WO2010058784A1 - 溶接部の超音波探傷方法及び装置 - Google Patents
溶接部の超音波探傷方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010058784A1 WO2010058784A1 PCT/JP2009/069537 JP2009069537W WO2010058784A1 WO 2010058784 A1 WO2010058784 A1 WO 2010058784A1 JP 2009069537 W JP2009069537 W JP 2009069537W WO 2010058784 A1 WO2010058784 A1 WO 2010058784A1
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- ultrasonic
- flaw detection
- flaw
- welded portion
- transducers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
- G01N29/262—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by electronic orientation or focusing, e.g. with phased arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2487—Directing probes, e.g. angle probes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/056—Angular incidence, angular propagation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/267—Welds
- G01N2291/2675—Seam, butt welding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus capable of accurately detecting a flaw existing in a welded portion of a flaw detection material such as a welded pipe regardless of the position of the flaw.
- X X-ray inspection can easily detect point flaws such as pinholes and slag entrainment, and has many inspection results, but has problems such as low inspection efficiency and high equipment costs. For this reason, in a submerged arc welded (SAW) steel pipe, after performing ultrasonic flaw detection, only the end portions of both pipes and portions determined to be incapable of ultrasonic flaw detection are inspected by X-ray.
- SAW submerged arc welded
- ultrasonic flaw detection is suitable for detecting surface flaws such as cracks and poor fusion, and is superior to X-ray inspection in terms of inspection efficiency and equipment cost. Responsible for inspection of the entire weld.
- the device is used for flaw detection in the longitudinal direction (flaw extending in the weld line direction of the welded portion) and for flaw detection in the lateral direction (flaw extending in the direction perpendicular to the weld line of the welded portion) for each of the inner surface and the outer surface of the pipe.
- This is realized by arranging a plurality of ultrasonic probes. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1 (a), ultrasonic probes A1 and A2 for flaw detection on the inner surface of the tube and ultrasonic probes for flaw detection on the outer surface of the tube.
- ultrasonic flaw detection using a general K-form ultrasonic probe as shown in FIG. 1A has the following problems.
- ultrasonic flaw detection is performed from both sides with the welded portion interposed therebetween, so that the influence of flaws from the steel pipe radial direction and flaw shape can be suppressed.
- the flaws in the lateral direction since the flaws on the inner and outer surfaces can be ultrasonically detected only from a specific direction (the direction in which the steel pipe is transported or the direction opposite to the transport direction), there is a problem that the above effects cannot be suppressed.
- ultrasonic probes for flaw detection in the lateral direction as shown in FIG. 1 (b).
- ultrasonic probes C3 and C4 for flaw detection on the inner surface of the tube, and ultrasonic probes for flaw detection on the outer surface of the tube. D3 and D4 are added.
- ultrasonic probes E1, E2 for flaw detection in the vertical direction are additionally provided in order to increase the density of the ultrasonic beam in the thickness direction of the tube.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection in the lateral direction by the ultrasonic probe having the arrangement shown in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B is performed by a pair of ultrasonic probes sandwiching the welded portion (one of the flaws).
- the ultrasonic echo transmitted by the ultrasonic probe is received by the other ultrasonic probe (for example, the ultrasonic echo transmitted by the ultrasonic probe C1 is received by the ultrasonic probe C2). .
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-22714
- the method uses an ultrasonic probe (hereinafter referred to as an on-bead probe) arranged directly above the welded portion, and transmits and receives ultrasonic waves in the longitudinal direction of the welded portion (weld line direction). This is a method for detecting lateral flaws.
- the effective beam width in the bead width direction (direction perpendicular to the weld line) of the welded portion is narrow. For this reason, a flaw existing at the center in the bead width direction can be detected, but there is a problem that a flaw existing at a position shifted from the center in the bead width direction tends to be overlooked. The practical application of oblique ultrasonic flaw detection did not progress easily.
- the “effective beam width” refers to a predetermined echo intensity (for example, a maximum intensity of 0 dB) in a profile of an echo (flaw echo) intensity from a flaw obtained when scanning an ultrasonic probe.
- the effective beam width relative to the bead width direction (effective beam width when scanning the ultrasonic probe in the bead width direction) is narrow. This is due to the shape. In other words, as illustrated in FIG. 2, beads (recesses) remain on the inner and outer surfaces of the welded portion, so that defects present at different positions in the bead width direction of the welded portion can be detected equally. difficult.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a profile of flaw echo intensity obtained when the ultrasonic probe is scanned in the bead width direction of the weld.
- FIGS. 3 (a) and 3 (b) show a longitudinal hole B (see FIG. 3 (c)) having an inner diameter of 1.6 mm processed at the center in the bead width direction of the welded portion, and the bead width direction.
- An example of an echo intensity profile is shown for vertical holes A and C (see FIG. 3C) having an inner diameter of 1.6 mm respectively processed at a position shifted by ⁇ 5 mm from the center.
- FIG. 3A shows an example of a profile when the size of the vibrator included in the ultrasonic probe is 10 ⁇ 10 mm
- FIG. 3B shows the case where the size of the vibrator included in the ultrasonic probe is 20 ⁇ .
- the example of a profile in the case of 10 mm is shown.
- the effective beam width (the length in the range of ⁇ 3 dB or more) for each vertical hole A to C is It is about 4 mm.
- 3A for example, if the ultrasonic probe is arranged at the position indicated by the white arrow in FIG. 3A, the vertical hole C is ⁇ 6 dB or less compared to the echo intensity of the vertical hole B. It can be seen that the echo intensity becomes echo intensity of the vertical hole A of ⁇ 12 dB or less.
- the effective beam width for each of the vertical holes A to C is 15 mm. Expand to the extent. For this reason, the vertical holes B and C can be detected by arranging the ultrasonic probe at a predetermined scanning position (for example, a position indicated by a white arrow in FIG. 3B). However, the vertical hole A is difficult to detect because the echo intensity is low.
- FIG. 3B also shows that when the size of the vibrator is enlarged, noise generated in the vicinity of the toe portion of the bead is amplified and the S / N ratio of the flaw signal is lowered.
- the vicinity of both ends of the horizontal axis in FIGS. 3A and 3B corresponds to the position of the bead stop end.
- the echo intensity (noise due to the shape of the bead toe), which is about ⁇ 21 dB at the maximum, is up to about ⁇ 13 dB in FIG. 3 (b). It has increased. Thereby, it turns out that the S / N ratio of a flaw signal falls.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 3673131
- a technique described in Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 3673131
- a plurality of transducers are arranged on a straight line, and a transducer group including a certain number of continuous transducers is selected from the plurality of transducers, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received.
- the transducer group to be selected is sequentially switched.
- the switching pitch is set to be equal to or less than the effective beam width of the ultrasonic wave irradiated from one selected transducer group.
- the “effective beam width” is defined as the width until the level is reduced by 3 dB with respect to the peak value of the sound field intensity obtained at the central portion of the ultrasonic probe (paragraph of Patent Document 2). 0005).
- Fig. 4 shows the same ultrasonic probe in the axial direction of the steel pipe against axial flaws (flaws extending in the axial direction of the steel pipe) and circumferential flaws (flaws extending in the circumferential direction of the steel pipe) processed into the steel pipe.
- An example of a profile of flaw echo intensity obtained when scanning is shown.
- the sound field intensity profile is the same.
- the flaw echo intensity profile is different. For this reason, with the effective beam width derived from the profile of the sound field intensity, the switching pitch cannot be determined correctly, and there is a possibility that a flaw may be missed.
- the present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art, and can accurately detect a flaw existing in a welded portion of a flaw detection material such as a welded pipe regardless of the position of the flaw.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic inspection method and apparatus.
- the present invention provides an ultrasonic probe comprising n (n ⁇ 2) transducers arranged along a direction orthogonal to a weld line of a welded portion of a flaw detection material.
- An arrangement step of placing the welded portion opposite to the welded portion and m (n> m ⁇ 1) transducers among the n transducers are selected, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted from the selected transducer to the welded portion.
- the flaw detection step for flaw detection of the welded portion and the scanning step for sequentially switching the selected transducer are performed, and the flaw detection step and the scanning step are alternately repeated to ultrasonically detect the flawed portion.
- the selected transducers are sequentially switched so that there are overlapping portions of effective beam widths with respect to the detection target flaws of the switched selected transducers.
- the welded portion is flaw-detected at a flaw detection sensitivity adjusted in advance for each of the selected transducers so that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw received by each of the switched selected transducers is substantially equal.
- An ultrasonic flaw detection method for a weld is provided.
- the “effective beam width of each selected transducer with respect to the detection target flaw” means the echo intensity of the detection target flaw obtained when each selected transducer is scanned in the direction perpendicular to the weld line of the weld.
- the length of the range in which the flaw echo intensity is a predetermined intensity for example, ⁇ 3 dB when the maximum intensity is 0 dB) or more is meant.
- the “effective beam width range” means a defect echo intensity in an echo intensity profile of a defect to be detected obtained when each selected transducer is scanned in a direction orthogonal to the weld line of the weld.
- a predetermined intensity for example, ⁇ 3 dB when the maximum intensity is 0 dB.
- the center of each selected transducer is used as the reference (origin) and The range of ⁇ 2 mm along the direction orthogonal to the weld line is the “effective beam width range”.
- “having a portion where the effective beam width ranges overlap” means having a portion where the effective beam width ranges overlap when viewed from the weld line direction of the weld.
- the selected transducers are sequentially switched so that the effective beam width ranges with respect to the detection target flaws of each switched selected transducer have overlapping portions. For this reason, even if the detection target flaw exists in any position in the direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded portion, the detection target flaw is positioned within the effective beam width range of any selected transducer. Become. Therefore, the echo intensity of the detection target flaw is equal to or higher than a predetermined intensity (for example, ⁇ 3 dB when the maximum value of the flaw echo intensity obtained by the selected transducer is 0 dB).
- a predetermined intensity for example, ⁇ 3 dB when the maximum value of the flaw echo intensity obtained by the selected transducer is 0 dB.
- the flaw detection sensitivity adjusted in advance for each selected transducer so that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw received by each switched selected transducer is substantially equal.
- the weld is inspected with (amplification of echo intensity).
- the flaw to be detected is positioned within the range of the effective beam width of any selected transducer whose flaw detection sensitivity is adjusted so that the maximum echo intensity is substantially equal.
- the predetermined intensity (For example, ⁇ 3 dB when the maximum value of the flaw echo intensity obtained by the ultrasonic probe is 0 dB) can be obtained. Since it is possible to obtain a flaw echo intensity of a predetermined intensity or higher, it is possible to detect a flaw to be detected with high accuracy.
- the flaw detection material is a pipe and oblique angle flaw detection is performed in which ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received along the axial direction of the pipe (along the weld line direction of the welded portion), the propagation distance of the ultrasonic wave is generally used.
- the echo intensity is reduced in inverse proportion to the flaw. For this reason, in order to detect flaws using a DAC curve drawn in accordance with JIS Z3060 as a threshold value, or to make the threshold value for detecting flaws constant regardless of the propagation distance of ultrasonic waves.
- a method is adopted in which the flaw detection sensitivity is increased as the propagation distance increases.
- the propagation distance of ultrasonic waves is 2 in comparison with the flaw echo intensity in the so-called 0.5 skip inner surface flaw detection (inner surface flaw detection when the ultrasonic wave incident on the tube first reaches the inner surface of the tube).
- the flaw echo intensity at the so-called 1.0 skip outer surface flaw detection (external surface flaw detection when the ultrasonic wave incident on the tube first reaches the outer surface of the tube after being reflected by the inner surface of the tube) The situation is higher.
- the threshold at the time of outer surface flaw detection of 1.0 skip is compared with the threshold value at the time of inner flaw detection of 0.5 skip. It is preferable to raise the threshold. Alternatively, it is preferable to reduce the flaw detection sensitivity at the time of 1.0 skip outer flaw detection compared to the flaw detection sensitivity at the time of 0.5 skip inner flaw detection.
- the flaw detection material is a tube
- the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw on the inner surface of the tube received by each of the switched selection transducers becomes substantially equal, and each of the switched selection transducers So that the maximum echo intensity from the detection defect on the outer surface of the tube is substantially the same, and the flaw detection sensitivity on the outer surface of the tube is lower than the flaw detection sensitivity on the inner surface of the tube (from the detection target flaw on the inner and outer surfaces of the tube).
- the welded portion be flawed with flaw detection sensitivities for the tube inner surface and the tube outer surface that are adjusted in advance for each of the selected transducers so that the maximum echo intensity is substantially equal.
- the ultrasonic probe is attached to a probe holder that can move on the flaw detection material along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion, and the probe holder is attached to the flaw detection target.
- the ultrasonic probe is arranged opposite to the welded portion, and in the flaw detection step, the probe holder is placed along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion. It is preferable to detect flaws in the welded part while relatively moving the welding part.
- the flaw detection material may be fixed (stationary), and the probe holder may be moved along the direction of the welding line. Conversely, the probe holder may be fixed (stationary). The flaw detection material may be moved along the direction of the weld line.
- the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers included in each of the pair of ultrasonic probes are incident on substantially the same point of the welded portion when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded portion.
- the echo reflected from the surface of the welded portion is received by the transducer included in the other ultrasonic probe. It is preferable to arrange a pair of the ultrasonic probes so that they can be used.
- the method according to the invention further comprises.
- the echo reflected from the surface of the welded portion of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator provided in one ultrasonic probe can be received by the vibrator provided in the other ultrasonic probe.
- a pair of ultrasonic probes is arranged.
- an ultrasonic wave is transmitted from the transducer included in one ultrasonic probe, and an echo reflected on the surface of the welded portion of the transmitted ultrasonic wave is reflected on the other side. Is received by a transducer included in the ultrasonic probe, and its echo intensity is evaluated.
- this echo intensity Based on the magnitude of this echo intensity, it is evaluated whether or not bubbles are not caught in the contact medium interposed between the ultrasonic probe and the flaw detection material, and the ultrasonic waves are normally incident on the weld. Is possible. That is, it is possible to evaluate the acoustic coupling between the ultrasonic probe and the flaw detection material. If there is an abnormality in the acoustic coupling (if the intensity of the echo reflected from the weld surface is below a predetermined level), for example, an alarm is issued and the acoustic coupling is adjusted to be normal. After that, it is possible to perform a re-examination treatment.
- the present invention comprises n (n ⁇ 2) vibrators arranged along a direction perpendicular to the weld line of the welded portion of the flaw detection material, Among the ultrasonic transducers arranged in opposition and the n transducers, m (n> m ⁇ 1) transducers are selected, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted from the selected transducers to the welded portion.
- a transmission / reception control unit that sequentially switches the selected transducers, and the transmission / reception control unit includes a portion in which the range of effective beam widths for the detection target flaws of the switched selected transducers overlaps.
- the selected transducers are sequentially switched, and in the transmission / reception control unit, the flaw detection is performed for each selected transducer so that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw received by each of the switched selected transducers is substantially equal.
- Sensitivity is pre-adjusted It is also provided as an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus of the weld, characterized in that there.
- the n transducers included in the ultrasonic probe are not limited to those arranged in a straight line in a direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded portion, but are staggered along the direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded portion. It may be arranged in a shape.
- the flaw detection material is a tube
- the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw on the inner surface of the tube received by each of the switched selection transducers is substantially equal, and each of the switched selection transducers So that the maximum echo intensity from the flaws to be detected on the outer surface of the tube received by the tube is substantially equal, and the flaw detection sensitivity for the outer surface of the tube is lower than the flaw detection sensitivity for the inner surface of the tube. It is preferable that the flaw detection sensitivity for the surface and the tube outer surface is adjusted in advance.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention preferably further includes a probe holder to which the ultrasonic probe is attached and which can move on the flaw detection material along the direction of the weld line of the weld. .
- the probe holder includes a frame portion, a pair of first rolling portions attached to the frame portion so as to face a portion other than a welded portion of the flaw detection material, and the flaw detection material.
- a pair of second rolling parts attached to the frame part so as to face the welded part.
- the pair of first rolling portions are arranged with the ultrasonic probe sandwiched in a direction perpendicular to the weld line of the welded portion, and each of the first rolling portions is arranged on the welded portion.
- a plurality of first rolling rollers that are arranged along the direction of the weld line and sandwich the ultrasonic probe and that can roll in the direction of the weld line of the welded portion are provided.
- the pair of second rolling portions are arranged with the ultrasonic probe sandwiched along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion, and each of the second rolling portions is a weld line of the welded portion.
- a second rolling roller capable of rolling in the direction of the first and second rollers, the second rolling roller being integrated with the ultrasonic probe along a direction facing the welded portion with respect to the frame portion. Can be moved to.
- the probe holder includes the pair of first rolling portions.
- the pair of first rolling portions are attached to the frame portion so as to face a portion other than the welded portion of the flaw detection material, and sandwich the ultrasonic probe along a direction perpendicular to the weld line of the welded portion. Be placed.
- each 1st rolling part comprises the 1st rolling roller which can roll in the direction of the weld line of a welding part.
- a plurality of first rolling rollers provided in each first rolling portion are arranged along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion with the ultrasonic probe interposed therebetween.
- at least four first rolling rollers are arranged on one side across the ultrasonic probe, and at least four first rolling rollers are arranged on the other side. Therefore, even if the first rolling roller arranged on one side protrudes from the end of the flaw detection material, at least four first rolling rollers arranged on the other side are flawed. It will be located on the material.
- position of a probe holder and by extension the attitude
- the ultrasonic probe can be moved to the end portion of the flaw detection material, it is possible to narrow the undetected region at the end portion of the flaw detection material.
- the probe holder includes a pair of second rolling portions.
- the pair of second rolling portions are attached to the frame portion so as to face the welded portion of the flaw detection material, and are arranged with the ultrasonic probe sandwiched along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion.
- each 2nd rolling part comprises the 2nd rolling roller which can roll in the direction of the weld line of a welding part.
- the second rolling roller can move integrally with the ultrasonic probe along the direction facing the welded portion with respect to the frame portion.
- the ultrasonic probe also moves in the direction opposite to the welded portion integrally with the second rolling roller in accordance with the change. For this reason, the distance between the ultrasonic probe and the bead surface of the welded portion can be kept constant, and the flaw detection accuracy can be stabilized.
- bubbles are formed in the gap between the entire welded portion including the bead toes and the ultrasonic probe. It is preferable to supply the contact medium without generating turbulent flow. For this purpose, the method of dripping the contact medium is insufficient, and it is necessary to temporarily suppress the outflow of the contact medium and retain it in the gap. Furthermore, it is necessary to retain the contact medium so that it is difficult to be affected by the bead shape of the complicated weld.
- the probe holder includes a contact medium retaining part for retaining a contact medium inside the space between the ultrasonic probe and the welded part.
- holding part has a bellows structure which can be expanded-contracted along the opposing direction with the said welding part in the side facing the said welding part.
- the contact medium retention part which has a bellows structure expands and contracts, it is hard to be influenced by the bead shape of a welding part, and a contact medium can be retained in the stable state. For this reason, it is possible to stabilize the flaw detection accuracy.
- the present invention it is possible to accurately detect a flaw existing in a welded portion of a flaw detection material such as a welded pipe regardless of the position where the flaw is present.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view for explaining a conventional ultrasonic flaw detection method for a welded portion.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a cross-sectional shape of a welded portion of a pipe.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a profile of flaw echo intensity obtained when the ultrasonic probe is scanned in the bead width direction of the weld.
- FIG. 4 shows a profile example of the flaw echo intensity obtained when the same ultrasonic probe is scanned in the axial direction of the steel pipe with respect to the axial flaw and circumferential flaw processed in the steel pipe.
- FIG. 5 is a front view showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector for a welded portion according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a front view showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector for a welded portion according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a probe holder to which the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG. 5 is attached.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a modification of the transducer included in the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a state in which the tube end portion is flawed using the ultrasonic probe attached to the probe holder shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for comparing and comparing an undetected area when the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention is used and an undetected area when the conventional ultrasonic flaw detector is used.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for comparing and comparing an undetected area when the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention is used and an undetected area when the conventional ultrasonic flaw detector is used.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing an example of a result of ultrasonic flaw detection using the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a back view showing a schematic configuration of a modified example of the probe holder to which the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG. 5 is attached.
- FIG. 5 is a front view showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector for a welded portion according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 6 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG. 5, in which FIG. 6 (a) shows a plan view and FIG. 6 (b) shows an enlarged plan view.
- 7 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a probe holder to which the ultrasonic probe shown in FIG. 5 is attached.
- FIG. 7A is a front view
- FIG. 7B is a rear view
- FIG. 7 (c) shows a side view.
- an ultrasonic flaw detector 100 includes an ultrasonic probe 1 and a transmission / reception control means 2.
- the ultrasonic probe 1 includes n (n ⁇ 2) vibrators 11 arranged along a direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded part P1 of the steel pipe P, and is disposed to face the welded part P1. Yes.
- the transmission / reception control unit 2 selects m (n> m ⁇ 1) transducers 11 from the n transducers 11 (selects a set of transducers including the selected m transducers 11).
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 includes a flaw determination unit 3 that detects flaws existing in the steel pipe P by comparing the output signal from the transmission / reception control means 2 with a predetermined threshold value. Yes. Furthermore, the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the present embodiment includes a probe holder 4 to which the ultrasonic probe 1 is attached and which can move on the steel pipe P along the direction of the weld line of the weld P1. Yes.
- An ultrasonic flaw detector 100 has a pair of ultrasonic probes 1 (1A, 1A, 1B).
- the pair of ultrasonic probes 1A and 1B is configured such that the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the vibrator 11 included in each of the ultrasonic probes 1A and 1B are incident on substantially the same point of the welded part P1 when viewed from the direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded part P1.
- the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducer 11 included in one ultrasonic probe 1A the echo reflected on the surface of the weld P1 can be received by the transducer 11 included in the other ultrasonic probe 1B.
- the propagation distance of 0.5 skip (the ultrasonic wave incident on the steel pipe P first reaches the inner surface of the steel pipe P and is reflected.
- the time required for the transverse wave ultrasonic wave to propagate through the propagation distance is obtained by dividing the propagation distance by the propagation speed of transverse wave ultrasonic wave in steel of 3.2 mm / ⁇ sec.
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted from one ultrasonic probe 1 is reflected on the surface of the steel pipe P, it reaches the other ultrasonic probe 1 and is reflected and returns to the surface of the steel pipe P.
- the propagation distance up to 2 is twice the distance L and is 2L.
- Each ultrasonic probe 1 is arranged so that the transducers 11-8 and 11-9 face the center of the welded portion P1 in the bead width direction.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 of the present embodiment includes a transmission unit 21, a reception unit 22, and a control unit 23.
- a transmission unit 21, a reception unit 22, and a control unit 23 In FIG. 5, for the sake of convenience, only the transmission / reception control means 2 connected to one ultrasonic probe 1A is shown, but actually the same transmission / reception control is also applied to the other ultrasonic probe 1B. Means 2 is connected.
- the transmission unit 21 includes a pulsar 211 and a delay circuit 212.
- the pulsar 211 is connected to each transducer 11 and supplies a pulse signal for transmitting ultrasonic waves from each transducer 11 to each transducer 11.
- the delay circuit 212 sets the delay time (transmission delay time) of the pulse signal supplied from each pulsar 211 to each transducer 11.
- the receiving unit 22 includes a receiver 221, a delay circuit 222, a waveform synthesis circuit 223, and an amplifier 224.
- the receiver 221 is connected to each transducer 11 and amplifies the echo received by each transducer 11.
- the delay circuit 222 sets the delay time (reception delay time) of the echo amplified by each receiver 221.
- the waveform synthesizing circuit 223 synthesizes the echo set with the delay time by each delay circuit 222.
- the amplifier 224 amplifies the echo synthesized by the waveform synthesis circuit 223.
- the amplification degree (flaw detection sensitivity) of the amplifier 224 is set so that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw received by each selected vibrator 11S switched by the control unit 23 is substantially equal. It is adjusted in advance every 11S.
- the control unit 23 sequentially switches among the n transducers 11 arranged, the selection transducer 11S including the m transducers 11 that transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. At this time, the control unit 23 sequentially switches the selected transducers 11S so that there is a portion where the ranges of effective beam widths with respect to the detection target flaws of the respective selected transducers 11S that are switched overlap. Further, the control unit 23 operates so as to determine the delay time set by the delay circuit 212 or the delay circuit 222 for each transducer 11 constituting each selected transducer 11S. In the present embodiment, since the ultrasonic waves are simultaneously transmitted and received from each transducer 11 constituting each selected transducer 11S, the same transmission delay time and reception delay time are set for each transducer 11.
- control unit 23 operates to switch the amplification degree (flaw detection sensitivity) of the amplifier 224 for each selected transducer 11S.
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 is configured to be switchable.
- control unit 23 outputs a control signal for switching the amplification degree to the amplifier 224 in accordance with the selected selection vibrator 11S so that the amplification degree is predetermined for each selection vibrator 11S.
- the amplification degree for each selected transducer 11S is determined in advance so that the maximum echo intensities from the detection target flaws received by each switched selected transducer 11S are substantially equal.
- each ultrasonic probe 1 of the present embodiment includes 16 transducers 11, the selection transducer 11S includes any number of transducers 11 as long as the number is 15 or less.
- each selected vibrator 11S is 10 mm
- the length L1 of each vibrator 11 constituting each selected vibrator 11S is 10 mm. Accordingly, as in the case where the size of the vibrator described above with reference to FIG. 3A is 10 ⁇ 10 mm, each of the selected vibrators 11S in the bead width direction with respect to the vertical hole having an inner diameter of 1.6 mm processed in the weld P1.
- the effective beam width is about 4 mm.
- the selected transducer 11S by the control unit 23 has a portion in which the range of the effective beam width with respect to the detection target flaw (vertical hole with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm) of each switched selected transducer 11S overlaps. Is set to 3 mm.
- the flaw detection cycle described below is performed while moving the ultrasonic probe 1 relative to the steel pipe P along the direction of the weld line of the weld P1.
- the control unit 23 according to the present embodiment selects the transducers 11 to be selected by shifting by three (that is, the switching pitch of the selected transducer 11S is 3 mm) as in steps 1 to 3 of the flaw detection cycle described below.
- the vibrator 11S is switched.
- Step 2 Ultrasonic flaw detection is performed with a selected transducer 11S composed of ten transducers of the transducers 11-4 to 11-13.
- Step 3 Ultrasonic flaw detection is performed with a selected transducer 11S composed of ten transducers 11-7 to 11-16.
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 that is switched for each selected vibrator 11S is specifically determined in advance as follows. That is, the maximum of the vertical hole C shown in FIG. 3C obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received by the selected transducer 11S composed of the transducers 11-1 to 11-10 switched in step 1 above.
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 is determined so that the echo intensity becomes a predetermined intensity (for example, 80% intensity on the CRT). Further, the maximum of the vertical hole B shown in FIG. 3C obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received by the selected transducer 11S composed of the transducers 11-4 to 11-13 switched in step 2 above.
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 is determined so that the echo intensity is substantially equal to the above (for example, 80% intensity on the CRT). Further, the maximum of the vertical hole A shown in FIG. 3C obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received by the selected transducer 11S composed of the transducers 11-7 to 11-16 switched in step 3 above.
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 is determined so that the echo intensity is substantially equal to the above (for example, 80% intensity on the CRT).
- the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 to be switched for each selected vibrator 11S is determined in advance. Then, the control unit 23 switches the amplification degree of the amplifier 224 in accordance with the switched selected vibrator 11S so as to obtain a predetermined amplification degree for each selected vibrator 11S.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 100 Since the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 100 according to the present embodiment has the above-described configuration, even if the detection target flaw exists in any position in the direction orthogonal to the weld line of the welded part P1, a predetermined strength (for example, super).
- a predetermined strength for example, super
- the maximum value of the flaw echo intensity obtained by the acoustic probe 1 is set to 0 dB, a flaw echo intensity of ⁇ 3 dB or more can be obtained, and a detection target flaw can be detected with high accuracy.
- the amplification degree (flaw detection sensitivity) of the amplifier 224 with respect to the inner surface of the steel pipe P and the outer surface of the steel pipe P is previously set for each selected vibrator 11S so as to satisfy the following three conditions. It has been adjusted.
- the first condition is that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw on the inner surface of the steel pipe P received by each selected transducer 11S switched by the control unit 23 is substantially equal.
- the second condition is that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw on the outer surface of the steel pipe P received by each selected transducer 11S switched by the control unit 23 is substantially equal.
- the third condition is that the degree of amplification on the outer surface of the steel pipe P is lower than the degree of amplification on the inner surface of the steel pipe P.
- the amplifier 224 is set with a flaw detection gate corresponding to 1.0-skipping outer surface flaw detection and a flaw detection gate corresponding to 0.5-skip inner flaw detection. Further, the amplifier 224 includes an amplification circuit (an amplification circuit for external flaw detection and an amplification circuit for internal flaw detection) corresponding to each flaw detection gate and having a different amplification degree set. The amplifier 224 amplifies a signal present in each flaw detection gate among the output signals of the waveform synthesis circuit 223 by the above-described amplifier circuits corresponding to the flaw detection gates. *
- each selected transducer 11S is set so that the maximum echo intensities of the inner surfaces of the vertical holes A to C obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received by each selected transducer 11S switched in steps 1 to 3 are substantially equal.
- the amplification degree of the internal flaw detection amplifier circuit that is switched every time is determined in advance. Then, the control unit 23 switches the amplification degree of the internal flaw detection amplifier circuit according to the switched selected vibrator 11S so as to obtain a predetermined amplification degree for each selected vibrator 11S.
- the maximum echo intensity of the outer surfaces of the vertical holes A to C obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received by each selected transducer 11S switched in Steps 1 to 3 is substantially equal.
- the amplification degree of the external flaw detection circuit that can be switched to is determined in advance. And the control part 23 switches the amplification degree of the amplification circuit for external surface flaw detection according to the switched selection vibrator
- the amplification degree of the external flaw detection circuit is larger than the amplification degree of the internal flaw detection circuit so that the maximum echo intensity of the inner surface of the vertical holes A to C is substantially equal to the maximum echo intensity of the outer surface. Is set low (for example, about 3 to 10 dB lower).
- the same threshold value can be used as the threshold value in the flaw determination unit 3 during the outer surface flaw detection and the inner surface flaw detection. Then, the flaw determination unit 3 can equally detect flaws on the inner and outer surfaces.
- a series of ultrasonic flaw detection (steps 1 to 3 described above) of the welded part P1 using all the selected transducers 11S in sequence is completed, and the next series of ultrasonic flaw detection is performed.
- the acoustic coupling between the ultrasonic probe 1 and the steel pipe P is evaluated. Specifically, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from the transducers 11-4 to 11-13 included in one ultrasonic probe 1A, and echoes reflected on the surface of the weld P1 among the transmitted ultrasonic waves are transmitted to the other ultrasonic probe 1A. The signals are received by the transducers 11-4 to 11-13 included in the ultrasonic probe 1B, and the magnitude of the echo intensity is evaluated.
- the above operation is performed by a control means (not shown) for controlling both the transmission / reception control means 2 connected to one ultrasonic probe 1A and the transmission / reception control means 2 connected to the other ultrasonic probe 1B. Control). And if the intensity
- the ultrasonic probe 1 is exemplified as a configuration including a plurality of identical transducers 11 arranged in a straight line in the bead width direction, but the present invention is not limited to this. .
- a plurality of non-uniform width transducers 11A and 11B arranged in a straight line in the bead width direction (the width of the transducer 11A and the width of the transducer 11B are different).
- an ultrasonic probe that includes a plurality of transducers 11C arranged in a staggered manner along the bead width direction as shown in FIG. 8B. is there.
- each switched selection is performed as in the case of using the ultrasonic probe 1 according to the present embodiment. It is necessary to sequentially switch the selected transducers so that the range of effective beam widths for the detection target scratches of the transducers (hatched transducers in FIG. 8) overlap. Further, it is necessary to previously adjust the flaw detection sensitivity for each selected transducer so that the maximum echo intensity from the detection target flaw received by each switched selected transducer becomes substantially equal.
- the probe holder 4 of the present embodiment includes a frame part 41, a pair of first rolling parts 42, and a pair of second rolling parts 43.
- the pair of first rolling portions 42 are attached to the frame portion 41 so as to face portions other than the welded portion P1 of the steel pipe P.
- the pair of second rolling portions 43 are attached to the frame portion 41 so as to face the welded portion P1 of the steel pipe P.
- the pair of first rolling parts 42 are arranged with the ultrasonic probe 1 sandwiched along a direction (Y direction in FIG. 7) perpendicular to the weld line of the weld part P1.
- Each first rolling part 42 is attached to the frame part 41 by a shaft member 411.
- Each first rolling section 42 has a plurality of (in this embodiment, ultrasonic probe) sandwiching the ultrasonic probe 1 along the direction of the weld line of the welded part P1 (X direction in FIG. 7).
- the first rolling roller 421 is disposed on the one side and the other side sandwiching the child 1. In the present embodiment, a radial bearing capable of rolling in the direction of the weld line of the welded part P1 is used as the first rolling roller 421.
- the pair of second rolling parts 43 are arranged with the ultrasonic probe 1 sandwiched along the direction of the weld line of the weld part P1.
- Each second rolling part 43 includes a second rolling roller 431 that can roll in the direction of the weld line of the welded part P1.
- the second rolling roller 431 can move integrally with the ultrasonic probe 1 along the direction (the Z direction in FIG. 7) facing the welded part P1 with respect to the frame part 41.
- the ultrasonic probe 1 is attached in the housing 44, and the second rolling roller 431 is attached to the lower surface of the housing 44.
- the casing 44 is attached to the frame portion 41 via a linear guide 45.
- the housing 44 can move along the direction of facing the welded part P1 with respect to the frame part 41, so that the second rolling roller 431 and the ultrasonic probe 1 are also welded parts. It can move integrally along the direction facing P1.
- the probe holder 4 of this embodiment has a preferable structure surrounding a gap between the ultrasonic probe 1 and the welded portion P1 and retaining a contact medium (water in this embodiment) inside.
- the contact medium retention part 46 for making it have is provided.
- the contact medium retention part 46 has a bellows structure that can expand and contract along the direction facing the welded part P1 on the side facing the welded part P1.
- the contact medium retention portion 46 of the present embodiment includes a housing that surrounds the opening 441 and an inner wall portion 461 that extends into the housing 44 from an opening 441 provided on the lower surface of the housing 44. 44 and a bellows structure portion 462 attached to the lower surface of 44.
- a space surrounded by the inner wall portion 461 (inside the housing 44) communicates with the outside of the housing 44 through a contact medium supply path 442 provided in the housing 44.
- the contact medium W (the hatched portion in FIG. 7C) supplied from the outside of the housing 44 to the contact medium supply path 442 flows into the space surrounded by the inner wall portion 461, and from the opening 441 to the housing 44. Leaks out of the water.
- the gap between the opening 441 and the welded portion P1 is surrounded by the bellows structure portion 462, the contact medium W stays without dripping immediately.
- the first rolling roller 421 included in each first rolling portion 42 rolls on a portion other than the welded portion P1 of the steel pipe P. Can move. For this reason, the probe holder 4 and by extension the ultrasonic probe 1 attached to the probe holder 4 can move smoothly without being affected by the bead shape of the complicated weld P1. is there.
- a total of four first rolling rollers 421 are arranged on one side of the ultrasonic probe 1 along the direction of the weld line of the welded part P.
- a total of four first rolling rollers 421 are also arranged on the other side. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9, even if the first rolling roller 421 disposed on one side protrudes from the end of the steel pipe P, a total of four first rollers disposed on the other side are provided.
- the rolling roller 421 is positioned on the steel pipe P.
- position of the probe holder 4 and by extension the attitude
- the ultrasonic probe 1 can be moved to the end portion of the steel pipe P, it is possible to narrow an undetected region at the end portion of the steel pipe P.
- the incident point of the ultrasonic wave emitted from the ultrasonic probe 1 is in a state near the end of the pipe of the steel pipe P. Even flaw detection is possible.
- the ultrasonic probes D1 and D2 are welded to the steel pipe P. It is necessary to arrange so as to face parts other than P1.
- the distance between the ultrasonic probes D1 and D2 and the center of the weld P1 is generally about 60 mm to 80 mm.
- the ultrasonic incident point is about 60 mm to 80 mm from the pipe end, and 60 mm from the pipe end.
- An area of about 80 mm becomes an undetected area.
- the ultrasonic probes D1 and D2 are attached to a probe holder having a four-wheel radial bearing that is generally used in the past, the ultrasonic probes D1 and D2 are attached to the steel pipe P. It cannot be made to oppose the very vicinity of a pipe end, and the said untested area
- the 2nd rolling roller 431 which the 2nd rolling part 43 comprises rolls on the welding part P1 of the steel pipe P
- the 2nd rolling roller 431 moves in the direction facing the welded part P1 according to the change in the bead shape (bead height) of the welded part P1. Accordingly, the ultrasonic probe 1 moves integrally with the second rolling roller 431 in the direction facing the welded part P1. For this reason, the distance between the ultrasonic probe 1 and the bead surface of the weld P1 can be kept constant, and the flaw detection accuracy can be stabilized.
- the contact medium can be retained inside the contact medium retaining part 46 that surrounds the gap between the ultrasonic probe 1 and the welded part P1. Since the bellows structure portion 462 of the contact medium retaining portion 46 expands and contracts following the bead shape of the welded portion P1, the contact medium is less likely to be affected by the bead shape of the welded portion P1 and the contact medium is retained in a stable state. be able to. For this reason, it is possible to stabilize the flaw detection accuracy.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the result of ultrasonic flaw detection in the vertical holes A to C shown in FIG. 3C using the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus 100 having the above-described configuration.
- the horizontal axis indicates the position in the bead width direction
- the vertical axis indicates the maximum echo intensity for each vertical hole output from the waveform synthesis circuit 223.
- a plurality of first rolling portions 42 included in the probe holder 4 are arranged in a plurality along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion P1 with the ultrasonic probe 1 interposed therebetween.
- the configuration including the rolling roller 421 has been described.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and it is possible to employ a probe holder 4A provided with a first rolling part 42A as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a back view showing a schematic configuration of a modified example of the probe holder.
- each first rolling part 42 ⁇ / b> A provided in the probe holder 4 ⁇ / b> A of this modification includes a third rolling roller 422 and a pair of fourth rolling rollers 423.
- the third rolling roller 422 is disposed to face the ultrasonic probe 1 along a direction (Y direction in FIG. 12) orthogonal to the weld line of the welded part P1.
- the pair of fourth rolling rollers 423 are arranged with the third rolling roller 422 sandwiched along the direction of the weld line of the welded portion P1 (the X direction in FIG. 12).
- radial bearings that can roll in the direction of the weld line of the welded part P1 are used as the third rolling roller 422 and the fourth rolling roller 423.
- the two fourth rolling rollers 423 arranged on one side of the ultrasonic probe 1 along the direction of the weld line of the welded part P are temporarily steel pipes. Even if it protrudes from the end of P, the two fourth rolling rollers 423 and the two third rolling rollers 422 (four rolling rollers in total) arranged on the other side are on the steel pipe P. Will be located. For this reason, even when the two fourth rolling rollers 423 arranged on one side protrude, the posture of the probe holder 4A, and hence the posture of the ultrasonic probe 1, can be maintained. . In other words, since the ultrasonic probe 1 can be moved to the end of the steel pipe P, the unflawed area at the end of the steel pipe P is narrowed as in the case where the probe holder 4 is used. It is possible.
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Abstract
Description
具体的には、図1(a)に示すように、管の内面における縦方向きず探傷用の超音波探触子A1、A2と、管の外面における縦方向きず探傷用の超音波探触子B1、B2と、管の内面における横方向きず探傷用の超音波探触子C1、C2と、管の外面における横方向きず探傷用の超音波探触子D1、D2とを配置し、超音波探傷を行っている。
なお、上記「有効ビーム幅」とは、超音波探触子を走査した際に得られるきずからのエコー(きずエコー)強度のプロファイルにおいて、きずエコー強度が所定の強度(例えば、最大強度を0dBとしたときに-3dB)以上となる範囲の長さを意味する。換言すれば、この有効ビーム幅の範囲内にきずが存在する限り、当該きずの位置が超音波探触子の中心に対向する位置からずれても、当該きずを所定の強度(例えば、-3dB)以上で検出できる。
なお、上記「実効ビーム幅」とは、超音波探触子の中央部分で得られる音場強度のピーク値に対してレベルが3dB低下するまでの幅と定義されている(特許文献2の段落0005)。
超音波探触子を走査した際に得られるきずエコー強度のプロファイルは、音場強度のプロファイルのみでは一意に決定できず、超音波探触子の走査方向についてのきず形状が大きく影響する。
図4は、鋼管に加工した軸方向きず(鋼管の軸方向に延びるきず)及び周方向きず(鋼管の周方向に延びるきず)に対して、同一の超音波探触子を鋼管の軸方向に走査した際に得られるきずエコー強度のプロファイル例を示す。
上記の例では、同一の超音波探触子を用いるため、音場強度のプロファイルは同一となるが、図4に示すように、きずが異なると、きずエコー強度のプロファイルは異なるものとなる。このため、音場強度のプロファイルから導出される実効ビーム幅では、前記切り替えのピッチを正しく決定できず、きずが見逃される虞がある。
また、本発明において、「有効ビーム幅の範囲」とは、各選択振動子を溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に走査した場合に得られる検出対象きずのエコー強度のプロファイルにおいて、きずエコー強度が所定の強度(例えば、最大強度を0dBとしたときに-3dB)以上となる範囲を意味する。例えば、上記エコー強度のプロファイルが各選択振動子の中心を基準として対称であり、且つ、有効ビーム幅が4mmであるとすれば、各選択振動子の中心を基準(原点)として、溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿った±2mmの範囲が、「有効ビーム幅の範囲」となる。
さらに、本発明において、「有効ビーム幅の範囲が重複する部分を有する」とは、溶接部の溶接線方向から見て、有効ビーム幅の範囲が重複する部分を有することを意味する。
そして、一対の前記超音波探触子について、前記探傷ステップと前記走査ステップとを交互に繰り返すことにより、全ての前記選択振動子を順次用いた前記溶接部の一連の超音波探傷が終了し、次の一連の超音波探傷を開始する前に、一方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子から超音波を送信し、該送信した超音波のうち前記溶接部表面で反射したエコーを他方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子で受信し、そのエコー強度に基づいて、一対の前記超音波探触子と前記被探傷材との音響カップリングを評価するカップリング評価ステップを本発明に係る方法が更に含むことが好ましい。
なお、音響カップリングに異常が生じていれば(前記溶接部表面で反射したエコーの強度が所定のレベル以下であれば)、例えば、警報を発すると共に、音響カップリングが正常となるように調整した後、再検査する処置を施すことが可能である。或いは、前記溶接部表面で反射したエコーの強度の低下の程度に応じて、探傷感度を高める処置を施すことも可能である。いずれにせよ、上記の好ましい方法によれば、きず検出精度を安定化させることが可能である。
そして、前記一対の第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、前記各第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んでそれぞれ複数配置された、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第1転動ローラを具備する。
また、前記一対の第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、前記各第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第2転動ローラを具備し、前記第2転動ローラは、前記フレーム部に対して、前記溶接部との対向方向に沿って前記超音波探触子と一体的に移動可能である。
図5は、本発明の一実施形態に係る溶接部の超音波探傷装置の概略構成を示す正面図である。図6は、図5に示す超音波探触子の概略構成を示す図であり、図6(a)は平面図を、図6(b)は拡大平面図を示す。図7は、図5に示す超音波探触子が取り付けられる探触子ホルダーの概略構成を示す図であり、図7(a)は正面図を、図7(b)は裏面図を、図7(c)は側面図を示す。
肉厚40mmの鋼管P中を屈折角45°の横波超音波が伝搬するとき、0.5スキップの伝搬距離(鋼管Pに入射した超音波が、最初に鋼管Pの内面に到達し、反射して入射点に戻ってくるまでの伝搬距離)は、
(40mm/sin45°)×2=113mm である。
上記の伝搬距離を横波超音波が伝搬するのに要する時間は、上記の伝搬距離を鋼中における横波超音波の伝搬速度3.2mm/μsecで除して、
113/3.2=35.35μsec となる。
1.25スキップの伝搬距離は、0.5スキップの伝搬距離の2.5倍となる。このため、1.25スキップの伝搬距離を横波超音波が伝搬するのに要する時間t1は、
t1=35.35×2.5=88.4μsec となる。
一方、一方の超音波探触子1から送信した超音波が鋼管Pの表面で反射した時点から、他方の超音波探触子1に到達して反射し、鋼管Pの表面に戻ってくる時点までの伝搬距離は、上記距離Lの2倍であり、2Lとなる。
上記の伝搬距離を超音波が伝搬するのに要する時間t2は、各超音波探触子1と鋼管Pとの間に介在する接触媒質が水であるとすると、上記の伝搬距離を水中における超音波の伝搬速度1.5mm/μsecで除して、
t2=2L/1.5 となる。
t2>t1であれば、他方の超音波探触子1で反射して一方の超音波探触子1で受信されるエコー(形状エコー)は、きずエコーよりも時間的に遅く出現することになるため、きずエコーとの識別が可能である。換言すれば、きず検出精度が上記の形状エコーによって低下する虞がない。
以上の理由により、t2>t1を満足する距離Lとして、L=70mmに設定している。
また、制御部23は、各選択振動子11Sを構成する各振動子11についての遅延回路212又は遅延回路222で設定される遅延時間を決定するように動作する。本実施形態では、各選択振動子11Sを構成する各振動子11から同時に超音波を送受信するため、各振動子11に対して、同じ送信遅延時間及び受信遅延時間が設定される。
さらに、制御部23は、各選択振動子11S毎に増幅器224の増幅度(探傷感度)を切り替えるように動作する。具体的には、増幅器224の増幅度は切り替え可能に構成されている。また、制御部23は、各選択振動子11S毎に予め決められた増幅度となるように、切り替えた選択振動子11Sに応じて増幅度を切り替える制御信号を増幅器224に出力する。この各選択振動子11S毎の増幅度は、前述のように、切り替えた各選択振動子11Sでそれぞれ受信する検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となるように、予め決められる。
<探傷サイクル>
(1)ステップ1:振動子11-1~11~10の10個の振動子からなる選択振動子11Sで超音波探傷する。
(2)ステップ2:振動子11-4~11~13の10個の振動子からなる選択振動子11Sで超音波探傷する。
(3)ステップ3:振動子11-7~11~16の10個の振動子からなる選択振動子11Sで超音波探傷する。
上記のステップ1~3を繰り返すことにより、鋼管P全体の超音波探傷が行われる。
ただし、図8(a)や図8(b)に示す超音波探触子を用いる場合であっても、本実施形態に係る超音波探触子1を用いる場合と同様に、切り替えた各選択振動子(図8においてハッチを施した振動子)の検出対象きずに対する有効ビーム幅の範囲が重複する部分を有するように、選択振動子を順次切り替える必要がある。また、切り替えた各選択振動子でそれぞれ受信する検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となるように、各選択振動子毎に探傷感度を予め調整することが必要である。
図7に示すように、本実施形態の探触子ホルダー4は、フレーム部41と、一対の第1転動部42と、一対の第2転動部43とを備えている。一対の第1転動部42は、鋼管Pの溶接部P1以外の部位に対向するようにフレーム部41に取り付けられている。一対の第2転動部43は、鋼管Pの溶接部P1に対向するようにフレーム部41に取り付けられている。
より具体的に説明すれば、本実施形態の探触子ホルダー4によれば、超音波探触子1から出射した超音波の入射点が鋼管Pの管端の極近傍となる状態であっても探傷可能である。このため、図10(a)に示すように、溶接部P1の肉厚が10mmの場合、管端から30mm程度の位置にある外面きずを探傷することができる。
これに対し、図10(b)に示すように、前述した一般的なKフォーム配置の超音波探触子を用いた超音波探傷では、超音波探触子D1、D2を鋼管Pの溶接部P1以外の部位に対向するように配置する必要がある。また、超音波探触子D1、D2と溶接部P1の中心との距離は一般的に60mm~80mm程度となる。さらに、横方向きずを探傷する場合、超音波探触子D1、D2から平面視で45°斜めに超音波を送信するのが一般的である。このため、たとえ超音波探触子D1、D2が鋼管Pの管端の極近傍に対向する状態であっても、超音波の入射点は管端から60mm~80mm程度になり、管端から60mm~80mm程度の領域が未探傷領域となってしまう。さらには、従来一般的に用いられている4輪のラジアルベアリングを備えた探触子ホルダーに超音波探触子D1、D2を取り付けたのでは、超音波探触子D1、D2を鋼管Pの管端の極近傍に対向させることができず、上記未探傷領域は更に拡大することになる。
図11から分かるように、本実施形態に係る超音波探傷装置100によれば、内外面のきずをその存在する位置(ビード幅方向位置)に関わらず精度良く検出することが可能である。
Claims (11)
- 被探傷材の溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って配列されたn個(n≧2)の振動子を具備する超音波探触子を前記溶接部に対向配置する配置ステップと、
前記n個の振動子のうち、m個(n>m≧1)の振動子を選択し、該選択振動子から前記溶接部に向けて超音波を送受信することにより、前記溶接部を探傷する探傷ステップと、
前記選択振動子を順次切り替える走査ステップとを含み、
前記探傷ステップと前記走査ステップとを交互に繰り返すことにより、前記溶接部を超音波探傷する方法であって、
前記走査ステップでは、前記切り替えた各選択振動子の検出対象きずに対する有効ビーム幅の範囲が重複する部分を有するように、前記選択振動子を順次切り替え、
前記探傷ステップでは、前記切り替えた各選択振動子でそれぞれ受信する検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となるように、前記各選択振動子毎に予め調整された探傷感度で、前記溶接部を探傷することを特徴とする溶接部の超音波探傷方法。 - 前記被探傷材は管であり、
前記探傷ステップでは、前記切り替えた各選択振動子でそれぞれ受信する管内面の検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となり、前記切り替えた各選択振動子で受信する管外面の検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となり、なお且つ、管外面についての探傷感度が管内面についての探傷感度よりも低くなるように、前記各選択振動子毎に予め調整された管内面及び管外面についての探傷感度で、前記溶接部を探傷することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷方法。 - 前記配置ステップでは、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記被探傷材上を移動可能な探触子ホルダーに前記超音波探触子を取り付け、該探触子ホルダーを前記被探傷材上に載置することにより、前記超音波探触子を前記溶接部に対向配置し、
前記探傷ステップでは、前記探触子ホルダーを前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記被探傷材に対して相対移動させながら、前記溶接部を探傷することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷方法。 - 前記配置ステップでは、一対の前記超音波探触子のそれぞれが具備する振動子から送信した超音波が前記溶接部の溶接線に直交する方向から見て前記溶接部の略同一点に入射するように、且つ、一方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子から送信した超音波のうち前記溶接部表面で反射したエコーを他方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子で受信できるように、一対の前記超音波探触子を配置し、
一対の前記超音波探触子について、前記探傷ステップと前記走査ステップとを交互に繰り返すことにより、全ての前記選択振動子を順次用いた前記溶接部の一連の超音波探傷が終了し、次の一連の超音波探傷を開始する前に、一方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子から超音波を送信し、該送信した超音波のうち前記溶接部表面で反射したエコーを他方の前記超音波探触子が具備する振動子で受信し、そのエコー強度に基づいて、一対の前記超音波探触子と前記被探傷材との音響カップリングを評価するカップリング評価ステップを更に含むことを特徴とする請求項1から3の何れかに記載の溶接部の超音波探傷方法。 - 被探傷材の溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って配列されたn個(n≧2)の振動子を具備し、前記溶接部に対向配置された超音波探触子と、
前記n個の振動子のうち、m個(n>m≧1)の振動子を選択し、該選択振動子から前記溶接部に向けて超音波を送受信させると共に、前記選択振動子を順次切り替える送受信制御手段とを備え、
前記送受信制御手段は、前記切り替えた各選択振動子の検出対象きずに対する有効ビーム幅の範囲が重複する部分を有するように、前記選択振動子を順次切り替え、
前記送受信制御手段においては、前記切り替えた各選択振動子でそれぞれ受信する検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となるように、前記各選択振動子毎に探傷感度が予め調整されていることを特徴とする溶接部の超音波探傷装置。 - 前記n個の振動子は、前記溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って千鳥状に配列されていることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。
- 前記被探傷材は管であり、
前記送受信制御手段においては、前記切り替えた各選択振動子でそれぞれ受信する管内面の検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となり、前記切り替えた各選択振動子で受信する管外面の検出対象きずからの最大エコー強度が略同等となり、なお且つ、管外面についての探傷感度が管内面についての探傷感度よりも低くなるように、前記各選択振動子毎に管内面及び管外面についての探傷感度が予め調整されていることを特徴とする請求項5又は6に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。 - 前記超音波探触子が取り付けられ、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記被探傷材上を移動可能な探触子ホルダーを更に備えることを特徴とする請求項5から7の何れかに記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。
- 前記探触子ホルダーは、フレーム部と、前記被探傷材の溶接部以外の部位に対向するように前記フレーム部に取り付けられた一対の第1転動部と、前記被探傷材の溶接部に対向するように前記フレーム部に取り付けられた一対の第2転動部とを備え、
前記一対の第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、
前記各第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んでそれぞれ複数配置された、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第1転動ローラを具備し、
前記一対の第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、
前記各第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第2転動ローラを具備し、
前記第2転動ローラは、前記フレーム部に対して、前記溶接部との対向方向に沿って前記超音波探触子と一体的に移動可能であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。 - 前記探触子ホルダーは、フレーム部と、前記被探傷材の溶接部以外の部位に対向するように前記フレーム部に取り付けられた一対の第1転動部と、前記被探傷材の溶接部に対向するように前記フレーム部に取り付けられた一対の第2転動部とを備え、
前記一対の第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、
前記各第1転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線と直交する方向に沿って前記超音波探触子に対向配置された、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第3転動ローラと、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記第3転動ローラを挟んで配置された、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な一対の第4転動ローラとを具備し、
前記一対の第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に沿って前記超音波探触子を挟んで配置され、
前記各第2転動部は、前記溶接部の溶接線の方向に転動可能な第2転動ローラを具備し、
前記第2転動ローラは、前記フレーム部に対して、前記溶接部との対向方向に沿って前記超音波探触子と一体的に移動可能であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。 - 前記探触子ホルダーは、前記超音波探触子と前記溶接部との間の空隙を囲繞して、内部に接触媒質を滞留させるための接触媒質滞留部を備え、
前記接触媒質滞留部は、前記溶接部と対向する側に、前記溶接部との対向方向に沿って伸縮自在の蛇腹構造を有することを特徴とする請求項8から10の何れかに記載の溶接部の超音波探傷装置。
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| EA010992B1 (ru) * | 2005-01-21 | 2008-12-30 | Флуор Текнолоджиз Корпорейшн | Ультразвуковые устройства с фазированной решеткой для контроля изделий из нержавеющей стали |
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- 2009-11-18 WO PCT/JP2009/069537 patent/WO2010058784A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2009-11-18 CN CN200980154828.XA patent/CN102282463B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-11-18 JP JP2009549328A patent/JP4614150B2/ja active Active
- 2009-11-18 US US13/129,835 patent/US8387462B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-11-18 EP EP09827565.4A patent/EP2348313B1/en active Active
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2010058784A1 (ja) | 2012-04-19 |
| JP5448092B2 (ja) | 2014-03-19 |
| CN102282463B (zh) | 2014-05-28 |
| EP2348313A1 (en) | 2011-07-27 |
| JP2010230692A (ja) | 2010-10-14 |
| JP4614150B2 (ja) | 2011-01-19 |
| CN102282463A (zh) | 2011-12-14 |
| US8387462B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 |
| US20110239770A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
| EP2348313A4 (en) | 2015-12-23 |
| EP2348313B1 (en) | 2019-09-25 |
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