WO2010061747A1 - 照明装置 - Google Patents
照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010061747A1 WO2010061747A1 PCT/JP2009/069432 JP2009069432W WO2010061747A1 WO 2010061747 A1 WO2010061747 A1 WO 2010061747A1 JP 2009069432 W JP2009069432 W JP 2009069432W WO 2010061747 A1 WO2010061747 A1 WO 2010061747A1
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- organic
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- secondary battery
- photoelectric conversion
- lighting device
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/60—Circuit arrangements for operating LEDs comprising organic material, e.g. for operating organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
- H10K39/30—Devices controlled by radiation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K65/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element and at least one organic radiation-sensitive element, e.g. organic opto-couplers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
- H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an illumination device having an organic electroluminescent element, an organic photoelectric conversion element, and a secondary battery.
- a system combining a solar power generation device (solar cell), a light emitting member, and a secondary battery can be used as a stand-alone lighting device that does not require a power source.
- solar power generation device solar cell
- a light emitting member a light emitting member
- secondary battery a stand-alone lighting device that does not require a power source.
- lighting devices that combine Si (silicon) solar cells, white LEDs (light emitting members), and secondary batteries have been proposed and commercialized.
- the white LED is a point light source
- the Si solar cell also has a power generation layer made of crystals, so it cannot be given flexibility, and can be stored in a roll or folded and carried. It was not possible to make such a compact self-supporting lighting device.
- the organic electroluminescent element and the organic photoelectric conversion element are all solid-state and thin-film electronic devices.
- the organic electroluminescent element is used as a light emitting member
- the organic photoelectric conversion element is used as a solar battery
- a combination with a secondary battery constitutes a lightweight, thin, flexible, portable lighting device that does not require a power source. It is expected to be able to.
- Such a lighting device is considered to contribute not only to outdoor leisure use but also to the spread of lighting in developing countries where infrastructure development such as electricity is delayed.
- organic electroluminescent elements and organic photoelectric conversion elements have a problem of low durability, and improvements are required.
- an overdischarge control circuit detects the amount of power stored in the secondary battery. It is disclosed that the power supply from the secondary battery is controlled by the detection signal (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- the open voltage of the secondary battery is measured and compared with a preset overcharge prevention voltage to control charging (for example, refer to Patent Document 2).
- these lighting devices are composed of inorganic LEDs that are difficult to bend, crystalline Si solar cells that can be damaged when dropped, very heavy lead-acid batteries, etc. Not intended for portable use, and lightweight and thin light-emitting elements (organic EL elements), photoelectric conversion elements (organic photoelectric conversion elements), secondary batteries (lithium ion batteries), etc. There is no description of the issues when combined.
- the power supply from the secondary battery is controlled by an overdischarge control circuit to prevent the secondary battery from being overdischarged and to extend the life of the secondary battery.
- Patent Document 2 compares the open-circuit voltage of a secondary battery with a preset overcharge prevention voltage, controls charging, and prevents overcharge.
- the deterioration factor of the organic electroluminescence device and the organic photoelectric conversion device is said to be due to the penetration of moisture, oxygen, etc.
- the local site of the device for example, the organic electroluminescence device Carrier traps at the interface between the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer are also said to be a cause of deterioration.
- the lifetime is improved by applying a reverse bias voltage to the organic photoelectric conversion element (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 3-110786 and 2007-324259). This is presumed to be because carriers trapped in traps that do not flow in the forward direction are taken out by applying an electric field in the reverse direction, and deterioration due to carriers accumulated at the local site is suppressed.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 do not deal with such deterioration of the organic electroluminescent element and the organic photoelectric conversion element, and when the organic electroluminescent element and the organic photoelectric conversion element are used in a lighting device, The durability of each element could not be improved.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above situation, and provides an illuminating device that combines an organic electroluminescent element, an organic photoelectric conversion element, and a secondary battery that has excellent durability and exhibits stable performance even after repeated use.
- the purpose is to do.
- the lighting device includes a control unit that controls the electrical connection, and the control unit includes the organic photoelectric conversion element
- the control unit includes the organic photoelectric conversion element
- a reverse bias voltage is applied to the organic electroluminescent element, and when the organic electroluminescent element is supplied with electric power from the secondary battery and emits light, The lighting device, wherein the electrical connection is controlled so that a reverse bias voltage is applied to the organic photoelectric conversion element.
- the illumination device according to 1 or 2, wherein the reverse bias voltage applied to the organic photoelectric conversion element is ⁇ 0.5 to ⁇ 30V. 4).
- the control means switches the connection of the secondary battery from the organic photoelectric conversion element to the organic electroluminescence element when the open voltage of the secondary battery becomes equal to or higher than the overcharge prevention voltage when charging the secondary battery.
- the lighting device according to any one of 1 to 3, characterized by: 5).
- the control means applies a reverse bias voltage to the organic photoelectric conversion element at the time of charging and to the organic electroluminescence element at the time of light emission at a predetermined time.
- the lighting device according to item 1. 6).
- the lighting device according to any one of 1 to 5, wherein the organic electroluminescent element is a phosphorescent light emitting device. 7).
- the organic electroluminescent element and the organic photoelectric conversion element are both formed by a solution process in which a coating liquid, which is a liquid composition, is applied to a substrate by a coating means to form a coating film layer.
- the lighting device according to any one of 6 to 6. 8).
- the organic electroluminescence device, the organic photoelectric conversion device, and the secondary battery are formed in a sheet shape on a flexible base material and stacked, and are described in any one of 1 to 7 above. Lighting device.
- the deterioration factor (carriers accumulated in the local site) of the organic photoelectric conversion element and the organic electroluminescence element is changed to one element. Can be efficiently removed when not in use. Thereby, since deterioration of the organic photoelectric conversion element and the organic electroluminescent element can be reduced, durability can be improved.
- the secondary battery can be protected from overcharging, and the durability of the entire lighting device can be improved.
- the inventors of the present invention applied the knowledge of reports (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 3-110786 and 2007-324259) that the lifetime is improved by applying a reverse bias to the organic photoelectric conversion element described above.
- the present inventors have found a measure for improving the durability of an illuminating device having an organic electroluminescent element, an organic photoelectric conversion element, and a secondary battery.
- the lighting device is configured such that when one of the organic electroluminescence element and the organic photoelectric conversion element functions and the other is not functioning, a reverse bias voltage is applied to the other from the secondary battery. It has been found that durability can be greatly improved by using a general connection.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a lighting device according to the present invention.
- the lighting device 1 includes a solar cell unit 10, a secondary battery unit 20, a light emitting unit 30, and a control unit 40, which are electrically connected.
- the solar cell unit 10 includes an organic photoelectric conversion element (Organic Photovoltaics, hereinafter also referred to as OPV) 11 as a solar cell, and the OPV 11 generates direct-current power by receiving light.
- organic photoelectric conversion element Organic Photovoltaics, hereinafter also referred to as OPV
- the secondary battery unit 20 includes a secondary battery 21, is charged by DC power generated by the OPV 11, and supplies DC power to the light emitting unit 30.
- the light emitting unit 30 includes an organic electroluminescent element (Organic light-emitting diode, hereinafter also referred to as OLED and organic EL element) 31 that is a light emitting member, and the OLED 31 emits light when supplied with DC power.
- organic electroluminescent element Organic light-emitting diode, hereinafter also referred to as OLED and organic EL element
- the control unit 40 includes a connection circuit (also referred to as a circuit) 41, and electrically connects the solar cell unit 10, the secondary battery unit 20, and the light emitting unit 30 and controls the connection.
- a connection circuit also referred to as a circuit
- control unit 40 controls the OPV 11 of the solar cell unit 10, the secondary battery 21 of the secondary battery unit 20, and the OLED 31 of the light emitting unit 30.
- FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit diagram for explaining the connection of the OPV 11, the secondary battery 21, the OLED 31, and the connection circuit 41. Actually, it is designed to have a function of detecting and controlling the voltage of the secondary battery 21, distributing a voltage applied to the OLED 31 and the OPV 11, or a function of boosting an electromotive force from the solar battery.
- S1 and S2 indicate switches.
- the switches S1 and S2 are so-called single-pole three-throw elements having two contacts and an intermediate point, contacts 1a and 1c and an unconnected intermediate point 1b, contacts 2a and 2c and an unconnected intermediate point 2b, respectively.
- a type switch is so-called single-pole three-throw elements having two contacts and an intermediate point, contacts 1a and 1c and an unconnected intermediate point 1b, contacts 2a and 2c and an unconnected intermediate point 2b, respectively.
- the switches S1 and S2 may be any switches that can switch (open and close) the circuit connection, and known switches can be used.
- a rotary switch, an electromagnetic relay, an electronic switch using a semiconductor, or the like can be used.
- the mechanical switch such as the rotary switch requires a driving means for driving the switch to automatically switch the circuit. Therefore, the electromagnetic relay, the electronic switch, and the like that can be electrically switched are provided. It is preferable because of easy control.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing circuit connections during charging.
- the OPV 11 generates power upon receiving sunlight.
- the control unit 40 performs switching control so that the switch S1 is connected to the contact 1a and the switch S2 is connected to the contact 2a.
- the OPV 11 and the secondary battery 21 are connected, and the DC power generated by the OPV 11 is stored in the secondary battery 21.
- a reverse bias voltage is applied to the OLED 31.
- the reverse bias voltage is preferably adjusted in a range of ⁇ 0.5 to ⁇ 30V. If the voltage is ⁇ 0.5 V or less, the application effect is small, and if it is ⁇ 30 V or more, the OLED may be destroyed. More preferably, it is ⁇ 5 to ⁇ 15V.
- the carriers accumulated in the local site of the OLED 31 can be taken out, and the deterioration of the OLED 31 can be reduced, so that the durability can be improved.
- whether or not it is daytime is determined by detecting the ambient illuminance with illuminance detection means (the organic photoelectric conversion element may also serve as a separate optical sensor) and is set in advance by the control unit 40. This is done by comparing with the reference illuminance. If it is more than the reference illuminance, the control unit 40 determines that it is daytime and controls the connection shown in FIG.
- an overcharge prevention mechanism (not shown) in the control unit 40 to prevent the secondary battery 21 from being overcharged.
- the connection between the secondary battery 21 and the OPV 11 is disconnected every predetermined time during the charging, and the open voltage of the secondary battery 21 is measured and compared with a preset overcharge prevention voltage. Is done.
- the open circuit voltage exceeds the overcharge prevention voltage, the charging is stopped, and the secondary battery 21 is discharged by switching to the connection at the time of light emission, which will be described later, shown in FIG.
- the open circuit voltage becomes equal to or lower than the overcharge prevention voltage, charging is resumed.
- the predetermined time is appropriately set from the power generation capacity of the OPV 11, the capacity of the secondary battery 21, the discharge rate, and the like.
- the secondary battery can be protected from overcharging, and the durability of the entire lighting device can be improved.
- the switches S1 and S2 are switched to 1c and 2c, respectively, the polarities of the secondary battery 21 and OPV11 and the secondary battery 21 and the OLED 31 are reversed, and the OLED 31 has a forward bias.
- OPB11 is applied with a reverse bias voltage.
- the interval for applying the reverse bias voltage and the time for applying the reverse bias voltage are appropriately set according to the specifications of the OPV 11, experiments, and the like.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating circuit connections during light emission.
- the OLED 31 is supplied with power from the secondary battery 21 and emits light.
- the control unit 40 performs switching control so that the switch S1 is connected to the contact 1c and the switch S2 is connected to the contact 2c.
- the OLED 31 and the secondary battery 21 are connected with a forward bias, and the electric power stored in the secondary battery 21 is supplied to the OLED 31 and emits light.
- the reverse bias voltage is preferably adjusted in a range of ⁇ 0.5 to ⁇ 30V. If the voltage is ⁇ 0.5 V or less, the effect of application is small, and if it is ⁇ 30 V or more, the OPV may be destroyed. More preferably, it is ⁇ 5 to ⁇ 15V.
- whether or not it is night is determined by detecting ambient illuminance with illuminance detection means (the organic photoelectric conversion element may also serve as a separate sensor), and is preset by the control unit 40. This is done by comparing with the reference illuminance. If it is less than the reference illuminance, the control unit 40 determines that it is nighttime and performs connection control shown in FIG.
- a preferable reverse bias application time is such that the ratio of the on time to the off time is 10: 1 to 1,000,000: 1, more preferably 1000: 1 to 100,000: 1.
- the switches S1 and S2 are switched to 1a and 2a, respectively, and a reverse bias voltage is applied from the secondary battery 21 to the OLED 31.
- the interval for applying the reverse bias voltage and the time for applying the reverse bias voltage are appropriately set according to the specifications of the OLED 31, allowable emission stop time, experiment, and the like.
- the light emission stop time is a short time that is considered difficult for humans to recognize.
- the carriers accumulated in the local site of the OLED 31 can be taken out, and the durability of the OOLED 31 can be improved.
- organic EL element organic electroluminescence element
- organic photoelectric conversion element organic photoelectric conversion element
- secondary battery constituting the lighting device of the present invention
- Organic EL element >> The lighting device of the present invention that is lightweight, thin, suitable for carrying, and usable without an outlet can be achieved by using an organic electroluminescent element as a light emitting element.
- organic electroluminescent element which concerns on this invention is demonstrated, it is not limited to this.
- Each of the above layers can be formed by a known method, for example, a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, or the like.
- a coating solution that is a liquid composition is applied to a substrate by a coating means such as a coater or an inkjet.
- a coating method for forming a layer of the coating film, so-called solution process method, is preferable for improving productivity.
- the light-emitting layer is a layer that emits light by recombination of electrons and holes injected from the electrode, the electron transport layer, or the hole transport layer. It may be an interface with an adjacent layer.
- the light emitting layer is not particularly limited in its configuration as long as the light emitting material included satisfies the above requirements. Moreover, there may be a plurality of layers having the same emission spectrum and emission maximum wavelength.
- the total film thickness of the light emitting layer is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably 30 nm or less because a lower driving voltage can be obtained. Note that the sum of the thicknesses of the light emitting layers referred to here is a thickness including the intermediate layers when a non-light emitting intermediate layer exists between the light emitting layers.
- each light emitting layer is preferably adjusted in the range of 1 to 50 nm, more preferably in the range of 1 to 20 nm. There is no particular limitation on the relationship between the film thicknesses of the blue, green and red light emitting layers.
- a light emitting material or a host compound which will be described later, is formed by forming a film by a known thinning method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, an ink jet method, or the like. it can.
- a plurality of light emitting materials may be mixed in each light emitting layer, or a phosphorescent light emitting material and a fluorescent light emitting material may be mixed and used in the same light emitting layer.
- the structure of the light emitting layer preferably contains a host compound and a light emitting material (also referred to as a light emitting dopant compound) and emits light from the light emitting material.
- a light emitting material also referred to as a light emitting dopant compound
- a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission at room temperature (25 ° C.) of less than 0.1 is preferable. More preferably, the phosphorescence quantum yield is less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in a light emitting layer.
- known host compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- By using a plurality of types of host compounds it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the efficiency of the organic electroluminescent device can be improved.
- the host compound may be a conventionally known low molecular compound, a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, or a low molecular compound having a polymerizable group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group (evaporation polymerizable light emitting host).
- the known host compound a compound that has a hole transporting ability and an electron transporting ability, prevents the emission of light from being increased in wavelength, and has a high Tg (glass transition temperature) is preferable.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value determined by a method based on JIS-K-7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- a fluorescent compound or a phosphorescent material (also referred to as a phosphorescent compound or a phosphorescent compound) is used.
- the phosphorescent material is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed. Specifically, it is a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.). Although defined as being 01 or more compounds, the preferred phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.
- the phosphorescent quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectra II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of the Fourth Edition Experimental Chemistry Course 7. Although the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvents, when the phosphorescent light emitting material is used in the present invention, the above phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) is achieved in any solvent. It only has to be done.
- the phosphorescent light-emitting material can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light-emitting layer of the organic electroluminescent element, and is preferably a complex system containing a metal of group 8 to 10 in the periodic table of elements.
- Compounds more preferably iridium compounds, osmium compounds, platinum compounds (platinum complex compounds), and rare earth complexes, and most preferred are iridium compounds.
- iridium compounds include Organic Letter, vol3, no. 16, 2579-2581 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 1685-1687 (1991), J. Am. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123, 4304 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 7, pages 1704-1711 (2001), Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 41, No. 12, pages 3055-3066 (2002) , New Journal of Chemistry. 26, 1171 (2002), European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 695-709 (2004), and the like can be used.
- At least one light emitting layer may contain two or more kinds of light emitting materials, and the concentration ratio of the light emitting materials in the light emitting layer may vary in the thickness direction of the light emitting layer.
- the non-light emitting intermediate layer is a layer provided between the light emitting layers.
- the film thickness of the non-light emitting intermediate layer is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 nm, and more preferably in the range of 3 to 10 nm to suppress interaction such as energy transfer between adjacent light emitting layers, and This is preferable because a large load is not applied to the voltage characteristics.
- the material used for the non-light emitting intermediate layer may be the same as or different from the host compound of the light emitting layer, but may be the same as the host material of at least one of the adjacent light emitting layers. preferable.
- Carrier mobility is used as a physical property representing carrier transport ability, but the carrier mobility of an organic material generally depends on the electric field strength. Since a material having a high electric field strength dependency easily breaks the balance between injection and transport of holes and electrons, it is preferable to use a material having a low electric field strength dependency of mobility for the intermediate layer material and the host material.
- the non-light emitting intermediate layer functions as a blocking layer described later, that is, a hole blocking layer and an electron blocking layer. It is done.
- ⁇ Injection layer electron injection layer, hole injection layer>
- the injection layer is provided as necessary, and there are an electron injection layer and a hole injection layer, and as described above, it exists between the anode and the light emitting layer or the hole transport layer, and between the cathode and the light emitting layer or the electron transport layer. May be.
- An injection layer is a layer provided between an electrode and an organic layer in order to lower drive voltage and improve light emission luminance.
- Organic electroluminescence device and its forefront of industrialization June 30, 1998, NTS Corporation) Issue) ”, Chapter 2, Chapter 2,“ Electrode Materials ”(pages 123 to 166), which has a hole injection layer (anode buffer layer) and an electron injection layer (cathode buffer layer).
- ⁇ Blocking layer hole blocking layer, electron blocking layer>
- the blocking layer is provided as necessary in addition to the basic constituent layer of the organic compound thin film as described above. For example, described in JP-A Nos. 11-204258 and 11-204359, and “Organic electroluminescence device and the forefront of its industrialization” (published by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998). There is a hole blocking layer.
- the hole blocking layer has a function of an electron transport layer in a broad sense, and is made of a hole blocking material that has a function of transporting electrons and has a remarkably small ability to transport holes. The probability of recombination of electrons and holes can be improved by blocking. Moreover, the structure of the electron carrying layer mentioned later can be used as a hole-blocking layer concerning this invention as needed.
- the hole blocking layer is preferably provided adjacent to the light emitting layer.
- the electron blocking layer has a function of a hole transport layer in a broad sense, and is made of a material that has a function of transporting holes and has an extremely small ability to transport electrons, and transports electrons while transporting holes. By blocking, the recombination probability of electrons and holes can be improved. Moreover, the structure of the positive hole transport layer mentioned later can be used as an electron blocking layer as needed.
- the film thickness of the hole blocking layer and the electron transporting layer according to the present invention is preferably 3 to 100 nm, and more preferably 5 to 30 nm.
- the hole transport layer is made of a hole transport material having a function of transporting holes, and in a broad sense, a hole injection layer and an electron blocking layer are also included in the hole transport layer.
- the hole transport layer can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- the hole transport material has either hole injection or transport or electron barrier properties, and may be either organic or inorganic.
- triazole derivatives oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives
- Examples thereof include stilbene derivatives, silazane derivatives, aniline copolymers, and conductive polymer oligomers, particularly thiophene oligomers.
- the above-mentioned materials can be used as the hole transport material, but it is preferable to use a porphyrin compound, an aromatic tertiary amine compound and a styrylamine compound, particularly an aromatic tertiary amine compound.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si, p-type-SiC, nickel oxide, and molybdenum oxide can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.
- JP-A-11-251067, J. Org. Huang et. al. A so-called p-type hole transport material described in a book (Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), p. 139) can also be used. In the present invention, it is preferable to use these materials because a light-emitting element with higher efficiency can be obtained.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the hole transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- a hole transport layer having a high p property doped with impurities examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- a hole transport layer having such a high p property because a device with lower power consumption can be produced.
- the electron transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons, and in a broad sense, an electron injection layer and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers.
- an electron transport material also serving as a hole blocking material used for an electron transport layer adjacent to the cathode side with respect to the light emitting layer is injected from the cathode.
- any material can be selected and used from among conventionally known compounds. For example, nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives Thiopyrandioxide derivatives, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and anthrone derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives and the like.
- a thiadiazole derivative in which the oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and a quinoxaline derivative having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron withdrawing group can also be used as an electron transport material.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- metal complexes of 8-quinolinol derivatives such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq 3 ), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7-dibromo-8-quinolinol) Aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (Znq), etc.
- Mg Metal complexes replaced with Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as electron transport materials.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine or those having terminal ends substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the electron transporting material.
- the distyrylpyrazine derivatives exemplified as the material of the light emitting layer can also be used as the electron transport material, and inorganic semiconductors such as n-type-Si and n-type-SiC can be used as well as the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer. It can be used as an electron transport material.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the electron transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- an electron transport layer having a high n property doped with impurities examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- an electron transport layer having such a high n property because an element with lower power consumption can be produced.
- n-type conductive inorganic oxides titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc.
- titanium oxide titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc.
- the surface light emitting device has at least a first electrode and a second electrode.
- an organic electroluminescent element one is usually composed of an anode and the other is a cathode.
- the tandem configuration can be achieved by using an intermediate electrode. The preferred anode and cathode configurations are described below.
- an electrode material made of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof having a high work function (4 eV or more) is preferably used.
- electrode substances include metal thin films such as gold, silver, and platinum, or conductive / light-transmitting materials such as nanoparticle / nanowire layers, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO, and Examples include conductive polymers.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- SnO 2 , and ZnO examples include conductive polymers.
- a material such as IDIXO (In 2 O 3 —ZnO) that can form an amorphous light-transmitting conductive film may be used.
- the sheet resistance as the anode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less. Further, although the film thickness depends on the material, it is usually selected in the range of 10 to 1000 nm, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- a material having a low work function (4 eV or less) metal referred to as an electron injecting metal
- an alloy referred to as an electrically conductive compound
- Specific examples of such electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of an electron injecting metal and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function value than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, Magnesium / aluminum mixtures, magnesium / indium mixtures, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixtures, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum and the like are preferred.
- the sheet resistance as the cathode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- either the anode or the cathode of the organic electroluminescent element can be configured using the above electrode material as appropriate so as to be light transmissive.
- the anode side light-reflective it can be made light-reflective using, for example, aluminum and an aluminum alloy, silver and a silver compound, and the light-reflective layer using these materials, the ITO, A light-transmitting anode such as SnO 2 or ZnO can also be used in combination.
- the cathode side is made light-transmitting
- a conductive material such as aluminum and aluminum alloy
- silver and silver compound is made thin with a thickness of about 1 to 20 nm, and then mentioned in the description of the anode.
- a film of a conductive light-transmitting material By providing a film of a conductive light-transmitting material, a light-transmitting cathode can be obtained.
- the material of the intermediate electrode required in the case of the tandem structure as in (vi) is preferably a layer using a compound having both transparency and conductivity.
- ITO, AZO, FTO, titanium oxide Preferred are transparent metal oxides such as Ag, Al, Au, etc., very thin metal layers or layers containing nanoparticles / nanowires, conductive polymer materials such as PEDOT: PSS, polyaniline, and the like.
- Examples of the sealing means used for sealing the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention include a method of bonding a sealing member, an electrode, and a support substrate with an adhesive.
- the sealing member may be disposed so as to cover the display region of the organic electroluminescent element, and may be concave or flat. Moreover, transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited.
- a polymer film and a metal film can be preferably used because the element can be thinned.
- the polymer film preferably has an oxygen permeability of 10 ⁇ 3 g / m 2 / day or less and a water vapor permeability of 10 ⁇ 3 g / m 2 / day or less. Further, it is more preferable that both the water vapor permeability and the oxygen permeability are 10 ⁇ 5 g / m 2 / day or less.
- a method of spin-coating an organic polymer material (polyvinyl alcohol, etc.) having a high gas barrier property a method of depositing an inorganic thin film (silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, etc.) or an organic film (parylene, etc.) having a high gas barrier property under vacuum, Also, a method of laminating these in a composite manner and the like can be used.
- the substrate is preferably a member that can transmit the light that is photoelectrically converted, that is, a member that is transparent to the wavelength of the light to be photoelectrically converted.
- a transparent resin film As the substrate, for example, a glass substrate, a resin substrate and the like are preferably mentioned, but it is desirable to use a transparent resin film from the viewpoint of light weight and flexibility.
- a transparent resin film There is no restriction
- polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) modified polyester, polyethylene (PE) resin film, polypropylene (PP) resin film, polystyrene resin film, polyolefin resins such as cyclic olefin resin Film, vinyl resin film such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin film, polysulfone (PSF) resin film, polyether sulfone (PES) resin film, polycarbonate (PC) resin film, A polyamide resin film, a polyimide resin film, an acrylic resin film, a triacetyl cellulose (TAC) resin film, and the like can be given.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- polystyrene resin film polyolefin resins such as cyclic olefin resin Film
- the resin film transmittance of 80% or more in ⁇ 800 nm can be preferably applied to a transparent resin film according to the present invention.
- a transparent resin film according to the present invention is preferably a biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film, a biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film, a polyethersulfone film, or a polycarbonate film, and biaxially stretched. More preferred are polyethylene terephthalate films and biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate films.
- the transparent substrate used in the present invention can be subjected to a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a surface treatment or an easy adhesion layer in order to ensure the wettability and adhesion of the coating solution.
- a conventionally well-known technique can be used about a surface treatment or an easily bonding layer.
- the surface treatment includes surface activation treatment such as corona discharge treatment, flame treatment, ultraviolet treatment, high frequency treatment, glow discharge treatment, active plasma treatment, and laser treatment.
- Examples of the easy adhesion layer include polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, vinyl copolymer, butadiene copolymer, acrylic copolymer, vinylidene copolymer, and epoxy copolymer.
- a barrier coat layer may be formed in advance on the transparent substrate for the purpose of suppressing the permeation of oxygen and water vapor.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided on the outer side of the sealing film on the side facing the support substrate with the organic layer interposed therebetween or on the sealing film.
- the mechanical strength is not necessarily high, and thus it is preferable to provide such a protective film and a protective plate.
- the same glass plate, polymer plate / film, metal plate / film, and the like used for the sealing can be used, but the polymer film is light and thin. Is preferably used.
- An organic electroluminescent element emits light inside a layer having a refractive index higher than that of air (refractive index of about 1.6 to 2.1), and only about 15 to 20% of light generated in the light emitting layer can be extracted. It is generally said. This is because light incident on the interface (interface between the transparent substrate and air) at an angle ⁇ greater than the critical angle causes total reflection and cannot be extracted outside the device, or between the transparent electrode or light emitting layer and the transparent substrate. This is because the light is totally reflected between the light and the light is guided through the transparent electrode or the light emitting layer, and as a result, the light escapes in the direction of the element side surface.
- these methods can be used in combination with the element according to the present invention.
- a method of introducing a flat layer having a lower refractive index than the substrate between the substrate and the light emitter, or a substrate and a transparent electrode A method of forming a diffraction grating between any of the layers and the light emitting layer (including between the substrate and the outside) can be suitably used.
- by combining these means it is possible to obtain an element having higher luminance or durability.
- the low refractive index layer examples include aerogel, porous silica, magnesium fluoride, and a fluorine-based polymer. Since the refractive index of the transparent substrate is generally about 1.5 to 1.7, the low refractive index layer preferably has a refractive index of about 1.5 or less. Furthermore, it is preferable that it is 1.35 or less.
- the surface light emitting device is processed to provide a structure on the microlens array on the light extraction side of the support substrate, or is combined with a so-called condensing sheet, for example, in a specific direction, for example, device light emission. Condensing light in the front direction with respect to the surface can increase the luminance in a specific direction.
- quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate.
- One side is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If it becomes smaller than this, the effect of diffraction will generate
- the condensing sheet it is possible to use, for example, a sheet that has been put to practical use in an LED backlight of a liquid crystal display device.
- a brightness enhancement film (BEF) manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Limited can be used.
- BEF brightness enhancement film
- the shape of the prism sheet for example, the base material may be formed by forming a ⁇ -shaped stripe having a vertex angle of 90 degrees and a pitch of 50 ⁇ m, or the vertex angle is rounded and the pitch is changed randomly. Other shapes may be used.
- a light diffusion plate / film may be used in combination with the light collecting sheet.
- a diffusion film (light-up) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd. can be used.
- Organic photoelectric conversion element >> The lighting device of the present invention that is lightweight, thin, suitable for carrying, and usable without an outlet can be achieved by using an organic electroluminescence element as a power generation element.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element is not particularly limited, and has at least an anode and a cathode, and a power generation layer sandwiched between them (also referred to as a layer in which a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are mixed, a bulk heterojunction layer, or an i layer). Any element that has one or more layers and generates a current when irradiated with light may be used.
- anode / power generation layer / cathode ii) anode / hole transport layer / power generation layer / cathode
- anode / hole transport layer / power generation layer / electron transport layer / cathode iii) anode / hole transport layer / power generation layer / electron transport layer / cathode
- anode / hole transport layer / P-type semiconductor layer / power generation layer / n-type semiconductor layer / electron transport layer / cathode v) anode / hole transport layer / first light emitting layer / electron transport layer / intermediate electrode / hole transport layer / second light emitting layer
- the power generation layer needs to contain a p-type semiconductor material capable of transporting holes and an n-type semiconductor material capable of transporting electrons, which are substantially two layers and heterojunction.
- a bulk heterojunction in a mixed state in one layer may be formed, but a bulk heterojunction configuration is preferable because of higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material used for the power generation layer will be described later.
- the efficiency of taking out holes and electrons to the anode / cathode can be increased by sandwiching the power generation layer between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, so that the structure having them ((ii), ( iii)) is preferred.
- the power generation layer itself also increases the rectification of holes and electrons (selection of carrier extraction), so that the power generation layer is sandwiched between layers of a p-type semiconductor material and a single n-type semiconductor material as in (iv). It may be a configuration (also referred to as a pin configuration).
- the tandem configuration (configuration (v)) in which sunlight of different wavelengths is absorbed by each power generation layer may be employed.
- the layers other than the power generation layer described below can be formed using the same material as that of the organic EL element as long as it conforms to the HOMO / LUMO level of the material used for the power generation layer.
- Examples of the p-type semiconductor material used for the power generation layer (bulk heterojunction layer) of the present invention include various condensed polycyclic aromatic low molecular compounds and conjugated polymers.
- condensed polycyclic aromatic low molecular weight compound examples include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, heptacene, chrysene, picene, fluorene, pyrene, peropyrene, perylene, terylene, quaterylene, coronene, ovalene, circumanthanthene, bisanthene, zeslene.
- TTF tetrathiafulvalene
- TCNQ tetracyanoquinodimethane
- BEDTTTTF bisethylenetetrathiafulvalene
- Examples of the derivative having the above condensed polycycle include WO 03/16599 pamphlet, WO 03/28125 pamphlet, US Pat. No. 6,690,029, JP 2004-107216 A.
- conjugated polymer for example, a polythiophene such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and its oligomer, or a technical group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Polythiophene, Nature Material, (2006) vol. 5, p328, a polythiophene-thienothiophene copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymer described in WO2008000664, a polythiophene-thiazolothiazole copolymer described in Adv Mater, 2007p4160, Nature Mat. vol.
- P3HT poly-3-hexylthiophene
- polypyrrole and its oligomer polyaniline, polyphenylene and its oligomer, polyphenylene vinylene and its oligomer, polythienylene vinylene and its oligomer, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, Examples thereof include polymer materials such as ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polysilane and polygermane.
- oligomeric materials not polymer materials, include thiophene hexamer ⁇ -seccithiophene ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -sexualthiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -kinkethiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -bis (3 Oligomers such as -butoxypropyl) - ⁇ -sexithiophene can be preferably used.
- the electron transport layer is formed on the power generation layer by coating, there is a problem that the electron transport layer solution dissolves the power generation layer. Therefore, a material that can be insolubilized after coating by a solution process may be used. .
- Such materials include materials that can be insolubilized by polymerizing the coating film after coating, such as polythiophene having a polymerizable group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Or a material in which soluble substituents react and become insoluble (pigmented) by applying energy such as heat, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/136964, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-16834 And so on.
- the n-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- fullerene, octaazaporphyrin and the like, p-type semiconductor perfluoro products (perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.) examples thereof include aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, and perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and polymer compounds containing an imidized product thereof as a skeleton. .
- Fullerene derivatives include fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C240, fullerene C540, mixed fullerene, fullerene nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, single-walled nanotubes, nanohorns (conical), etc.
- PCBM [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester
- PCBnB [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-butyl ester
- PCBiB [6,6] -phenyl C61-buty Rick acid-isobutyl ester
- PCBH [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid-n-hexyl ester
- ⁇ Secondary battery> Although the preferable aspect of the secondary battery which concerns on this invention is demonstrated, it is not limited to this. There is no restriction
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and metal lithium, an alloy capable of inserting and extracting lithium, an oxide, a carbon material, and the like can be used.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and specific examples include manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, lithium manganese composite oxide (for example, LixMn 2 O 4 or LixMnO 2 ), lithium nickel composite oxide.
- MnO 2 manganese dioxide
- iron oxide iron oxide
- copper oxide copper oxide
- nickel oxide nickel oxide
- lithium manganese composite oxide for example, LixMn 2 O 4 or LixMnO 2
- lithium nickel composite oxide lithium nickel composite oxide.
- LixNiO 2 lithium cobalt composite oxide
- LiNi1-yCoyO 2 lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide
- lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide eg, LiMnyCo1-yO 2
- spinel type lithium manganese nickel Complex oxides LiixMn 2 -yNiyO 4
- lithium phosphorus oxides having an olivine structure LixFe1-yMnyPO 4 , LixCoPO 4, etc.
- iron sulfate Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3
- vanadate And at least one selected from a compound for example, V 2 O 5 ).
- More preferable positive electrode active materials include lithium manganese composite oxide (LixM n 2 O 4 ), lithium nickel composite oxide (LixNiO 2 ), lithium cobalt composite oxide (LixCoO 2 ), and lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide having a high battery voltage. (LixNi1-yCoyO 2 ), spinel type lithium manganese nickel composite oxide (LixMn 2 -yNiyO 4 ), lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide (LixMnyCo1-yO 2 ), lithium iron phosphate (LixFePO 4 ) and the like. (Note that x and y are preferably in the range of 0 to 1.) These positive electrode active materials have improved crystallinity and improved battery characteristics by sintering in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- Conductive auxiliary materials include graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbonaceous fine particles such as vapor-grown carbon fibers, metal fine particles such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum, and conductive properties such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, and polyacene. Examples include polymers. Examples of the ion conduction auxiliary material include gel electrolytes and solid electrolytes.
- a binder may be mixed with the electrode material.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene.
- resin binders such as polyimide.
- a metal foil such as nickel, aluminum, copper, gold, silver, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, a metal flat plate, a mesh electrode, a carbon electrode, or the like can be used. Further, such a current collector may have a catalytic effect, or the active material and the current collector may be chemically bonded.
- an insulating packing made of a plastic resin or the like may be disposed between the two.
- a separator that can be used in the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, a polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or a porous film such as a fluororesin can be used.
- the electrolyte performs charge carrier transport between both the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and generally has an ionic conductivity of 10-5 to 10-1 S / cm at room temperature.
- the electrolytic solution in the present invention include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), cyclic carbonates such as vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl Chain carbonates such as methyl carbonate (EMC) and dipropyl carbonate (DPC), aliphatic carboxylic acid esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ethyl propionate, ⁇ -lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1, 2 -Chain ethers such as diethoxyethane and 1-ethoxy-1-methoxyethane, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and
- lithium salt examples include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ). 2 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate carboxylate, lithium chloroborane, lithium tetraphenylborate, LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, LiCl, imides and the like.
- polymer electrolyte may be used instead of the electrolytic solution.
- Polymer materials used in these solid electrolytes include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-ethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-monofluoroethylene copolymer, and vinylidene fluoride.
- -Vinylidene fluoride polymers such as trifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, and acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate copolymer Polymer, acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate copolymer, acrylonitrile-ethyl methacrylate copolymer, acrylonitrile-ethyl acrylate copolymer, acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid copolymer, acrylonitrile-acrylic Acid copolymer, an acrylonitrile - acrylonitrile polymers such as vinyl acetate copolymer, further polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide - propylene oxide copolymers, and polymers of these acrylates body or methacrylate body thereof.
- These polymer substances can be used in the form of a
- the film formation by a solution process and the coating method are a method in which a solution in which a material capable of forming a thin film is dissolved in water or an organic solvent is applied to a base material on which a thin film is to be formed, and then dried. This represents the process of forming a thin film.
- the coating method used in this case is not limited, and examples thereof include spin coating, casting from a solution, dip coating, blade coating, wire bar coating, gravure coating, and spray coating.
- the screen printing method, the relief printing method, the intaglio printing method, the offset printing method, the flexographic printing method, the ink jet method, etc. it is possible to form a pattern at the same time as the coating film is formed. This is preferable because it can be reduced.
- Example ⁇ Creation of flexible transparent substrate>
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a PEN film substrate with a barrier layer having a size of 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm (sheet resistance 13 ⁇ / ⁇ ) is obtained by using a normal photolithography technique and hydrochloric acid etching.
- a flexible transparent substrate with a transparent electrode was formed by patterning with a width of 5 cm at the center.
- This flexible transparent substrate is attached to a commercially available spin coater, and a hole injection layer PEDOT (PEDOT: PEDOT / PSS, Baytron, Baytron P Al 4083) is spin-coated (film thickness: about 40 nm), and heated at 200 ° C. 1 Heated for a time to form a hole injection layer. Further, a white light-emitting composition having the following composition was adjusted to 1 ml and spin-coated. (Thickness of about 25 nm).
- PEDOT PEDOT: PEDOT / PSS, Baytron, Baytron P Al 4083
- White light-emitting composition Solvent: Toluene 100% by mass Host material: HA 1% by mass Blue material: Ir-A 0.10% by mass Green material: Ir (ppy) 3 0.004 mass% Red material: Ir (piq) 3 0.005 mass%
- an electron transport layer coating solution was prepared as follows, and applied with a spin coater under the conditions of 1500 rpm and 30 seconds to provide an electron transport layer. The film thickness was 20 nm when it apply
- a tantalum resistance heat boat was energized and heated, and an electron injection layer of lithium fluoride was provided on the substrate in a thickness of 0.5 nm.
- a tungsten tantalum heating boat was energized and heated, and a cathode having a film thickness of 100 nm and a width of 5 cm was deposited at a deposition rate of 1 to 2 nm / second so as to be orthogonal to the transparent conductive film.
- the obtained organic EL element 31 was sealed with an aluminum foil having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m using a sealant (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, UV RESIN XNR5570-B1), and then taken out into the atmosphere. It was.
- a bulk heterojunction layer coating solution was prepared as follows, and applied with a spin coater under conditions of 500 rpm and 60 seconds to provide a bulk heterojunction layer. Dried for minutes.
- (Bulk heterojunction layer coating solution) Chlorobenzene 1.0 g Plexcore OS2100 15mg made by Plextronics Aldrich PCBM 15mg
- the substrate provided up to the bulk heterojunction layer was transferred to a vapor deposition machine without being exposed to the atmosphere, and the pressure was reduced to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa.
- lithium fluoride was put into the resistance heating boat made from tantalum, and aluminum was put into the resistance heating boat made from tungsten, and it was attached in the vapor deposition machine.
- a tantalum resistance heat boat was energized and heated to provide a 0.5 nm electron injection layer of lithium fluoride on the substrate.
- a tungsten tantalum heating boat was energized and heated, and a cathode having a film thickness of 100 nm and a width of 5 cm was deposited at a deposition rate of 1 to 2 nm / second so as to be orthogonal to the transparent conductive film.
- the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element 11 was sealed with an aluminum foil having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m using a sealant (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, UV RESIN XNR5570-B1), and then sealed in the atmosphere. I took it out.
- ⁇ Creation of lithium ion secondary battery 21> (Preparation of ion conductive compound) To 10 g of 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 12 g of tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether was added and stirred for 5 hours to prepare an ion conductive compound. (Preparation of solid electrolyte) 500 g of pure water and 4.8 g of ammonia water (concentration 28%) were added to 23 g of TM-300 (manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., ⁇ -alumina, primary particle diameter 7 nm) and stirred.
- TM-300 manufactured by Daimei Chemical Co., Ltd., ⁇ -alumina, primary particle diameter 7 nm
- This solution was dispersed at a peripheral speed of 6.8 m / s using an ultra apex mill (manufactured by Kotobuki Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and dispersion was continued even after 11.5 g of tetraethoxysilane was dropped over 2 hours immediately after the start of dispersion. The dispersion was completed in 4 hours from the start to obtain a core particle dispersion.
- HMDS3 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- a silane coupling agent for suppressing aggregation was added to the silica-coated core particle dispersion.
- the mixture was stirred at 60 ° C. for 2 hours, and then ultrafiltered (fractionated molecular weight). (20000) was used to perform t-butanol substitution in the same manner as described above to obtain 800 ml of a dispersion.
- This dispersion was freeze-dried using a freeze dryer FDU-2200 (manufactured by Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.) to obtain 25 g of white powder.
- This dispersion was freeze-dried using a freeze dryer FDU-2200 (manufactured by Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.) to obtain core-shell particles composed of metal oxide fine particles having an ion conductive compound on the surface of 25 g.
- the particle size was measured using Zeta Sizer 1000HSa (manufactured by Sysmex Corporation). As a result, the Z average particle size was 27 nm.
- This slurry was applied to the surface of an aluminum foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) provided with a lead wire, developed with a wire bar to a uniform thickness, dried, and pressed to produce a positive electrode.
- This slurry was applied to the surface of a copper foil (thickness: 20 ⁇ m) provided with a lead wire, developed with a wire bar to have a uniform thickness, dried, and pressed to prepare a negative electrode.
- a device for variably controlling the voltage is incorporated in the control unit 40, and the voltage from the organic photoelectric conversion element 11 is increased to such an extent that the lithium ion secondary battery 21 can be charged, or the organic EL element 31 is set. It has a function of controlling the voltage supplied from the lithium ion secondary battery 21 so that the current can be driven.
- ⁇ Durability test> About the obtained illuminating device 1, after irradiating the organic photoelectric conversion element 11 with the irradiation of 30 minutes with the light quantity of 100 mW / cm ⁇ 2 >, after making the organic photoelectric conversion element 11 into a light shielding state completely, the light quantity of 1000 cd / m ⁇ 2 > In this case, the durability test is performed in which the light emission of the organic EL element 31 is performed for 10 minutes as one cycle and this cycle is repeated, and the light emission luminance of the organic EL element 31 and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic photoelectric conversion element 11 are reduced by half. Evaluated.
- the other drive patterns were evaluated using relative values when the luminance half-life of the drive pattern 1 was set to 100.
- the other drive patterns were evaluated using relative values when the luminance half-life of the drive pattern 1 was set to 100.
- the reverse bias is applied to the OLED during OPV power generation, and the reverse bias is applied to the OPV during light emission of OLED. Therefore, both OLED and OPV are large. Half life improved.
- the lighting device of the second embodiment provided with a mechanism for switching the voltage application polarity according to the state of charge of the rechargeable battery
- the lighting device of the third embodiment provided with a mechanism for periodically switching the voltage application polarity
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Abstract
Description
1.有機光電変換素子、有機電界発光素子および二次電池が電気的に接続されている照明装置において、前記電気的な接続を制御する制御手段を有し、前記制御手段は、前記有機光電変換素子が受光して発電し、前記二次電池に充電する際には前記有機電界発光素子に逆バイアス電圧を印加し、前記有機電界発光素子が前記二次電池より電力を供給され発光する際には前記有機光電変換素子に逆バイアス電圧を印加するように前記電気的な接続を制御することを特徴とする照明装置。
2.前記有機電界発光素子に印加される前記逆バイアス電圧が、-0.5~-30Vであることを特徴とする1に記載の照明装置。
3.前記有機光電変換素子に印加される前記逆バイアス電圧が、-0.5~-30Vであることを特徴とする1または2に記載の照明装置。
4.前記制御手段は、前記二次電池の充電に際し、前記二次電池の開放電圧が過充電防止電圧以上になったときには、前記二次電池の接続を有機光電変換素子から有機電界発光素子に切り替えることを特徴とする1から3のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
5.前記制御手段は、前記充電に際し前記有機光電変換素子に、前記発光に際し前記有機電界発光素子に、ともに一定時間毎に一時的に逆バイアス電圧を印加することを特徴とする1から4のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
6.前記有機電界発光素子が、りん光発光デバイスであることを特徴とする1から5のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
7.前記有機電界発光素子および前記有機光電変換素子は、ともに基板に液状組成物である塗布液を、塗布手段により塗布し塗膜の層を形成する、溶液プロセスによって形成されることを特徴とする1から6のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
8.前記有機電界発光素子、前記有機光電変換素子、および二次電池が、フレキシブルな基材上にシート状に形成され、積層されていることを特徴とする1から7のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
《照明装置の制御》
次に、照明装置1の制御について説明する。
図3は、充電時の回路の接続を示す図である。昼間においては、OPV11は、太陽光の照射を受けて発電する。この時、制御部40は、スイッチS1は接点1aと、スイッチS2は接点2aと接続するように切り替え制御する。これにより、OPV11と二次電池21は接続され、OPV11で発電された直流電力は、二次電池21に蓄えられる。
図4は、発光時の回路の接続を示す図である。夜間(発光時)においては、OLED31は、二次電池21より電力が供給され発光する。この時、制御部40は、スイッチS1は接点1cと、スイッチS2は接点2cと接続するように切り替え制御する。これにより、OLED31と二次電池21は順バイアスで接続され、二次電池21に蓄えられた電力は、OLED31に供給され発光する。
本発明の軽量・薄型で持ち運びに適し、コンセントなしで使用可能な照明装置は、発光素子として有機電界発光素子を用いることで達成することができる。
(i)陽極/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(ii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iv)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
(v)陽極/陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
(vi)陽極/正孔輸送層/第1発光層/電子輸送層/中間電極/正孔輸送層/第2発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
ここで、発光層は、少なくとも発光色の異なる2種以上の発光材料を含有していることが好ましく、単層でも複数の発光層からなる発光層ユニットを形成していてもよい。また、発光スタック自体が複数個積層された、タンデム構成((vi)の構成)であっても良い。また、正孔輸送層には正孔注入層、電子阻止層も含まれる。
発光層は、電極または電子輸送層、正孔輸送層から注入されてくる電子および正孔が再結合して発光する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても発光層と隣接層との界面であってもよい。前記発光層は、含まれる発光材料が前記要件を満たしていれば、その構成には特に制限はない。また、同一の発光スペクトルや発光極大波長を有する層が複数層あってもよい。
各発光層間に非発光性の中間層(非ドープ領域等ともいう)を設ける場合について説明する。
注入層は必要に応じて設け、電子注入層と正孔注入層があり、上記の如く陽極と発光層または正孔輸送層の間、および陰極と発光層または電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
阻止層は、上記の如く有機化合物薄膜の基本構成層の他に必要に応じて設けられるものである。例えば、特開平11-204258号公報、同11-204359号公報、および「有機電界発光素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されている正孔阻止(ホールブロック)層がある。
正孔輸送層とは正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層に含まれる。正孔輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
電子輸送層とは電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。電子輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
本発明に関わる面発光素子においては、少なくとも第1電極と第2電極とを有する。有機電界発光素子を用いる場合、通常は一方が陽極、他方が陰極で構成される。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には中間電極を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。以下に好ましい陽極、および陰極の構成について述べる。
有機電界発光素子における陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物およびこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、金、銀、白金等の金属薄膜、またはナノ粒子・ナノワイヤー層、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性光透過性材料、および導電性ポリマーが挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3-ZnO)等非晶質で光透過性の導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。陽極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましい。更に膜厚は材料にもよるが、通常10~1000nm、好ましくは10~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
一方、陰極としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物およびこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。
また、前記(vi)のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、ITO、AZO、FTO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au等の非常に薄い金属層またはナノ粒子・ナノワイヤーを含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等が好ましい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子の封止に用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と電極、支持基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。
基板側から光電変換される光が入射する場合、基板はこの光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材であることが好ましい。基板は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から透明樹脂フィルムを用いることが望ましい。本発明で透明基板として好ましく用いることができる透明樹脂フィルムには特に制限がなく、その材料、形状、構造、厚み等については公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)変性ポリエステル等のポリエステル系樹脂フィルム、ポリエチレン(PE)樹脂フィルム、ポリプロピレン(PP)樹脂フィルム、ポリスチレン樹脂フィルム、環状オレフィン系樹脂等のポリオレフィン類樹脂フィルム、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデン等のビニル系樹脂フィルム、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)樹脂フィルム、ポリサルホン(PSF)樹脂フィルム、ポリエーテルサルホン(PES)樹脂フィルム、ポリカーボネート(PC)樹脂フィルム、ポリアミド樹脂フィルム、ポリイミド樹脂フィルム、アクリル樹脂フィルム、トリアセチルセルロース(TAC)樹脂フィルム等を挙げることができるが、可視域の波長(380~800nm)における透過率が80%以上である樹脂フィルムであれば、本発明に係る透明樹脂フィルムに好ましく適用することができる。中でも透明性、耐熱性、取り扱いやすさ、強度およびコストの点から、二軸延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム、二軸延伸ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルム、ポリエーテルサルホンフィルム、ポリカーボネートフィルムであることが好ましく、二軸延伸ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム、二軸延伸ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルムであることがより好ましい。
有機層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の前記封止膜、あるいは前記封止用フィルムの外側に、素子の機械的強度を高めるために保護膜、あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に封止が前記封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量且つ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
有機電界発光素子は空気よりも屈折率の高い(屈折率1.6~2.1程度)層の内部で発光し、発光層で発生した光のうち15~20%程度の光しか取り出せないと一般的にいわれている。これは、臨界角以上の角度θで界面(透明基板と空気との界面)に入射する光は全反射を起こし、素子外部に取り出すことができないことや、透明電極ないし発光層と透明基板との間で光が全反射を起こし、光が透明電極ないし発光層を導波し、結果として光が素子側面方向に逃げるためである。
本発明の軽量・薄型で持ち運びに適し、コンセントなしで使用可能な照明装置は、発電素子として有機電界発光素子を用いることで達成することができる。
(i)陽極/発電層/陰極
(ii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発電層/陰極
(iii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発電層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iv)陽極/正孔輸送層/p型半導体層/発電層/n型半導体層/電子輸送層/陰極
(v)陽極/正孔輸送層/第1発光層/電子輸送層/中間電極/正孔輸送層/第2発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
ここで、発電層は、正孔を輸送できるp型半導体材料と電子を輸送できるn型半導体材料を含有していることが必要であり、これらは実質2層でヘテロジャンクションを形成していても良いし、1層の内部で混合された状態となっているバルクへテロジャンクションを形成しても良いが、バルクへテロジャンクション構成のほうが光電変換効率が高いため、好ましい。発電層に用いられるp型半導体材料、n型半導体材料については後述する。有機EL素子同様、発電層を正孔輸送層、電子輸送層で挟み込むことで、正孔および電子の陽極・陰極への取り出し効率を高めることができるため、それらを有する構成((ii)、(iii))の方が好ましい。また、発電層自体も正孔と電子の整流性(キャリア取り出しの選択性)を高めるため、(iv)のようにp型半導体材料とn型半導体材料単体からなる層で発電層を挟み込むような構成(p-i-n構成ともいう)であっても良い。また、太陽光の利用効率を高めるため、異なる波長の太陽光をそれぞれの発電層で吸収するような、タンデム構成((v)の構成)であっても良い。
本発明の発電層(バルクへテロジャンクション層)に用いられるp型半導体材料としては、種々の縮合多環芳香族低分子化合物や共役系ポリマーが挙げられる。
本発明のバルクへテロジャンクション層に用いられるn型半導体材料としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、フラーレン、オクタアザポルフィリン等、p型半導体のパーフルオロ体(パーフルオロペンタセンやパーフルオロフタロシアニン等)、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の芳香族カルボン酸無水物やそのイミド化物を骨格として含む高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。
本発明に係る本発明に係る二次電池の好ましい態様について説明するが、これに限定されるものではない。二次電池としては特に制限がなく、公知の二次電池を用いることができる。しかしながら、小型軽量で高電圧が得られやすくメモリー効果がない等から、リチウムイオン二次電池が好ましい。更に好ましくは、前記の有機EL素子や有機光電変換素子と一体化してもコンパクトとできるように、フレキシブルな基材上にシート状の形成された二次電池であることが好ましい。
負極活物質としては特に限定されず、金属リチウムや、リチウムの吸蔵・放出が可能な合金、酸化物およびカーボン材料などを使用することができる。
正極活物質は特に限定されないが、具体例としては、二酸化マンガン(MnO2)、酸化鉄、酸化銅、酸化ニッケル、リチウムマンガン複合酸化物(例えばLixMn2O4またはLixMnO2)、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(例えばLixNiO2)、リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(LixCoO2)、リチウムニッケルコバルト複合酸化物(例えばLiNi1-yCoyO2)、リチウムマンガンコバルト複合酸化物(例えばLiMnyCo1-yO2)、スピネル型リチウムマンガンニッケル複合酸化物(LixMn2-yNiyO4)、オリビン構造を有するリチウムリン酸化物(LixFePO4、LixFe1-yMnyPO4、LixCoPO4など)、硫酸鉄(Fe2(SO4)3)、バナジウム酸化物(例えばV2O5)などから選択される少なくとも一種が挙げられる。)
(なお、これらの化学式中、x、yは0~1の範囲であることが好ましい。)
より好ましい正極活物質は、電池電圧が高いリチウムマンガン複合酸化物(LixM n2O4)、リチウムニッケル複合酸化化物(LixNiO2)、リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(LixCoO2)、リチウムニッケルコバルト複合酸化物(LixNi1-yCoyO2)、スピネル型リチウムマンガンニッケル複合酸化物(LixMn2-yNiyO4)、リチウムマンガンコバルト複合酸化物(LixMnyCo1-yO2)、リチウムリン酸鉄(LixFePO4)などが挙げられる。(なお、x、yは0~1の範囲であることが好ましい。)これらの正極活物質は酸化性の雰囲気下での焼結により結晶性が向上し電池特性を向上させる。
電極を形成する際に、インピーダンスを低下させる目的で、導電補助材やイオン伝導補助材を混合させてもよい。導電補助材としては、グラファイト、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、気相成長炭素繊維等の炭素質微粒子、銅、銀、金、白金等の金属微粒子、ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン、ポリアセチレン、ポリアセン等の導電性高分子が挙げられる。また、イオン伝導補助材としては、ゲル電解質、固体電解質が挙げられる。
電極の各構成材料間の結びつきを強めるために、電極材料に結着剤を混合してもよい。このような結着剤としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ビニリデンフルオライド-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合ゴム、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ポリイミド等の樹脂バインダーが挙げられる。
<集電体およびセパレータ>
本発明おける集電体としては、ニッケル、アルミニウム、銅、金、銀、アルミニウム合金、ステンレス等の金属箔や金属平板、メッシュ状電極、炭素電極等を用いることができる。また、このような集電体に触媒効果を持たせたり、活物質と集電体とを化学結合させたりしてもよい。
本発明において、電解質は、負極と正極の両極間の荷電担体輸送を行うものであり、一般には室温で10-5~10-1S/cmのイオン伝導性を有している。本発明における電解液としては、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)等の環状カーボネート類、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジプロピルカーボネート(DPC)等の鎖状カーボネート類、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル等の脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、γ-ブチロラクトン等のγ-ラクトン類、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、1-エトキシ-1-メトキシエタン等の鎖状エーテル類、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル類、ジメチルスルホキシド、1,3-ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、アセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン、アセトニトリル、プロピルニトリル、ニトロメタン、エチルモノグライム、リン酸トリエステル、トリメトキシメタン、ジオキソラン誘導体、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン、3-メチル-2-オキサゾリジノン、プロピレンカーボネート誘導体、テトラヒドロフラン誘導体、エチルエーテル、1,3-プロパンサルトン、アニソール、N-メチルピロリドン、などの非プロトン性有機溶媒の一種又は二種以上を混合して使用し、これらの有機溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解させたものを用いることができる。
本発明において溶液プロセスによる製膜、および塗布法とは、薄膜を形成しうる材料を水または有機溶剤に溶解した溶液を、薄膜を形成したい基材上に一定の厚さで塗布後、乾燥することで薄膜を形成するプロセスのことを表す。
<フレキシブル透明基板の作成>
10cm×10cmのサイズを有するバリア層付きPENフィルム基板上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を110nm堆積したもの(シート抵抗13Ω/□)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィ技術と塩酸エッチングとを用いて、中央部に5cm幅でパターニングして、透明電極付のフレキシブル透明基板を形成した。
このフレキシブル透明基板を市販のスピンコーターに取り付け、正孔注入層PEDOT(PEDOT:PEDOT/PSS、Bayer社製、Baytron P Al 4083)をスピンコート(膜厚約40nm)し、ホットプレートで200℃1時間加熱し、正孔注入層とした。更に下記組成の白色発光組成物を1mlとなるように調整し、スピンコートした。
(膜厚約25nm)。
溶媒:トルエン 100質量%
ホスト材料:H-A 1質量%
青色材料:Ir-A 0.10質量%
緑色材料:Ir(ppy)3 0.004質量%
赤色材料:Ir(piq)3 0.005質量%
次いで、電子輸送層用塗布液を下記のように調製し、スピンコーターにて、1500rpm、30秒の条件で塗布し、電子輸送層を設けた。別途用意した基板にて、同条件にて塗布を行い、測定をしたところ、膜厚は20nmであった。
(電子輸送層用塗布液)
2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-1-プロパノール 100ml
ET-A 0.50g
電子輸送層まで設けた基板を、大気暴露させずに、蒸着機に移動し、4×10-4Paまで減圧した。なお、タンタル製抵抗加熱ボートにフッ化リチウム、また、タングステン製抵抗加熱ボートに、アルミニウムを入れ、蒸着機内に取り付けておいた。
有機EL素子31と同様の基板を用いて洗浄・PEDOT層形成プロセスを行った後、基板を窒素雰囲気下、JIS B9920に準拠し、測定した清浄度がクラス10で、露点温度が-80℃以下、酸素濃度0.8ppmのグローブボックスへ移した。
(バルクへテロジャンクション層用塗布液)
クロロベンゼン 1.0g
プレクストロニクス社製プレックスコアOS2100 15mg
Aldrich社製PCBM 15mg
バルクへテロジャンクション層まで設けた基板を、大気暴露させずに、蒸着機に移動し、4×10-4Paまで減圧した。なお、タンタル製抵抗加熱ボートにフッ化リチウム、また、タングステン製抵抗加熱ボートに、アルミニウムを入れ、蒸着機内に取り付けておいた。
(イオン伝導性化合物の調製)
3-イソシアナートプロピルトリエトキシシラン10gに対して、テトラエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル12gを加え5時間攪拌して、イオン伝導性化合物を調製した。
(固体電解質の調製)
TM-300(大明化学社製 γアルミナ、一次粒子径7nm)23gに対して、純水500g、アンモニア水(濃度28%)4.8gを加え攪拌した。この溶液を、ウルトラアペックスミル(寿工業社製)を用いて周速6.8m/sで分散し、テトラエトキシシラン11.5gを分散開始直後より2時間かけて滴下した後も分散を続け、開始から4時間で分散を終了しコア粒子分散液を得た。
(固体電解質フィルムの作製)
上記で調製した固体電解質を、それぞれ80~90℃の温度条件で20分間の加圧処理を施して、厚さ100μmの固体電解質フィルムを作製した。
(リチウムイオン二次電池21の作製)
リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(LixCoO2)90質量%と、補助導電材としてグラファイト粉末6質量%とを混合し、これに、ポリフッ化ビニリデン共重合体4質量%とN-メチルピロリドンとを加えて、混合してスラリーを調製した。
上記で得られた有機EL素子31、有機光電変換素子11、リチウムイオン二次電池21、および制御部40(回路41)を電気的に接続した後、上記で得られたリチウムイオン二次電池21の一方の面と、有機EL素子31のアルミニウム箔封止フィルム側を、またリチウムイオン二次電池21の他方の面と、有機光電変換素子11のアルミニウム箔封止フィルム側とを張り合わせ、有機EL素子31、リチウムイオン二次電池21、有機光電変換素子11が一体となったシート状の照明装置1を得た。なお制御部40には電圧を可変に制御する装置が組み込まれており、有機光電変換素子11からの電圧を、リチウムイオン二次電池21に充電できる程度に昇圧したり、有機EL素子31を定電流駆動できるようにリチウムイオン二次電池21から供給する電圧を制御したりできるような機能を有している。
得られた照明装置1について、100mW/cm2の光量で30分の照射を有機光電変換素子11に照射後、有機光電変換素子11は完全に遮光状態としたのちに、1000cd/m2の光量で有機EL素子31の発光を10分間行うことを1サイクルとし、このサイクルを繰り返すといった耐久性試験を行い、有機EL素子31の発光輝度、および有機光電変換素子11の光電変換効率が半減する時間を評価した。
各有機EL素子を、株式会社エーディーシー製、直流電圧・電流源R6243を用いて、素子に50mA(20A/m2)の直流定電流を流し、コニカミノルタセンシング株式会社製分光放射輝度計CS1000を用いて2度視野角正面輝度を測定した。
ソーラシュミレーターの光を100mW/cm2(AM1.5G)の照射強度で照射して、電圧-電流特性を測定し、変換効率を測定した。
10 太陽電池部
11 有機光電変換素子
20 二次電池部
21 二次電池
30 発光部
31 有機電界発光素子
40 制御部
41 接続回路
S1、S2 スイッチ
Claims (8)
- 有機光電変換素子、有機電界発光素子および二次電池が電気的に接続されている照明装置において、
前記電気的な接続を制御する制御手段を有し、
前記制御手段は、前記有機光電変換素子が受光して発電し、前記二次電池に充電する際には前記有機電界発光素子に逆バイアス電圧を印加し、前記有機電界発光素子が前記二次電池より電力を供給され発光する際には前記有機光電変換素子に逆バイアス電圧を印加するように前記電気的な接続を制御することを特徴とする照明装置。 - 前記有機電界発光素子に印加される前記逆バイアス電圧が、-0.5~-30Vであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の照明装置。
- 前記有機光電変換素子に印加される前記逆バイアス電圧が、-0.5~-30Vであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の照明装置。
- 前記制御手段は、前記二次電池の充電に際し、前記二次電池の開放電圧が過充電防止電圧以上になったときには、前記二次電池の接続を有機光電変換素子から有機電界発光素子に切り替えることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
- 前記制御手段は、前記充電に際し前記有機光電変換素子に、前記発光に際し前記有機電界発光素子に、ともに一定時間毎に一時的に逆バイアス電圧を印加することを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
- 前記有機電界発光素子が、りん光発光デバイスであることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
- 前記有機電界発光素子および前記有機光電変換素子は、ともに基板に液状組成物である塗布液を、塗布手段により塗布し塗膜の層を形成する、溶液プロセスによって形成されることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
- 前記有機電界発光素子、前記有機光電変換素子、および二次電池が、フレキシブルな基材上にシート状に形成され、積層されていることを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の照明装置。
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| US13/130,615 US8967848B2 (en) | 2008-11-27 | 2009-11-16 | Lighting device |
| JP2010540450A JP5287867B2 (ja) | 2008-11-27 | 2009-11-16 | 照明装置 |
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| WO2012032850A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-06 | 2012-03-15 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、照明装置及び表示装置 |
| JP2012099777A (ja) * | 2010-11-04 | 2012-05-24 | Silicon Touch Technology Inc | 発光装置 |
| JP2014060222A (ja) * | 2012-09-14 | 2014-04-03 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 有機太陽電池システム |
| JP2016021402A (ja) * | 2015-08-06 | 2016-02-04 | パイオニア株式会社 | 発光装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11029782B2 (en) | 2019-05-03 | 2021-06-08 | Sigmasense, Llc. | Light emitting diode (LED) touch display circuit |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8967848B2 (en) | 2015-03-03 |
| US20110233566A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
| JP5287867B2 (ja) | 2013-09-11 |
| JPWO2010061747A1 (ja) | 2012-04-26 |
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