WO2010098434A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用電極 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用電極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010098434A1 WO2010098434A1 PCT/JP2010/053060 JP2010053060W WO2010098434A1 WO 2010098434 A1 WO2010098434 A1 WO 2010098434A1 JP 2010053060 W JP2010053060 W JP 2010053060W WO 2010098434 A1 WO2010098434 A1 WO 2010098434A1
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- electrode
- binder
- active material
- electrode active
- ion secondary
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, and particularly suppresses a decrease in adhesion strength when an inorganic filler-dispersed slurry is applied on an electrode active material layer to form a porous membrane layer, and the porous membrane layer is flexible. It is related with the electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries which can improve property.
- a chemical battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery is provided with a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, which electrically insulates each electrode and holds an electrolyte.
- a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, which electrically insulates each electrode and holds an electrolyte.
- microporous films mainly made of polyethylene or polypropylene are currently used.
- the microporous film generally tends to shrink at high temperatures. Therefore, when an internal short circuit or a sharply shaped protrusion such as a nail penetrates the battery, the separator contracts due to the short-circuit reaction heat that occurs instantaneously, and the short-circuit portion expands, generating even more reaction heat. And has the problem of promoting abnormal overheating.
- the inorganic filler dispersion slurry is prepared by mixing an inorganic filler, a binder, and a dispersion medium of an inorganic filler.
- the prepared inorganic filler-dispersed slurry is applied to the surface of the electrode active material layer and then dried with hot air.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery that can suppress a decrease in flexibility of a porous membrane layer.
- the present inventors have conducted extensive research to solve the above problems.
- the current collector-active material after coating and drying the inorganic filler-dispersed slurry It has been found that it is effective to improve the adhesion strength between the layers.
- a binder constituting the electrode active material layer when a composite film containing this and a thickener is formed, a material that forms a specific spherical island phase in the cross section of the composite film is used. It has been found that the adhesion strength reduction of the electrode active material layer and the swelling of the electrode due to the coating of the film layer can be prevented, and the present invention has been completed based on this finding.
- the electrode active material layer containing the electrode active material, the thickener and the binder, and the porous film layer containing the inorganic filler are provided in this order from the current collector side,
- the binder forms a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film.
- An electrode is provided.
- the binder is preferably an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer in which the content of the acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer unit is 85% by mass or more.
- the alkyl acrylate monomer is preferably such that the homopolymer has a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower.
- the degree of polymerization of the thickener is preferably 1,000 to 3,000.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is the electrode.
- the adhesion strength between the current collector and the electrode active material layer is reduced by the dispersion medium in the inorganic filler dispersion slurry penetrating into the electrode active material layer after the coating and drying of the inorganic filler dispersion slurry.
- a composite film containing a thickener and a binder is formed as a binder constituting the electrode active material layer, a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film is formed.
- this binder suppresses the penetration of the dispersion medium, the adhesion strength between the current collector and the electrode active material layer does not decrease, the flexibility of the porous membrane layer is improved, and the swelling of the electrode It is possible to obtain an electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery that can suppress the above.
- the separator and the electrode active material layer A method of applying and adhering an adhesive layer between them is also widely known.
- the present invention can also contribute to improving the adhesion between the separator and the electrode active material layer.
- the present invention is described in detail below.
- the electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has, on the current collector, an electrode active material layer containing an electrode active material, a thickener and a binder, and a porous membrane layer containing an inorganic filler in this order,
- the binder forms a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film.
- the current collector used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has electrical conductivity and is electrochemically durable, but from the viewpoint of heat resistance, for example, iron, copper, aluminum Metal materials such as nickel, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, gold and platinum are preferred. Among these, aluminum is particularly preferable for the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery, and copper is particularly preferable for the negative electrode.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet shape having a thickness of about 0.001 to 0.5 mm is preferable. In order to increase the adhesive strength with the electrode active material layer, the current collector is preferably used after roughening in advance.
- Examples of the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- a mechanical polishing method an abrasive cloth paper with a fixed abrasive particle, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire or the like is used.
- an intermediate layer may be formed on the current collector surface in order to increase the adhesive strength and conductivity of the electrode mixture layer.
- the active material used in the present invention is appropriately selected depending on the type of electrode. Any active material can be used as long as it is used in a normal lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium-containing composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiFeVO 4 ; TiS 2 , TiS 3 , amorphous Transition metal sulfides such as MoS 3 , transition metal oxides such as Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 Is done.
- a conductive polymer such as polyacetylene or poly-p-phenylene can be used.
- An iron-based oxide having poor electrical conductivity may be used as an active material covered with a carbon material by allowing a carbon source material to be present during reduction firing. These compounds may be partially element-substituted.
- examples of the active material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery include carbonaceous materials such as amorphous carbon, graphite, natural graphite, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), pitch-based carbon fibers, and high conductivity such as polyacene. Examples include molecules.
- a material obtained by attaching a conductive material to the surface by a mechanical modification method can also be used.
- the binder used in the present invention forms a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film when a composite film containing the binder and a thickener is formed.
- the inorganic filler dispersion medium used for forming the porous film layer described later can be prevented from penetrating into the current collector-electrode active material layer interface, thereby suppressing a decrease in the adhesion strength of the electrode. .
- the binder used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can form the island phase.
- the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester-based polymer is easy in that the polymers are easily fused and the area of the island phase can be increased.
- An unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer is a polymer containing acrylic acid ester and / or methacrylic acid ester monomer units. Specifically, it is a copolymer of acrylic acid ester and / or methacrylic acid ester homopolymer or copolymer, acrylic acid ester and / or methacrylic acid ester and a monomer copolymerizable therewith.
- acrylic acid esters and methacrylic acid esters acrylic acid alkyl esters are preferable, glass transition temperatures when homopolymers are ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower are more preferable, and alkyl transition esters when homopolymers are used are glass transitions. Particularly preferred are alkyl acrylates having a temperature of -30 to -70 ° C.
- alkyl acrylates having a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower when homopolymers are used at least one selected from the group consisting of ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate is particularly preferable.
- ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate as an acrylic acid alkyl ester having a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 20 ° C. or less when a homopolymer is obtained,
- the adhesion strength between the electrode active material layer and the current collector interface can be further improved.
- the content of the acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer unit in the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer is preferably 85% by mass or more, preferably 87% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and the upper limit is 99%. % By mass.
- an alkyl acrylate having a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower when a homopolymer is used and other alkyl acrylates and / or alkyl methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate
- the content ratio of the other alkyl acrylate ester and / or methacrylic acid alkyl ester in the copolymer is preferably 20% by mass or less.
- Examples of monomers copolymerizable with acrylic acid alkyl esters include unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, and fumaric acid; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and the like.
- Carboxylic acid esters having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene, t-butyl styrene, vinyl benzoic acid, methyl vinyl benzoate, vinyl naphthalene, chloromethyl styrene, hydroxymethyl styrene, ⁇ -Styrene monomers such as methylstyrene and divinylbenzene; Amide monomers such as acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide and acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; Acrylonitrile, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compounds such as nitrile; olefins such as ethylene and propylene; diene monomers such as butadiene and isoprene; halogen atom-containing monomers such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; vinyl acetate and propionic acid Vinyl est
- copolymerizable monomers a group consisting of carboxylic acid esters having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, amide monomers, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compounds, and vinyl ethers At least one selected from is preferred.
- the content ratio of the monomer unit of the copolymerizable monomer in these unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymers is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and the upper limit is 15% by mass or less. is there.
- the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer suitably used in the present invention among the copolymerizable monomers, it is preferable to use a crosslinkable monomer.
- a crosslinkable monomer As a copolymerizable monomer, dissolution of the binder in the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- crosslinkable monomer examples include carboxylic acid esters having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate; acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide Amide monomers such as acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid; carboxylic acid esters containing an epoxy skeleton such as glycidyl methacrylate; vinyl ethers such as allyl glycidyl ether.
- carboxylic acid esters having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate
- acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide Amide monomers such as acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
- carboxylic acid esters containing an epoxy skeleton such as glycidyl methacrylate
- vinyl ethers such as ally
- the ratio of the monomer unit of the crosslinkable monomer in the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and the upper limit is 5% by mass or less. .
- Preferred examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer used in the present invention include butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, allyl glycidyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, N-methylol acrylamide, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid.
- Acid acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate copolymer, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, methacrylic acid Ronitrile / diethylene glycol dimethacrylate copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile / diethylene glycol Dimethacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid butyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate copolymer.
- the binder used in the present invention is preferably dissolved when immersed in an inorganic filler dispersion medium described later at 60 ° C. for 72 hours.
- an inorganic filler dispersion medium described later
- the binder layer in the electrode active material layer is easily soaked when the inorganic filler dispersion solvent is impregnated in the electrode active material layer.
- the dissolution here means that a binder aqueous dispersion is dried at 120 ° C.
- the binder sheet does not maintain its original shape when immersed in the film at 60 ° C. for 72 hours.
- the glass transition temperature of the binder used in the present invention is preferably 0 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 10 ° C. to ⁇ 70 ° C.
- the glass transition temperature of the binder is within the above range, the island phases of the binder are easily fused in the composite film with the thickener, and the island structure can be enlarged.
- the binder used in the present invention is preferably an aqueous dispersion of particulate polymer.
- the average particle size (volume average D50 average particle size) of the particulate polymer is preferably 0.01 to 5.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter is within the above range, so that when the composite film is formed with this and the thickener, a homogeneous sea / island structure can be obtained in the composite film. .
- the method for producing the particulate polymer is not particularly limited, and any method such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used.
- the polymerization initiator used for the polymerization include lauroyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 3,3,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide, and the like.
- the content ratio of the binder in the electrode active material layer is 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.2 to 8 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material. ⁇ 2 parts by mass.
- the content ratio of the binder in the electrode active material layer is in the above range, the strength and flexibility of the electrode obtained are improved.
- binder used in the present invention in addition to the unsaturated carboxylic acid polymer, other polymers may be used in combination as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Other polymers include styrene-butadiene polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers ( FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, and polyacrylonitrile derivatives.
- the content of the other polymer in the entire binder is 20% by mass or less.
- ⁇ Thickener> As a thickener used in the present invention, when a composite film containing this and a binder is formed, the binder forms a spherical island phase with an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film.
- carboxymethylcellulose is desirable in terms of high adhesion strength between the current collector and the electrode active material layer.
- Carboxymethylcellulose is an anionic water-soluble product obtained by reacting cellulose with a base such as sodium hydroxide, then reacting with monochloroacetic acid, etc., and partially substituting (etherifying) the hydroxyl groups of cellulose with carboxymethyl groups. It is a polymer. The number of etherified hydroxyl groups per structural unit (anhydrous glucose) is called the degree of etherification. Carboxymethylcellulose having a degree of etherification of up to 1 has a structure represented by the following general formulas (1) and (2).
- X represents an atom or group selected from Na, NH 4 , Ca, K, Li, Al, Mg, and H.
- the polymerization degree of the thickener is 1,000 to 3,000, preferably 1,200 to 2,500, more preferably 1,500 to 2,000.
- the strength of the electrode active material layer is improved, so that the adhesion strength of the electrode is improved.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose having an etherification degree exceeding 1 is obtained by further etherifying the remaining hydroxyl group in the general formula (2).
- the degree of etherification is usually from 0.3 to 1.7, preferably from 0.4 to 1.6, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.5. When the degree of etherification is within this range, the affinity with the binder is excellent, and a homogeneous sea / island structure can be obtained in the composite film with the binder.
- X in the general formula (1) is preferably Na, NH 4 , Li, K and H. Moreover, you may have multiple types of structures where X differs. When X is these, the dispersibility of the electrode active material is good, and the workability of the electrode slurry is also good.
- the content ratio of the thickener in the electrode active material layer is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.2 to 8 parts by mass, and more preferably 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material.
- the amount is preferably 0.5 to 2 parts by mass.
- the binder when the composite film containing the binder and the thickener is formed, the binder forms a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the cross section of the composite film.
- the above-mentioned “form a spherical island phase having an average diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more” means that an average diameter of the binder island phase present in the cross section of the composite membrane measured by the following method is 0.5 ⁇ m or more. Means.
- the composite film is prepared by preparing a solution in which a binder and a 1% thickener aqueous solution are mixed at a ratio of 1:10 (solid content equivalent ratio), and then applying and drying the solution on a current collector.
- a composite membrane of about 5-10 ⁇ m is obtained. Water is used as a solvent used in the preparation, and the solid content concentration of the solution is adjusted to 1 to 1.5% by mass.
- the obtained composite film is sectioned with a microtome, the section is observed with an electron microscope, and ten observed island phases are arbitrarily selected, and the average value of the diameters is defined as the size of the island phase. Stipulate.
- the electrode active material layer may contain a conductivity imparting material or a reinforcing material.
- a conductivity-imparting material conductive carbon such as acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, vapor-grown carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube can be used. Examples thereof include carbon powders such as graphite, and fibers and foils of various metals.
- the reinforcing material various inorganic and organic spherical, plate-like, rod-like or fibrous fillers can be used.
- the amount of the conductivity-imparting material used is usually 0 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the electrode active material.
- the electrode active material layer is formed by coating and drying an electrode active material dispersed slurry on a current collector.
- the electrode active material-dispersed slurry comprises the above-described electrode active material, a binder, a thickener, other components, and an electrode active material dispersing solvent.
- the solvent used for the active material dispersion solvent used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but water is preferred.
- the electrode active material dispersion slurry is obtained by mixing an electrode active material, a binder, a thickener, and an electrode active material dispersion solvent using a mixer.
- the mixing of the electrode active material dispersion slurry may be performed by supplying the above components all at once to the mixer and mixing them, but the thickener is mixed in a solvent to disperse the electrode active material in the form of fine particles, Next, it is preferable to add a binder and further mix, since the dispersibility of the slurry is improved.
- a ball mill As the mixer for the electrode active material dispersed slurry, a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment disperser, a crusher, an ultrasonic disperser, a homogenizer, a planetary mixer, a Hobart mixer, or the like can be used.
- the method for producing the electrode active material layer may be any method in which the electrode active material layer is bound in layers on at least one side, preferably both sides of the current collector.
- the electrode active material dispersed slurry is applied on a current collector, dried, and then heat-treated at 120 ° C. for 1 hour to form an electrode active material layer.
- the method for applying the electrode active material dispersed slurry to the current collector is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the porosity of the electrode active material layer is preferably cured.
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 250 ⁇ m, for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the porous membrane layer contains an inorganic filler as an essential component.
- an inorganic oxide is preferable, and for example, alumina (aluminum oxide), magnesia (magnesium oxide), calcium oxide, titania (titanium oxide), zirconia (zirconium oxide), talc, silica, and the like can be preferably used.
- the porous membrane layer contains an inorganic filler as an essential component, but preferably further contains a binder (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “a binder for a porous membrane”).
- a binder for a porous membrane By including the porous membrane binder in the porous membrane layer, the strength of the porous membrane layer is increased and problems such as cracking can be prevented.
- the binder for the porous membrane is not particularly limited, and various resin components and soft polymers can be used.
- polyethylene polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- polyacrylic acid derivatives polyacrylonitrile derivatives, etc.
- resin component polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- polyacrylic acid derivatives polyacrylonitrile derivatives, etc.
- Soft polymers include polybutyl acrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, butyl acrylate / styrene copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile copolymer, butyl acrylate / acrylonitrile / glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
- An acrylic soft polymer which is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or a methacrylic acid derivative, or a copolymer with a monomer copolymerizable therewith;
- Isobutylene-based soft polymers such as polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, isobutylene-styrene copolymer; Polybutadiene, polyisoprene, butadiene / styrene random copolymer, isoprene / styrene random cop
- Olefinic soft polymers of Vinyl-based soft polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl stearate, vinyl acetate / styrene copolymer; Epoxy-based soft polymers such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, epichlorohydrin rubber; Fluorine-containing soft polymers such as vinylidene fluoride rubber and tetrafluoroethylene-propylene rubber; Other soft polymers such as natural rubber, polypeptides, proteins, polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers, vinyl chloride-based thermoplastic elastomers, polyamide-based thermoplastic elastomers, and the like are mentioned.
- acrylic-based soft polymers are preferable, and more preferable.
- An acrylic soft polymer containing acrylonitrile polymerized units is preferred.
- the binder is the copolymer, the porous film can be hardly deformed without showing elution into the electrolytic solution. Furthermore, it is difficult to elute while maintaining the swellability of the electrolyte even at high temperatures, and exhibits excellent high temperature characteristics. Combining this with the non-conductive particles described above can further improve the safety of the porous membrane.
- the glass transition temperature of the binder for porous membranes preferably used for the porous membrane layer can impart flexibility to the porous membrane at room temperature, cracks during winding and winding, and chipping of the porous membrane layer. From the viewpoint of suppressing the above, it is preferably 15 ° C. or lower, more preferably 0 ° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature of the binder for porous membranes can be adjusted by changing the ratio of the monomers constituting the polymer.
- the weight average molecular weight of the binder for a porous membrane suitably used for the porous membrane layer is preferably 5,000 or more, more preferably 10,000 or more, and preferably 10,000,000 or less.
- weight average molecular weight of the binder for porous membrane is within the above range, the dispersibility of the inorganic filler and the strength of the porous membrane layer are excellent.
- the content ratio of the binder for the porous membrane in the porous membrane is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic filler.
- the content ratio of the binder for the porous membrane in the porous membrane is in the above range, so that the binding of the inorganic fillers and the binding properties to the electrode and the flexibility of the electrode can be maintained while maintaining the flexibility. Inhibition and increase in resistance can be suppressed.
- the porous membrane layer of the present invention is prepared by applying and drying the inorganic filler dispersion slurry having the above-described predetermined solid content composition on the electrode active material layer in a dispersion medium for inorganic filler.
- the electrode active material layer formed on the current collector can be immersed in an inorganic filler-dispersed slurry and then dried to form a porous film layer.
- the dispersion medium for the inorganic filler used in the inorganic filler dispersion slurry is not particularly limited as long as the solid content (inorganic filler and binder for porous film) can be uniformly dispersed.
- aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene
- chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons include methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.
- Others include pyridine, acetone, dioxane, dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyl phthalate, methyl phthalate, ethyl phthalate, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 1-nitropropane, disulfide Examples include carbon, tributyl phosphate, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, xylene, methylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like. These solvents can be used alone or as a mixed solvent.
- a solvent having excellent dispersibility of the inorganic filler and having a low boiling point and high volatility is preferable because the solvent can be removed at a low temperature in a short time.
- acetone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, xylene, N-methylpyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof is preferable.
- cyclohexanone, xylene, N-methylpyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof is particularly preferable because it has low volatility and excellent workability during slurry coating.
- the solid content concentration of the inorganic filler-dispersed slurry is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-described viscosity and fluidity that can be applied and immersed, but is generally about 20 to 50% by mass.
- the method for producing the inorganic filler-dispersed slurry is not particularly limited, and a porous dispersion in which the inorganic filler is highly dispersed can be obtained regardless of the mixing method and the mixing order.
- the mixing device is not particularly limited as long as the components can be mixed uniformly, and a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment disperser, a crusher, an ultrasonic disperser, a homogenizer, a planetary mixer, and the like can be used. It is particularly preferable to use a high dispersion apparatus such as a bead mill, a roll mill, or a fill mix that can add a high dispersion share.
- the method for applying the inorganic filler dispersed slurry onto the electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the film thickness of the porous film layer is not particularly limited and is appropriately set according to the use or application field of the film, but if it is too thin, a uniform film cannot be formed, and if it is too thick, the volume in the battery Since the capacity per (weight) decreases, 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m is preferable, and 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m is more preferable.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention contains a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and electrolyte solution, and at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode is an electrode of this invention.
- the electrode of the present invention may be used for either the positive electrode or the negative electrode, or for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the electrolytic solution used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and other lithium salts.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 Li that are easily soluble in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation are preferably used. These can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the amount of the supporting electrolyte is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 5% by mass or more, and usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, with respect to the electrolytic solution. If the amount of the supporting electrolyte is too small or too large, the ionic conductivity is lowered and the battery charging and discharging characteristics are lowered.
- the solvent used in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte.
- Alkyl carbonates such as carbonate (BC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC); esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, methyl formate, ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and tetrahydrofuran; sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the like Sulfur-containing compounds are used.
- dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate are preferable because high ion conductivity is easily obtained and the use temperature range is wide. These can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the electrolyte solution by adding an additive.
- an additive carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate (VC) are preferable.
- Examples of the electrolytic solution other than the above include a gel polymer electrolyte obtained by impregnating a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide and polyacrylonitrile with an electrolytic solution, and an inorganic solid electrolyte such as LiI and Li 3 N.
- the separator is a porous substrate having pores, and usable separators include (a) a porous separator having pores, and (b) a porous material having a polymer coating layer formed on one or both sides. There is a separator or (c) a porous separator on which a porous resin coat layer containing an inorganic ceramic powder is formed.
- Non-limiting examples of these include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, or aramid porous Polymer film for solid polymer electrolyte or gel polymer electrolyte, such as conductive separator, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, gelled polymer coating layer Coated separator or inorganic film Chromatography, porous membrane layer comprising an inorganic filler for dispersant and the like separators coated.
- the manufacturing method of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a negative electrode and a positive electrode are overlapped via a separator, and this is wound or folded according to the shape of the battery and placed in a battery container, and an electrolytic solution is injected into the battery container and sealed.
- an expanded metal, an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or a PTC element, a lead plate and the like can be inserted to prevent an increase in pressure inside the battery and overcharge / discharge.
- the shape of the battery may be any of a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a flat shape, and the like.
- the electrodes before and after coating the porous membrane layer are cut into rectangles each having a width of 2.5 cm and a length of 10 cm to form test pieces, and fixed with the electrode active material layer surface facing upward.
- the stress was measured when the cellophane tape was peeled off from one end of the test piece in the 180 ° direction at a speed of 50 mm / min. The measurement was carried out 10 times, and the average value was obtained and used as the peel strength.
- the change rate of the peel strength before and after the coating of the porous membrane layer was expressed by the following formula, and judged according to the following criteria. The smaller the change rate, the better the adhesion strength.
- B 10% to less than 20%
- D 30% to less than 40%
- E 40% or more
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer in the electrode calculated by subtracting the thickness of the porous film layer and the current collector from the electrode thickness in which the porous film layer was formed on the electrode active material layer, and the porous film layer on the electrode active material layer
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer calculated by subtracting the thickness of the current collector before forming the electrode was calculated by measurement, and the rate of change in the thickness of the electrode active material layer before and after the porous membrane layer coating was measured. As shown in the following formula, the determination was made according to the following criteria. A: Less than 3% B: 3% to less than 5% C: 5% to less than 7% D: 7% to less than 10% E: 10% or more
- the electrode having the porous membrane layer adhered to the surface of the electrode active material layer was wound around a fixed round bar having a diameter of 1.9 mm so that the porous membrane layer was on the outside. Then, a load of 300 g was applied vertically downward to both ends of the electrode. In this state, the surface of the bent portion of the porous membrane layer was observed with a microscope having a magnification of 100 times. When there was no crack in the porous film, “good” was indicated, and when there was a fine crack, “bad” was indicated.
- Example 1 Production of Binder 12 parts of butyl acrylate, 0.4 part of acrylonitrile, 0.05 part of sodium lauryl sulfate and 70 parts of ion-exchanged water are added to Polymerization Can A, and 0.2 part of ammonium persulfate is added as a polymerization initiator. After stirring for a minute, emulsion prepared by adding 82 parts of butyl acrylate, 3.6 parts of acrylonitrile, 2 parts of allyl glycidyl methacrylate, 0.2 part of sodium lauryl sulfate and 30 parts of ion-exchanged water to another polymerization vessel B and stirring.
- Electrode active material layer 100 parts of artificial graphite as an electrode active material, 2.5 parts of the binder (solid content concentration 40%), a degree of etherification as a thickener of 0.8, a degree of polymerization 100 parts of a 1,600 aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose solution (solid content concentration 1%) and an appropriate amount of water were stirred with a planetary mixer to prepare an electrode active material-dispersed slurry.
- the electrode slurry is applied on a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m with a comma coater so that the film thickness after drying is about 120 ⁇ m, dried at 60 ° C. for 20 minutes, and then heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain an electrode raw material.
- Got anti 100 parts of artificial graphite as an electrode active material, 2.5 parts of the binder (solid content concentration 40%), a degree of etherification as a thickener of 0.8, a degree of polymerization 100 parts of a 1,600 aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose solution
- This electrode original fabric was rolled with a roll press to produce an electrode having a density of 1.6 g / cm 3 and a thickness of copper foil and an electrode active material layer controlled to 100 ⁇ m.
- the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite membrane was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 To the polymerization vessel A, 0.3 parts of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 70 parts of ion-exchanged water were added. 0.5 parts of ammonium persulfate was added as a polymerization initiator, and 92 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were added to the polymerization vessel B. Add 4 parts of acrylonitrile, 2 parts of methacrylic acid, 2 parts of glycidyl methacrylate, 0.5 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 60 parts of ion-exchanged water and stir, and add the prepared emulsion to Polymerization Can A over about 180 minutes.
- the reaction was terminated by cooling to obtain an aqueous dispersion of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer (binder) particles.
- the content ratio of the monomer unit of acrylic acid alkyl ester (2-ethylhexyl acrylate) is 92%
- the content ratio of the monomer unit of the crosslinkable monomer is the crosslinkable single unit.
- the content ratio of the monomer (glycidyl methacrylate) is 2%
- the content ratio of other copolymerizable monomers acrylonitrile, methacrylic acid
- the average particle size of the polymer particles was 0.31 ⁇ m.
- the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate is ⁇ 65 ° C.
- Example 1 except that the above binder was used as the binder used for the electrode active material layer, the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite membrane was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the lithium ion secondary A battery electrode was obtained, and the adhesion strength, swelling of the electrode, and flexibility were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 After adding 34 parts of methyl methacrylate, 2.0 parts of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 60 parts of ion-exchanged water to Polymerization Can A, 0.12 part of ammonium persulfate was added as a polymerization initiator and reacted for 30 minutes, then Polymerization Can B The emulsion prepared by adding 54 parts of butyl acrylate, 6 parts of acrylonitrile, 4 parts of methacrylic acid, 2 parts of glycidyl methacrylate, 0.6 part of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 60 parts of ion-exchanged water over about 210 minutes Then, the mixture is added to the polymerization vessel A successively and then stirred for about 120 minutes.
- the reaction is terminated by cooling, and an aqueous dispersion of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer (binder) particles.
- the content of the acrylic acid alkyl ester monomer unit is 88% (methyl methacrylate 34%, butyl acrylate 54%)
- the content of the monomer unit of the crosslinkable monomer is:
- the content of the crosslinkable monomer (glycidyl methacrylate) is 2%
- the content of other copolymerizable monomers acrylonitrile, methacrylic acid
- the glass transition temperature was 0.21 ⁇ m.
- the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of butyl acrylate is ⁇ 55 ° C.
- the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of methyl methacrylate is 105 ° C.
- Example 1 except that the above binder was used as the binder used for the electrode active material layer, the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite membrane was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the lithium ion secondary A battery electrode was obtained, and the adhesion strength, swelling of the electrode, and flexibility were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 In Example 1, except that carboxymethyl cellulose having a polymerization degree of 1,200 and an etherification degree of 0.65 was used as the thickener, the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite membrane was the same as in Example 1. The electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery was obtained, and the peel strength change rate, the swelling of the electrode, and the flexibility were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- the reaction was terminated by cooling to obtain an aqueous dispersion of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester polymer (binder) particles.
- the content of the acrylic acid alkyl ester (butyl acrylate) monomer unit in the polymer is 80%, and the content of the monomer unit of the crosslinkable monomer is a crosslinkable monomer (
- the content of glycidyl methacrylate) was 4%, the content of other copolymerizable monomers (acrylonitrile) was 16%, and the glass transition temperature was ⁇ 10 ° C.
- the average particle size of the polymer particles was 0.32 ⁇ m.
- Example 1 except that the above binder was used as the binder used in the electrode active material layer, the evaluation of the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite film was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, for lithium ion secondary batteries. An electrode was obtained, and the adhesion strength, swelling of the electrode, and flexibility were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 except that the above binder was used as the binder used for the electrode active material layer, the phase separation structure of the binder / thickener composite membrane was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the lithium ion secondary A battery electrode was obtained, and the adhesion strength, swelling of the electrode, and flexibility were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極は、集電体上に、電極活物質、増粘剤及びバインダーを含む電極活物質層と、無機フィラーを含む多孔膜層とをこの順に有し、
前記バインダーが、これと増粘剤とを含む複合膜を形成させたときに、前記複合膜断面において直径の平均値0.5μm以上の球形の島相を形成するものである。
本発明で用いられる集電体は、電気導電性を有しかつ電気化学的に耐久性のある材料であれば特に制限されないが、耐熱性を有するとの観点から、例えば、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、チタン、タンタル、金、白金などの金属材料が好ましい。中でも、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極用としてはアルミニウムが特に好ましく、負極用としては銅が特に好ましい。集電体の形状は特に制限されないが、厚さ0.001~0.5mm程度のシート状のものが好ましい。集電体は、電極活物質層との接着強度を高めるため、予め粗面化処理して使用するのが好ましい。粗面化方法としては、機械的研磨法、電解研磨法、化学研磨法などが挙げられる。機械的研磨法においては、研磨剤粒子を固着した研磨布紙、砥石、エメリバフ、鋼線などを備えたワイヤーブラシ等が使用される。また、電極合剤層の接着強度や導電性を高めるために、集電体表面に中間層を形成してもよい。
<活物質>
本発明で用いられる活物質は、電極の種類により適宜選択される。活物質は、通常のリチウムイオン二次電池で使用されるものであれば、いずれであっても用いることができる。リチウムイオン二次電池の正極用の活物質としては、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiFePO4、LiFeVO4などのリチウム含有複合金属酸化物;TiS2、TiS3、非晶質MoS3などの遷移金属硫化物;Cu2V2O3、非晶質V2O-P2O5、MoO3、V2O5、V6O13などの遷移金属酸化物;が例示される。さらに、ポリアセチレン、ポリ-p-フェニレンなどの導電性高分子を用いることもできる。電気伝導性に乏しい、鉄系酸化物は、還元焼成時に炭素源物質を存在させることで、炭素材料で覆われた活物質として用いてもよい。また、これら化合物は、部分的に元素置換したものであってもよい。
本発明に用いられるバインダーは、これと増粘剤とを含む複合膜を形成させたときに、前記複合膜断面において直径の平均値0.5μm以上の球形の島相を形成するものである。これにより、後述する多孔膜層形成に用いる無機フィラー分散媒が、集電体-電極活物質層界面へ浸透するのを防ぐことができ、これにより電極の密着強度の低下を抑制することができる。
本発明で用いられる増粘剤としては、これとバインダーとを含む複合膜を形成させたときに、バインダーが前記複合膜断面において直径の平均値0.5μm以上の球形の島相を形成することのできるものであればよいが、集電体と電極活物質層間の密着強度が高い点で、カルボキシメチルセルロースが望ましい。
本発明において、電極活物質層には、導電性付与材や補強材を含有していてもよい。導電付与材としては、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、グラファイト 、気相成長カーボン繊維、カーボンナノチューブ等の導電性カーボンを使用することができる。黒鉛などの炭素粉末、各種金属のファイバーや箔などが挙げられる。補強材としては、各種の無機および有機の球状、板状、棒状または繊維状のフィラーが使用できる。導電性付与材を用いることにより電極活物質同士の電気的接触を向上させることができ、リチウムイオン二次電池に用いる場合に放電レート特性を改善したりすることができる。導電性付与材の使用量は、電極活物質100質量部に対して通常0~20質量部、好ましくは1~10質量部である。
多孔膜層は、無機フィラーを必須成分として含む。
無機フィラーとしては、無機酸化物が好ましく、例えばアルミナ(酸化アルミニウム)、マグネシア(酸化マグネシウム)、酸化カルシウム、チタニア(酸化チタン)、ジルコニア(酸化ジルコニウム)、タルク、珪石等を好ましく用いることができる。
ポリイソブチレン、イソブチレン・イソプレンゴム、イソブチレン・スチレン共重合体などのイソブチレン系軟質重合体;
ポリブタジエン、ポリイソプレン、ブタジエン・スチレンランダム共重合体、イソプレン・スチレンランダム共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン共重合体、アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレン・ブロック共重合体などジエン系軟質重合体;
ジメチルポリシロキサン、ジフェニルポリシロキサン、ジヒドロキシポリシロキサンなどのケイ素含有軟質重合体;
液状ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ-1-ブテン、エチレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、プロピレン・α-オレフィン共重合体、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体(EPDM)、エチレン・プロピレン・スチレン共重合体などのオレフィン系軟質重合体;
ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリステアリン酸ビニル、酢酸ビニル・スチレン共重合体などビニル系軟質重合体;
ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、エピクロルヒドリンゴムなどのエポキシ系軟質重合体;
フッ化ビニリデン系ゴム、四フッ化エチレン-プロピレンゴムなどのフッ素含有軟質重合体;
天然ゴム、ポリペプチド、蛋白質、ポリエステル系熱可塑性エラストマー、塩化ビニル系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリアミド系熱可塑性エラストマーなどのその他の軟質重合体などが挙げられ、中でもアクリル系軟質重合体が好ましく、さらに好ましくはアクリロニトリル重合単位を含むアクリル系軟質重合体が好ましい。結着剤が、前記共重合体であることにより、電解液への溶出を示さずに多孔膜の変形を生じにくくすることができる。さらに、高温においても電解液の膨潤性を保ちながら溶出しにくく、優れた高温特性を示す。これと前記記載の非導電性粒子とを組み合わせることで多孔膜の安全性をさらに向上することができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極、負極及び電解液を含み、正極及び負極の少なくとも一方が、本発明の電極である。本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池においては、上記本発明の電極を正極又は負極の一方に用いてもよく、正極及び負極の両方に用いてもよい。
本発明に用いられる電解液は、特に限定されないが、例えば、非水系の溶媒に支持電解質としてリチウム塩を溶解したものが使用できる。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C4F9SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)NLiなどのリチウム塩が挙げられる。特に溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すLiPF6、LiClO4、CF3SO3Liは好適に用いられる。これらは、単独、または2種以上を混合して用いることができる。支持電解質の量は、電解液に対して、通常1質量%以上、好ましくは5質量%以上、また通常は30質量%以下、好ましくは20質量%以下である。支持電解質の量が少なすぎても多すぎてもイオン導電度は低下し電池の充電特性、放電特性が低下する。
セパレーターは気孔部を有する多孔性基材であって、使用可能なセパレーターとしては、(a)気孔部を有する多孔性セパレーター、(b)片面または両面上に高分子コート層が形成された多孔性セパレーター、または(c)無機セラミック粉末を含む多孔質の樹脂コート層が形成された多孔性セパレーターがあり、これらの非制限的な例としては、ポリプロピレン系、ポリエチレン系、ポリオレフィン系、またはアラミド系多孔性セパレーター、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリルまたはポリビニリデンフルオライドヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体などの固体高分子電解質用またはゲル状高分子電解質用の高分子フィルム、ゲル化高分子コート層がコートされたセパレーター、または無機フィラー、無機フィラー用分散剤を含んでなる多孔膜層がコートされたセパレーターなどがある。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、負極と正極とをセパレーターを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口する。さらに必要に応じてエキスパンドメタルや、ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子、リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電の防止をすることもできる。電池の形状は、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型などいずれであってもよい。
多孔膜層塗工前及び多孔膜層塗工後の電極を、それぞれ、幅2.5cm×長さ10cmの矩形に切って試験片とし、電極活物質層面を上にして固定する。試験片の電極活物質層表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた後、試験片の一端からセロハンテープを50mm/分の速度で180°方向に引き剥がしたときの応力を測定した。測定を10回行い、その平均値を求めてこれをピール強度とし、多孔膜層塗工前後のピール強度の変化率を以下の式で示し、下記基準にて判定を行った。変化率が小さいほど密着強度に優れることを意味する。
B:10%以上~20%未満
C:20%以上~30%未満
D:30%以上~40%未満
E:40%以上
電極活物質層上に多孔膜層を形成した電極厚みから多孔膜層及び集電体の厚みを引いて計算された電極中の電極活物質層の厚みと、電極活物質層上に多孔膜層を形成する前の集電体の厚みを引いて計算された電極活物質層の厚みをそれぞれ測定により算出し、多孔膜層塗工前後の電極活物質層の厚みの変化率を極板の膨らみとして以下の式で示し、下記基準にて判定を行った。
B:3%以上~5%未満
C:5%以上~7%未満
D:7%以上~10%未満
E:10%以上
電極活物質層の表面に多孔膜層が接着した電極を、多孔膜層が外側になるように、直径1.9mmの固定された丸棒に一重に巻き付けた。そして、電極両端部に対して、鉛直下方に300gの荷重を印加した。この状態で、多孔膜層の屈曲部の表面を、倍率100倍の顕微鏡で観察した。多孔膜にひび割れが無い場合には“良好”、微小なひび割れが有る場合には“不良”を示した。
バインダーとカルボキシメチルセルロース1%水溶液とを1:10(固形分相当比)で混合して固形分濃度1.1%に調製し、この溶液を集電体上に塗布・乾燥することにより厚さ約5μmの複合膜を得た。そして、得られた複合膜を、ミクロトームにて断面出しを行い、断面の電子顕微鏡観察を行い、観察された島相を任意で10個選択し、その直径の平均値を島相の大きさとし、下記基準にて判定をおこなった。
A:0.5μm以上
B:0.4μm以上~0.5μm未満
C:0.3μm以上~0.4μm未満
D:0.2μm以上~0.3μm未満
E:0.2μm未満
(A)バインダーの製造
重合缶Aにブチルアクリレート12部、アクリロニトリル0.4部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム0.05部、イオン交換水70部を加え、重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.2部を加え120分攪拌した後に、別の重合缶Bにブチルアクリレート82部、アクリロニトリル3.6部、アリルグリシジルメタクリレート2部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム0.2部、イオン交換水30部を加えて攪拌して作製したエマルジョンを約420分かけて重合缶Bから重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約300分攪拌してモノマー消費量が95%になったところで冷却して反応を終了し、不飽和カルボン酸エステル系重合体(バインダー)粒子の水分散液を得た。前記重合体中の、アクリル酸アルキルエステル(ブチルアクリレート)の単量体単位の含有割合は94%、架橋性のある単量体の単量体単位の含有割合は架橋性のある単量体(アリルグリシジルメタクリレート)の含有割合で2%、他の共重合可能な単量体(アクリロニトリル)の単量体単位の含有割合は4%であり、ガラス転移温度は-35℃であった。重合体粒子の平均粒子径は0.36μmであった。なお、ブチルアクリレートのホモポリマーのガラス転移温度は-55℃である。
電極活物質として人造黒鉛100部と、前記バインダー2.5部(固形分濃度40%)と、増粘剤としてのエーテル化度が0.8、重合度が1,600であるカルボキシメチルセルロース水溶液100部(固形分濃度1%)と、適量の水とをプラネタリーミキサーにて攪拌し、電極活物質分散スラリーを調製した。上記電極用スラリーをコンマコーターで厚さ18μmの銅箔上に乾燥後の膜厚が120μm程度になるように塗布し、60℃で20分乾燥後、150℃で2時間加熱処理して電極原反を得た。この電極原反をロールプレスで圧延し、密度が1.6g/cm3、銅箔および電極活物質層からなる厚みが100μmに制御された電極を作製した。上記バインダー・増粘剤複合膜の相分離構造の評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
無機フィラー(アルミナ、平均粒子径300nm)と、無機フィラー100部に対してブチルアクリレート-アクリロニトリル共重合体(ガラス転移温度-8℃)2.5部と、N-メチルピロリドンとを混合液の固形分濃度が20%になるように混合し、ビーズミルを用いて分散させ、無機フィラー分散スラリーを作製した。
得られた無機フィラー分散スラリーを、上記電極活物質層の表面に塗布し、110℃で熱風乾燥させ、厚さ3μmの多孔膜層の乾燥塗膜を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用電極を得た。得られたリチウムイオン二次電池用電極の密着強度、電極の膨らみ及び柔軟性を評価した。その評価結果を表1に示す。
重合缶Aにドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.3部、イオン交換水70部を加え、重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.5部を加えてすぐに、重合缶Bにて2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート92部、アクリロニトリル4部、メタクリル酸2部、グリシジルメタクリレート2部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.5部、イオン交換水60部を加えて攪拌し、作製したエマルジョンを約180分かけて重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約180分攪拌してモノマー消費量が94%になったところで冷却して反応を終了し、不飽和カルボン酸エステル系重合体(バインダー)粒子の水分散液を得た。前記重合体中の、アクリル酸アルキルエステル(2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート)の単量体単位の含有割合は92%、架橋性のある単量体の単量体単位の含有割合は、架橋性のある単量体(グリシジルメタクリレート)の含有割合で2%、他の共重合可能な単量体(アクリロニトリル、メタクリル酸)の単量体単位の含有割合は6%であり、ガラス転移温度は-48℃であった。また、重合体粒子の平均粒子径は0.31μmであった。なお、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレートのホモポリマーのガラス転移温度は-65℃である。
重合缶Aにメチルメタクリレート34部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム2.0部、イオン交換水60部を加え、重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.12部を加えて30分反応させた後、重合缶Bにてブチルアクリレート54部、アクリロニトリル6部、メタクリル酸4部、グリシジルメタクリレート2部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.6部、イオン交換水60部を加えて攪拌して作製したエマルジョンを約210分かけて重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約120分攪拌してモノマー消費量が95%になったところで冷却して反応を終了し、不飽和カルボン酸エステル系重合体(バインダー)粒子の水分散液を得た。前記重合体中の、アクリル酸アルキルエステルの単量体単位の含有割合は88%(メチルメタクリレート34%、ブチルアクリレート54%)、架橋性のある単量体の単量体単位の含有割合は、架橋性のある単量体(グリシジルメタクリレート)の含有割合で2%、他の共重合可能な単量体(アクリロニトリル、メタクリル酸)の単量体単位の含有割合は10%であり、ガラス転移温度は1℃であった。また、重合体粒子の平均粒子径は0.21μmであった。なお、ブチルアクリレートのホモポリマーのガラス転移温度は-55℃、メチルメタクリレートのホモポリマーのガラス転移温度は105℃である。
実施例1において、増粘剤として重合度が1,200、エーテル化度0.65のカルボキシメチルセルロースを用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、バインダー・増粘剤複合膜の相分離構造の評価、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極を得、この電極のピール強度変化率、電極の膨らみ及び柔軟性を評価した。その評価結果を表1に示す。
重合缶Aにラウリル硫酸ナトリウム0.05部、イオン交換水70部を加え、重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.2部を加えてすぐに、重合缶Bにてブチルアクリレート80部、アクリロニトリル16部、グリシジルメタクリレート4部、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム1部、イオン交換水60部を加えて攪拌して作製したエマルジョンを約180分かけて重合缶Aに逐次添加した後、約120分攪拌してモノマー消費量が95%になったところで冷却して反応を終了し、不飽和カルボン酸エステル系重合体(バインダー)粒子の水分散液を得た。前記重合体中の、アクリル酸アルキルエステル(ブチルアクリレート)の単量体単位の含有割合は80%、架橋性のある単量体の単量体単位の含有割合は架橋性のある単量体(グリシジルメタクリレート)の含有割合で4%、他の共重合可能な単量体(アクリロニトリル)の単量体単位の含有割合は16%であり、ガラス転移温度は-10℃であった。重合体粒子の平均粒子径は0.32μmであった。
攪拌機付き5MPa重合缶に、スチレン47部、1,3-ブタジエン49部、メタクリル酸3部、アクリル酸1部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム5部、イオン交換水150部、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム1部を入れ、十分に攪拌した後、45℃に加温して重合を開始した。モノマー消費量が96.0%になった時点で冷却し反応を止め、SB系重合体(バインダー)粒子の水分散液を得た。この重合体粒子の平均粒子径は0.12μm、ガラス転移温度は-15℃であった。
Claims (5)
- 集電体上に、
電極活物質、増粘剤及びバインダーを含む電極活物質層と、
無機フィラーを含む多孔膜層とを、集電体側よりこの順に有し、
前記バインダーが、これと前記増粘剤とを含む複合膜を形成させたときに、前記複合膜断面において直径の平均値0.5μm以上の球形の島相を形成するものであるリチウムイオン二次電池用電極。 - 前記バインダーが、アクリル酸アルキルエステル単量体単位の含有割合が85質量%以上である不飽和カルボン酸エステル系重合体である、請求項1記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極。
- 前記アクリル酸アルキルエステル単量体が、ホモポリマーとしたときのガラス転移温度が-20℃以下となるものである請求項2記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極。
- 前記増粘剤の重合度が1,000~3,000である請求項3記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極。
- 正極、負極及び電解液を備えてなり、正極及び負極の少なくとも一方が、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の電極である、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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| EP10746313.5A EP2403038B1 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | Electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery |
| CN201080009381.XA CN102334217B (zh) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | 锂离子二次电池用电极 |
| KR1020117019671A KR101508808B1 (ko) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | 리튬 이온 2 차 전지용 전극 |
| US13/138,495 US8822074B2 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | Electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery |
| JP2010526080A JP4645778B2 (ja) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | リチウムイオン二次電池用電極 |
| PL10746313T PL2403038T3 (pl) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-26 | Elektroda do litowo-jonowej baterii akumulatorowej |
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| JP5652633B1 (ja) * | 2013-05-24 | 2015-01-14 | Jsr株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用スラリー、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、リチウムイオン二次電池用セパレーターおよびリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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| WO2013001919A1 (ja) * | 2011-06-30 | 2013-01-03 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| CN103636053A (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2014-03-12 | 三洋电机株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池 |
| US9620758B2 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2017-04-11 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| WO2018163761A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-10 | 2018-09-13 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池機能層用組成物、非水系二次電池用機能層および非水系二次電池 |
| CN114843521A (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2022-08-02 | 江阴纳力新材料科技有限公司 | 复合集流体及其制备方法、电极极片和二次电池 |
| CN114843521B (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2023-10-24 | 江阴纳力新材料科技有限公司 | 复合集流体及其制备方法、电极极片和二次电池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| HUE035297T2 (en) | 2018-05-02 |
| EP2403038A4 (en) | 2015-03-18 |
| EP2403038B1 (en) | 2017-09-20 |
| KR101508808B1 (ko) | 2015-04-06 |
| US20110311870A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
| JPWO2010098434A1 (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
| EP2403038A1 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
| JP4645778B2 (ja) | 2011-03-09 |
| US8822074B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 |
| CN102334217A (zh) | 2012-01-25 |
| PL2403038T3 (pl) | 2018-04-30 |
| CN102334217B (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
| KR20110125641A (ko) | 2011-11-21 |
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