselves in the background. [0005] Of the automatic identification and data capture technologies, bar codes, especially two dimensional (2D) bar codes, have attracted the attention of many researchers and companies due to the potential for inexpensive operation.
  • Bar codes have been used for mobile applications to deliver a multitude of different mobile services over mobile phones and related mobile devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and other mobile computing devices.
  • PDAs Personal Digital Assistants
  • Such applications range from providing Uniform Resource Locator (URL) information to link a mobile device to the Internet, through to using the. bar code as a form of e-ticket for airlines or event admissions.
  • URL Uniform Resource Locator
  • bar codes are even used as security tokens and containers for secured biometric data for security applications.
  • the variety of bar code applications keeps on growing by the day, especially with its pervasive and ubiquitous use with mobile devices.
  • Two approaches to higher capacity bar codes are: (i) using a coloured symbol set and (ii) increasing the size of the bar code.
  • the database 2D bar code initially invented to improve data capacity for industrial use, can encode data into a bar code symbol, thus allowing access to data regardless of network connectivity.
  • the index 2D bar codes focus on robust and reliable reading, taking into account the reading limitations of the respective readers.
  • most of these bar code devices can operate robustly even when used with resource-limited camera phones.
  • their severely limited data capacity constrains their possible applications and their primary task at present is merely linking camera phones to the designated Web pages. Additional tasks may then be performed based on the Web-link established.
  • few useful tasks can be done without network connectivity and back-end databases with current bar codes of which the inventors are aware.
  • the database 2D bar codes with their greater data capacity can provide a wider variety of applications, regardless of network connectivity.
  • a user can encode his personal details into a database 2D bar code symbol and print it on his or her ID card.
  • the symbol can be read and the personal details can then be saved in the phone address book without manual input.
  • No network connectivity or additional cost is required.
  • the maximum data capacity of database 2D bar codes has been improving over the recent years, resulting in the introduction of newer applications.
  • certain of these applications e.g. Trillcode
  • Trillcode certain of these applications have progressed to the stage of being able to encode sounds, which can then be played on the camera phones.
  • the greater data capacity can only be achieved at the cost of reading robustness of the bar code symbols.
  • the number of data cells must be increased, resulting in a reduction in the size of the bar code "cells".
  • Dedicated scanners may cope well with this, but when camera phones are used as the image processing device, the bar code cell size is critical due to camera phones' inferior image quality (e.g. low resolution, lack of auto focus function and Floating Point Unit). Once the size of each data cell falls below the point where two adjacent cells can be clearly distinguished by the reading software, the bar code symbol cannot be successfully decoded. In other words, the data capacity can be increased only up to the point where each data cell is still legible.
  • ColorCode a colour 2D bar code designed for use with inexpensive cameras such as web cameras and mobile phones.
  • ColorCode has overcome certain problems in image fidelity by using reference cells that provide the standard colour for correctly distinguishing each reproduced cell. The value of each cell colour in the data area is determined relative to the value of the standard colour in the reference cells. Because the relative difference between the cell colour and the standard colour is consistent, a bar code reader can correctly retrieve the data even when the colour values have changed from their original values via the devices used and the media upon which the colour images are printed.
  • ColorCode uses colour elements merely for eye-catching symbol design.
  • HCCB and PM Code systems have been developed to improve the data capacity within a given symbol space, by encoding colour symbols.
  • the HCCB system can achieve at least three times the density of industry standard 2D bar codes such as PDF417 or Data Matrix within the given space by encoding colour symbols into a triangular cell set, which takes up less space than square cells.
  • PM Code uses a unique layered structure to improve data capacity within a given available symbol space significantly.
  • a PM Code symbol is made up of a plurality of layers with each consisting of a 2D matrix bar code.
  • the cells in particular colour combinations each comprise a layer.
  • the colour of each cell in the surface layer may present the colour of a single code layer or the resultant colour from adding the plurality of code layers.
  • the resultant colour is identical to the colour used in one of the layers, the resultant colour will be converted to a designated colour according to the PM Code colour conversion algorithm that involves two colour spaces: the RGB (i.e., Red, Green and Blue) colour space and the HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) colour space.
  • the PM Code colour conversion algorithm together with its index information code included in the surface layer, enables the decoding software to detect the presence or absence of colour cells in each layer, which in turn enables the successful reading of each code layer, resulting in successful decoding of the entire PM Code.
  • Both HCCB and PM Code have been proposed as so-called maximal 2D bar codes in terms of data capacity for a given symbol space.
  • these colour 2D bar codes allow only a limited set of colours, such as 4 (or a maximum of 8 colours), because neither of these systems were specifically designed for mobile applications. This prevents them from being used as a robust ubiquitous computing tool.
  • the number of colours for encoding data needs to be increased in order to achieve the data capacity required for a ubiquitous computing tool.
  • all the colours must be robustly identified and retrieved even when digital image capturing means as simple as camera phones are used as image processing devices.
  • Some of these colour bar codes only encode a limited capacity of data content per square centimetre of symbol surface on output device, which is often, but not limited to, a hard copy produced by a colour ink jet or colour laser printer. This is the limitation found in US Patent No: 7,020,327, assigned to ColorZip Media, Inc. (Seoul, KR). While this Application is targeted for mobile devices, it also uses a very limited number of colours (less than 8) and its data cell size is rather large relative to the total bar code surface area, hence, it can only encode a limited capacity of data content per square centimetre of symbol surface on output device.
  • colour bar codes Another problem typically associated with colour bar codes is that higher capacity colour based bar codes need to be scanned using scanning devices with reading fidelity often not found on mobile devices, such as camera mobile phones. Further, poor image capture and compression algorithms, such as JPEG image compression format, are often used on resources limited mobile devices, such as camera mobile phone, which further deteriorates the fidelity of the captured symbol image by introducing blurring artefacts at the edges between information cells within the bar code. This limits the minimum size of each colour cell within the bar code symbol, thus, limiting the total data capacity of the symbol for a given physical size.
  • the present invention seeks to address or at least ameliorate one or more the problems associated with prior art devices.
  • the inventors have revealed that by developing data storage devices comprising symbols that are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space they can maximize the data capacity of the device and produce data storage devices that operate across a platform of technologies including with resource- limited devices.
  • the inventors have developed high capacity multi-coloured composite data storage devices (such as bar codes or other symbol sets) that operate in more than one colour space.
  • the invention resides in a data storage device comprising:
  • the data representation region is: (i) marked by the information storage detection means, and separated there from; and (ii) composed of symbols that are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • the invention resides around the selection of colour symbols that are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • the symbols used in the data field are preferably selected to be symbols that are at a maximal distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • colour symbols have been selected as maximum distances apart in only one colour space, which is usually Red Green Blue (RGB) for colour bar codes.
  • RGB Red Green Blue
  • RGB Red Green Blue
  • colour symbols that are maximum distances apart in the printed and displayed format usually in the CMYK and RGB coloured space, respectively
  • may not always be at maximum distances apart in the captured and stored format (often in the YCbCr format for Joint Picture Encoding Group (JPEG) format on mobile devices).
  • JPEG Joint Picture Encoding Group
  • the present invention seeks to address the limitation of prior art devices by providing a data storage device that employs colour symbols that are at distinguishable distances apart (preferably maximal distances) in the printed and displayed format and in the captured and stored format (i.e. more than one colour space).
  • a data storage device that employs colour symbols that are at distinguishable distances apart (preferably maximal distances) in the printed and displayed format and in the captured and stored format (i.e. more than one colour space).
  • Such devices have particular application with resource-limited mobile devices. That is, the device can robustly and ubiquitously operate with resource-limited mobile devices, by maximizing the data capacity for a given space and has improved tolerance to physical/mechanical damage.
  • MMCC Mobile Multi-Colour Composite
  • colour space means the theoretical construct that defines the range of colours that e.g. (a) can be reproduced by a given output device or (b) be seen by human eye under certain conditions.
  • the term “colour” includes black and white.
  • CMYK refers to the four colour inks used in most colour printing: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black).
  • YCbCr refers a family of colour spaces used as a part of the colour image pipeline in video and digital photography systems, where Y is the luminance component and Cb and Cr are the blue-difference and red-difference colour components.
  • Gram code means a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.
  • the data representation region is preferably a matrix of cells existent as optically-readable or machine-readable symbols.
  • the optically-readable or machine-readable symbols are desirably in the form of a plane including reference colours KRWC.
  • the reference colours may be placed at, or proximal, the corners of the symbol, either individually or in combination.
  • the data representation region may be in the form of 20 x 20, 30 x 30, or 40 x 40 cells, or any suitable variation or intermediates thereof. Typically, the data representation region is in the form of a 30 x 30 data cell.
  • the data representation region further preferably include between about 2 and 128 reference points on the plane. More preferably there are between 2 and 60, between 4 and 50 between 6 and 30 or between 8 and 20 reference points on the plane. Desirably, there are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 reference points on the plane. For example, 9 reference points are present on the plane. Preferably, the values of the reference points equal the values of the colour symbols used to encode the data.
  • the reference points may be “0,0,0,” “0.5,0,0,” “1 ,0,0,” “0,0.5,0.5,” “0.5,0.5,0.5,” “1 ,0.5,0.5,” “0,1 ,1 ,” “0.5,1 ,1” and “1 ,1 ,1 ,” in the normalized RGB colour range [0, 1], each reference point representing, respectively, black, brown, red, dark green, grey, tan, cyan, sky blue and white.
  • yellow “1 ,1 ,0" may be selected as a colour symbol, resulting in 10 colour symbols available for encoding data.
  • machine based data are encoded in Red Green Blue (RGB) colour space using RGB colours which are furthest apart within both the RGB and the YCbCr colour spaces, where the latter, is the colour space used by the JPEG format, which is the image compression method employed in mobile camera phones.
  • RGB Red Green Blue
  • JPEG the image compression method employed in mobile camera phones.
  • the data representation region and the information storage device detection means are desirably separated by a separator.
  • the separator may be a coloured separator.
  • the coloured separator may be in the form of a border of between 1 and 5 pixels in width, preferably between 1 and 3 pixels in width, most preferably a single pixel border.
  • the border may be white and may be continuous.
  • information of the bar code version and error correction level is encoded in the information storage device detection means or finder pattern using another bar code symbol.
  • the finder pattern is the pattern within the bar code that helps the decoding device to locate the position of the bar code within the captured image. This allows more data to be encoded within the bar code symbol of the current invention. Reference to the printed colour used in the invention is included within the finder pattern. This allows for the reader or optical device to calibrate its colour reading in accordance with the actual captured colour from an output device, which is often, but not limited to, a hard copy produced by a colour ink jet or colour laser printer.
  • the information storage device detection means preferably includes or forms a finder pattern for the data representation region.
  • the finder may be a coloured pattern or it may be black.
  • the finder pattern comprises header information.
  • the header information may be substantially square in shape, although other polygonal shapes are within the scope of the present invention.
  • the finder pattern comprises a black bounding border.
  • the header information is presented, in the form of a 1 D bar code or 2D bar code.
  • the header information bar code may be a black and white bar code.
  • the finder pattern may also include a reference area, or cells for colour calibration within itself.
  • the reference area or cells may act as references for colour calibration within the data storage device.
  • the reference cells may have a regularly repeating polygonal shape, such as a triangle or a square. When the cells are triangular in shape, each triangle may have a base approximately 1.5 times as long as the operative height thereof.
  • the data storage device may also include a sample pixel proximal to, or at, the centre of the device, thereby to define a centroid reference cell.
  • a method of encoding a data storage device comprising the steps of:
  • mapping the interleaved data to form the data storage device wherein the device comprises data cells represented as symbols that are selected so that the symbols are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • each data cell is determined by the following steps:
  • the first pre-defined percentage minimum distance from each reference point may be calculated as a circular boundary having a radius equivalent to between 10% and 40% of the minimum distance from each reference point, in certain embodiments between 20% and 30%, preferably about 25% of the minimum distance from each reference point.
  • the second pre-defined percentage of the minimum distance may be between 20% and 70%, in certain embodiments between 40% and 60%, preferably about 50% of the minimum distance from each reference point.
  • the percentage of the minimum distance from each reference point may be increased incrementally or step wise in steps of 0.1% and 20%, preferably between 1% and 10%, most preferably about 5%, until the radius reaches the second pre-defined minimum distance. [0046] This process will continue and be repeated until either (i) the number of assigned colours to each reference colour reaches between 1% and 5%, preferably between 2% and 4%, most preferably about 3% of all the colour symbols; or (ii) the radius of each circle reaches the second pre-defined minimum distance.
  • the method may include the further steps of calculating the average of the colour values of each colour cluster, which results in a new reference point for the corresponding colour; and validating the new reference point.
  • the method may include the step of comparing the minimum distance previously obtained and the distance between the new reference point and its closest neighbouring reference point and, if the former is shorter, regarding the new reference point to be valid, or, if the former is not shorter, regarding the new reference point to be invalid. When the new reference point is invalid, the previous reference point is used for the subsequent colour determination process.
  • the entire colour determination process may be repeated until all the reference points for respective colour used and the colour of each colour symbol is determined.
  • a method of decoding a data storage device comprising the steps of:
  • the step of retrieving the encoded data may include de-compressing the data, prior to reconstructing the data.
  • a bar code comprising:
  • a data representation region that includes a matrix of bar code cells arranged in an optically readable form to carry information
  • an information storage device detection means that includes a pattern that operates as a finder pattern for bar code detection and contains header information and reference cells;
  • the matrix of bar code cells define a data field
  • the cells are present as symbols wherein the symbols used in the data representation region are selected to be symbols that are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space; and
  • the data field is marked by the finder pattern, separated by a separator.
  • the symbols used in the data field are preferably selected to be maximal distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • Bar codes produced according to the invention have the advantage that they can robustly and ubiquitously operate with resource-limited mobile devices. They store data at high density by maximizing the data capacity for a given space.
  • the term "high density" when referring to a bar code means a bar code having a data capacity to encode more than 13 alphanumeric digits. Furthermore they have improved tolerance to physical/mechanical damage.
  • the term "bar code cell” means the component of a bar code which represents one unit of data content, while the term “bar code cell size” means is the physical size of the bar code cell.
  • the finder pattern may be coloured. Desirably the coloured pattern is a black bounding border.
  • the reference cells may also be colour cells.
  • the separator may be coloured. The separator may be between one and five pixels in width, between 1 and 3 pixels in width, or about 1 pixel in width. In one embodiment, the coloured separator is a single pixel border, and is white.
  • the header information may be included in a header information bar code.
  • the header information is a one dimensional bar code, but may be a two, or more, dimensional bar code.
  • the header information is a index 2D bar code.
  • index 2D bar code means the variant of bar codes where their contents are links or indexes to off code information stores.
  • the header information may also encoded information pertaining to at least one of the encoding, decoding, error protection, symbol dimension, security, bar code version, error correction level, or other applicable header information of the bar code.
  • the bar code may be encoded and decoded using a range of devices including mobile devices.
  • the encoding or the decoding of the bar code may be on a mobile device, while the other process may occur on a non-mobile device, or vice versa.
  • the bar code may be produced or rendered as a printed hard copy or it may be produced as a digital soft copy. Preferably, the bar code is produced as a digital display.
  • a method of encoding a bar code comprising the steps of:
  • mapping the interleaved data to form the data storage device wherein the device comprises data cells represented as symbols that are selected so that the symbols are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space;
  • the interleaving operation may be a random operation or a pseudo-random operation.
  • the encoding method may be implemented as software stored on a computer readable medium containing instructions for execution by a processor, and the instructions, when executed, perform the encoding process.
  • the encoding method may be implemented as hardware, with digital logics, which, when executed, perform the encoding process.
  • a method of decoding a bar code having interleaved data mapped onto symbols comprising the steps of:
  • the decoding method may thus include the steps of:
  • the decoding method may be implemented as a software product stored on a computer readable medium containing instructions for execution by a processor, and the instructions, when executed, perform the decoding method.
  • the decoding method may be implemented as a hardware product, with digital logics, which, when executed, perform the decoding method.
  • the header information may include information relating to the security settings, indicators for use, and the symbol version.
  • the symbol may be constructed such that the position of the colour reference cells is included in the header information, as well as information which allows for the calculation of the centroid of each data cell, when used in conjunction with the computed symbol size.
  • the step of sampling the colour values of colour reference cells from the known position may comprise single pixel sampling.
  • the step of sampling the colour values of colour reference cells from the known position may comprise plural pixels sampling.
  • the method may include the step of calculating or determining the average of the colour values of the sampled pixels (in one embodiment 9 samples pixels) or a 3 x 3 window having a center which defines a center pixel of the target cell.
  • the method may include the step of removing extremes by computing the gaps in colour values between adjacent pixels prior to performing the averaging calculation.
  • the step of reading the set of colour values of the centroid of each data cell may include the step of computing the positions of the centroids of each data cell.
  • a bar code comprising a matrix of cells arranged in an optically readable symbol to carry information, where symbols used in the matrix of cells are selected as symbols that are at a distinguishable distance apart across more than one colour space. The distance apart may be maximal.
  • a bar code comprising a header information bar code to contain its header information, where the header information bar code contains encoded information pertaining to at least one of the encoding, decoding, error protection, symbol dimension, security or other applicable header information of the bar code.
  • the bar codes of the invention may be encoded and decoded using mobile devices. As such, it may be encodable or decodable using mobile devices or non- mobile devices. Preferably, the encoding or the decoding of the bar code is on a mobile device, while the other process may be on a non-mobile device, or vice versa.
  • the bar code symbol may be in the form of 20 x 20, 30 x 30, or 40 x 40 data cells, or any suitable variation or intermediates thereof. Typically, the symbol is in the form of a 30 x 30 data cell.
  • the header information bar code may be a one dimensional bar code.
  • the header information bar code may be a two, or more, dimensional bar code.
  • the header information bar code may contain additional information such as (i) error correction levels, (ii) security settings; and (iii) one or more structured append indicators.
  • the bar code may be produced as a printed hard copy or as a digital soft copy.
  • the bar code is produced as a digital display.
  • a symbol recognition operation for recognizing a finder pattern having at least one corner including the steps of:
  • Thresholding may be accomplished by converting the coloured symbol to a binarized image, or a black and white image.
  • the method may include the step, once the finder pattern is located, of calculating the coordinates of the corners (or other reference coordinates) of the finder pattern, thereby to measure the length of each side of the finder pattern to enable the calculation of the orientation of the located finder pattern.
  • the method may include the step of locating an operatively lower or bottom part of the finder pattern where a further bar code and/or reference cells may be embedded, by computing the width of each side of the bounding border.
  • the step of performing a projective transformation to correct symbol distortion may be accomplished by quadrilaterals to quadrilaterals mapping between the code plane and image plane of the symbol, typically using centroids of cells at the corners of the finder pattern.
  • the step of cropping may occur in a coloured image format (and not in the binarized image format).
  • Embodiments of the present invention have the advantage of providing a data storage device such as a colour bar code that is both robust over more than one image format and has a high data capacity. This allows the bar code to operate on both mobile and non-mobile devices, and other relatively low optical resolution devices. This also has the advantage of allowing more data to be encoded in the bar code, while header information is encoded in an enjoined but separate bar code.
  • Embodiments of the invention have increased the usable colours that may be employed in a data storage device such as a bar. This in turn has increased the data capacity of the bar code.
  • Embodiments of the present invention seek to address problems in the prior art relating to the encoding and decoding of machine-based data using high capacity colour-based bar code or other symbol sets in a colour space using mobile devices. They do so by encoding the machine based data using colours at a distinguishable, preferably maximum, distance between each other across two or more colour spaces pertinent to the image reproduction, capture, display and compression formats of the mobile device.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a mobile multi-coloured composite (MMCC) 2-dimensional (2D) bar code symbol for encoding data at high density, suitable for mobile devices, according to embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the 9 colour symbols represented in Red Green Blue (RGB) colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 illustrates the same 9 colour symbols from Figure 2 represented in YCbCr colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 illustrates the same 9 colour symbols from Figure 2 represented in HSV colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5 illustrates the same 9 colour symbols from Figure 2 represented in HSI colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 6 illustrates certain MMCC 2D bar code symbol encoding operations, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 7 illustrates certain MMCC 2D bar code symbol decoding operations, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 the orientation of the MMCC 2D bar code symbol, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 illustrates properties used for computing the position of the centroid of each data cell, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 10 illustrates a square-like grid arrangement for colour symbols in at least one colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 11 illustrates an octagon-like arrangement for colour symbols in at least one colour space, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a data storage device of an embodiment of the present invention in the form of a mobile multi-coloured composite (MMCC) 2D bar code for mobile devices.
  • MMCC mobile multi-coloured composite
  • a coloured, preferably black, pattern 101 is used to encompass or mark the MMCC coloured cells 102 which define a data representation region or data field.
  • This pattern 101 preferably in the form of a black bounding border, also serves as a data storage device detection means or finder pattern for a mobile device to locate and re-orient the captured MMCC 2D bar code. Locating the captured 2D bar code involves the process of finding the actual bar code within the captured image.
  • This image of the captured bar code may require some re- orientation due to the fact that it may be distorted or rotated, or both, within the captured view of the mobile device.
  • Re-orientation involves transformation of the bar code image and correction against geometric distortions such as rotation and/or tilting.
  • a single coloured, pixel border 103 (white in this embodiment) is used to separate the MMCC coloured cells 102 from the black bounding border 101.
  • This header information bar code carries the MMCC 2D bar code encoding information, which includes (i) level of error correction used; (ii) number of data cells used; and (iii) security settings used.
  • level of error correction used used
  • number of data cells used used
  • security settings used used.
  • reference colour cells 105 are used to aid the colour decoding process of the MMCC 2D bar code. These reference colour cells are each bounded by a one pixel wide border (white in this embodiment) to allow better colour separation between the reference colour cells.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the current invention where 9 colour symbols, each labelled according to their Red, Green and Blue colour components, are selected in RGB colour space.
  • 9 colour symbols each labelled according to their Red, Green and Blue colour components, are selected in RGB colour space.
  • One of these 9 colour symbols is 555, where its Red component is 5, its Green component is 5 and its Blue component is also 5.
  • the distances between the 9 translated colour symbols are still at a distinguishable, preferably at maximal, distance apart in HSV colour space, as they were in the YCbCr colour space or the RGB colour space.
  • Figure 5 shows the same 9 colour symbols translated into the Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HSI) colour space, where 555 is the same colour symbol in the YCbCr, the RGB and the HSV colour spaces.
  • HSI Hue, Saturation and Intensity
  • an ancillary or additional bar code may be used to encode header information of a given bar code and to embed this header information bar code (for example, 104 in Figure 1 ) in the finder pattern of the main bar code (for example, Figure 1 ).
  • This allows more header information to be robustly stored in a limited space, without taking away or interfering with any data encoding space (for example 102 in Figure 1 ) from the main bar code. It also prevents the cell size falling below a certain point where two adjacent cells can no longer clearly be distinguished.
  • Processes for encoding data in the mobile multi-coloured composite (MMCC) 2D bar code are illustrated in Figure 6.
  • step 601 information data to be encoded is compressed using a data compression algorithm, such as arithmetic coding.
  • error correction coding will be applied on the compressed data.
  • An example of such an error correction coding is Reed Solomon coding.
  • these error correction encoded data are interleaved so that consecutive data are not clustered together. This will ensure that when an error does occur in the decoding process, no long consecutive streams of data are in error, as error correction algorithms such as Reed Solomon are best at correcting burst errors and not long chain of consecutive errors.
  • An example of data interleaving is to use pseudo-random interleaving.
  • the interleaved data are encoded using the selected colour symbols that are at a distinguishable, in this embodiment maximal, distance apart across more than one colour space.
  • the code header information such as error correction level used, bar code size, security parameters and so forth are created and encoded in another bar code symbology at step 605.
  • a MMCC 2D bar code (such as that illustrated in Figure 1 ), which comprises the encoded colour symbols (102 in Figure 1 ), header information bar code (104 in Figure 1), reference colour cells (105 in Figure 1 ) and finder pattern (101 in Figure 1) is produced.
  • An error correction level can be selected according to the user's requirements. Generally, an error correction rate will be approximately 22%.
  • Reed-Solomon codes are computed and added to the compressed data in step 602. 8 bits are used to encode each symbol. Prior to applying the random interleaving operation in step 603, these data are converted to decimal integers and padded with "0"s as required.
  • the zero-padding is performed when the amount of data is not sufficient to be encoded into a certain version of the invention. For example, when the number of the integers (i.e., the data to be encoded) is less than 900 for certain version of the MMCC 2D bar code comprising 30 x 30 data cells, zero-padding is performed.
  • step 603. the data with error-protection are preferably mapped to colour symbols according to a code conversion mapping method.
  • Table 1 presents an example of such a mapping method.
  • the sets of colour values are presented in the normalized range [0, 1].
  • Table 1 illustrates a code mapping method, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • mapping of binary information bits to colour symbols in a MMCC 2D bar code is illustrated in Table 2.
  • the binary information bits are grouped into information symbols of 3-bit, and these information symbols of 3- bit are then mapped to the 9 colours symbols, such as that presented in Figure 2.
  • This mapping is according to the table illustrated in Table 2, where the symbols of 3-bit are categorised as 3-bit Gray code, where each adjacent Gray code is mapped to colour symbol that are non-adjacent and distinguishably apart in a given colour space.
  • a control information symbol CTRL is mapped to the colour symbol 555 of Figure 2. This mapping can assist to minimise the potential error in decoding of the information bits encoded in the colour symbols of the MMCC 2D bar code.
  • the reverse of this mapping is performed at step 704 of Figure 7. The reverse mapping is done by mapping the colour symbol on the right column to the 3-bit Gray code in the left column, of the mapping in Table 2.
  • Table 2 illustrates the mapping of 3-bit Gray code to the 9 colour symbols from Figure 2, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • step 605 of Figure 6 the code header information, such as error correction level used, bar code size, security parameters and so forth are created and encoded in another bar code symbology.
  • This header information bar code can be either 1 D bar code or 2D bar code. Encoding the symbol version is essential in order to decode the present invention accurately since it defines the number of data cells and the position of the colour reference area. Additional information such as error correction level, security setting and a structured append indicator can also be encoded.
  • the bar code symbol of the MMCC is preferably produced as print on paper or be displayed on digital screen.
  • FIG. 7 An embodiment of the current invention in decoding a MMCC 2D bar code is illustrated in Figure 7.
  • the finder pattern of the MMCC 2D bar code is located in the captured image on the mobile device. If no MMCC 2D bar code finder pattern can be located within the image, then the decoding process will end. If the finder pattern is located within the image, then, step 702 of the decoding process is to correct for the MMCC 2D bar code symbol distortions within the captured image.
  • the corrected distortions include, but are not restricted to, symbol rotation, symbol tilting and symbol skewing.
  • step 703 of the decoding process is to decode and interpret the header information bar code within the finder pattern in order to determine the encoding parameters of the MMCC 2D bar code. Furthermore, the colour from the colour cells in the captured image of the MMCC 2D bar code is also sampled. These sampled reference colours will be used to determine the base reference colours of the data cells within the captured MMCC 2D bar code. Based on these sampled reference colours, the MMCC 2D bar code colour symbols are decoded in step 704 of the decoding process. The decoded data is then de-interleaved using the inverse interleaving operation (step 603) of the encoding process illustrated in Figure 6.
  • step 705 of Figure 7. The de-interleaved data is then processed by an error detection and correction decoding operation, step 706, which is suited to the error correction coding employed in step 602 of Figure 6. For example, for Reed Solomon coding, the Viterbi decoding operation is employed.
  • the successfully decoded data will then, in step 707, be decompressed by a decompression operation suited to the compression algorithm of step 601 of Figure 6. If the error detection and correction decoding process is unsuccessful, the decoded data cannot be decoded and will result in the termination of the MMCC 2D bar code decoding process. Otherwise, step 708 will extract the raw data from the decompression process of step 707.
  • a thresholding process is performed to convert the captured colour image to a binarized image or black and white image, which facilitates detection and correction of the target.
  • This process removes the effect of colour including the colours in the reference cells, leaving the skeleton of the finder pattern and the background image with similar colour values to the finder pattern.
  • Thresholding may be conducted in two different but preferably ways: using a modified adaptive thresholding method known in the art and/or using the threshold empirically (i.e. known in the art as "global thresholding").
  • the former scheme is an effective method to remove the uneven lighting effect from the input/captured image and, in fact, demonstrated strong capability in removing the lighting effect.
  • the adaptive thresholding is very time consuming even when the floating point operations are replaced with the shifted integer operations to reduce the operation time. Furthermore, the latter method can save considerable time and computational power. Moreover, there was no significant difference observed in the quality between the images thresholded by the adaptive thresholding and the "global thresholding" method even when the target images were exposed to rather strong lighting effect. Thus, for this embodiment either one, or both, thresholding methods can be applied as one part of step 701 in Figure 7.
  • step 701 in Figure 7 the solid border 101 of Figure 1, wherein the header information 104 and colour reference cells 105 are embedded, allows the area of the finder pattern to be used as a criterion to search for a candidate finder pattern.
  • the decoder first searches for a candidate for the finder pattern within the captured image. Once the finder pattern is located, the coordinates of its four corners are calculated, which are then used to measure the length of each side of the rectangular finder pattern. The size of each side and the coordinates of the four corners enable the calculation of the orientation of the located finder pattern.
  • the operatively lower or bottom part of the finder pattern, where another bar code and the reference cells are embedded may be found by computing the width of each side of the bounding border.
  • the widest side should be the bottom.
  • the lengths of the opposite side ( ⁇ ) and the adjacent side (w) can be obtained via the coordinates of both ends of the bottom (see Figure 8).
  • the orientation angle ( ⁇ ) between the x- axis of the image and the base of the lower/bottom part can be calculated as:
  • the projective transformation that is preferably applied is the quadrilaterals to quadrilaterals mapping between the code plane and image plane. This can be performed once four corresponding points in the finder pattern are located. The centroids of cells at, or proximal to, the corners of the finder pattern are used in this calculation.
  • step 703 the next step is decoding the bar code, step 703 in Figure 7.
  • the image Prior to decoding, the image is cropped leaving only the 2D bar code symbol, which improves the subsequent decoding performance. This operation is applied to the coloured image, and not the binarized image.
  • the header information is retrieved.
  • This header information can include optional information such as security setting and an indicator for use of the structured append.
  • the important information is the symbol version that defines the number of cells in the data area and the position of the colour reference area. Together with the computed symbol size (i.e., its height and width), the former information enables the calculation of the centroid of each data cell. The position of the colour reference cells are fixed, depending on the symbol version.
  • step 703 in Figure 7 the values of the colour reference cells are sampled.
  • the former approach is to simply sample the centroid of each cell and retrieve the set of the colour values belong to that single pixel.
  • more than one pixel within each cell is sampled and the set of the average of each R, G and B colour component of the sampled values are considered to represent the colour values of that cell.
  • the positions of the centroids must be computed.
  • the width of the solid bounding border is equivalent to a side of a square data cell.
  • the operatively lower or bottom part of the finder pattern corresponds to 5 times the side of a data cell.
  • the height, H c and the width, W c of each data cell can be computed from the height, H f and the width, W f of the finder pattern and the number of data cells as:
  • the shape of the data cells is originally square, the cell height and width are calculated separately as the shape may be slightly changed after the orientation and distortion correction. This results in accurate computation of the centroids.
  • step 704 in Figure 7 wherein the colour of each data cell is determined, this can be achieved by comparing the set of sampled colour values with those in the colour reference cells. The Euclidean distances between the set of the sampled colour values and those of each reference cell in the 3D RGB colour space are first calculated. Then, the colour of the sampled cell is determined by selecting the reference colour whose colour values are closest to those of that data cell.
  • reference cells are desirable for robust colour bar code reading. However, it may not be perfectly reliable all the time. In fact, it has appeared that the values of reference cells are often lower as compared to those of data cells. A possible cause for this is the location of the colour reference area. Although the reference cells are enclosed by 4-pixel-wide white separator, the reference area is embedded in the black finder pattern, which often darkens the entire area. To solve this problem, the invention provides a colour sampling scheme to determine new reference points. These can be obtained in the following steps:
  • the percentage will increase by 5% until the radius reaches the 50 of the minimum distance.
  • the new reference point By comparing the minimum distance previously obtained and the distance between the new reference point and its closest neighbouring reference point, if the former is shorter, the new reference point is considered to be valid, or else invalid. When the new reference point is invalid, the previous reference point is used for the subsequent colour determination process.
  • the entire colour determination process is repeated. This is done until all the colours in the data cells are determined. Then the coloured data cells are mapped to their corresponding data values. In one embodiment, this mapping between colour symbols and the corresponding data values can be done simply using the code conversion table (see Table 1 ) or if encoding was done using 3-bit Gray code, then by using the mapping in Table 2. This is the inverse operation of the MMCC 2D bar code encoding process 604 in Figure 6.
  • a combination of the Reed-Solomon coding and interleaving techniques is used to protect data in the MMCC 2D bar code symbol.
  • the data is first de-interleaved in step 705 of Figure 7.
  • the de-interleaved data is then corrected when errors are found in step 706 of Figure 7.
  • the data is compressed before they were encoded into a MMCC 2D bar code symbol.
  • the data are first decompressed in step 707 of Figure 7, and then, the original data are reconstructed in step 708 of Figure 7.
  • the arrangement of the colour symbols in at least one of the colour spaces is of the shape of a square-like grid arrangement such as illustrated in Figure 10.
  • the arrangement of the colour symbols in at least one of the colour spaces is of the shape of an octagon-like grid arrangement such as illustrated in Figure 11.
  • one octagon-like grid arrangement where the colour symbol positions are marked with solid dots and joint by dashed lines, can exist on its own, or (as illustrated in Figure 11 ), be overlaid with at least another octagon-like grid arrangement, where the colour symbol positions are marked with round circles and joint by solid lines, within the same colour space, such that these arrangements and their respective colour symbols are at a distinguishable, preferably at maximal, distance apart in the or each colour spaces.
  • each of the colour symbols map to one 3 dimensional coordinate in the or each colour spaces.
  • the arrangement of the colour symbols in at least one of the colour spaces is of the shape of a geometric grid arrangement, where such an arrangement can exist on its own, or together with one or more other geometric grid arrangement within the same colour space, such that these arrangements and their respective colour symbols are at a distinguishable, preferably at maximal, distance apart in the or each colour spaces.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un dispositif de stockage de données et des procédés de codage et de décodage d'un dispositif de stockage de données. L'invention a trait, plus particulièrement, au domaine du codage et du décodage de données informatiques au moyen de codes à barres multicolores de haute capacité ou d'autres ensembles de symboles dans un espace coloré. Elle peut être utilisée, par exemple, dans des applications à codes barre utilisant des dispositifs mobiles dans le but de fournir un code à barres en deux dimensions et en couleur pour une informatique véritablement omniprésente.
PCT/AU2009/001205 2008-09-16 2009-09-11 Dispositif de stockage de données et procédés de codage et de décodage Ceased WO2010031110A1 (fr)

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CN106056021A (zh) * 2016-06-13 2016-10-26 上海交通大学 基于色相的容量可变彩色二维码流数据通信方法及系统
CN106056021B (zh) * 2016-06-13 2019-01-25 上海交通大学 基于色相的容量可变彩色二维码流数据通信方法及系统
CN106559581B (zh) * 2016-12-07 2019-08-23 北京摇光智能科技有限公司 一种提高摄像头拍摄图形码通信时的通信速度的方法
CN106559581A (zh) * 2016-12-07 2017-04-05 北京摇光智能科技有限公司 一种提高摄像头拍摄图形码通信时的通信速度的方法
US20220230006A1 (en) * 2018-02-23 2022-07-21 Pixart Imaging Inc. Color bar code and code determining system
CN110188854B (zh) * 2018-02-23 2022-04-26 原相科技股份有限公司 彩色条码、码判断方法以及码判断系统
US11681887B2 (en) * 2018-02-23 2023-06-20 Pixart Imaging Inc. Color bar code and code determining system
CN110188854A (zh) * 2018-02-23 2019-08-30 原相科技股份有限公司 彩色条码、码判断方法以及码判断系统
US11880438B2 (en) 2018-10-17 2024-01-23 Integrated Solutions International, Llc Systems and methods for age restricted product activation
US12386931B2 (en) 2018-10-17 2025-08-12 Integrated Solutions International, Llc Systems and methods for age restricted product activation
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EP4134868A4 (fr) * 2020-04-10 2024-04-24 Variety M-1 Inc. Code d'informations, dispositif de génération de code d'informations, dispositif de lecture de code d'informations, programme, et système d'utilisation de code d'informations
US12265864B2 (en) 2020-04-10 2025-04-01 Variety M-1 Inc. Information code, information code generation device, information code readout device, program, and information code utilization system
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