WO2010098043A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010098043A1 WO2010098043A1 PCT/JP2010/000975 JP2010000975W WO2010098043A1 WO 2010098043 A1 WO2010098043 A1 WO 2010098043A1 JP 2010000975 W JP2010000975 W JP 2010000975W WO 2010098043 A1 WO2010098043 A1 WO 2010098043A1
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- negative electrode
- electrolyte secondary
- secondary battery
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- active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. More specifically, the present invention mainly relates to an improvement in a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing an alloy-based active material.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are widely used as power sources for electronic equipment, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, machine tools, power storage equipment, etc. because they have high capacity and energy density, and are easy to reduce in size and weight.
- a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode containing a lithium cobalt composite oxide, a negative electrode containing graphite, and a separator can be given.
- alloy-based active materials made of silicon, tin, oxides or alloys thereof are known as negative electrode active materials other than graphite.
- the alloy active material occludes lithium by alloying with lithium, and reversibly occludes and releases lithium.
- the alloy-based active material has a high discharge capacity.
- the theoretical discharge capacity of silicon is about 11 times the theoretical discharge capacity of graphite. Therefore, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the alloy-based active material as the negative electrode active material has a high capacity.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using an alloy-based active material as a negative electrode active material exhibits high performance in the initial use.
- the alloy-based secondary battery has a problem in that the battery performance is drastically lowered due to the tendency of the battery itself to be deformed and swollen and the electrode to be deteriorated as the number of times of charging and discharging increases. In order to solve such problems, the following methods have been proposed.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a negative electrode in which a polymer film layer formed of a polymer support and a crosslinkable monomer is formed on the surface of a negative electrode active material layer containing lithium alloy particles.
- the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode containing an alloy-based active material, which has excellent cycle characteristics and high output characteristics, and suppresses rapid deterioration of battery performance accompanying an increase in the number of charge / discharge cycles. Another object is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a negative electrode current collector, and a plurality of columnar alloy systems that are supported so as to extend outward from the surface of the negative electrode current collector and can occlude and release lithium ions.
- the columnar alloy-based active material is supported on the surface of the negative electrode current collector so that adjacent columnar alloy-based active materials maintain a predetermined distance between the columnar alloy-based active materials.
- the outer surface is coated with a polymer layer having a lithium ion permeable resin, and the polymer layer is formed with a thickness that does not fill a gap formed between adjacent columnar alloy-based active materials. It is characterized by being.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and a lithium disposed so as to be interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- An ion-permeable insulating layer and a lithium ion conductive nonaqueous electrolyte are provided, and the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is used as the negative electrode.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has a high capacity and hardly deteriorates even when the number of charge / discharge cycles is increased can be obtained.
- FIG. 4 is a side perspective view schematically showing the configuration of an electron beam vacuum deposition apparatus for forming the negative electrode active material layer shown in FIG. 3. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the structure of the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries which is 2nd Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 2 It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is process drawing explaining the manufacturing method of a negative electrode collector. It is a top view which shows typically the structure of the principal part of the negative electrode collector obtained by the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 2 is an electron micrograph showing a cross section of the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an electron micrograph showing a cross section of a negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- the inventors of the present invention have studied the cause of the sudden decrease in battery performance in alloy-based secondary batteries. As a result, the following knowledge was obtained.
- the alloy-based active material expands and contracts with the insertion and extraction of lithium, and generates a relatively large stress. For this reason, when the number of times of charging / discharging increases, cracks are generated on the surface and inside of the negative electrode active material layer made of the alloy-based active material. When a crack occurs, a surface that has not been in direct contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte (hereinafter referred to as “new surface”) appears. The new surface immediately after generation has high reactivity.
- the present inventors formed a negative electrode active material layer containing a plurality of columnar alloy-based active materials (hereinafter also simply referred to as “columnar bodies”) on the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and between the columnar bodies.
- the inventors have come up with a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a polymer layer is formed on the outer surface of the columnar body while maintaining the gap.
- a new surface may be generated as the number of charge / discharge cycles increases.
- the polymer layer is formed on the outer surface of the columnar body, the contact between the new surface immediately after generation and the nonaqueous electrolyte is remarkably suppressed. As a result, generation of gas and by-products is suppressed.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a negative electrode 1 for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter simply referred to as “negative electrode 1”) according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a top view schematically showing the configuration of the negative electrode current collector 10 included in the negative electrode 1 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the negative electrode active material layer 12 included in the negative electrode 1 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a side perspective view schematically showing the configuration of the electron beam evaporation apparatus 20 for forming the negative electrode active material layer 12 shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode 1 includes a negative electrode current collector 10, a negative electrode active material layer 12, and a polymer layer 15. As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of convex portions 11 are provided on the surface 10 a of the negative electrode current collector 10. A plurality of convex portions 11 may be provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 10. Further, the thickness of the sheet portion of the negative electrode current collector 10 where the convex portions 11 are not formed is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode current collector 10 is made of a metal material such as stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, or copper alloy.
- the convex portion 11 is a protrusion extending from the surface 10 a in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 10 (hereinafter simply referred to as “surface 10 a”) toward the outside of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the convex portions 11 are staggered on the surface 10a of the negative electrode current collector 10, but are not limited thereto, and may be a lattice arrangement, a close-packed arrangement, or the like.
- the convex part 11 may be arrange
- the height of the convex portion 11 is preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m as an average height.
- the height of the convex portion 11 is defined in the cross section in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the cross section of the negative electrode current collector 10 is a cross section including the most distal point in the direction in which the convex portion 11 extends.
- the length of the perpendicular drawn from the foremost point to the surface 10 a is the height of the convex portion 11.
- the average height of the protrusions 11 is obtained, for example, by observing the cross section of the negative electrode current collector 10 with a scanning electron microscope and measuring the height of a predetermined number (for example, 10 to 100) of the protrusions 11. It is obtained as an average value of measured values.
- the width of the convex portion 11 is preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the width of the convex portion 11 is the maximum length of the convex portion 11 in the direction parallel to the surface 10 a in the cross section of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the width of the convex portion 11 is also obtained as an average value of measured values by measuring the maximum length of the predetermined number of convex portions 11. In addition, it is not necessary to form all the convex parts 11 at the same height and / or the same width.
- the shape of the convex portion 11 is a rhombus in the present embodiment, but is not limited thereto, and may be a circle, a polygon, an ellipse, a parallelogram, a trapezoid, or the like.
- the shape of the convex part 11 is a shape in the orthographic projection from the upper direction of the convex part 11 in the state which made the surface 10a correspond to the horizontal surface.
- the convex portion 11 has a flat top portion (tip portion in the growth direction of the convex portion 11), and this plane is substantially parallel to the surface 10a.
- This plane may have micron-size or nano-size irregularities.
- the number of the protrusions 11 and the distance between the axes of the protrusions 11 are appropriately selected according to the dimensions (height, width, etc.) of the protrusions 11 and the dimensions of the columnar bodies 13 formed on the surface of the protrusions 11.
- the number of convex portions 11 is preferably 10,000 pieces / cm 2 to 10 million pieces / cm 2 .
- the distance between the axes of the protrusions 11 is preferably 2 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the axes of the protrusions 11 in the width direction of the negative electrode current collector 10 is 4 to 30 ⁇ m, and the protrusions 11 in the longitudinal direction of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the distance between the axes is preferably 4 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the axis of the convex portion 11 is an imaginary line that passes through the center of the smallest perfect circle that can contain the circle and extends in a direction perpendicular to the surface 10a.
- the axis of the convex part 11 is an imaginary line that passes through the intersection of the major axis and the minor axis of the ellipse and extends in a direction perpendicular to the surface 10a.
- the axis of the convex portion 11 is an imaginary line that passes through the intersection of the diagonal lines of each figure and extends in a direction perpendicular to the surface 10a. .
- the convex portion 11 may have at least one protrusion on its surface (top and side surfaces). Thereby, the joint strength of the convex part 11 and the columnar body 13 further increases, and the peeling of the columnar body 13 from the convex part 11 is further remarkably suppressed.
- the protrusion extends outward from the surface of the convex portion 11 and is smaller in size than the convex portion 11.
- the three-dimensional shape of the protrusion includes a columnar shape, a prismatic shape, a conical shape, a pyramid shape, a needle shape, a saddle shape (a mountain range extending in one direction), and the like.
- the hook-shaped protrusion formed on the side surface of the convex portion 11 may extend in either the circumferential direction or the growth direction of the convex portion 11.
- the negative electrode current collector 10 can be manufactured using a technique for forming irregularities on a metal plate.
- a metal foil, a metal sheet, a metal film, etc. can be used for a metal plate.
- the material of the metal plate is a metal material such as stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, or copper alloy.
- a technique for forming irregularities on a metal plate includes a roller processing method.
- a metal plate is mechanically pressed using a roller having a plurality of concave portions formed on the surface (hereinafter referred to as “convex roller”).
- convex roller a roller having a plurality of concave portions formed on the surface
- ⁇ Roughening treatment may be applied to the metal plate before or after the roller processing. Thereby, a rough surface can be formed on the top of the convex portion 11. As a result, the bonding strength between the convex portion 11 and the columnar body 13 is further improved.
- Specific examples of the roughening treatment include roughening plating and etching.
- the convex roller is a ceramic roller having a concave portion formed on the surface.
- the ceramic roller includes a core roller and a sprayed layer.
- As the core roller an iron roller, a stainless steel roller, or the like can be used.
- the sprayed layer can be formed by uniformly spraying a ceramic material such as chromium oxide on the surface of the core roller. A recess is formed in the sprayed layer.
- a laser for molding processing such as a ceramic material can be used.
- Another type of convex roller includes a core roller, an undercoat layer and a sprayed layer.
- the core roller is the same as the core roller of the ceramic roller.
- the base layer is a resin layer formed on the surface of the core roller.
- a recess is formed on the surface of the underlayer.
- the base layer is formed by forming a recess on one surface of the resin sheet, and then winding the resin sheet around the core roller so that the surface of the resin sheet on which the recess is not formed and the surface of the core roller are in contact with each other. It is formed by bonding.
- thermoplastic resins such as thermosetting resins such as unsaturated polyesters, thermosetting polyimides, and epoxy resins, polyamides, polyether ketones, polyether ether ketones, and fluororesins. Can be mentioned.
- the sprayed layer is formed by spraying a ceramic material such as chromium oxide along the unevenness of the surface of the underlayer. Therefore, it is preferable that the concave portion formed in the underlayer is formed larger than the design dimension of the convex portion 11 by the layer thickness of the sprayed layer.
- the convex roller includes a core roller and a cemented carbide layer.
- the core roller is the same as the core roller of the ceramic roller.
- the cemented carbide layer is formed on the surface of the core roller and includes a cemented carbide such as tungsten carbide.
- the cemented carbide layer can be formed by shrink fitting or cold fitting. Shrink fitting is to warm and expand a cylindrical cemented carbide and fit it to a core roller. The cold fitting is to cool the core roller and contract it and insert it into a cylindrical cemented carbide. A recess is formed on the surface of the cemented carbide layer by laser processing.
- convex roller is a hard iron roller having a concave portion formed on the surface.
- the hard iron-based roller is a roller having at least a surface layer portion made of high-speed steel, forged steel, or the like.
- High-speed steel is an iron-based material obtained by adding a metal such as molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium to iron and heat-treating it to increase the hardness.
- Forged steel is an iron-based material manufactured by heating a steel ingot or steel slab, forging or rolling and forging, forging and further heat-treating.
- a steel ingot is manufactured by casting molten steel into a mold. The billet is manufactured from a steel ingot. Forging is performed by a press and a hammer. The recess is formed by laser processing.
- the negative electrode current collector 10 in which the convex portions 11 are regularly formed is used.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and a negative electrode current collector in which the convex portions 11 are irregularly formed may be used.
- Such a negative electrode current collector can be produced, for example, by subjecting a metal plate to rough plating, etching, or the like.
- the same metal plate as that used in the roller processing method can be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 includes a plurality of columnar bodies 13 and a plurality of thin film-like alloy active materials (hereinafter also simply referred to as “thin film portions”) 14, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. .
- the plurality of columnar bodies 13 and the thin film portions 14 can be simultaneously formed by, for example, a vapor phase method. A specific forming method will be described in detail after the configuration of the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 is described.
- the columnar body 13 is made of an alloy-based active material, is supported on the surface of the convex portion 11, and extends from the surface of the convex portion 11 toward the outside of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the columnar body 13 extends in a direction perpendicular to the surface 10a of the negative electrode current collector 10 or a direction inclined with respect to the perpendicular direction.
- a polymer layer 15 is formed on the outer surface of the columnar body 13.
- the height of the columnar body 13 is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the height of the columnar body 13 is the length of a perpendicular line dropped from the most distal point of the top of the columnar body 13 to the top surface of the convex portion 11.
- the height of the columnar body 13 is obtained by observing a cross section in the thickness direction of the negative electrode 1 with a scanning electron microscope, a laser microscope, or the like, and measuring the height of a predetermined number (for example, 10 to 100) of the columnar bodies 13. It is obtained as an average value of the measured values.
- the columnar body 13 When the columnar body 13 is too low, the lithium storage capacity of the columnar body 13 becomes insufficient, and the effect of improving the battery capacity and output by the columnar body 13 may be reduced.
- the columnar body 13 When the columnar body 13 is too high, the stress generated during the expansion of the alloy-based active material contained in the columnar body 13 becomes too large, and the deformation of the negative electrode current collector 10 and the negative electrode 1, and the convex portion 11 of the columnar body 13. There is a risk of peeling.
- the outer surface of the columnar body 13 has an appropriate surface roughness. Thereby, the adhesiveness of the columnar body 13 and the polymer layer 15 increases. And even if the alloy type active material contained in the columnar body 13 repeats a volume change, peeling of the polymer layer 15 from the columnar body 13 is suppressed. As a result, the protective effect of the new surface by the polymer layer 15 lasts for a long time.
- a gap 17 exists between a pair of adjacent columnar bodies 13 on which the polymer layer 15 is formed on the outer surface.
- This gap 17 relieves stress due to volume change of the alloy-based active material. As a result, separation of the columnar body 13 from the convex portion 11, deformation of the negative electrode current collector 10 and the negative electrode 1, and the like are suppressed.
- the gap 17 also has a function of holding the nonaqueous electrolyte. Thereby, the battery performance can be stabilized at a high level.
- the gap 17 between the columnar bodies 13 on which the polymer layer 15 is formed on the outer surface is a fine space having a dimension of 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, the nonaqueous electrolyte is easily stored in this portion.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte stored in the gap 17 is in contact with the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 via the polymer layer 15 and is also in contact with the separator 16. For this reason, the alloy-based active material contained in the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 and the nonaqueous electrolyte are sufficiently in contact. This makes it possible to stabilize the high output characteristics of the battery at a high level.
- generation and a nonaqueous electrolyte is suppressed, and the by-product and gas which cause the lifetime shortening of the negative electrode 1, the deformation
- the production amount of is significantly reduced.
- the advantages (high capacity) of the alloy-based active material are sufficiently exhibited, a high capacity and high output, excellent cycle characteristics and high output characteristics, and a long-life non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be obtained.
- the columnar body 13 is preferably a laminated body in which a plurality of layers of alloy-based active material (hereinafter also simply referred to as “lumps”) are stacked. Specifically, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, a columnar body 13 which is a laminate of alloy-based active material lumps 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13e, 13f, 13g, and 13h is exemplified. In addition, although the columnar body 13 consists of 8 layers, the number of layers of a lump is not specifically limited.
- the columnar body 13 which is such a laminate is formed as follows. First, the lump 13a is formed so as to cover the top portion of the convex portion 11 and a part of the side surface subsequent thereto. Next, the lump 13b is formed so as to cover the remaining side surface of the protrusion 11 and a part of the top surface of the lump 13a. That is, in FIG. 3, the mass 13 a is formed at one end including the top of the protrusion 11. On the other hand, the lump 13 b partially overlaps the lump 13 a, but the portion that does not overlap the lump 13 a is formed at the other end of the protrusion 11.
- a lump 13c is formed so as to cover the rest of the top surface of the lump 13a and a part of the top surface of the lump 13b. That is, the lump 13c is formed mainly in contact with the lump 13a. Further, the lump 13d is formed mainly in contact with the lump 13b.
- the columnar body 13 is formed by alternately stacking the masses 13e, 13f, 13g, and 13h.
- the thin film part 14 can also be formed simultaneously between adjacent columnar bodies 13. Such a thin film portion 14 contributes to an improvement in battery capacity.
- the thin film portion 14 is made of the same alloy-based active material as the columnar body 13, and is formed on the surface 10 a of the negative electrode current collector 10 where the columnar body 13 is not formed. More specifically, the thin film portion 14 is formed on the surface 10 a between the convex portions 11. In the thickness direction of the negative electrode 1, one surface of the thin film portion 14 is in close contact with the negative electrode current collector 10, but the other surface (outer surface) faces the gap 17 between the columnar bodies 13. A polymer layer 15 is formed on the outer surface of the thin film portion 14 facing the gap 17.
- the outer surface of the thin film portion 14 is also covered with the polymer layer 15. Further, since the thin film portion 14 is formed by a vapor phase method, the outer surface thereof has an appropriate surface roughness. Thereby, even if the alloy type active material contained in the thin film part 14 repeats a volume change, peeling from the thin film part 14 of the polymer layer 15 is suppressed. Moreover, since the thin film part 14 faces the gap 17 between the columnar bodies 13 via the polymer layer 15, the stress generated with the volume change of the alloy-based active material is relieved.
- the thickness of the thin film portion 14 is usually smaller than the height of the columnar body 13, preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the thin film portion 14 is too small, the lithium storage capacity of the thin film portion 14 becomes insufficient, and the effect of improving the capacity and output of the battery by the thin film portion 14 may be reduced. Moreover, when the thickness of the thin film part 14 is too small, Li precipitation etc. to the surface 10a may arise. If the thickness of the thin film portion 14 is too large, the stress generated when the alloy-based active material contained in the thin film portion 14 expands may increase, and the negative electrode current collector 10 and the negative electrode 1 may be deformed.
- the alloy-based active material contained in the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 is a substance that is alloyed with lithium during charging and occludes lithium ions and releases lithium ions during discharging under a negative electrode potential.
- the alloy-based active material is preferably amorphous or low crystalline.
- Examples of the alloy-based active material include a silicon-based active material and a tin-based active material.
- An alloy type active material can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- Examples of the silicon-based active material include silicon, silicon compounds, partial substitutes thereof, solid solutions of the above-described silicon compounds and partial substitutes, and the like.
- Examples of silicon oxide include silicon oxide represented by the formula SiO a (0.05 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.95), silicon carbide represented by the formula SiC b (0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1), and formula SiN c (0 And silicon nitride represented by ⁇ c ⁇ 4/3), an alloy of silicon and a different element (A), and the like.
- Examples of the different element (A) include Fe, Co, Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, In, Sn, and Ti.
- the partially substituted body is a compound in which a part of silicon atoms contained in silicon and a silicon compound is substituted with a different element (B).
- the different element (B) include B, Mg, Ni, Ti, Mo, Co, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Nb, Ta, V, W, Zn, C, N, and Sn.
- silicon and silicon compounds are preferable, and silicon and silicon oxide are more preferable.
- tin-based active material examples include tin, tin oxide represented by the formula SnO d (0 ⁇ d ⁇ 2), tin dioxide (SnO 2 ), tin nitride, Ni—Sn alloy, Mg—Sn alloy, Fe— Tin-containing alloys such as Sn alloy, Cu—Sn alloy, Ti—Sn alloy, tin compounds such as SnSiO 3 , Ni 2 Sn 4 , Mg 2 Sn, solid solutions of the above-described tin oxide, tin nitride, tin compound, etc. Can be mentioned.
- tin oxides, tin-containing alloys, tin compounds, and the like are preferable.
- the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 are formed by a vapor phase method.
- the vapor phase method include vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, plasma chemical vapor deposition, and thermal spraying.
- the vacuum evaporation method is preferable.
- the formation of the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 by the vacuum deposition method will be described more specifically.
- the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 can be formed by, for example, an electron beam vacuum deposition apparatus 20 (hereinafter simply referred to as “deposition apparatus 20”) shown in FIG.
- the vapor deposition apparatus 20 includes a chamber 21, a first pipe 22, a fixing base 23, a nozzle 24, a target 25, a power source 26, an electron beam generator 30, and a second pipe (not shown).
- the chamber 21 is a pressure-resistant container, and accommodates the first pipe 22, the fixing base 23, the nozzle 24, the target 25, and the electron beam generator 30 in the internal space.
- One end of the first pipe 22 is connected to the nozzle 24, and the other end extends to the outside of the chamber 21, and is connected to a raw material gas cylinder or a raw material gas production apparatus (both not shown) via a mass flow controller (not shown).
- the first pipe 22 supplies a raw material gas to the nozzle 24. Oxygen, nitrogen, or the like is used as the source gas.
- the fixing base 23 is a plate-like member that is rotatably supported, and the negative electrode current collector 10 can be fixed to one surface in the thickness direction.
- the fixing base 23 rotates between a position indicated by a solid line and a position indicated by a one-dot chain line in FIG.
- the angle formed by the fixed base 23 and the horizontal line 28 is (180 ⁇ ) °.
- the angle ⁇ ° formed by the vertical line 27 and the vertical line 29 is the incident angle of the vapor of the alloy-based active material raw material.
- the vertical line 29 is a straight line that passes through the intersection of the vertical line 27 and the fixed base 23 and is perpendicular to the surface of the fixed base 23.
- the angle ⁇ ° can be appropriately selected according to the dimensions of the convex portion 11 and the columnar body 13.
- the nozzle 24 is provided between the fixed base 23 and the target 25, and one end of the first pipe 22 is connected to discharge the source gas into the chamber 21.
- the target 25 contains a raw material for the alloy-based active material.
- the electron beam generator 30 irradiates and heats the raw material of the alloy-based active material accommodated in the target 25 with an electron beam. Thereby, the vapor
- the power source 26 is provided outside the chamber 21 and applies a voltage to the electron beam generator 30.
- the second pipe introduces a gas that becomes the atmosphere in the chamber 21.
- An electron beam type vacuum deposition apparatus having the same configuration as the deposition apparatus 20 is commercially available from ULVAC, Inc., for example.
- the operation of the vapor deposition apparatus 20 will be described by taking as an example the case where the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 made of silicon oxide are formed on the surface 10 a of the negative electrode current collector 10.
- the negative electrode current collector 10 is fixed to the fixing base 23, and oxygen (raw material gas) is introduced into the chamber 21.
- the target 25 is irradiated with an electron beam to generate silicon (alloy-based active material raw material) vapor.
- the vapor rises upward in the vertical direction and is mixed with oxygen around the nozzle 24.
- the mixture of steam and oxygen further rises and is supplied to the surface 10 a of the negative electrode current collector 10 fixed to the fixing base 23.
- the columnar body 13 made of silicon oxide is formed on the surface of the convex portion 11
- the thin film portion 14 made of silicon oxide is formed on the surface 10a of the negative electrode current collector 10 where the convex portion 11 is not formed. Is done.
- the fixed base 23 is rotated to the position of the alternate long and short dash line to form a mass 13b shown in FIG.
- the columnar body 13 which is a laminate of the eight lumps 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13e, 13f, 13g, and 13h shown in FIG. Simultaneously formed on the surface of the convex portion 11.
- a thin film portion 14 is formed on the surface 10a of the negative electrode current collector 10 where the convex portions 11 are not formed. Thereby, the negative electrode active material layer 12 is formed, and the negative electrode 1 is obtained.
- the columnar body 13 is formed so that an oxygen concentration gradient is formed in the growth direction of the columnar body 13. May be formed. Specifically, the oxygen content ratio may be increased at a portion close to the negative electrode current collector 10 and the oxygen content ratio may be decreased as the distance from the negative electrode current collector 10 increases. Thereby, the joint strength between the convex portion 11 and the columnar body 13 and the joint strength between the surface 10a and the thin film portion 14 can be further increased.
- the source gas is not supplied from the nozzle 24, for example, the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 made of silicon or tin are formed.
- an amount of lithium corresponding to the irreversible capacity may be deposited on the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14.
- the polymer layer 15 is formed on almost the entire outer surface of the columnar body 13 and the outer surface of the thin film portion 14.
- the polymer layer 15 is formed to a thickness that does not fill the gap 17 existing between the adjacent columnar bodies 13.
- the polymer layer 15 can also be formed on the surface 10a (hereinafter referred to as “non-formed surface”) where the convex portions 11 and the thin film portions 14 of the negative electrode current collector 10 are not formed.
- the polymer layer 15 on the non-formed surface need not be provided in particular, but is effective in preventing, for example, lithium ions from depositing as metallic lithium on the non-formed surface and reducing the battery capacity.
- the thickness of the polymer layer 15 can be appropriately selected according to the part where the polymer layer 15 is formed.
- the polymer layer 15 is preferably formed relatively thick on the top surface of the columnar body 13. This is due to the following reason.
- the direction in which the columnar body 13 extends is defined as the vertical direction, and the direction perpendicular thereto is defined as the horizontal direction. Expansion of the columnar bodies 13 in the lateral direction is alleviated by the gaps 17 between the columnar bodies 13.
- the top of the columnar body 13 abuts on the separator 16, and there is little space for relaxing the vertical expansion of the columnar body 13. Therefore, by forming the polymer layer 15 relatively thick, the expansion of the columnar body 13 in the vertical direction can be reduced by the elasticity of the polymer layer 15.
- the polymer layer 15 is preferably formed so that the thickness thereof is less than 1 ⁇ 2 of the smallest gap width.
- the gap width is the length of the gap 17 in the direction parallel to the surface 10 a of the negative electrode current collector 10 in the cross section in the thickness direction of the negative electrode 1.
- the gap width is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the gap width is too small, when the columnar bodies 13 expand, the stress due to the contact between the columnar bodies 13 becomes too large, and the separation of the polymer layer 15 from the columnar bodies 13 and the separation of the columnar bodies 13 from the convex portions 11 occur. May occur. In addition, the inflow of the nonaqueous electrolyte into the gaps 17 between the columnar bodies 13 may be suppressed. As a result, battery performance may be reduced. If the gap width is too large, the battery performance may be lowered due to a decrease in nonaqueous electrolyte retention in the gap 17 and a decrease in the number of columnar bodies 13.
- the polymer layer 15 is formed relatively thin on the outer surface of the thin film portion 14. Since the thin film 14 is relatively thin, the expansion stress is smaller than the expansion stress of the columnar body 13. Furthermore, a gap 17 for relaxing expansion stress exists above the thin film portion 14. Therefore, even if the polymer layer 15 is thinned, the effect of forming the polymer layer 15 is sufficiently exhibited.
- the thickness of the polymer layer 15 is appropriately selected according to the site where the polymer layer 15 is formed, but is preferably selected from the range of 0.01 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably selected from the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. .
- the thickness of the polymer layer 15 formed on the side surface of the columnar body 13 and the outer surface of the thin film portion 14 is preferably 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m, and the polymer formed on the top of the columnar body 13.
- the thickness of the layer 15 is preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the polymer layer 15 formed on the top of the columnar body 13 is preferably thicker than the polymer layer 15 formed on the side surface of the columnar body 13 and the outer surface of the thin film portion 14.
- the polymer layer 15 on the non-formed surface of the negative electrode current collector 10 may have a thickness of about 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the polymer layer 15 is too thin, the followability of the polymer layer 15 with respect to the volume expansion of the alloy-based active material is lowered, and the adhesion between the polymer layer 15 and the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 may be lowered. As a result, the protective effect of the new surface by the polymer layer 15 may be reduced. On the other hand, if the polymer layer 15 is too thick, the ion permeability of the polymer layer 15 is lowered, and the output characteristics, cycle characteristics, storage characteristics, etc. of the battery may be lowered.
- the main component of the polymer layer 15 is a synthetic resin, it has appropriate mechanical strength and flexibility. Therefore, the polymer layer 15 hardly deforms while following the volume expansion of the alloy-based active material. For this reason, the adhesion between the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 and the polymer layer 15 is maintained over the entire usable period of the battery. As a result, even when a new surface is generated as the number of charge / discharge cycles increases, contact between the new surface immediately after the generation and the nonaqueous electrolyte can be suppressed.
- the porosity of the polymer layer 15 is preferably 10% to 70%, more preferably 15% to 60%, and still more preferably 20% to 35%. If the porosity is too small, the ion conduction resistance of the polymer layer 15 is increased, and there is a possibility that the high output characteristics and the like are deteriorated. On the other hand, if the porosity is too large, the mechanical strength of the polymer layer 15 is lowered, and the polymer layer 15 may be easily peeled off from the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14.
- the porosity can be measured using a mercury porosimeter.
- mercury enters the voids inside the polymer layer 15.
- the porosity (%) is calculated as 100 ⁇ ⁇ volume of mercury penetrating into the void / (true volume of polymer layer 15 + volume of mercury penetrating into the void) ⁇ .
- the true volume of the polymer layer 15 can be calculated from the mass of the polymer layer 15 and the specific gravity of the synthetic resin constituting the polymer layer 15.
- the polymer layer 15 has lithium ion permeability and can further have lithium ion conductivity.
- the lithium ion permeable resin that is the main component of the polymer layer 15 swells by contact with the nonaqueous electrolyte and exhibits lithium ion conductivity
- the polymer layer 15 exhibits lithium ion conductivity.
- the polymer layer 15 contains lithium salt with the lithium ion permeable resin which is a main component, the polymer layer 15 exhibits lithium ion conductivity. If the lithium ion conductive polymer layer 15 is formed, inhibition of the battery reaction by the polymer layer 15 is suppressed.
- the polymer layer 15 contains a lithium ion permeable resin, and may contain a lithium salt as necessary.
- the lithium ion permeable resin is, for example, a synthetic resin that becomes a porous body having pores capable of transmitting lithium ions when formed into a film shape.
- a resin that swells upon contact with a non-aqueous electrolyte and exhibits lithium ion conductivity (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “lithium ion conductive resin”) is more preferable.
- the polymer layer 15 containing lithium ion conductivity is obtained by contacting the polymer layer containing the lithium ion conductive resin with the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- Examples of such synthetic resins include fluororesins, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and the like. Among these, considering the adhesion between the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 and the polymer layer 15, a fluororesin is preferable.
- a synthetic resin can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- fluororesin examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter referred to as “PVDF”), a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and an olefin monomer, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the olefin monomer examples include tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and ethylene.
- fluororesins a copolymer of PVDF and vinylidene fluoride and an olefin monomer is preferable, PVDF and a copolymer of HFP and VDF are more preferable, and PVDF is particularly preferable.
- lithium salt added to the polymer layer 15 a lithium salt commonly used in the field of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used.
- lithium salts include, for example, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower fat.
- Lithium group carboxylates, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBCl 4 , borates, imide salts and the like.
- a lithium salt can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the polymer layer 15 having lithium ion conductivity can be obtained by adding a lithium salt to the polymer layer 15.
- the polymer layer 15 can be formed by, for example, applying a polymer solution to the outer surfaces of the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 and drying the formed coating film.
- the polymer solution contains a synthetic resin and an organic solvent, and may contain a lithium salt, an additive and the like as necessary.
- the polymer solution can be prepared by, for example, dissolving or dispersing a synthetic resin, a lithium salt, an additive and the like in an organic solvent.
- the organic solvent for example, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, methylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylamine, acetone, cyclohexanone and the like can be used.
- the content ratio of the synthetic resin in the polymer solution can be appropriately selected according to the kind of the synthetic resin, the porosity, thickness, and the like of the polymer layer 15 to be obtained, but is preferably 0.1% by mass to 25% by mass. The content is preferably 1% by mass to 10% by mass. If the content rate of a synthetic resin is the said range, the polymer layer 15 which has an entirely uniform structure
- the resin concentration in the polymer solution is more preferably 2% by mass to 7.5% by mass, and particularly preferably 2.5% by mass to 7% by mass.
- Application of the polymer solution to the outer surfaces of the columnar body 13 and the thin film portion 14 can be performed by a known method. Specific examples thereof include screen printing, die coating, comma coating, roller coating, bar coating, gravure coating, curtain coating, spray coating, air knife coating, reverse coating, dip squeeze coating, and dipping method. Among these, the dipping method is preferable.
- the thickness of the polymer layer 15 can be adjusted by changing, for example, the viscosity of the polymer solution, the coating amount, the immersion time in the immersion method, the immersion temperature, and the like. Furthermore, the viscosity of the polymer solution can be appropriately adjusted by changing the content of the synthetic resin in the polymer solution, the liquid temperature of the polymer solution, and the like.
- the drying temperature of the coating film made of the polymer solution is usually appropriately selected from the range of 20 ° C. to 300 ° C. depending on the type of synthetic resin and organic solvent contained in the polymer solution.
- the polymer solution is a 1-10 mass% NMP solution of PVDF and the solution temperature is 15-85 ° C.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 is immersed in the solution according to the dipping method. Thereafter, vacuum drying may be performed at about 60 to 100 ° C. for about 5 to 30 minutes. Thereby, the polymer layer 15 having a thickness of about 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m is formed.
- FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a negative electrode 2 for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter simply referred to as “negative electrode 2”) according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the negative electrode 2 is similar to the negative electrode 1, and when the constituent members are the same as those of the negative electrode 1, the same reference numerals are given and the description thereof is omitted.
- the negative electrode 2 is characterized in that the negative electrode active material layer 12a has a plurality of spindle-shaped columns 13a and does not have the thin film portion 14.
- the polymer layer 15 is formed on almost the entire outer surface of the spindle-shaped columnar body 13 a and the surface 10 a where the convex portion 11 of the negative electrode current collector 10 is not formed.
- Other configurations are the same as those of the negative electrode 1.
- the spindle-shaped columnar body 13 a can also be produced by selecting the incident angle ⁇ and the number of layers of the alloy-based active material in the vapor deposition apparatus 20. Even when such a negative electrode 2 is used, the same effect as that of the negative electrode 1 can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 includes a positive electrode 31 and a stacked electrode group in which the negative electrode 1 shown in FIG. 1 is stacked with a separator 34 interposed therebetween, a positive electrode lead 35 connected to the positive electrode 31, and the negative electrode 1.
- a flat type comprising: a negative electrode lead 36 connected to the first electrode; a gasket 37 for sealing the openings 38a and 38b of the outer case 38; and an outer case 38 for housing the laminated electrode group and a nonaqueous electrolyte (not shown). It is a battery.
- One end of the positive electrode lead 35 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 31 a, and the other end is led out from the opening 38 a of the outer case 38 to the outside of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3.
- One end of the negative electrode lead 36 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 10, and the other end is led out of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 from the opening 38 b of the outer case 38.
- the positive electrode lead 35 and the negative electrode lead 36 those commonly used in the field of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used.
- an aluminum lead can be used for the positive electrode lead 35
- a nickel lead can be used for the negative electrode lead 36.
- the openings 38 a and 38 b of the outer case 38 are sealed with a gasket 37.
- the gasket 37 can be made of various resin materials or rubber materials. Examples of the material of the outer case 38 include a metal material, a synthetic resin, and a laminate film. Without using the gasket 37, the openings 38a and 38b of the outer case 38 may be directly sealed by welding or the like.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 is produced as follows. One end of the positive electrode lead 35 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 31a of the electrode group. One end of the negative electrode lead 36 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 10 of the electrode group. The electrode group is inserted into the outer case 38, a nonaqueous electrolyte is injected, and the other ends of the positive electrode lead 35 and the negative electrode lead 36 are led out of the outer case 38. Next, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 is obtained by welding and sealing the openings 38 a and 38 b through the gasket 37 while vacuuming the inside of the outer case 38.
- the positive electrode 31 includes a positive electrode current collector 31a and a positive electrode active material layer 31b supported on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 31a.
- a conductive substrate is used as the positive electrode current collector 31a.
- the material of the conductive substrate include metal materials such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and aluminum alloy, and conductive resins.
- a flat plate or a perforated plate is used as the conductive substrate. Examples of the flat plate include a foil, a sheet, and a film. Examples of the perforated plate include a mesh body, a net body, a punching sheet, a lath body, a porous body, a foamed body, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the thickness of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 500 ⁇ m, for example, and preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31b includes a positive electrode active material that occludes and releases lithium ions, and is formed on one or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 31a.
- the positive electrode active material various positive electrode active materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions can be used. Specific examples thereof include lithium-containing composite oxides and olivine type lithium phosphate.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide is a metal oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element, or a metal oxide in which a part of the transition metal element in the metal oxide is substituted with a different element.
- the transition metal element include Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cr.
- Mn, Co, Ni and the like are preferable.
- the different elements include Na, Mg, Zn, Al, Pb, Sb, and B.
- Mg, Al and the like are preferable.
- Each of the transition metal element and the different element can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- lithium-containing composite oxide for example, Li l CoO 2, Li l NiO 2, Li l MnO 2, Li l Co m Ni 1-m O 2, Li l Co m M 1-m O n, Li l Ni 1-m M m O n , Li l Mn 2 O 4 , Li l Mn 2-m M n O 4 (in the above formulas, M is Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, It represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb and B. 0 ⁇ l ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.9, 2.0 ⁇ n ⁇ 2.3.) And the like. Among these, Li l Co m M 1- m O n is preferred.
- olivine type lithium phosphate examples include, for example, LiXPO 4 , Li 2 XPO 4 F (wherein X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn and Fe). Can be mentioned.
- the molar number of lithium is a value immediately after positive electrode active material preparation, and it increases / decreases with charging / discharging.
- a positive electrode active material can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31b was obtained by, for example, applying a positive electrode mixture slurry obtained by dissolving or dispersing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive agent, or the like in an organic solvent to the surface of the positive electrode current collector 31a. It is formed by drying and rolling the coating film.
- Resin materials include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polyhexyl acrylate, Examples thereof include polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polyhexyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyether, polyether sulfone, and polyhexafluoropropylene.
- the rubber material include styrene butadiene rubber and modified acrylic rubber.
- water-soluble polymer material include carboxymethyl cellulose.
- a copolymer containing two or more types of monomer compounds can be used as the resin material.
- the monomer compound include tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, hexafluoropropylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, hexadiene and the like.
- a binder can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- Examples of the conductive agent include graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and conductive properties such as carbon fiber and metal fiber.
- Examples include fibers, metal powders such as aluminum, conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide whisker and potassium titanate whisker, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, organic conductive materials such as phenylene derivatives, and carbon fluoride. It is done.
- a conductive agent can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- dimethylformamide dimethylacetamide, methylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylamine, acetone, cyclohexanone, etc.
- organic solvent dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, methylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylamine, acetone, cyclohexanone, etc.
- the separator 34 is an ion-permeable insulating layer disposed so as to be interposed between the positive electrode 31 and the negative electrode 1. On the negative electrode 1 side, at least a part of the surface of the separator 34 may be in contact with the surface of the polymer layer 15.
- a porous sheet having predetermined ion permeability, mechanical strength, insulation, etc. and having pores can be used.
- the porous sheet include a microporous film, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
- the microporous film may be either a single layer film or a multilayer film.
- the single layer film is made of one kind of material.
- the multilayer film is a laminate of a plurality of single layer films.
- the multilayer film includes a laminate of a plurality of single-layer films made of the same material, a laminate of single-layer films made of two or more different materials, and the like. Two or more layers of microporous membranes, woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, etc. may be laminated.
- the thickness of the separator 34 is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the porosity of the separator 34 is preferably 30 to 70%, more preferably 35 to 60%. The porosity is a percentage of the total volume of pores of the separator 34 with respect to the volume of the separator 34. The porosity can be measured with a mercury porosimeter or the like.
- the separator 34 is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte here is a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte contains a solute (supporting salt) and a non-aqueous solvent, and further contains various additives as necessary.
- LiClO 4 LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBCl 4 , borates, imide salts and the like.
- Borate salts include lithium bis (1,2-benzenediolate (2-)-O, O ′) borate, bis (2,3-naphthalenedioleate (2-)-O, O ′) boric acid. Lithium, bis (2,2′-biphenyldiolate (2-)-O, O ′) lithium borate, bis (5-fluoro-2-olate-1-benzenesulfonic acid-O, O ′) lithium borate Etc.
- imide salts include (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ) NLi, and (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. Solutes can be used singly or in combination of two or more. The concentration of the solute in 1 liter of the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 0.5 to 2 mol.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include, for example, cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic carboxylic acid esters and the like.
- examples of the cyclic carbonate include propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.
- Examples of the chain carbonate include diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and the like.
- Examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- a non-aqueous solvent can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- additives examples include additive A that improves charge / discharge efficiency, additive B that inactivates the battery, and the like.
- Additive A includes vinylene carbonate, 4-methyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl vinylene carbonate, 4-ethyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diethyl vinylene carbonate, 4-propyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-dipropyl vinylene There are carbonate, 4-phenyl vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenyl vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, divinyl ethylene carbonate and the like. In these compounds, part of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with fluorine atoms. Additive A can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Additive B includes benzene derivatives.
- Benzene derivatives include benzene compounds containing a phenyl group and a cyclic compound group adjacent to the phenyl group.
- Examples of the cyclic compound group include a phenyl group, a cyclic ether group, a cyclic ester group, a cycloalkyl group, and a phenoxy group.
- Examples of the benzene compound include cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, and the like.
- Additive B can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content ratio of the additive B in the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 10 parts by volume or less with respect to 100 parts by volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
- the gel nonaqueous electrolyte contains a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte and a resin material.
- the resin material include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, and polyacrylate.
- the separator 34 is used as the lithium ion permeable insulating layer, but is not limited thereto, and an inorganic oxide particle layer may be used. Moreover, you may use together the separator 34 and an inorganic oxide particle layer.
- the inorganic oxide particle layer functions as a lithium ion permeable insulating layer and improves the safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 when a short circuit occurs. Further, when the inorganic oxide particle layer and the separator 34 are used in combination, the durability of the separator 34 is remarkably improved.
- the inorganic oxide particle layer can be formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode active material layer 31b and the negative electrode active material layer 12, but is preferably formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 31b.
- the inorganic oxide particle layer contains inorganic oxide particles and a binder.
- Inorganic oxides include alumina, titania, silica, magnesia, calcia and the like.
- the binder the same binder as that used for forming the positive electrode active material layer 31b can be used.
- Each of the inorganic oxide particles and the binder may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content ratio of the inorganic oxide particles in the inorganic oxide particle layer is preferably 90 to 99.5% by mass, more preferably 95 to 99% by mass with respect to the total amount of the inorganic oxide particle layer, and the balance is the binder. .
- the inorganic oxide particle layer can be formed in the same manner as the positive electrode active material layer 31b.
- inorganic oxide particles and a binder are dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent to prepare a slurry, and this slurry is applied to the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 31b or the negative electrode active material layer 12, and the resulting coating film is applied. By drying, an inorganic oxide particle layer can be formed.
- the organic solvent the same organic solvent contained in the positive electrode mixture slurry can be used.
- the thickness of the inorganic oxide particle layer is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the separator 34 is used as the lithium ion permeable insulating layer, but a solid electrolyte layer may be used instead of the separator 34.
- the solid electrolyte layer contains a solid electrolyte.
- Solid electrolytes include inorganic solid electrolytes and organic solid electrolytes.
- Examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte include (Li 3 PO 4 ) x- (Li 2 S) y- (SiS 2 ) z glass, (Li 2 S) x- (SiS 2 ) y , (Li 2 S) x- (P 2 S 5) y, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5, sulfide-based, such as thio-LISICON, LiTi 2 (PO 4) 3, LiZr 2 (PO 4) 3, LiGe 2 (PO 4) 3, (La 0.5 + x Li 0.5-3x ) TiO 3 and other oxide systems, LiPON, LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , LiPO 4 ⁇ x N x (x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiN, LiI, LISICON Etc.
- a solid electrolyte layer made of an inorganic solid electrolyte can be formed by vapor deposition, sputtering, laser ablation, gas deposition
- organic solid electrolytes include ion conductive polymers and polymer electrolytes.
- the ion conductive polymers include polyethers having a low phase transition temperature (Tg), amorphous vinylidene fluoride copolymers, blends of different polymers, and the like.
- the polymer electrolyte includes a matrix polymer and a lithium salt.
- the matrix polymer include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and polycarbonate.
- the lithium salt the same lithium salt as contained in the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte can be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 3 including the stacked electrode group has been described as an example.
- the present invention is not limited thereto, and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is a wound electrode group or a flat electrode.
- a mold electrode group may be included.
- the wound electrode group is an electrode group obtained by winding a lithium ion permeable insulating layer between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the flat electrode group is, for example, an electrode group obtained by forming a wound electrode group into a flat shape.
- the flat electrode group can also be produced by interposing a lithium ion permeable insulating layer between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and winding them around a plate.
- the shape of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a flat shape, a coin shape, a laminated film pack shape, and the like.
- a 2 mol / L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is gradually added dropwise to the aqueous solution while stirring to neutralize a binary precipitate having a composition represented by Ni 0.85 Co 0.15 (OH) 2.
- OH Ni 0.85 Co 0.15
- This composite hydroxide was heated in the atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a composite oxide having a composition represented by Ni 0.85 Co 0.15 O.
- lithium hydroxide monohydrate is added to the obtained composite oxide so that the sum of the number of Ni and Co atoms is equal to the number of Li atoms, and heated in the atmosphere at 800 ° C. for 10 hours.
- a lithium nickel-containing composite oxide having a composition represented by LiNi 0.85 Co 0.15 O 2 and having a volume average particle size of secondary particles of 10 ⁇ m was obtained as a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 7 is a process diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing the negative electrode current collector 43.
- FIG. 8 is a top view schematically showing a configuration of a main part of the negative electrode current collector 43 obtained by the method of manufacturing the negative electrode current collector 43 shown in FIG.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode current collector 43 shown in FIG. 7 includes the steps (a) and (b).
- the steps (a) and (b) are shown in a longitudinal sectional view.
- step (a) one side of a 27 ⁇ m thick copper foil (trade name: HCL-02Z, manufactured by Hitachi Cable Ltd.) is subjected to surface roughening by electrolytic plating, and a plurality of copper particles (particle size 1 ⁇ m) are adhered. I let you.
- a roughened copper foil 40 having a surface roughness Rz of 1.5 ⁇ m was obtained.
- the surface roughness Rz refers to a ten-point average roughness Rz defined in Japanese Industrial Standard (JISB 0601-1994). Instead, a roughened copper foil commercially available for printed wiring boards may be used.
- a plurality of recesses 42 were formed on the surface of the ceramic roller 41 by laser engraving.
- the plurality of recesses 42 are diamond-shaped when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the ceramic roller 41.
- the length of the short diagonal line was 10 ⁇ m and the length of the long diagonal line was 20 ⁇ m.
- the interval along the short diagonal of adjacent concave portions 42 was 18 ⁇ m, and the interval along the long diagonal was 20 ⁇ m.
- the depth of each recess 42 was 10 ⁇ m.
- the ceramic roller 41 and a stainless steel roller having a smooth surface were pressed into contact with each other so that the respective axes were parallel.
- Rolling treatment was performed by allowing the roughened copper foil 40 to pass through the pressure contact portions of the two rollers at a linear pressure of 1 t / cm. That is, the roughened surface of the roughened copper foil 40 was pressed in the direction of the arrow 45 by the ceramic roller 41.
- a negative electrode current collector 43 having a plurality of convex portions 44 on the surface was obtained as shown in FIG.
- the region pressed by the portion other than the concave portion 42 of the ceramic roller 41 was flattened as shown in the figure.
- the region corresponding to the concave portion 42 in the roughened copper foil 40 entered the internal space of the concave portion 42 without being flattened, and the convex portion 44 was formed.
- the height of the convex portion 44 was smaller than the depth of the concave portion 42 of the ceramic roller 41 and was about 8 ⁇ m.
- the convex portions 44 having a substantially rhombus shape were arranged in a staggered pattern.
- the length of the short diagonal line a was about 10 ⁇ m
- the length of the long diagonal line b was about 20 ⁇ m.
- the distance e along the short diagonal line a between adjacent convex portions 44 was 18 ⁇ m
- the distance d along the long diagonal line b was 20 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode current collector 43 obtained above was cut into 2 cm ⁇ 10 cm and fixed to a fixing base 23 disposed inside the vacuum chamber 21 of the electron beam evaporation apparatus 20 shown in FIG. Then, while supplying oxygen gas having a purity of 99.7% to the vacuum chamber 21, an electron beam using silicon as an evaporation source using a vapor deposition unit (a unit of the target 25, the electron beam generator 30 and the deflection yoke). Vapor deposition was performed. In order to evaporate the silicon of the evaporation source, the electron beam generated by the electron beam generator 30 was deflected by the deflection yoke and applied to the evaporation source. As the evaporation source, scrap material (scrap silicon, purity: 99.999%) generated when a semiconductor wafer was formed was used.
- the fixing stage 23 is tilted so that the vapor deposition angle (incident angle) ⁇ is 70 °, and the first vapor deposition step is performed at a film formation rate of about 8 nm / s and an oxygen flow rate of 5 sccm.
- a first-stage lump of 5 ⁇ m was formed.
- the fixing base 23 is rotated clockwise around the central axis, and is inclined in a direction opposite to the inclination direction of the fixing base 23 in the first stage vapor deposition step, so that the vapor deposition angle ⁇ is ⁇ 70 °. did. In this state, a second-stage lump was formed.
- the inclination direction of the fixing base 23 was changed again to the same direction as the first stage vapor deposition step, the vapor deposition angle ⁇ was set to 70 °, and a third stage lump was formed.
- the deposition angle ⁇ was alternately switched between ⁇ 70 ° and 70 °, and the deposition was performed to form a plurality of columnar bodies as a lump stack.
- the average height of the columnar body was 22 ⁇ m.
- the gap width was 4 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- a thin film portion having a thickness of about 2 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 43 where the columnar body was not formed. In this way, a negative electrode active material layer was formed to produce a negative electrode.
- the average value of the molar ratio of the oxygen content to the silicon content in the obtained negative electrode active material layer was 0.5.
- Lithium deposition was performed on the negative electrode obtained above.
- the amount of deposition was 9 ⁇ m corresponding to the irreversible capacity.
- the negative electrode was cut into a size of 16 mm ⁇ 16 mm, a 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm lead attachment portion was provided on the upper portion, the negative electrode active material layer in this region was removed, and a negative electrode plate was produced.
- PVDF molecular weight 400000
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- This solution was heated to 80 ° C., and the negative electrode plate obtained above was immersed for 1 minute and pulled up. Thereafter, a vacuum drying treatment was performed at 85 ° C. for 10 minutes to produce a negative electrode plate.
- a cross section in the thickness direction of the negative electrode plate was observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- FIG. 9 is an electron micrograph of the cross section of the negative electrode obtained in Example 1. From FIG.
- a polymer layer is formed on the outer surface of each columnar body and on the outer surface of the thin film portion formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector where the columnar body is not formed.
- the thickness of the polymer layer was about 2 ⁇ m, and the porosity was 30%.
- the obtained electrode group was inserted into an outer case made of an aluminum laminate sheet, and a nonaqueous electrolyte was poured into the outer case.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte a non-aqueous electrolyte in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.0 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead are led out from the opening of the outer case to the outside of the outer case, and the opening of the outer case is welded while vacuum decompressing the inside of the outer case, so that the laminated film pack type non-water An electrolyte secondary battery was produced.
- Example 2 A negative electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that VDF (vinylidene fluoride) -HFP copolymer having a hexafluoropropylene (HFP) content of 3% by mass was used instead of PVDF as the synthetic resin for forming the polymer layer. And the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced.
- VDF vinylene fluoride
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- Example 3 A negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a VDF-HFP copolymer having a HFP content of 12% by mass was used in place of PVDF as a synthetic resin for polymer layer formation. .
- a VDF-HFP copolymer having a HFP content of 12% by mass was used in place of PVDF as a synthetic resin for polymer layer formation.
- Example 4 When preparing the polymer solution, dimethyl carbonate was used as a solvent, and a VDF-HFP copolymer having an HFP content of 12% by mass was used as the polymer material. Furthermore, propylene carbonate was added so that it might become 15 mass% of the polymer solution whole quantity. The concentration of the VDF-HFP copolymer in the polymer solution was 4% by mass.
- the negative electrode plate was dipped in this polymer solution (80 ° C.), pulled up, and dried at room temperature for 10 minutes. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this negative electrode plate was used.
- the obtained negative electrode was observed with a scanning electron microscope. As a result, a polymer layer having a thickness of about 0.5 ⁇ m was formed on a part of the side surface of the columnar body and the outer surface of the thin film portion, and a polymer layer having a thickness of about 6 ⁇ m was formed on the top surface of the columnar body.
- the porosity of these polymer layers was 21%.
- propylene carbonate which is a high-boiling point solvent
- a polymer layer was formed not only on the side surface of the columnar body but also on the top of the columnar body.
- the site where the polymer layer is formed can be controlled by appropriately changing the composition of the polymer solution.
- Example 1 A negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer layer was not formed, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced.
- Example 2 A negative electrode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the PVDF concentration in the polymer solution was changed to 8% by mass, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced. The obtained negative electrode was observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- FIG. 10 is an electron micrograph of the cross section of the negative electrode obtained in Comparative Example 2. From FIG. 10, it is clear that the polymer layer enters the gaps between the columnar bodies and most of the gaps disappear. In addition, the porosity of the obtained polymer layer was 2%.
- Test Example 1 The following evaluation tests were performed on the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2. All the evaluation tests were performed in a 20 ° C. environment. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention can achieve improvement of cycle characteristics and securing of high output characteristics, and suppression of battery swelling and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention can be used in the same applications as conventional non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Electronic devices include personal computers, mobile phones, mobile devices, portable information terminals, portable game devices, and the like.
- Electrical equipment includes vacuum cleaners and video cameras.
- Machine tools include electric tools and robots.
- Transportation equipment includes electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in HEVs, fuel cell vehicles, and the like. Examples of power storage devices include uninterruptible power supplies.
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Abstract
Description
合金系活物質は、リチウムの吸蔵及び放出に伴って膨張及び収縮し、比較的大きな応力を発生させる。このため、充放電回数が増加すると、合金系活物質からなる負極活物質層の表面及びその内部にクラックが発生する。クラックが発生した場合、もともと非水電解質に直接触れていなかった面(以下「新生面」とする)が現れる。生成した直後の新生面は、高い反応性を有している。
図1は、本発明の第1実施形態である非水電解質二次電池用負極1(以下単に「負極1」と呼ぶ)の構成を模式的に示す縦断面図である。図2は、図1に示す負極1に含まれる負極集電体10の構成を模式的に示す上面図である。図3は、図1に示す負極1に含まれる負極活物質層12の構成を模式的に示す縦断面図である。図4は、図3に示す負極活物質層12を形成するための電子ビーム式蒸着装置20の構成を模式的に示す側面透視図である。
図2に示すように、負極集電体10の表面10aには、複数の凸部11が設けられている。なお、負極集電体10の両方の表面に複数の凸部11を設けてもよい。また、負極集電体10の凸部11が形成されていないシート部分の厚みは特に制限はないが、通常は1~50μmである。また、負極集電体10は、例えば、ステンレス鋼、チタン、ニッケル、銅、銅合金等の金属材料からなる。
なお、全ての凸部11を同じ高さ及び/又は同じ幅に形成する必要はない。
珪素酸化物としては、式SiOa(0.05<a<1.95)で表される珪素酸化物、式SiCb(0<b<1)で表される珪素炭化物、式SiNc(0<c<4/3)で表される珪素窒化物、珪素と異種元素(A)との合金等が挙げられる。異種元素(A)としては、Fe、Co、Sb、Bi、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、In、Sn、Ti等が挙げられる。部分置換体は、珪素及び珪素化合物に含まれる珪素原子の一部が、異種元素(B)で置換された化合物である。異種元素(B)としては、B、Mg、Ni、Ti、Mo、Co、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Nb、Ta、V、W、Zn、C、N、Sn等が挙げられる。これらの中では、珪素及び珪素化合物が好ましく、珪素及び珪素酸化物が更に好ましい。
蒸着装置20は、チャンバ21、第1配管22、固定台23、ノズル24、ターゲット25、電源26、電子ビーム発生装置30、及び第2配管(不図示)を含む。
第1配管22は、一端がノズル24に接続され、他端がチャンバ21の外方に延びてマスフローコントローラ(不図示)を介して原料ガスボンベ又は原料ガス製造装置(いずれも不図示)に接続される。第1配管22は、ノズル24に原料ガスを供給する。原料ガスには、酸素、窒素等を使用する。
蒸着装置20によれば、まず、負極集電体10を固定台23に固定し、チャンバ21内部に酸素(原料ガス)を導入する。次に、ターゲット25に電子ビームを照射し、珪素(合金系活物質原料)の蒸気を発生させる。蒸気は鉛直方向上方に上昇し、ノズル24周辺で酸素と混合される。蒸気と酸素との混合物はさらに上昇し、固定台23に固定された負極集電体10の表面10aに供給される。これにより、凸部11の表面に、珪素酸化物からなる柱状体13が形成され、負極集電体10の凸部11が形成されていない表面10aに、珪素酸化物からなる薄膜部14が形成される。
空孔率(%)={(A-B)/(A)}×100
例えば、ポリマー溶液がPVDFの1~10質量%NMP溶液であり、該溶液の液温が15~85℃である場合は、浸漬法によれば、負極活物質層12を該溶液に浸漬させた後、60~100℃程度で5~30分程度真空乾燥させればよい。これにより、厚み0.01~10μm程度のポリマー層15が形成される。
図5は、本発明の第2実施形態である非水電解質二次電池用負極2(以下単に「負極2」とする)の構成を模式的に示す縦断面図である。負極2は、負極1に類似し、構成部材が負極1と同じである場合は、同じ参照符号を付して説明を省略する。
図6は、本発明の第3実施形態である非水電解質二次電池3の構成を模式的に示す縦断面図である。非水電解質二次電池3は、正極31及び図1に示す負極1をこれらの間にセパレータ34を介在させて積層した積層型電極群と、正極31に接続された正極リード35と、負極1に接続された負極リード36と、外装ケース38の開口38a、38bを封口するガスケット37と、前記積層型電極群及び非水電解質(不図示)を収容する外装ケース38と、を備えた扁平型電池である。
正極集電体31aとしては、導電性基板が用いられる。導電性基板の材質の具体例としては、ステンレス鋼、チタン、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金等の金属材料、導電性樹脂等が挙げられる。導電性基板としては、平板や多孔板等が用いられる。平板としては、箔、シート、フィルム等が挙げられる。多孔板としては、メッシュ体、ネット体、パンチングシート、ラス体、多孔質体、発泡体、不織布等がある。導電性基板の厚みは特に限定されないが、例えば、通常1~500μmであり、好ましくは1~50μmである。
正極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出できる各種正極活物質を使用できる。その具体例としては、リチウム含有複合酸化物、オリビン型リン酸リチウム等が挙げられる。
遷移金属元素としては、Sc、Y、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Cr等が挙げられる。遷移金属元素の中では、Mn、Co、Ni等が好ましい。
また、異種元素としては、Na、Mg、Zn、Al、Pb、Sb、B等が挙げられる。異種元素の中では、Mg、Al等が好ましい。遷移金属元素及び異種元素は、それぞれ1種を単独で使用でき、又は2種以上を組み合わせ使用できる。
結着剤は1種を単独で使用でき、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。
(実施例1)
(1)正極活物質の作製
硫酸ニッケル水溶液に、Ni:Co=8.5:1.5(モル比)になるように硫酸コバルトを加えて金属イオン濃度2mol/Lの水溶液を調製した。この水溶液に撹拌下、2mol/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を徐々に滴下して中和することにより、Ni0.85Co0.15(OH)2で示される組成を有する二元系の沈殿物を共沈法により生成させた。この沈殿物をろ過により分離し、水洗し、80℃で乾燥し、複合水酸化物を得た。
上記で得られた正極活物質の粉末93g、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)3g、ポリフッ化ビニリデン粉末(結着剤)4g及びN-メチル-2-ピロリドン50mlを充分に混合して正極合剤スラリーを調製した。この正極合剤スラリーを厚み15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)の両面に塗布し、乾燥し、圧延して、厚み120μmの正極活物質層を形成した。得られた正極を15mm×15mmの寸法に切り出し、その上部に5mm×5mmのリード取り付け部を設け、この領域の正極活物質層を除去し、正極板を作製した。
[負極集電体の作製]
まず、負極集電体の作製方法を説明する。図7は、負極集電体43の製造方法を説明する工程図である。図8は、図7に示す負極集電体43の製造方法により得られる負極集電体43の要部の構成を模式的に示す上面図である。
(a)工程では、厚み27μmの銅箔(商品名:HCL-02Z、日立電線(株)製)の片面に電解めっきにより粗面化処理を施し、複数の銅粒子(粒径1μm)を付着させた。これにより、表面粗さRzが1.5μmの粗化銅箔40を得た。なお、表面粗さRzは日本工業規格(JISB 0601―1994)に定められた十点平均粗さRzを指す。なお、代わりに、プリント配線基板用に市販されている粗面化銅箔を用いてもよい。
上記で得られた負極集電体43を、2cm×10cmに裁断し、図4に示す電子ビーム式蒸着装置20の真空チャンバ21の内部に配置された固定台23に固定した。そして、純度99.7%の酸素ガスを真空チャンバ21に供給しながら、蒸着ユニット(ターゲット25、電子ビーム発生装置30及び偏向ヨークをユニット化したもの)を用いて珪素を蒸発源とする電子ビーム蒸着を行った。蒸発源の珪素を蒸発させるために、電子ビーム発生装置30により発生させた電子ビームを偏向ヨークにより偏向させて蒸発源に照射した。蒸発源には、半導体ウェハを形成する際に生じる端材(スクラップシリコン、純度:99.999%)を用いた。
PVDF(分子量400000)をN-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解し、PVDF濃度が4質量%である溶液を調製した。この溶液を80℃に加熱し、上記で得られた負極板を1分間浸漬して引き上げた。その後、85℃で10分間真空乾燥処理を行い、負極板を作製した。この負極板の厚み方向の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した。図9は、実施例1で得られた負極の断面の電子顕微鏡写真である。図9から、各柱状体の外表面及び柱状体が形成されていない負極集電体表面に形成された薄膜部外表面にポリマー層が形成されていることが明らかである。ポリマー層の厚みは約2μm、空孔率は30%であった。
上記で得られた正極板及びポリマー層形成後の負極板を、これらの間にポリエチレン微多孔膜(セパレータ、商品名:ハイポア、厚み20μm、旭化成(株)製)を介在させて積層し、積層型電極群を作製した。次に、アルミニウム製正極リードの一端を正極板のリード取り付け部に溶接し、ニッケル製負極リードの一端を負極板のリード取り付け部に溶接した。
ポリマー層形成用の合成樹脂として、PVDFに代えてヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)含有量が3質量%のVDF(フッ化ビニリデン)-HFP共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極及び非水電解質二次電池を作製した。得られた負極を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、柱状体側面及び薄膜部外表面にポリマー層が形成されていることが確認された。また、側面にポリマー層が形成された柱状体間に、間隙が存在することが確認された。ポリマー層の厚みは約2μm、空孔率は32%であった。
ポリマー層形成用の合成樹脂として、PVDFに代えてHFP含有量が12質量%のVDF-HFP共重合体を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極及び非水電解質二次電池を作製した。得られた負極を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、柱状体側面及び薄膜部外表面にポリマー層が形成されていることが確認された。また、側面にポリマー層が形成された柱状体間に、間隙が存在することが確認された。ポリマー層の厚みは約2μm、空孔率は28%であった。
ポリマー溶液を調製する時に、溶媒としてジメチルカーボネートを用い、ポリマー材料として、HFP含有量が12質量%のVDF-HFP共重合体を用いた。さらに、プロピレンカーボネートをポリマー溶液全量の15質量%になるように添加した。ポリマー溶液におけるVDF-HFP共重合体の濃度は、4質量%であった。このポリマー溶液(80℃)に負極板を浸漬して引き上げ、室温で10分間乾燥させた。この負極板を用いる以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
ポリマー層を形成しない以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極を作製し、非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
ポリマー溶液におけるPVDF濃度を8質量%に変更する以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極を作製し、非水電解質二次電池を作製した。得られた負極を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した。図10は、比較例2で得られた負極の断面の電子顕微鏡写真である。図10から、ポリマー層が柱状体間の間隙に入り込み、間隙の大部分が消滅していることが明らかである。なお、得られたポリマー層の空孔率は2%であった。
実施例1~4及び比較例1~2で得られた非水電解質二次電池について、下記の評価試験を実施した。評価試験は、いずれも、20℃環境下で実施した。結果を表1に示す。
各電池について、以下の充放電条件で充電(定電流充電及びそれに続く定電圧充電)及び放電(定電流放電)の充放電を3サイクル繰返し、3回目の放電容量(0.2C容量)を求めた。
定電流充電:0.7C、充電終止電圧4.2V。
定電圧充電:4.2V、充電終止電流0.05C、休止時間20分。
定電流放電:0.2C、放電終止電圧2.5V、休止時間20分。
各電池について、定電流放電の電流値を0.2Cから1Cに変更する以外は、電池容量評価と同じ充放電条件で1サイクルの充放電を行い、1C容量を求めた。そして、電池容量評価で求められた0.2C容量に対する1C容量の百分率として、高出力特性(レート特性、%)を求めた。
各電池について、電池容量評価と同じ充放電条件で1サイクルの充放電を行い、1サイクル放電容量を求めた。その後、定電流放電の電流値を0.2Cから1Cに変更する以外は、1サイクル目と同じ充放電条件で98サイクルの充放電を行った。次に、1サイクル目と同じ充放電条件で充放電を行い、100サイクル放電容量を求めた。1サイクル放電容量に対する100サイクル放電容量の百分率として、サイクル容量維持率(%)を求めた。
サイクル特性評価において、評価前の電極群厚み及び100サイクル後の電極群厚みを測定し、100サイクル後の電極群厚み(Y)に対する評価前の電極群厚み(X)の変化率として、電池の膨れ(%)を求めた。
電池の膨れ(%)=[(Y-X)/X]×100
Claims (12)
- 負極集電体と、前記負極集電体の表面から外方に延びるように支持された、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な複数の柱状の合金系活物質とを含み、
前記柱状の合金系活物質は、隣り合う前記柱状の合金系活物質同士が所定の間隔を保持するように前記負極集電体の表面に支持されており、
前記柱状の合金系活物質の外表面は、リチウムイオン透過性樹脂を有するポリマー層で被覆されており、
前記ポリマー層は、隣り合う前記柱状の合金系活物質同士の間に形成される間隙を埋めないような厚みで形成されている非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 前記ポリマー層の空孔率が、10%~70%である請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記ポリマー層は、フッ素樹脂とリチウム塩とを含有する層である請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記ポリマー層が、0.01μm~20μmの厚みを有する請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記柱状の合金系活物質の平均高さが1μm~30μmの範囲である請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記間隙の幅が、0.5μm~30μmの範囲である請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極集電体の表面に複数の凸部が形成されており、複数の前記柱状の合金系活物質が、前記凸部の表面に支持されている請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極は、前記負極集電体の前記柱状の合金系活物質を支持していない表面に、さらに、複数の薄膜状の合金系活物質を含む請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記薄膜状の合金系活物質の外表面が前記ポリマー層で被覆されている請求項8に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極集電体は、前記柱状の合金系活物質及び前記薄膜状の合金系活物質を支持していない表面を有し、前記表面が前記ポリマー層で被覆されている請求項8に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記合金系活物質が、珪素系活物質及び錫系活物質から選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な正極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するように配置されたリチウムイオン透過性絶縁層と、リチウムイオン伝導性非水電解質と、を備え、
前記負極が、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極である非水電解質二次電池。
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10745930A EP2262041A1 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-17 | Negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| KR1020107023120A KR101177995B1 (ko) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-17 | 비수 전해질 이차전지용 음극 및 비수 전해질 이차전지 |
| JP2010525135A JP5231557B2 (ja) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-17 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
| CN2010800013374A CN101983449A (zh) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-17 | 非水电解质二次电池用负极及非水电解质二次电池 |
| US12/937,334 US20110027650A1 (en) | 2009-02-27 | 2010-02-17 | Negative electrode for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
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| JP2009-046228 | 2009-02-27 | ||
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| US (1) | US20110027650A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2262041A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5231557B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101177995B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN101983449A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2010098043A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20100137515A (ko) | 2010-12-30 |
| JPWO2010098043A1 (ja) | 2012-08-30 |
| JP5231557B2 (ja) | 2013-07-10 |
| US20110027650A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
| EP2262041A1 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
| CN101983449A (zh) | 2011-03-02 |
| KR101177995B1 (ko) | 2012-08-29 |
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