WO2010029908A1 - 中空糸膜及び中空糸膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
中空糸膜及び中空糸膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010029908A1 WO2010029908A1 PCT/JP2009/065631 JP2009065631W WO2010029908A1 WO 2010029908 A1 WO2010029908 A1 WO 2010029908A1 JP 2009065631 W JP2009065631 W JP 2009065631W WO 2010029908 A1 WO2010029908 A1 WO 2010029908A1
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- hollow fiber
- fiber membrane
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- hole
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
- B01D69/087—Details relating to the spinning process
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/66—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/68—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/021—Pore shapes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hollow fiber membrane suitably used as a separation membrane for a water purifier and the like, and a method for producing the hollow fiber membrane.
- hollow fiber membrane modules that perform filtration and dialysis of substances contained in the liquid to be treated have a large effective membrane area per unit volume, so water treatment related to microfiltration, ultrafiltration, etc., nitrogen It is used in many fields such as gas separation, oxygen, hydrogen, etc., medicine, biotechnology, etc.
- Homogeneous membranes were the mainstream of hollow fiber membranes initially used, but membranes with an asymmetric structure provided with a dense layer have become mainstream as pursuing permeability.
- a hollow fiber membrane having an asymmetric structure is formed using a double ring nozzle, and a liquid is injected into a central pipe to form a hollow shape. If a dense structure is formed on the inner surface side and has non-solidification properties, a dense layer is formed on the outer surface side in a coagulation bath provided on the downstream side.
- spinning draft rate is defined as the ratio of the speed at which the film forming stock solution exits from the spinneret and the take-up speed of the produced hollow fiber membrane. The values are very different.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a porous fiber having a spinning draft rate of 100 or 185.
- this document is based on a melt spinning method in which film formation is stable even at a high spinning draft rate.
- the film formation is stable at a high spinning draft rate. This is considered because the polymer, which is the film forming composition, is oriented as it is drafted, and the strength of the hollow fiber membrane is increased.
- Patent Document 2 since the production becomes unstable if the spinning draft rate is extremely increased or decreased, the spinning draft rate is usually set in the range of 2 to 5, Patent Document 3 also describes that the spinning draft rate is in the range of 10 to 300% (0.1 to 3) for the same reason. Further, Patent Document 4 points out a problem that the inner surface of the hollow fiber is torn only when the spinning draft rate exceeds 2, and the substance to be removed easily leaks. Further, when the balance between polymer aggregation and spinning draft is lost, in an extreme example, the inner surface has a star-shaped structure and the outer surface has a pleated structure, and problems such as yarn breakage are likely to occur.
- Patent Document 5 describes that the spinning draft rate is 5 or more.
- this method is considered to be a membrane-forming method by a thermally induced phase separation method, although it is not specified. Since the method of forming a hollow fiber membrane having an asymmetric structure by the phase separation method does not coagulate while the polymer components are oriented, the same concept cannot be applied.
- the phase separation method is a kind of membrane preparation method.
- the former is a method of inducing phase separation by giving a temperature change to a uniform polymer solution.
- a membrane with a uniform structure is used in the production of a hollow fiber membrane.
- This is a method suitable for film formation.
- the latter is a method of inducing phase separation by adding a non-solvent composition to a uniform polymer solution, and is a method suitable for forming an asymmetric membrane by controlling the interface conditions such as inside and outside.
- An object of this invention is to provide the manufacturing method of the hollow fiber membrane which can be applied industrially and can increase the filling membrane area in a hollow fiber membrane module, and can improve a turbidity elimination performance.
- a method for producing a hollow fiber membrane characterized in that when a hollow fiber membrane having an asymmetric structure is produced by a liquid injection method using a double ring nozzle, the membrane is produced with a spinning draft rate of 6 or more and 13 or less.
- the viscosity of the membrane-forming stock solution obtained by dissolving the constituent components of the hollow fiber membrane in an organic solvent is 1 Pa ⁇ s or more and 10 Pa ⁇ s or less. .
- the “aspect ratio of the holes formed on the film surface” refers to the dimension ratio of the formed holes in the vertical / lateral directions.
- the longitudinal direction refers to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane
- the lateral direction refers to a direction within the surface of the hollow fiber membrane and perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the present invention it is possible to produce a hollow fiber membrane having a small diameter without being forced to change the die, and therefore it can be applied industrially.
- a hollow fiber membrane when such a hollow fiber membrane is incorporated into a module at the same filling rate as a module loaded with a conventional large-diameter hollow fiber membrane, the filled membrane area can be increased and more than the increase in membrane area can be removed. Turbidity can be improved. Therefore, as a cartridge, the replacement frequency is low, the energy load for disposal of such a cartridge can be reduced, and it is environmentally friendly.
- the present invention is a method for producing a hollow fiber membrane having an asymmetric structure by a liquid injection method using a double ring nozzle, for example, by a non-solvent induced phase separation method, and forming a film on an outer peripheral slit portion of the double ring nozzle
- the stock solution is injected into the center pipe with a liquid such as non-solidifying to form a hollow shape.
- the film-forming stock solution is discharged from a double ring nozzle together with, for example, a non-coagulable liquid, and after running idle in a predetermined section, is led to a coagulation bath provided on the downstream side.
- the hollow fiber membrane solidified into a hollow shape by the coagulation bath is washed with water and then wound up in a skein.
- a hollow fiber membrane constituent component such as a polysulfone polymer is dissolved in the membrane forming stock solution.
- a polysulfone-based polymer is a polymer composed of repeating units of the following formula (1) or (2), but a functional group may be added to a part of the skeleton, and is not limited thereto.
- solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxane and the like are used, and in particular, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N -Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is desirable and may be appropriately selected according to the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution and the coagulability of the injected liquid.
- the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution in the double ring nozzle is preferably 1 Pa ⁇ s or more and 10 Pa ⁇ s or less.
- An excessively high viscosity of the film-forming stock solution is not preferable because the pressure in the spinneret becomes too high, and a stable discharge state cannot be maintained.
- the viscosity of the film-forming stock solution is too low, the spinnability is lowered, so that yarn breakage occurs before the film structure is formed, which is not preferable. More preferably, it is the range of 2 Pa ⁇ s or more and 8 Pa ⁇ s or less.
- an additive can be added to the film-forming stock solution.
- a hollow fiber membrane for a water purifier is preferably used because the hollow fiber membrane itself becomes hydrophilic by adding a hydrophilic polymer.
- a hydrophilic polymer Considering the affinity with the polysulfone resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol are most preferable.
- the addition amount can be reduced as compared with the case of using a hydrophilic polymer having a small molecular weight. Therefore, by examining the molecular weight of the hydrophilic polymer, Viscosity adjustment can also be performed.
- the liquid to be injected into the center pipe is appropriately selected from solid or non-solid according to the desired form of the hollow fiber membrane.
- This coagulation value represents the added weight of the injection liquid when the injection solution is added little by little to 50 g of the 1% by weight main polymer solution constituting the membrane and the system becomes cloudy. It shows that the solidification property of injection
- a solidifying liquid When a solidifying liquid is used as such a liquid, solidification starts from the inner surface, so that a dense layer is formed on the inner surface side of the hollow fiber membrane.
- a non-solidifying liquid solidification starts from the outer surface by the coagulation bath provided on the downstream side, so that a dense layer is formed on the outer surface side of the hollow fiber membrane.
- the liquid in the coagulation bath is preferably composed mainly of water because it is inexpensive.
- a mixture of water and a solvent of the polymer composition is preferably used, but an additive such as a dispersant can also be added.
- the spinning draft rate is 6 or more and 13 or less in the above-described steps.
- the spinning draft rate is a ratio between the discharge linear velocity of the film forming composition from the outer peripheral slit portion of the double ring nozzle and the winding speed of the hollow fiber, and the winding speed is the discharge linear velocity of the film forming composition. Indicates the value divided by.
- the discharge linear velocity is a linear velocity when the film-forming composition is discharged from the outer peripheral slit of the double ring nozzle, and is a value obtained by dividing the discharge flow rate by the outer slit sectional area.
- a low spinning draft rate means that the outer slit width is small, but in this case, when the spinning speed is increased, the pressure loss at the spinneret becomes high and a stable discharge state cannot be maintained. The membrane structure is disturbed, causing problems in quality such as water permeability and fractionation performance. Furthermore, since the difficulty of manufacturing a double ring nozzle with a small slit width increases, problems such as high costs arise.
- the spinning draft rate is too high, when the injected liquid has coagulability, the hollow fiber inner surface cannot be maintained hollow due to the influence of the spinning draft, and the smoothness of the inner surface is lost. A polygonal structure such as a shape is formed, which is not preferable. Further, when the injected liquid has non-coagulability, the outer surface of the hollow fiber is affected by the spinning draft, the smoothness of the outer surface is lost, and a pleated structure is formed, which is not preferable.
- a parameter for confirming the influence of the spinning draft rate is the aspect ratio of the hole formed on the surface.
- the definition of the aspect ratio is as described above. Generally, when the draft rate is high, the aspect ratio tends to be high.
- a film having an asymmetric structure in which a dense layer is formed on one of the inner side and the outer side is formed.
- the porosity on the surface on which the layer is formed is 8% or more and 14% or less. Furthermore, 10% or more and 13% or less are more preferable.
- the aspect ratio of the pores formed on the membrane surface on the side having the dense layer of the hollow fiber membrane is 3 or more and 5 or less. Furthermore, 3 or more and 4 or less are more preferable ranges.
- the membrane of the present invention having the above-mentioned aperture ratio or aspect ratio is used for a water purifier, it becomes possible to improve the turbidity performance more than the membrane area increment.
- the turbidity removal performance is a numerical value until turbidity accumulates and the filtration flow rate falls below a certain value, and is usually considered to be proportional to the membrane area. However, it has been found that by using the hollow fiber membrane formed according to the present invention, the turbidity is improved beyond the membrane area.
- the turbidity is improved more than the membrane area
- a 0.3 ⁇ m hole is formed in a perfect circle shape
- water stops flowing through the hole if the hole is affected by the draft, even if 0.3 ⁇ m particles are captured at the center of the hole, water will still flow at both ends in the longitudinal direction of the hole.
- the influence of the draft is the largest on the outermost surface, but even a little inside it, it is affected by the draft, and the part that can be filtered still remains after the particles are trapped.
- the surface area on the dense layer side is 8% or more and 14% or less, or the surface pore aspect ratio is 3 or more and 5 or less.
- the three-dimensional structure of the pores is formed due to the influence of the draft, and it is expected that the turbidity is improved for the reasons described above.
- the aspect ratio is 5 or more, it is considered that the spinning draft rate is too high, and the discharge of the film forming solution becomes unstable, which is not preferable.
- the dense layer does not necessarily need to be the outermost surface of the film.
- the dense layer is provided in a portion slightly inside from the outer surface by controlling the dry part conditions, the thickness of the dense layer can be reduced and the film can be transmitted. It is also preferable from the viewpoint of improved properties.
- the porosity of the other side of the membrane where the dense layer is not formed needs to be higher than that of the dense layer because it does not contribute much to the permeation resistance of the membrane. If the opening rate is too high, the strength of the hollow fiber membrane decreases, and the opening rate is preferably 15% or more and 20% or less, and more preferably 16% or more and 20% or less.
- Macrovoids are pores that are clearly larger than the surrounding holes, and are often regarded as structural defects because they significantly reduce pressure resistance.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane is preferable because it can be processed into a cartridge by a known method and treated as a water purifier because more water can be treated while maintaining removal performance such as turbidity and iron rust.
- the method for measuring the viscosity of the membrane-forming stock solution and the method for testing the turbidity of the water purifier cartridge are as follows.
- Turbidity removal performance test of water purifier cartridge It evaluated along the method shown by JIS S3200 (1999).
- Measurement of Opening Ratio on Hollow Fiber Membrane Surface A 3000 times image of the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane was taken with a field emission scanning electron microscope (S-800, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.).
- the hollow fiber membrane is influenced by the draft, it is suitable for grasping the structural characteristics when installed in the longitudinal direction.
- the image size was 655 ⁇ 740 pixels.
- Image processing was performed with Matrox Inspector 2.2 (Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd.).
- the hole portion was turned white and the others were turned black, and the number of pixels in the white portion was measured.
- the binarization boundary level was set to an intermediate value between the difference between the whitest part and the blackest part.
- the sum of the pixels in each hole portion (total opening area) was divided by the number of pixels in the entire image, and the percentage expressed as a percentage.
- Opening ratio (%) (total number of pixels in each hole) / (number of pixels in the entire image) ⁇ 100 Since the resolution of the image was 0.046948 ⁇ m / pixel, the area S of the electron microscope image was calculated to be 1068.4 ⁇ m 2 .
- the average hole diameter counted the number of the holes displayed white, and measured the pixel number of each hole. When the number of pixels of the hole was 2 pixels or less, it was removed as noise.
- the length in the direction of the longer length of each hole is the length in the vertical direction (that is, the length in the major axis direction in the case of an ellipse).
- the apex of the longer length of the hole is determined, and the length of the line connecting the apexes is the vertical length of the hole.
- the horizontal length is the length in the direction perpendicular to the vertical direction, and the length of the longest portion of the hole in the horizontal direction is taken.
- Example 1 15 parts by weight of polysulfone (hereinafter referred to as PSf, manufactured by BASF: Ultrason S6010), 7 parts by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (hereinafter referred to as PVP, ISP, K-90: molecular weight 1,200,000), 75 parts by weight of dimethylacetamide (hereinafter referred to as DMAc) and water 3 A part by weight was dissolved and stirred to prepare a stock solution. The viscosity of this film-forming stock solution at 40 ° C. was 3.4 Pa ⁇ s.
- This film-forming stock solution was discharged from a double ring nozzle having an outer peripheral slit width of 0.15 mm maintained at 40 ° C., passed through a predetermined dry length, and then wound up at 36 m / min through a coagulation and water washing process. .
- the discharge amount of the membrane forming stock solution was adjusted so that the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane was 0.07 mm and the outer diameter was 0.36 mm.
- the discharge linear velocity of the double ring nozzle obtained by dividing the discharge amount from the double ring nozzle by the discharge cross-sectional area was 5.4 m / min, and the spinning draft rate at this time was 6.7.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are SEM photographs of the outer surface and the inner surface of the film obtained in Example 1, respectively.
- the porosity of the film was measured from these, the porosity of the outer surface was 13.4%, the porosity of the inner surface was 18.9%, and no macrovoids were formed on both sides of the film. It was.
- a white broken line thick frame portion in FIG. 1A indicates a 20 ⁇ m image area, and 20 holes are extracted in the order of increasing vertical length of the hole formed in the outermost surface on the outer membrane surface side (FIG. 1 ⁇ c)
- the aspect ratio was 3.3
- the vertical dimension was 11.1 mm (actual size: 2.9 ⁇ m).
- Example 2 A hollow fiber membrane was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the discharge amount of the membrane forming stock solution was adjusted so that the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane was 0.065 mm and the outer diameter was 0.35 mm. The spinning draft rate at this time was 7.0.
- the obtained hollow fiber membrane had an asymmetric structure, and a dense structure was formed on the outer surface.
- FIGS. 2-a and 2-b are SEM photographs of the outer surface and the inner surface of the film obtained in Example 2, respectively. When the porosity was measured from these, the porosity on the outer surface was 13.7%, the porosity on the inner surface was 17.1%, and no macrovoids were formed on both sides of the film.
- Holes formed on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane were extracted from the white broken line thick frame portion of FIG. 2-a in the same manner as in Example 1 (FIG. 2-c), and the aspect ratio was measured. 7.
- the vertical dimension was 13.0 mm (actual size 3.4 ⁇ m).
- 1032 hollow fiber membranes were bundled, made into a U shape, potted, filled into a cartridge case, filled with activated carbon, and used as a water purifier cartridge.
- the membrane area of the cartridge was 0.086 m 2 and the turbidity removal performance was 1400 L. Compared to Comparative Example 2, the membrane area was increased by 30%, but the turbidity was improved by 82%.
- Example 1 A hollow fiber membrane was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the hollow fiber membrane was 0.08 mm and the outer diameter was 0.46 mm. The spinning draft rate at this time was 4.2. A dense structure was formed on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane. From the SEM photographs of the outer surface and inner surface of the film obtained in Comparative Example 1, from FIG. 3-a and FIG. 3-b, the outer surface has a hole area ratio of 14.5% and the inner surface hole area ratio. Was 19.2%, and no macrovoids were formed on both sides of the film.
- FIG. 3A holes formed on the outer surface of the hollow fiber membrane were extracted in the same manner as in Example 1 (FIG. 3C) and the aspect ratio was measured. 4.
- the vertical dimension was 9.6 mm (actual size 2.5 ⁇ m).
- 888 hollow fiber membranes were bundled to form a water purifier cartridge having the same shape as in Example 1.
- the membrane area of the cartridge was 0.12 m 2 and the turbidity removal performance was 2400 L.
- the membrane area of the cartridge was 0.066 m 2 and the turbidity removal performance was 770 L.
- the hollow fiber membrane was prepared to have a film thickness of 0.04 mm, and the hollow fiber membrane was tried to be wound at a spinning draft ratio of 13.3. However, the yarn could not be wound because the yarn breakage occurred repeatedly.
- Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are cartridges having the same shape.
- the membrane area was increased by 20%, but the turbidity was improved by 38%, and an effect equal to or greater than the membrane area could be obtained.
- Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 are cartridges having the same shape.
- the membrane area is increased by 30%, but the turbidity is improved by 82%, and an effect equal to or greater than the membrane area can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
尚、熱誘起相分離法、非溶媒誘起相分離法とは、膜の作製法の一種であり、前者は均一なポリマー溶液に温度変化を与えることにより、相分離を誘起させる方法で、中空糸膜の製膜においては均一構造の膜の製膜に適した方法である。後者は均一なポリマー溶液に非溶媒組成が加わることにより、相分離を誘起させる方法で、内側と外側というように界面条件を制御することで、非対称膜の製膜に適した方法である。
(1)内側および外側のうちの一方に緻密層を有し、かつ該緻密層を有する側の膜表面に形成される孔のアスペクト比が3以上5以下であることを特徴とする中空糸膜。
(2)内側および外側のうちの一方に緻密層を有し、かつ該緻密層を有する側の膜表面における開孔率が8%以上、14%以下であり、他方側の膜表面における開孔率が15%以上、20%以下であることを特徴とする中空糸膜。
(3)二重環ノズルを用いて液体注入法で非対称構造の中空糸膜を製膜するに際し、紡糸ドラフト率を6以上13以下として製膜することを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
(4)中空糸膜構成成分を有機溶媒に溶解させた製膜原液の粘度が1Pa・s以上、10Pa・s以下であることを特徴とする、前記(3)記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
(5)中空糸膜構成成分がポリスルホン系ポリマーであることを特徴とする、前記(3)または(4)記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
(6)液体注入法で用いる注入液体が非凝固性であることを特徴とする、前記(3)乃至(5)いずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
(7)前記(3)乃至(6)いずれかの方法により得られた中空糸膜または前記(1)又は(2)記載の中空糸膜を備えた浄水器。
-メチル-2-ピロリドンが望ましく、製膜原液の粘度や注入液体の凝固性に応じて適宜選択すれば良い。
本発明においては、上記のような工程において紡糸ドラフト率を6以上13以下とすることが重要である。紡糸ドラフト率とは、二重環ノズルの外周スリット部からの製膜組成物の吐出線速度と、中空糸の巻き取り速度との比であり、巻き取り速度を製膜組成物の吐出線速度で割った値を示す。なお吐出線速度とは、二重環ノズルの外周スリットから製膜組成物が吐出されるときの線速度で、吐出流量を外周スリット断面積で割った値である。
紡糸ドラフト率が低すぎる場合、膜を細径化してカートリッジへの充填膜面積を増大したとしても、膜面積増大分の除濁性能の向上効果しか見込めない。加えて紡糸ドラフト率が低いということは、外周スリット幅が小さいということであるが、この場合、紡速を上げる際には紡糸口金部での圧損が高くなり、安定した吐出状態を維持できなくなり、膜構造が乱れ、透水性能、分画性能といった品質に問題が生じる。更には、スリット幅の小さい二重環ノズルの製作難易度も上がるため、高コストになる等の問題が生じる。
(1)粘度測定:
JIS K7117(1999年)に示されるB型粘度計を用いて測定し、n=3の平均値を測定値とした。
(2)浄水器カートリッジの除濁性能試験
JIS S3200(1999年)に示される手法に沿って、評価した。
(3)中空糸膜表面の開孔率測定
電界放射型走査型電子顕微鏡(日立社製、S-800)で中空糸膜外表面の3000倍画像を撮影した。中空糸膜はドラフトの影響を受けているため、長手方向に設置すると構造的な特徴を把握するのに好適である。画像サイズは655×740ピクセルとした。Matrox Inspector2.2(Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd.)で画像処理を行った。孔部分を白く、それ以外を黒く反転させ、白い部分のピクセル数を測定した。二値化の境界レベルは、最も白い部分と最も黒い部分の差の中間の値とした。各孔部分でのピクセルの総和(総開孔面積)を画像全体のピクセル数で除し、百分率で表したものを開孔率とした。
尚、画像の解像度は0.046948μm/ピクセルであったので、上記電子顕微鏡画像の面積Sは1068.4μm2と算出された。
孔面積(μm2 )=(孔のピクセル数)×(解像度0.140845)2
上記孔面積から、各孔の直径を算出し、その算術平均を平均孔径とした。
なお、孔数が3000を越えるとカウントできないため、解析範囲を465×525ピクセルに減らして同様の操作を行う。
(4)膜表面の孔のアスペクト比測定
中空糸膜表面の開孔率測定で用いた画像を用いて、20ミクロン画の視野(印字上は76mm画)において、最表層に形成された孔の縦方向長さの大きい順に20個抽出し、その縦/横の寸法(長さ)比を測定した。なお、20ミクロン画の視野において、最表層に形成された孔は細長い楕円のような形状をしているが、その孔の長い方の長さの方向(楕円でいえば長軸方向)は各孔によって若干の傾きの差がある。このような場合には、各孔の長い方の長さの方向(楕円でいえば長軸方向)の長さを縦方向の長さ(すなわち、楕円でいえば長軸方向の長さ)とする。つまり、孔の長い方の長さの頂点を決め、その頂点を結んだ線の長さが、その孔の縦方向の長さとなる。また、20ミクロン画の視野において、横方向の長さは、縦方向に垂直な方向の長さであって、その孔の最も横方向に長い箇所の長さをとるものとする。アスペクト比を正確に測定するために、その影響を強く受けると考えられる最外表面の孔を抽出すること、孔が形成されてからドラフトの影響を受ける時間を十分に有していると思われる大きな孔(孔断面積)を抽出することが重要である。一つの孔(閉じられた楕円のような形状のもの。孔の内部がやや薄暗くなっている。)の中に、さらに閉じられた孔あるいは孔の一部が観察される場合があるが、これらは最表層の孔ではなく、内部に存在する孔であるため、アスペクト比の測定には関与しない孔として無視するものとする。
ポリスルホン(以下PSf、BASF社製:ウルトラゾンS6010)15重量部とポリビニルピロリドン(以下PVP、ISP社製K-90:分子量120万)7重量部とジメチルアセトアミド(以下DMAc)75重量部と水3重量部を溶解撹拌し、製膜原液を調製した。この製膜原液の40℃における粘度は3.4Pa・sであった。この製膜原液を40℃に保たれた外周スリット幅0.15mmの二重環ノズルより吐出し、所定の乾式長を通過させた後、凝固、水洗工程を経て、36m/分で巻き取った。なお、このとき中空糸膜の膜厚が0.07mm、外径が0.36mmとなるように製膜原液の吐出量を調製した。また、二重環ノズルからの吐出量を吐出断面積で除した二重環ノズルにおける吐出線速度は5.4m/分であり、この時の紡糸ドラフト率は6.7であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で中空糸膜を製膜し、中空糸膜の膜厚が0.065mm、外径が0.35mmとなるように製膜原液の吐出量を調製した。この時の紡糸ドラフト率は7.0であった。得られた中空糸膜は、非対称構造となっており、外表面に緻密構造が形成されていた。図2-a、図2-bは実施例2により得られた膜の、それぞれ外表面、内表面のSEM写真である。これらより開孔率を測定したところ、外表面の開孔率は、13.7%、内表面の開孔率は17.1%であり、膜の両面にマクロボイドは形成されていなかった。
中空糸膜の膜厚を0.08mm、外径を0.46mmとした以外、実施例1と同様の方法で中空糸膜を製膜した。この時の紡糸ドラフト率は4.2であった。中空糸膜の外表面には緻密構造が形成されていた。比較例1により得られた膜のそれぞれ外表面、内表面のSEM写真である図3-a、図3-bより、その外表面の開孔率は14.5%、内表面の開孔率は19.2%であり、膜の両面にマクロボイドは形成されていなかった。
比較例1の中空糸膜600本を束ねて、実施例2と同一形状の浄水器用カートリッジとした。該カートリッジの膜面積は0.066m2であり、除濁性能は770Lであった。
中空糸膜の膜厚を0.04mmとなるように調製し、紡糸ドラフト率13.3として中空糸膜を巻き取ろうとしたが、糸切れが繰り返し発生したため、巻き取ることができなかった。
上記結果を表1にまとめた。
Claims (7)
- 内側および外側のうちの一方に緻密層を有し、かつ該緻密層を有する側の膜表面に形成される孔のアスペクト比が3以上5以下であることを特徴とする中空糸膜。
- 内側および外側のうちの一方に緻密層を有し、かつ該緻密層を有する側の膜表面における開孔率が8%以上、14%以下であり、他方側の膜表面における開孔率が15%以上、20%以下であることを特徴とする中空糸膜。
- 二重環ノズルを用いて液体注入法で非対称構造の中空糸膜を製膜するに際し、紡糸ドラフト率を6以上13以下として製膜することを特徴とする中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 中空糸膜構成成分を有機溶媒に溶解させた製膜原液の粘度が1Pa・s以上、10Pa・s以下であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 中空糸膜構成成分がポリスルホン系ポリマーであることを特徴とする請求項3または4記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 液体注入法で用いる注入液体が非凝固性であることを特徴とする請求項3乃至5いずれかに記載の中空糸膜の製造方法。
- 請求項3乃至6いずれかの方法により得られた中空糸膜または請求項1又は2記載の中空糸膜を備えた浄水器。
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Cited By (8)
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| JP2014073487A (ja) * | 2012-09-11 | 2014-04-24 | Toray Ind Inc | 多孔質膜、多孔質膜を内蔵する浄水器および多孔質膜の製造方法 |
| WO2014148470A1 (ja) * | 2013-03-21 | 2014-09-25 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | 多孔性中空糸膜及び多孔性中空糸膜の製造方法 |
| JP2015013228A (ja) * | 2013-07-03 | 2015-01-22 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015046411A1 (ja) | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔質膜、多孔質膜を内蔵する血液浄化用モジュールおよび多孔質膜の製造方法 |
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| WO2017164019A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-22 | 2017-09-28 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜 |
| CN112672814A (zh) * | 2018-09-20 | 2021-04-16 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | 中空纤维膜 |
| WO2025047238A1 (ja) * | 2023-08-30 | 2025-03-06 | 日東電工株式会社 | 中空糸状の多孔体、中空糸膜、及び中空糸状の多孔体の製造方法 |
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| JP7314797B2 (ja) * | 2018-05-24 | 2023-07-26 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔質中空糸膜 |
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| JP2015013228A (ja) * | 2013-07-03 | 2015-01-22 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015046411A1 (ja) | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔質膜、多孔質膜を内蔵する血液浄化用モジュールおよび多孔質膜の製造方法 |
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| JPWO2017164019A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-22 | 2019-01-24 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜 |
| KR102219541B1 (ko) | 2016-03-22 | 2021-02-24 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 중공사막 |
| WO2017164019A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-22 | 2017-09-28 | 東レ株式会社 | 中空糸膜 |
| CN112672814A (zh) * | 2018-09-20 | 2021-04-16 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | 中空纤维膜 |
| CN112672814B (zh) * | 2018-09-20 | 2022-08-02 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | 中空纤维膜 |
| US12115503B2 (en) | 2018-09-20 | 2024-10-15 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Hollow-fiber membrane |
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| BRPI0918144A2 (pt) | 2015-12-01 |
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| JPWO2010029908A1 (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
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