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WO2010058253A1 - Procédé de transmission optique expérimentale d'informations par un nerf optique - Google Patents

Procédé de transmission optique expérimentale d'informations par un nerf optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010058253A1
WO2010058253A1 PCT/IB2009/005268 IB2009005268W WO2010058253A1 WO 2010058253 A1 WO2010058253 A1 WO 2010058253A1 IB 2009005268 W IB2009005268 W IB 2009005268W WO 2010058253 A1 WO2010058253 A1 WO 2010058253A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optic
optic nerve
nerve
laser
laser beam
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PCT/IB2009/005268
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English (en)
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Victor V. Sevastyanov
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Priority to EP09785877A priority Critical patent/EP2358260A1/fr
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions

Definitions

  • the embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for transmitting information, and more particularly, the embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for experimentally optic transmitting information through an optic nerve .
  • the optic nerve is formed by the axons of retinal ganglion cells.
  • the optic nerve of an adult has 1.1 million fibers that transfer electric impulses to the brain.
  • One of the serious reasons breaking down the transfer of information through the optic nerve is its atrophy.
  • Optic nerve atrophy is the result of various pathological precesses. It can occur as a consequence of inflammation, degenerative changes, edema, compression, and damage to the optic nerve .
  • the light diffuses among adjacent columns of glial cells and capillaries and acquires the pink color of capillaries .
  • the axon bundles of an atrophic optic disc have been destroyed, and the remaining astrocytes are arranged at angles to the entering light. Thus, little light passes into the disc substance to traverse the capillaries.
  • the light reflected from opaque glial cells does not pass through capillaries, remains white, and the optic disc appears pale.
  • loss of tissue allows light to pass directly to the opaque scleral lamina, and this adds to the white color of the disc.
  • optic nerve atrophy is one of the severe conditions that entail considerable visual impairment.
  • the treatment of optic nerve atrophy is usually ineffective.
  • J. G. Nicholls et al describe the consecutive steps of information transfer. The progression can be followed step by step as light falls on the photoreceptors to generate electrical signals, which then influence bipolar cells. From bipolar cells, signals are conveyed to the ganglion cells, and from there onward to higher centers in the brain that give rise to ones perception of the outside world.
  • Nicholls refers action potentials to the second major category of electrical signals. Action potentials are initiated by localized graded potentials . Unlike local potentials, they propagate rapidly over long distances, for
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is one of them. MRI allows one to determine which regions of the human, awake brain are active when stimuli are presented. Overall measures of the averaged activity of the eye and brain are provided by the electroretinogram and electroencephalogram. They are mainly used to diagnose disorders of function. 2
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention has been studying the efficacy of the low intensity coherent laser radiation in the treatment of damaged information channels of the optic nerve.
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention has also been investigating the impact of the geometry of the eyeball on the redistribution of the laser energy, and the possibility of monitoring the processes in the eyeball due to the irradiation by an object.
  • a well-known American author M a well-known American author M.
  • V. Okovitov believes that threshold levels of laser irradiation which doesn't cause damage to the eye are those with a primary density from 0.5 mW/cm 2 to 6.4 mW/cm 2 .
  • threshold levels of laser irradiation which doesn't cause damage to the eye are those with a primary density from 0.5 mW/cm 2 to 6.4 mW/cm 2 .
  • the laser treatment one common feature was noted, namely, both microscopic and citochemical changes in the cells were found at a considerable distance (4-6 mm) from the focal spot, that is the reaction of retinal cells to the irradiation was manifested in a large area. The retina reacted as a single functional structure.
  • I. N. Sosin et al describe a method of laser therapy in ophthalmology.
  • the irradiation is conducted at a distance of 50 cm from the body surface or through a light pipe.
  • the density of the power flow varies from 0.1 to 2-3 mW/cm 2
  • the time of the procedure varies from a few seconds to 3 minutes.
  • the overall time of exposure should not exceed 15 minutes .
  • the treatment is conducted daily or every other day.
  • the course of treatment may comprise 1-2 to 10-15 procedures. 5
  • Linnik et al. use the direct laser stimulation of the optic nerve by means of an orbital puncture and visual control (orbitoscopy) .
  • the free end of the photoelectrode is fixed to the skin of the face by sutures .
  • the treatment is conducted by helium-neon laser with the help of the apparatus for the direct laser stimulation of the optic nerve "Lasso.”
  • the output power at the optic generator is 1.5 mW
  • the output power at the photoelectrode is 0.4 - 1.0 mW.
  • the impulse mode is from 1 to 1000 Hz.
  • the duration of one treatment is 40 min. A course of 10 treatments is recommended. 6
  • L. F. Linnik et ⁇ l Clinico-Functional Result of Simultaneous Combination Electric and Laser Stimulation of Optic Nerve. IRCTC "Eye Microsurgery", Moscow// Ophthalmosurgery. Theoretical and Applied Reasearch Journal -No2.-Moscow, 1995.-pp.44.
  • the method suggested by L. F. Linnik is not safe as it may cause side effects such as brining in infections and the immune system response to damage tissues .
  • laser irradiation goes through afferent optic nerve fibers and can be performed through the pupil, which does not cause any side effects described above.
  • L. F. Linnik' s method can be used only in patients with completer optic nerve atrophy.
  • the described research notes one common feature, namely, both electron microscopic and citochemical changes in the cells were found at a considerable (4-6 mm) distance from the focal spot, that is the reaction of retinal cells to the irradiation was manifested in a large spot, the retina reacted as a single functional structure.
  • This specific reaction of the retina to laser irradiation served as a basis for developing and further use in the clinical practice of laser treatment of some kinds of macular degeneration and amblyopia.
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention suggested that in this case there might be a possibility of extraneous electrical noises distorting visual signals.
  • two people were selected. They were suffering from deafening noise in the ears (boomy sound) while being in the areas of radar stations.
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention and the two patients stayed in the area of the radar stations.
  • the patients experienced the deafening noise in the ears, which caused vegetative reactions and a sense of anxiety. After leaving the impacting area, the noise in the ears stopped. The patients didn't notice any changes in vision. This response
  • the patient is in a sitting or lying position 10 .
  • the laser treatment comprises a few manipulations to the damaged area, to the supra- and infra-orbital exit points of the trigeminal nerve and the middle physiological fold of the upper lid when the palpebral fissure is closed, to corporal and auricular points the irradiation is produced by the focused laser beam to the cornea surface.
  • the irradiation is conducted at a distance of 50 cm from the body surface or through a light pipe.
  • the density of the power flow varies from 0.1 to 2-3 mW/cm 2 , the time of the
  • the treatment is conducted daily or every other day. ' The course of treatment may comprise from 1-2 to 10-15 procedures.
  • the follow-up treatment can be conducted in 3 or 4 weeks .
  • This method is used for treating partial optic nerve atrophy of vascular, post-inflammatory and post-traumatic origin.
  • the method was developed in a research center 11 and is conducted as follows :
  • a photoelectrode is connected to the optic nerve, with the help of orbital puncture and visual control (orbitoscopy) .
  • the treatment is conducted by a helium-neon laser, with the help of the apparatus for the direct laser stimulation of the optic nerve "Lasso.”
  • the output power at the optic generator is 1.5 mW.
  • the output power at the photoelectrode is 0.4 - 1.0 mW.
  • the impulse mode is from 1 to 1000 Hz. • The duration of one treatment is 40 minutes.
  • the apparatus includes a handheld laser probe coupled to a control unit for selecting and controlling laser energy dosage from about 1 joule/point to about 10 joules/point.
  • the apparatus emits laser energy at a wavelength from about 630 nm to about 904 nm, with a mean power output of between about 100 mW to about 500 mW.
  • the apparatus further includes an access control mechanism to limit operability to trained personnel.
  • the apparatus includes: a working end geometry for contacting the anterior surface of the sclera and cornea to insure that a laser emission reaches the trabecular meshwork from a particular location on the anterior surface of the sclera; a laser energy source providing a wavelength appropriate for absorption beneath the anterior scleral surface to the depth of the trabecular plates; and a dosimetry control system for controlling the exposure of the laser emission at the particular spatial locations .
  • the device uses a light energy source that emits wavelengths in the near-infrared portion of the spectrum, preferably in the range of about 1.30 ⁇ m to 1.40 ⁇ m. or from about 1.55 ⁇ m. to 1.85 ⁇ m.
  • the targeted region is elevated in temperature to a range between about 40° C. to 55° C. for a period of time ranging from about 1 second to 120 seconds or more.
  • Kobayashi et al . on October 29, 2002 in U.S. class 606 and subclass 4 teaches an ophthalmic treatment apparatus using therapy and diagnostic laser light sources whose beams are deflected two-dimensionalIy via an optical deflector and a galvanomirror and directed on the eye fundus to produce a fundus image on a display monitor.
  • a photosensitive substance that accumulates specifically in neovascular regions is administered to the patient to define the region where the neovascular tissues are located.
  • the therapy laser light source is activated and its intensity is amplified by a controller and a driver for driving a light modulator. This arrangement assures a reliable definition of the affected region and enables only the neovascular tissues to be destroyed or sealed off because the laser intensity can be amplified at the region concerned.
  • United States Patent Application Publication Number US 2005/0065577 Al published to McArthur et al . on March 24, 2005 in U.S. class 607 and subclass 88 teaches a method for the therapeutic treatment of biological tissue of a patient with a low level laser.
  • the method is achieved by diagnosing the nature and extent of the tissue disorder, establishing at least one treatment area, exposing the treatment area to monochromatic coherent light below the level necessary to cause thermal damage to the tissue being treated, and treating the treatment area for sufficient treatment time to produce clinically beneficial effects by delivering a dosage greater than 20 joules/cm 2 .
  • the light is in the near infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • U.S. class 607 and subclass 89 teaches a system and method for treatment of cells and, in particular, visual pathway disorders. More particularly, the system and method are directed toward the photomodulation and/or photorejuvenation of retinal epithelial cells, to treat a variety of vision disorders .
  • the process of treating retinal cells to reduce or reverse the effects of visual pathway disorders employs a narrowband source of multichromatic light applied to the retinal cells to deliver a very low energy fluence.
  • the device is constructed from non-magnetic material, such as glass, plastic, or ceramics.
  • the light emanating from the optical tip can be controlled manually or automatically. Some embodiments omit the fiber and use light directly from the laser diode.
  • an object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method for experimentally optic transmitting information through an optic nerve, which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • another object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method for experimentally optic transmitting information through an optic nerve.
  • the method includes the steps of transecting the optic nerve at the beginning of the optic chiasm in order to check the propagation of a laser beam along efferent fibers of the optic nerve, putting a metal screen on the optic nerve, fixing the metal screen at the exit of the optic nerve from the eyeball, directing the laser beam at the butt end of the optic nerve, observing visible luminescence of the optic nerve with holographic effect, projecting the laser beam in the pupil, and observing visible luminescence of the pupil.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, demonstrating that when laser beams are shined through dilated pupils, uniform luminesce of the eye balls and optic nerves are observable in contradistinction to a pinhole effect on the retinas ;
  • FIGURE 2 is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, of the optic nerves transected behind the optic chiasm, with laser beams aimed into the transections towards the eye balls, demonstrating that luminescence of the optic chiasm and the optic nerves was not observable;
  • FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, of the optic nerves transected at the beginning of the optic chiasm, with laser beams aimed into the transections towards the eyeballs, demonstrating that luminescence of the optic nerves with holographic effect, and the emission of laser beams in the pupils was observed;
  • FIGURE 4 is a diagrammatic side elevational view, with parts broken away, demonstrating that a laser beam shined in the area of the visual cortex, through the occipital bone, is visibly observable 5 mm deep into the striate cortex,- and
  • FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic side elevational view, with parts broken away, demonstrating a laser beam shined in the area of the visual cortex with the occipital bone . 4. List of reference numerals utilized in drawing.
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention did an autopsy on ten bodies to determine the average length of the optic nerve from the optic chiasm, which varied from 35 to 55 mm, with an average diameter of 4 mm.
  • the authors of the Clinical Neuro- Ophthalmology give another figure for the length of the optic nerve, namely, 40-50 mm. 13
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention developed a method, the first step of which was to check the redistribution of the laser irradiation in the eyeball.
  • a helium-neon laser with output power of 1 mW and a beam diameter of 2 mm was used.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, demonstrating that when laser beams are shined through dilated pupils, uniform luminesce of the eye balls and optic nerves are observable in contradistinction to a pinhole effect on the
  • FIGURE 2 is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, of the optic nerves transected behind the optic chiasm, with laser beams aimed into the transections towards the eye balls, demonstrating that luminescence of the optic chiasm and the optic nerves was not observable, after the transection of the optic tract 16 of the lateral geniculate body 17 behind the optic chiasm 14, the laser beam 18 was directed at the optic chiasm 14. The luminescence of the optic chiasm 14 and the optic nerve 12 was not observed.
  • FIGURE 3 which is a diagrammatic top plan view, with parts broken away, of the optic nerves transected at the beginning of the optic chiasm, with laser beams aimed into the transections towards the eyeballs, demonstrating that luminescence of the optic nerves with holographic effect, and the emission of laser beams in the pupils was observed, in order to check the propagation of the laser irradiation along the efferent fibers of the optic nerve 12, the optic nerve 12 was transected at the beginning of the optic chiasm 14.
  • a metal screen 20 was put on the optic nerve 12. It was fixed at the exit 22 of the optic nerve 12 from the eyeball 24.
  • the applicant of the embodiments of the present invention observed visible luminescence 10 of the optic nerve 12 with holographic effect, and the projection of the laser irradiation in the pupil 28, that is, the luminescence 29 of the pupil 28 was also observed.
  • FIGURE 4 which is a diagrammatic side elevational view, with parts broken away, demonstrating that a laser beam shined in the area of the visual cortex, through the occipital bone, is visibly observable 5 mm deep into the striate cortex, while investigating the proliferation of the laser irradiation 18 in the area of the visual cortex 30 through the occipital bone 32, a visible luminescence 34 5 mm deep into the striate cortex 30 was observed.
  • FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic side elevational view, with parts broken away, demonstrating that a laser beam shined in the area of the visual cortex is visibly observable 10 mm deep into the striate cortex, the visible luminescence 34 was observed at a depth of 10 mm. 3.5 hours after the beginning of the experiment, an obvious dimness of the cornea was noticeable. The luminescence of the optic nerve 12 ceased. When the laser beam 18 was directed at the peripheral nerve nerva ulnaris, there was no luminescence. . This experiment shows that when light impacts the retina, photochemical processes are set off, by which atoms and molecules are excited or ionized.
  • luminescence is used to describe the emission of light for both luminescence and fluorescence.
  • An atom can be viewed as a tiny resonator, which is able to irradiate or absorb electromagnetic waves .
  • chemical sensors are connected with an optic way of signal transformation. The transfer and processing of information occur concurrently and through individual channels .
  • the retina uses an information capacity of ten million bits per second. The speed of subject perception is only a few scores of bits per second. It's almost six orders lower.
  • the retina fulfils a complex task. It transforms optic signals into electrical ones, separates signals from noise, and again transfers them through the fibers of the optic nerve as optic signals. Having passed through the fibers of the optic nerve, the signal becomes weaker. The most common linear effect is signal attenuation, which is weakening of a signal while it passes through the fibers of the optic nerve.
  • the molecules which can act as luminescent centers, have a complex structure.
  • the oscillation of the charges of the electric dipole is accompanied by the emission of a light quantum.
  • the initial impact of the light energy sets off a fast reaction on the background of lengthy molecular transformations of the rhodopsin, the molecular restoration of which is accompanied by light emission.
  • the signals For the signals to be able to transfer information, they should be modulated. In the retina there are optic and chemical centers . Chemical sensors are connected with the optic transfer of signals. In the retina, the amplitude manipulation of signals, which is connected with on- and off- centers, takes place. The signals are either present (1) or absent (0) .

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé de transmission optique expérimentale d'informations par un nerf optique (12). Le procédé comprend les étapes consistant à projeter un faisceau laser (18) à travers la pupille (28), le corps vitreux, les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine et les fibres nerveuses afférentes au début du chiasma optique (14) ; observer une luminescence visible (10) du globe oculaire (24) et des fibres nerveuses afférentes au début du chiasma optique (14) avec des effets holographiques ; balayer le nerf optique (12) au début du chiasma optique (14) afin de vérifier la propagation du faisceau laser (18) le long des fibres efférentes du nerf optique (12) ; protéger le globe oculaire (24) par un écran métallique (20) ; fixer l'écran métallique (20) à la sortie du nerf optique (12) du globe oculaire, (24) détecter le faisceau laser (18) à l'extrémité (26) du nerf optique, (12) observer la luminescence visible (10) du nerf optique (12) avec un effet holographique ; projeter le faisceau laser (18) dans la pupille (28), et observer la luminescence visible (10) de la pupille (28).
PCT/IB2009/005268 2008-11-19 2009-04-14 Procédé de transmission optique expérimentale d'informations par un nerf optique Ceased WO2010058253A1 (fr)

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US12/313,286 US20100123076A1 (en) 2008-11-19 2008-11-19 Method for experimentally optic transmitting information through an optic nerve
US12/313,286 2008-11-19

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WO2014141286A1 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Entis Allan C Dispositif de substitution sensorielle non tactile

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US5320098A (en) * 1992-10-20 1994-06-14 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Optical transdermal link
WO2001043825A1 (fr) * 1999-12-16 2001-06-21 Light Sciences Corporation Dispositif d'illumination pour traitement d'atteintes oculaires
US20080077198A1 (en) * 2006-09-21 2008-03-27 Aculight Corporation Miniature apparatus and method for optical stimulation of nerves and other animal tissue
WO2009072123A2 (fr) * 2007-12-06 2009-06-11 Technion Research & Development Foundation Ltd. Procédé et système de stimulation optique des neurones

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JP2000060893A (ja) * 1998-08-20 2000-02-29 Kowa Co 眼科治療装置
US9192780B2 (en) * 1998-11-30 2015-11-24 L'oreal Low intensity light therapy for treatment of retinal, macular, and visual pathway disorders
US6312451B1 (en) * 1999-03-23 2001-11-06 Jackson Streeter Low level laser therapy apparatus
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US4569354A (en) * 1982-03-22 1986-02-11 Boston University Method and apparatus for measuring natural retinal fluorescence
US5320098A (en) * 1992-10-20 1994-06-14 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Optical transdermal link
WO2001043825A1 (fr) * 1999-12-16 2001-06-21 Light Sciences Corporation Dispositif d'illumination pour traitement d'atteintes oculaires
US20080077198A1 (en) * 2006-09-21 2008-03-27 Aculight Corporation Miniature apparatus and method for optical stimulation of nerves and other animal tissue
WO2009072123A2 (fr) * 2007-12-06 2009-06-11 Technion Research & Development Foundation Ltd. Procédé et système de stimulation optique des neurones

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Title
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US20100123076A1 (en) 2010-05-20

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