WO2010007282A1 - System for regenerating a particulate filter and associated regeneration method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system for regenerating a particulate filter. According to the invention, the said regeneration system comprises a computer which calculates the mean rate of deposition vmdepon(tl) of particles in the said filter at the instant tl at which the said regeneration phase is initiated, using the formula: vmdepon(t1) = (m(t1)-m(t0))/(t1-t0); and means of determining the said duration D of the said regeneration phase for at least one determined effectiveness EFF of the said regeneration phase, as a function of the mean rate of deposition vmdepon(t1) of the particles during the said particle load phase from t0 to t1, using the formula: D=-ln(1-EFF)/(k(vmdepon(t1))[O2]exp(-Ea(vmdepon(tl1)/(RTreg)); v(t) being the instantaneous rate of combustion of the said particles deposited on the said filter.

Description

 Particle filter regeneration system and associated regeneration method

The present invention relates to a regeneration system of a motor vehicle particle filter and a method of regeneration of this filter.

More and more motor vehicles with an internal combustion engine have a particulate filter that traps particles or soot from incomplete fuel combustion in the engine. This filter is gradually clogged by the particles that are deposited and it must be periodically regenerated, otherwise the engine performance is reduced. The regeneration is carried out by increasing the temperature of the filter. This can be implemented by means of a delayed injection of fuel into the combustion chambers of the engine. This injection can be done just after the top dead center, during the expansion phase, which has the effect of increasing the temperature of the gas passing through the filter. It is also possible to provide one or more late injections, that is to say, clearly after the top dead center. The fuel thus injected does not burn in the combustion chamber of the engine, but, for example, in a catalytic device, also provided in the exhaust line, thereby increasing the temperature of the gases then passing through the particulate filter.

In both cases, during these delayed or late injections, fuel is thrown onto the wall of the engine cylinders because the piston cup is displaced relative to the normal injection position. The fuel that is on the walls of the cylinder then passes into the vehicle oil circuit. The fuel mixed with the oil alters the oil, which poses problems of reliability of the engine, when the amount of fuel present in the oil circuit exceeds a given value and overconsumption fuel.

The duration of the regeneration of the particle filter and the interval between two regenerations are defined by the vehicle computer. More regeneration is long, the greater the amount of fuel mixed with the oil is important.

Moreover, the rate at which the soot or particles are deposited in the filter, is not constant. Indeed, this deposition rate, or loading speed of the filter, varies according to the engine emissions and the gas outlet temperature. Thus, at relatively low temperature, appears the phenomenon called "passive regeneration", which is in fact the reaction of soot with nitrogen oxide (NO ₂ ) produced by the combustion reaction in the engine. At a relatively higher temperature, soot combustion with oxygen (O ₂ ) becomes predominant. These reactions consume some of the soot and produce carbon dioxide.

US5319930 discloses a method of regenerating a particulate filter of a motor vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine and which comprises means for raising the temperature of the filter. According to this method, the amount of particles deposited in the filter, per unit time, is calculated as a function of engine load, engine speed, distance traveled by the vehicle, vehicle speed, the duration of the journey or the quantity of fuel consumed. The instantaneous rate of deposition of the particles is thus calculated. By integrating these values, we obtain a quantity of particles deposited at tl, in the filter, estimated by calculation. This estimated amount is then used to determine if the regeneration of the filter has been performed at tl. The pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the filter, which provides a measured quantity of particles deposited in the filter at t2, is then measured at t2. On the basis of this measured value, it is determined whether the regeneration of the filter has been performed. We then determine, between t1 and t2, what is the real moment at which the regeneration must be performed, the real moment being the smallest of tl and t2. This method makes it possible to adjust the interval between two regenerations, according to the conditions of use of the engine. Thus, this process does not allow too much particulate to accumulate between two regenerations, which avoids degrading the filter and engine performance.

An object of the present invention is to provide a new regeneration system of a particulate filter. This object is achieved by means of a regeneration system of a particulate filter, said regeneration system comprising:

means for determining the quantity of particles m (t) deposited in said filter at any instant t of a loading phase of said filter, measured from a time t 0 which corresponds to the beginning of said loading phase of said filter and up to a time t1, which corresponds to the end of said loading phase and to which m (tl)> mcrit, where mcrit is a critical value of the quantity of particles deposited in said filter from which said filter must to be regenerated;

means for raising the temperature of said filter to at least one regeneration temperature Trég and for a duration D corresponding to a regeneration phase; and

an electronic control unit connected to said means for determining the quantity of particles m (t) deposited and controlling said means for raising the temperature of said filter; said electronic control unit comprising:

a memory containing said critical value mcrit;

a comparator which compares the value of the quantity of particle m (t) deposited at a time t with said critical value mcrit, and which, at tl, warns said electronic control unit which triggers said means for raising the temperature of said filter for initiating said regeneration phase.

According to the invention, typically, said memory of said control unit retains the value m (tθ) of the quantity of particles deposited at said instant t0, said electronic control unit (3) comprises a calculator able to determine the average speed deposition (tl) of deposition of the particles in said filter at the time t1 where said regeneration phase is initiated, according to the formula: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / (tl-tθ); said electronic control unit comprises means for determining said duration D of said regeneration phase for at least one targeted efficiency EFF of said regeneration phase, as a function of the mean deposition rate vmdeposit (tl) of the particles during said phase of regeneration loading from tO to tl, according to the formula:

D = -ln (1-EFF) / (k (vmdeposit (tl) [O ₂ ]) exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (tl) / (RTrég)); in which [O ₂ ] is the volume fraction of oxygen in the gaseous mixture entering the filter during the duration D of said regeneration, k (vmdeposit (tl)) and -Ea (vmdepot (tl)) are values calculated from experimental values of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of deposition, which are stored in said memory, v (t) being the instantaneous combustion rate of said particles deposited on said filter, measured experimentally at t, during a given regeneration phase, at said regeneration temperature Trég, and vmdépôt being the average rate of deposition of the particles during a given loading phase which preceded said regeneration phase given to Trég, whereby said regeneration system can adapt the duration D of said regeneration as a function of the average speed of the regeneration. deposition vmdeposit (tl) of said loading phase. Adaptation of the duration of the regeneration phase can lead to a shortened regeneration phase, this reduces the fuel consumption and avoids disturbances in the engine that are caused by the passage of fuel in the fuel system. oil during delayed or delayed injections, as previously explained. The means for determining the quantity of particles deposited in the filter are not limited according to the invention. Embodiments may, for example, non-exhaustively:

- use the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the filter,

- have a particle sensor, - have an emission model,

comprise a combination of the embodiments described above. According to one embodiment, said means for determining the duration D of said regeneration phase use a mapping of the duration D of said regeneration phase, for at least one targeted efficiency, as a function of the average deposition rate of the particles deposition during the loading phase which preceded said regeneration phase, for at least a given regeneration temperature Treg.

Advantageously, the experimental measurements of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of the deposition are carried out on reference charging-regeneration cycles, at at least one regeneration temperature Treg given and which, depending on the parameters of use of the motor during the loading phase, have different average deposition rates vmdeposit during the loading phase and different combustion rates v (t), said combustion rates v (t) depending on the average deposition speed vmdeposit the loading phase that preceded said regeneration phase. These reference cycles can be, for example, the cycles used in the automotive industry for the evaluation of the quantity of particles released by a vehicle as a function of its use (urban or major routes).

The present invention also relates to a method for regenerating a particle filter of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine which comprises means for raising the temperature of said filter, according to which:

the quantity of particles m (tθ) deposited in said filter is determined at a time t 0 which corresponds to the beginning of a loading phase of said filter;

at a time t1, which corresponds to the end of said loading phase, where the quantity of deposited particles m (tl) is greater than or equal to a critical value of the quantity of particles deposited written in said filter, a phase is initiated; regenerating said filter by increasing the temperature of said filter to a regeneration temperature Tg, at which combustion of said particles deposited in said filter, the instantaneous combustion rate of said particles at an instant t, v (t) being equal to v (t) = k [O ₂ ] m (t) exp (-Ea / (RTrég)) with R = gas constant perfect; Ea being the activation energy of said particle combustion reaction during the regeneration phase; k being the kinetic coefficient of said combustion reaction; [O ₂ ] being the volume fraction of oxygen in the gas mixture entering the filter at t; and Trég being the temperature of said filter during the regeneration phase;

According to the invention, typically:

at time t1, the mean velocity v deposition deposition of said particles during the loading phase of time t1-t0 is calculated, according to the formula: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / ( tl-tO);

the values of Ea (vmdeposit (t1)) and k (vmdeposit (t1)) are determined at the said regeneration temperature Treg and for vmdepot (t1) as a function of the experimental values of: ln (v (t) / m (t)) )) = ln (k (vmdeposit (t)) [O ₂ ]) - Ea (vmdeposit (t)) / (RTrég) as a function of vmdeposit, measured during regeneration loading cycles where said regeneration phase takes place at Treg;

the duration D of the regeneration phase is determined for a given efficiency EFF, at the regeneration temperature Trég and for the mean particle deposition rate at tl, vmdeposit (tl), according to the formula:

D = -ln (1-EFF) / (k (vmdepot (t1)) [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (tl) / (R Treg)), whereby the duration D of said regeneration phase can be adjusted according to the average deposition velocity vmdepot (tl) during said loading phase which preceded it.

The manner in which D is determined is not limited according to the invention. D can be determined by calculation or by using an abacus giving D for a given efficiency EFF, depending on the deposition, for at least one regeneration temperature Trég, to adjust said regeneration time D.

According to a particular mode of implementation of the invention, for example, said efficiency EFF = 80% is fixed.

The flow rate of carbon dioxide generated by the combustion of the particles deposited in said filter during the regeneration phase at Treg can be measured to determine the instantaneous combustion rate v (t) at Treg. Said experimental values of ln (v (t) / m (t)) can be measured on reference loading-regeneration cycles, at at least one regeneration temperature Trég, which depending on the operating conditions of the engine have average speeds deposition deposit different and thus generate different combustion rates v (t).

The present invention also relates to a vehicle comprising a regeneration system of a particulate filter according to the invention.

The present invention, its characteristics and the various advantages that it provides will be better understood on reading the following description of an embodiment of the present invention, presented by way of non-limiting example and which refers to the attached drawings in which:

FIG 1 shows an embodiment of a vehicle according to the invention; FIG. 2 represents a diagram of the different phases of the method of the invention;

FIG. 3 represents the efficiency obtained during several regeneration phases, as a function of the average rate of deposition of the particles during the loading phase which preceded the regeneration phase considered;

FIG. 4 represents the evolution of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of time during a regeneration phase; FIG. 5 represents ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of 1 / T; and FIG. 6 represents an example of a chart of isotemperature curves which represent ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of the deposition for a EFF efficiency of 80% of the regeneration phase. FIG. 1 shows a vehicle comprising a motor 1 whose exhaust is connected to the inlet of a particle filter 2, the outlet of the filter being connected to the outside of the vehicle. The particulate filter 2 is thus traversed by the engine 1 exhaust gases which contain particles from the incomplete combustion of the fuel in the engine 1, as well as other compounds such as in particular nitrogen oxides. The vehicle comprises a particle filter regeneration system in which a control unit 3 controls means for raising the temperature of the filter 4 used for the implementation of the regeneration phase, according to the method of the invention. As represented in FIG. 2, the method comprises a filter loading phase during which the particles are deposited in the filter and a regeneration phase of the filter which follows the loading phase and during which the particles deposited in the filter are burned. raising the temperature of the latter. These two phases form a charge-regeneration cycle.

The loading phase starts at t0, t0 corresponding to the beginning of the use of the filter when the latter is new, or the moment following the end of a regeneration phase, when the filter is in use. During the loading phase, the means for estimating or determining the quantity m (t) of the quantity of particles deposited in the filter regularly measure, with a given time interval between two estimations, the quantity of particles deposited in the filter m (t). During this loading phase, at least three phenomena come into play: the deposition of the particles on the filter and, depending on the temperature of the filter, the combustion phenomena of the particles by the oxygen and / or the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gases passing through the filter. When the amount of deposited particles exceeds a critical value stored in the memory of the control unit, the means for determining the amount of particles deposited warn the control unit. Note tl, the moment when the means for determining the amount of particles deposited detect that the mass of deposited particles is greater than or equal to mcrit. The control unit will then control the means for raising the temperature of the filter 4, in order to increase the temperature of the filter to a given regeneration temperature Treg. When at trég, the temperature of the filter reaches Trég, it is the regeneration phase which begins. During this phase, the deposited particles are consumed.

The means for determining the quantity of particles deposited estimate the quantity of particles that actually remain in the filter, taking into account the deposition phenomenon that continues during the regeneration phase, even if in total there are more particles consumed by combustion. than particles deposited during this phase.

When the loading phase is complete, the control unit calculates the average velocity vmdeposit of the particles during the loading phase. vmdeposit (tl) can be calculated in the following way: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / (tl-tθ) with m (tθ) having been stored in the memory of the unit of ordered.

The control unit then determines the duration D of the regeneration phase as a function of vmdepot (t1). To do this, the control unit determines the coefficients

Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) and k (vmdeposit (tl)), at the regeneration temperature Trg given. This determination will be explained later.

The duration D is determined according to the following equation: D = -ln (1-EFF) / (k (vmdeposit (tl)) [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) / (RTreg)); equation is implemented as a micro program, for example, in an ASIC type circuit. By fixing EFF = 80% for example, and by injecting the values of Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) and k (vmdeposit (tl) previously determined, and a value of [O ₂ ] determined by the motor controller, it is possible to determine D.

The control unit then controls the means for raising the temperature of the filter so that the duration at which the temperature of the filter is equal to or substantially equal to Trég does not exceed the calculated duration D. We note trég, the moment when the temperature of the filter reaches Trég, and t2, the moment when one stops increasing the temperature of the filter, one has

D = t2-trég. In this way it is possible to reduce the regeneration time D, in particular for regeneration phases which take place at relatively low temperatures.

This reduction in the regeneration time makes it possible to limit the number of delayed or late injections, which limits the fuel consumption during the regeneration phase as well as the quantity of fuel passing through the oil circuit.

EXPERIMENTAL CONSTATIONS

The Applicant has had the merit of being interested in the influence of the particle deposition rate or loading speed during a loading phase of a filter, on the rate of combustion of these particles deposited during the regeneration phase. follows the loading phase.

FIG. 3 represents the efficiency obtained during several regeneration phases as a function of the average particle deposition rate during the loading phase which preceded the regeneration phase considered.

The mass of particles consumed during the regeneration and the efficiency of the regeneration are evaluated as a function of the CO ₂ peak at the outlet of the filter over a regeneration period equal to 3000s. These measurements were carried out on reference cycles which will be explained in greater detail later in the part concerning the determination of Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) and k (vmdepot (tl)).

FIG. 3 clearly shows that the lower the particle deposition rate during the loading phase, the better the efficiency of the regeneration phase, particularly for regenerations which take place at relatively low temperatures.

The Applicant then exploited this phenomenon in order to adjust the duration of the regeneration phase as a function of the deposition rate of the loading phase which preceded the latter. This adjustment may result in a shortening of the regeneration which avoids an overconsumption of fuel and a rapid degradation of the oil contained in the oil circuit (this due to the passage of the fuel in the oil during the delayed or late injections, as previously explained).

The applicant has therefore developed the following model.

ELABORATION OF THE MODEL

The variation of the quantity of particles deposited in the filter can be written according to the formula: dm / dt = vdeposit (t) - v (t) in which vdeposit (t) represents the deposition rate at t, v (t) represents the rate of particle combustion by oxygen and / or nitrogen dioxide.

During the loading or deposition phase, we can calculate the average velocity of deposition or loading speed: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / (tl-tθ) with tl-tO being the duration the loading phase and m (t) the mass of particles estimated by the means for determining the amount of particles deposited in the filter at time t. The instantaneous combustion rate of the particles during the regeneration phase can be written in the following manner, according to Arrhenius's law: v (t) = k [O ₂ ] m (t) exp (-Ea / (RTrég) ) with k: kinetic coefficient to be determined as a function of the deposition rate of the loading phase which preceded the regeneration phase considered;

[O ₂ ]: volume fraction of oxygen in the gas mixture entering the particulate filter; m (t): mass of particles deposited in the filter at time t;

Ea: activation energy to be determined as a function of the deposition rate of the loading phase which preceded the regeneration phase considered; and

R: constant perfect gases. We therefore have v (t) / m (t) = k [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea / RTrég); for a fixed Regeneration temperature and a constant Oxygen [O ₂ ] ratio, the ratio v (t) / m (t) no longer depends on the time but only on the deposition (tl) since k and Ea depend on the deposition ( tl).

During the regeneration phase, the deposition phenomenon can be neglected. So we have a single phenomenon that changes the mass of deposited particles, namely the combustion of the latter. We thus have: v (t) = - δm (t) / δ (t) = k [O ₂ ] m (t) exp (-Ea / (RTrég)) which can be written

-δm (t) / m (t) = k [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea / (RTrég)) a With [O ₂ ] constant, integrating between tl and t2, where t1 is the beginning of the regeneration phase and t2 the end of this phase, we obtain: D = t2-tl

D = -ln (1 -EFF) / (kvmdepot (t 1)) [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (t 1)) / (R Treg)); where EFF represents the desired efficiency (EFF = (m (t2) -m (tl)) / m (tl) for the regeneration phase, which can be set at 80%, for example. The duration D can therefore be calculated for a given efficiency and at a given regeneration temperature as a function of vmdepot (t1) and Ea (vmdeposit (t1)).

Determination of vmdeposit (tl) and Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) at Treg This determination is implemented from experimental values which are stored in the memory. The memory of the control unit contains, for the given regeneration temperature, a plurality of measurements of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of the deposition during the loading phase which preceded the regeneration phase considered. which takes place in Trég with an instantaneous combustion rate equal to v (t).

Ln (v (t) / m (t)) = ln (k [O ₂ ]) - Ea / RTrég

Since the variation of ln (v (t) / m (t)) is linear as a function of vmdepot, ln (k [O ₂ ]) corresponds to the ordinate for vmdeposit = 0 whereas -Ea corresponds to the slope of the right giving ln ((v (t) / m (t)) as a function of vmdeposit.

We can then determine D by injecting the values of k and Ea estimated for vmdepot (tl) in the formula for calculating D.

We will now describe an example of experiments on the basis of which we can calculate vmdepot (tl) and Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) at Treg.

Experimental measurements for the determination of deposition (tl) and Ea (vmdepot (tl)) at different regeneration temperatures

The following tests were carried out on impregnated particle filters, with a volume of 0.4L (diameter x length = 58x150mm), with iso mass of soot loaded 12g / L.

The tests are carried out in the laboratory with an inlet temperature of the particulate filter, during the regeneration of 550 ^° C., 590 ^° C. and 630 ^° C., respectively. This inlet temperature of the particulate filter corresponds to a given regeneration temperature. The average rate of deposition or loading speed was measured for different loading cycles. Table I

The NEDC cycle is composed of two sub-parts:

- ECE 4 elementary patterns (each ECE pattern is itself composed of 3 "bumps"), which in their entirety form the part of the NEDC cycle whose speeds are representative of urban-type taxiing speeds.

- followed by an EUDC pattern which forms the part of the NEDC cycle whose speeds are representative of extra-urban speeds.

NEDC = "New European Driving Cycle" ECE = UDC = "Urban Driving Cycle" EUDC = "Extra Urban Driving Cycle"

The "DIMat" cycle is a cycle built on the basis of the NEDC cycle from which two ECE patterns have been removed and some operating points and acceleration ramps have been changed to make it feasible on a motor bench equipped with a brake. The degradation of the EGR is a modification of the EGR map in order to generate more soot particles at the motor output and thus to increase the particle loading speed in the filter.

The loadings or deposits are carried out on engine bench with a mass M of particles deposited in the filter of 12g / l.

The instantaneous combustion rate of the particles or soot v (t) measured, in g / s, is equal to: v (t) = MMx Flow [CO ₂ ] / (60 × molar volume × 100) with: MM [g / mol] = molar mass carbon = 12

Flow rate [L / min] = Gas flow rate = 230 [CO ₂ ] [%] = measured O ₂ rate Molar volume [L / mol] = 24

It should be noted that the determination of the combustion rates for the calibration of the model is obtained using the determination, in the laboratory, of the rate of combustion by the measurement of a flow rate of CO ₂ and CO downstream. particle filter. Here the flow of CO can be neglected. On the vehicle, the CO ₂ downstream of the filter is not measured.

We then measured ln (v (t) / m (t)) which is independent of time, according to the equation used, for [O ₂ ] constant. In practice, this value decreases with time, after compensating for a maximum value, after most of the soot has burned. For this reason, the determination of the coefficients k (vmdeposit (t)) and Ea (vmdepot (t)) at a fixed regeneration temperature was performed by considering the average of the signal giving ln (v (t) / m (t) ) as a function of time during the regeneration over a period of 10Os from the attainment of the inlet temperature of the desired particle filter (the measurement of the inlet temperature of the particulate filter makes it possible indirectly to control that the regeneration takes place at fixed temperature). Figure 4 shows the evolution of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of time during a regeneration phase.

On the basis of these measurements, we determine, on the basis of the line which gives ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of 1 / T, the value of Ea, for the different above reference regeneration loading cycles and therefore for various values of vmdeposit.

The following Table II and FIG. 5 summarize the values of the kinetic coefficients of the model determined by the abovementioned experiments as a function of the average loading speed obtained for the various reference regeneration loading cycles.

Table II

It is thus possible, by injecting the values calculated in the formula giving D for a given efficiency, to draw an abacus as shown in FIG.

This chart gives the duration D of the regeneration phase as a function of the average charging speed of the charging phase which preceded this regeneration phase at several inlet temperatures in the particulate filter, which therefore correspond to as many temperatures. Regeneration Trég. The abacus can also be used, conventionally, for regeneration temperatures and / or loading speeds that are not in memory, by extrapolation or interpolation of the pairs of regeneration temperature values and / or loading speeds. which are memorized.

This chart can be easily stored in the memory of the control unit and used to determine D for several regeneration temperatures that may depend on, for example, the type of vehicle, the type of filter or other. According to another embodiment, temperature variations in the filter will be taken into account, as a function, for example, of the length separating a given point from the input of the filter. In this case, the model will take into account the efficiency of the regeneration in several places of the filter and will be able to calculate a regeneration time at which one will obtain an average efficiency over the whole length of the filter.

Claims

claims 1. regeneration system of a particle filter of a combustion engine, said regeneration system comprising: - means for determining the amount of particles m (t) deposited in said filter at any time t of a loading phase of said filter, measured from a time t0 which corresponds to the beginning of said loading phase of said filter and up to a time t1, which corresponds to the end of said loading phase and to which m (tl)> written, where mcrit is a critical value of the amount of particles deposited in said filter from which said filter is to be regenerated; means for raising the temperature (4) of said filter to at least one regeneration temperature Trég and for a duration D corresponding to a regeneration phase; and - an electronic control unit (3), connected to said means for determining the quantity of particles m (t) deposited and which controls said means for raising the temperature of said filter; said electronic control unit comprising: a memory containing said critical value mcrit; a comparator which compares the value of the quantity of particle m (t) deposited at a time t with said critical value mcrit, and which, at tl, warns said electronic control unit which triggers said means for raising the temperature of said filter for initiating said regeneration phase; characterized in that said memory of said control unit (3) retains the value m (tθ) of the quantity of particles deposited at said instant t0, in that said electronic control unit (3) comprises a calculator able to determine the speed mean vmdeposit (tl) of deposition of the particles in said filter at time tl where said regeneration phase is initiated, according to the formula: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / (tl-tθ ); in that said electronic control unit (3) comprises means for determining said duration D of said regeneration phase for at least one determined efficiency EFF of said regeneration phase, as a function of the average deposition speed vmdepot (tl) particles during said loading phase from tO to tl, according to the formula: D = -ln (l-EFF) / (k (vmdeposit (tl)) [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) / (RTrég)); in which k (vmdeposit (tl)) and -Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) are values calculated from experimental values of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of vmdepot, which are stored in said memory, v (t) being the instantaneous rate of combustion said particles deposited on said filter, measured experimentally at t, during a given regeneration phase, at said regeneration temperature Trég, and vmdépôt being the average particle deposition rate during a given loading phase which preceded said given regeneration phase in Trég, whereby said regeneration system can adapt the duration D of said regeneration according to the average deposition velocity vmdepot (tl) of said loading phase. 2. Regeneration system according to claim 1, characterized in that said means for determining the amount of particles deposited in said filter comprise a particle sensor. 3. Regeneration system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said means for determining the duration D of said regeneration phase use a mapping of the duration D of said regeneration phase, for at least one targeted efficiency. , as a function of the average deposition rate of the particles deposition during the loading phase which preceded said regeneration phase, for at least a given regeneration temperature Treg. 4. Regeneration system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said experimental measurements of ln (v (t) / m (t)) as a function of vmdeposit are performed on refreshing regeneration reference cycles, at least a given regeneration temperature Treg and which, depending on the parameters of use of the engine during the loading phase, have average deposition speeds vmdépôt different during the loading phase and instantaneous combustion rates v (t) different, said instantaneous combustion rates v (t) depending on the average deposition velocity vmdeposit of the loading phase which preceded said regeneration phase. 5. A method of regenerating a particle filter of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine which comprises means for raising the temperature of said filter, according to which: the quantity of particles m (tθ) deposited in said filter is determined at a time t 0 which corresponds to the beginning of a loading phase of said filter; at a time t1, which corresponds to the end of said loading phase, where the quantity of deposited particles m (tl) is greater than or equal to a critical value of the quantity of particles deposited written in said filter, a phase is initiated; regenerating said filter by increasing the temperature of said filter to a regeneration temperature Tg, at which the combustion of said particles deposited in said filter occurs, the instantaneous combustion rate of said particles at a time t, v (t) being equal; at v (t) = k [O ₂ ] m (t) exp (-Ea / (R Treg)) with R = constant of perfect gases; Ea being the activation energy of said particle combustion reaction during the regeneration phase; k being the kinetic coefficient of said combustion reaction; [O ₂ ] being the volume fraction of oxygen in the gas mixture entering the filter at t; and T being the regeneration temperature Trég said filter; characterized in that at time t1, the mean velocity v deposition deposition of said particles during the loading phase of time t1-t0 is calculated, according to the formula: vmdeposit (tl) = (m (tl) -m (tθ)) / ( tl-tO); the values of Ea (vmdeposit (t1)) and k [0 ₂ ] (vmdeposit (t1)) are determined at the said regeneration temperature Treg and for vmdepot (t1) as a function of the experimental values of ln (v (t) / m (t)) = ln (k (vmdeposit (t))) - Ea (vmdeposit (t)) / (RTrég) as a function of vmdeposit, measured during regeneration loading cycles where said regeneration phase takes place at Treg; the duration D of the regeneration phase is determined for a given efficiency EFF, at the regeneration temperature Trég and for the mean particle deposition rate at tl, vmdeposit (tl), according to the formula: D = -In (1) -EFF) / (k (vmdeposit (tl)) [O ₂ ] exp (-Ea (vmdeposit (tl)) / (RTrég)), whereby the duration D of said regeneration phase can be adjusted according to the average deposition rate vmdepot (tl) during said loading phase which preceded it. 6. Method according to claim 5, characterized in that an abacus giving D is used for a targeted efficiency EFF, depending on vmdeposit, for at least a regeneration temperature Trég, to adjust said regeneration time D. 7. Method according to any one of claims 5 to 6, characterized in that the flow rate of carbon dioxide generated by the combustion of the particles deposited in said filter during the regeneration phase at Treg is measured to determine the speed of instantaneous combustion v (t) at Treg. 8. Method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that said experimental values of ln (v (t) / m (t)) are measured on reference cycles loading / regeneration at at least one temperature Trég regeneration, which depending on the operating conditions of the engine have different mean deposition rates vddeposit and thus generate different instantaneous combustion rates v (t). 9. A motor vehicle comprising a regeneration system of a particulate filter according to any one of claims 1 to 4.