WO2010054648A1 - Method for increasing the flexural strength of crankshafts - Google Patents
Method for increasing the flexural strength of crankshafts Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010054648A1 WO2010054648A1 PCT/DE2009/001617 DE2009001617W WO2010054648A1 WO 2010054648 A1 WO2010054648 A1 WO 2010054648A1 DE 2009001617 W DE2009001617 W DE 2009001617W WO 2010054648 A1 WO2010054648 A1 WO 2010054648A1
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- Prior art keywords
- crankshaft
- deep rolling
- hardening
- deep
- crankshafts
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P9/00—Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings; Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified
- B23P9/02—Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
- B21H7/00—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons
- B21H7/18—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons grooved pins; Rolling grooves, e.g. oil grooves, in articles
- B21H7/182—Rolling annular grooves
- B21H7/185—Filet rolling, e.g. of crankshafts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B39/00—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor
- B24B39/04—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor designed for working external surfaces of revolution
- B24B39/045—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor designed for working external surfaces of revolution the working tool being composed of a plurality of working rolls or balls
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/08—Surface hardening with flames
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
- C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/42—Induction heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/52—Methods of heating with flames
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/58—Oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/30—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for crankshafts; for camshafts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for increasing the bending strength of crankshafts with hardened transition radii by deep rolling the transition radii.
- One possible practical application of the invention relates to a method for increasing the flexural strength of crankshafts by hardening at least one peripheral portion of the transition radius between a journal and a respectively adjacent cheek of a crankshaft, and then rolling the hardened peripheral portion with a deep rolling tool.
- a relevant method is known from WO 2006/119 944 A1.
- a method for hardening transition radii of a crankshaft is known in which at least a part of the transition radii is hardened on bearings of the crankshaft by a hardening process with an inductive hardening by an inductor which at least partially comprises the transition radii. After the hardening process, at least a part of the transition radii is post-solidified by deep rolling.
- induction hardening In induction hardening, the surface of the transition radius is only protected from cracking by the material strength and the small internal compressive stresses of the surface. However, cracks always lead to breakage of the crankshaft in the event of bending load. As a result, a large transition radius, smooth notch finish design without, for example, abrasive burn, is required. This requires care in the production and increased production costs.
- the induction hardening itself can not control the residual compressive stresses in the crankshaft. The corresponding residual compressive stresses, expressed in simple terms, result from the hardness range and the stiffness of the surrounding components.
- the mode of operation of the inductive hardening of the transition radius is based on an increase in the material strength through the hardening process and the build-up of residual compressive stresses at the hardened point.
- the internal compressive stresses are caused by the only local heating of the material of the crankshaft in the hardness range and the volume increase of the material by the martensitic transformation with rapid cooling. If you do a crankshaft as a whole heat and harden, so that it is free of stress, you would find significantly lower fatigue strength.
- the residual compressive stresses generated by the deep rolling are based on the fact that in the transition radius, a certain volume of material is displaced, bend the surrounding components and produce by their retroaction, the compressive residual stresses.
- the deep rolling itself can increase the material strength of the hard-rolled zone only to a limited extent by work hardening, but can control the build-up of residual compressive stresses via the deep rolling forces.
- the bending stress of the crankshaft arise above a limit load cracks in the transition radius, which remain above a depth of, for example, 0.8 mm over an infinite number of load changes. At this point, residual compressive stresses prevent the development of the crack.
- This characteristic of the deep rolling process makes the process independent of surface damage and the sharpness of the notch radius of the crankshaft.
- a "method for machining crankshaft radii” is known from WO 2005/063 442 A1, according to which it is known to use a laser beam with a power of about 1 kW / cm 2 to a depth of 1 mm for a peripheral layer of the transition radii Curing temperature of about 900 0 C and then cooling to approximately room temperature, leave the same hardened transition radii after curing within a short annealing time with a laser beam to a tempering temperature of about 300 0 C and roll after tempering with the aid of deep rolling tools the term "tempering" the hardening and subsequent tempering of carbon steels.
- flame hardening, case hardening or inductive hardening are also mentioned in the known document.
- a device for deep rolling of crankshafts is known. It is a device for applying an additional external stress in the direction of the load occurring during operation of the crankshaft during the deep rolling of the radii or recesses. According to this document, it is known to apply to the crankshaft during the deep rolling a tensile force, a compressive force or a bending force. However, according to the known method, this happens with uncured crankshafts.
- deep-rolling tools are subjected to extremely high loads. Such deep-duty deep-rolling tools have a correspondingly shorter service life.
- crankshaft tension on the main outer journal, flange and journal is suitable since this stress produces the highest tensile stresses in the critical zone, while the transition radii between main journal and Cheek have only minor tensile stresses.
- a bending load of the crankshaft may be provided by transverse forces acting on a main journal.
- deep rolling rolls The most common type of deep rolling is rolling with so-called deep rolling rolls.
- deep rolling of crankshafts with linear deep rolling tools is also known from EP 1 779 972 A1.
- the deep rolling of transition radii is to be carried out both with the aid of deep-rolling rolls and with the aid of linear deep-rolling tools.
- crankshaft made of 42 CrMo4, the hardness in the transition radius is approximately HRC 55.
- a tensile force in the size of 60 kN is applied. Under this tensile force, the following bending stresses are achieved in the transition radii of the crankpins of the crankshaft: Stroke journal - thin cheek 960 N / mm 2 , stroke bearing pin - thick cheek 780 N / mm 2 ; Main journals for crankpins 500 N / mm 2 or 600 N / mm 2 . Under this tensile force, the crankshaft lengthens by about 0.86 mm. Such a crankshaft is then solid-rolled with a deep rolling force of 11kN to 12.5 kN per deep-rolling roller.
- Fig. 1 is a crankshaft in the side view.
- 2 is a split-pin crankshaft in side view
- Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal portion of the split-pin crankshaft of Fig. 2 in another
- Fig. 4 shows the deep rolling of a crank pin journal in a section
- Fig. 5 the deep rolling of a crank pin journal with a linear deep rolling tool
- Fig. 6 is a bar graph illustrating the advantages of the present deep rolling method
- Fig. 1 shows a crankshaft 1, as is commonly used in a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine.
- the crankshaft 1 With its main journal 2, the crankshaft 1 is rotatably mounted in the engine block (not shown) of an internal combustion engine. In this arrangement, the crankshaft 1 is rotatable about its main axis of rotation 3.
- the crankpins 4 Between the main bearing journals 2 are the crankpins 4, on which the connecting rods (not shown) engage.
- the connection between the main and thrust bearing pin 4 is made respectively by cheeks 5 and 6 respectively.
- the transition between each of a main journal 2 and an adjacent cheek 5 or 6 as well as between a pin bearing pin 4 and an adjacent cheek 5 or 6 is in each case formed as a transition radius 7.
- a transition radius 7 consist of a recess which is introduced between a cheek 5 or 6 and a main bearing journal 2 or a crank journal 4, as indicated in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the transition radius 7 between a main 2 or stroke bearing journal 4 and in each case one adjacent cheek 5 or 6 can also be designed as a "tangent radius", as is known, for example, from WO 2006/119 944, FIG Of the present invention, it is not important whether a transition radius 7 is formed as a recess or as a tangent radius.
- FIG. 2 shows, in a side view comparable to FIG. 1, a split-pin crankshaft 8.
- Split-pin crankshafts 8 are preferably installed in internal combustion engines whose cylinders have a V arrangement.
- main bearing journals 9 via which the split-pin crankshaft 8 (not shown) is rotatably mounted about its main axis of rotation 10 in the engine block.
- cheeks 11 and 12 are provided, which also limit the pin bearing journals 13 at the same time.
- the crankpins 13 are made the split-pin crankshaft 8 from each two bearing seats 14 and 15.
- the bearing seats 14 and 15 are not interconnected over their entire cross-section, as could be concluded from Fig. 2, but here is a gusset 16, the compound of the bearing seats fourteenth and 15 forth, as it results from the view of FIG. 3.
- the representations of FIGS. 2 and 3 have been selected because this makes it easier to illustrate which stresses occur in the transition radii 17 when, for example, a tensile force 18 is applied to a split-pin crankshaft 8 along its main axis of rotation 10.
- a tensile stress 20 will occur on the lower side 19 of the lifting bearing 13 and will become smaller as the distance from the main rotational axis 10 increases, as indicated by the two stress lines 21.
- the stress lines 21 result in the maximum tensile stress 20 from the underside 19 of the pin bearing pin 13, starting from the upper side 22 in the region of the transition radii 17 under certain circumstances in a compressive stress (not shown) to convert. Therefore, the effect of the tensile stress 20 in the region of the bottom 19 is greatest, here, the largest increase in residual stress in the transition radii 17 is reached. For this reason, the depth of the deep rolling from the lower side 19 to the upper side 22 must become smaller. In the region of the gusset 16 between the two bearing seats 14 and 15 also occur tensile stresses 23. In general, since the area of the gusset 16 is not rolled, in this gusset 16, an improvement in the bending strength can be achieved only if this area can be plasticized without cracks.
- transition radii 7 shows the deep rolling of transition radii 7 using the example of the use of fixed rollers 26.
- the transition radii 7 are formed as recesses 27.
- the deep rolling rollers 26 are supported on a guide roller 29 under the action of a deep rolling force 28.
- Each of the two fixed rollers 26 penetrates at an angle 30 with a component 31 in each case in one of the transition radii 7 a.
- the rolling of the crank pin 4 using the Firm rolling rollers 26 are either over the entire circumference of the transition radius 7 or only over a peripheral portion of the circumferential radius 7.
- the deep rolling force 28 and thus their components 31 either remain constant or be varied in size.
- the transition radii 7 between a crank pin 4 and the two cheeks 5 and 6 are formed as recesses 27.
- linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 For deep rolling of the recesses 27 are here linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33.
- Linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 the use of which is provided in the present embodiment are known for example from EP 1 779 972.
- the linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 rely on a guide roller 29 from. Since a linear deep rolling tool 32 or 33 can perform the contact surface with the guide roller 29 having a large radius 34, very high deep rolling forces 28 can be applied when using linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 without causing breakage of the linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33, respectively feared.
- FIG. 6 shows a simple bar graph. Two samples of crankshafts were subjected to vibration tests. Both samples had hardened transition radii 7 and 17, respectively, which had been rolled down under a deep rolling force 28. In a test stand, the fatigue strength under bending load of the crankshaft 1 and 8 was tested. The left bar 35 shows the permanently transferable bending moment to crankshafts 1 and 8, the transition radii 7 were hardened.
- the middle bar 36 shows the behavior of crankshafts 1 and 8, the transition radii 7 and 17 were hardened and solidified.
- the right-hand bar 37 shows the behavior of crankshafts 1 and 8, whose transition radii 7 and 17 have been hardened and simultaneously rolled while applying a tensile force 18.
- crankshafts thus brings very great improvements in fatigue strength.
- the deep-rolling under prestressing can reduce the deep-rolling forces required for a favorable result to about 70% of the otherwise required deep-rolling force.
- Positive results are to be expected in particular at the transition radii 7, 17 of the crankpins 4, 13.
- radii hardened crankshafts 1, 8 very high fatigue strengths can be achieved with the present method.
- the deep rolling of radii hardened crankshafts 1, 8 with the previously known methods is extremely difficult.
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Abstract
Description
Verfahren zum Erhöhen der Biegefestigkeit von Kurbelwellen Method for increasing the bending strength of crankshafts
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Erhöhen der Biegefestigkeit von Kurbelwel- len mit gehärteten Übergangsradien durch Festwalzen der Übergangsradien. Eine mögliche praktische Anwendung der Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Erhöhen der Biegefestigkeit von Kurbeiwellen, indem man wenigstens einen Umfangsab- schnitt des Übergangsradius zwischen einem Lagerzapfen und einer jeweils angrenzenden Wange einer Kurbelwelle härtet und anschließend den gehärteten Umfangs- abschnitt mit einem Festwalzwerkzeug festwalzt.The invention relates to a method for increasing the bending strength of crankshafts with hardened transition radii by deep rolling the transition radii. One possible practical application of the invention relates to a method for increasing the flexural strength of crankshafts by hardening at least one peripheral portion of the transition radius between a journal and a respectively adjacent cheek of a crankshaft, and then rolling the hardened peripheral portion with a deep rolling tool.
Ein einschlägiges Verfahren ist aus der WO 2006 / 119 944 A1 bekannt. Aus dieser Schrift ist ein Verfahren zum Härten von Übergangsradien einer Kurbelwelle bekannt, bei dem wenigstens ein Teil der Übergangsradien an Lagersteüen der Kurbelwelle durch einen Härteprozess mit einer induktiven Härtung durch einen Induktor, der wenigstens teilweise die Übergangsradien umfasst, gehärtet wird. Nach dem Härteprozess wird wenigstens ein Teil der Übergangsradien durch Festwalzen nachverfestigt.A relevant method is known from WO 2006/119 944 A1. From this document, a method for hardening transition radii of a crankshaft is known in which at least a part of the transition radii is hardened on bearings of the crankshaft by a hardening process with an inductive hardening by an inductor which at least partially comprises the transition radii. After the hardening process, at least a part of the transition radii is post-solidified by deep rolling.
Beim Induktionshärten ist die Oberfläche des Übergangsradius nur durch die Werkstofffestigkeit und die kleinen Druckeigenspannungen der Oberfläche vor Anrissen geschützt. Anrisse führen aber stets zum Bruch der Kurbelwelle bei Biegebelastung. Infolgedessen ist ein großer Übergangsradius, Ausführung mit glatter kerbfreier Oberfläche, ohne zum Beispiel Schleifbrand, erforderlich. Dies bedingt Sorgfalt bei der Fertigung und erhöhte Fertigungskosten. Das Induktionshärten selbst kann die Druckeigenspannungen in der Kurbelwelle nicht steuern. Die entsprechenden Druckeigenspannungen ergeben sich, stark vereinfacht ausgedrückt, aus dem Härtebereich und der Steife der umgebenden Bauteile.In induction hardening, the surface of the transition radius is only protected from cracking by the material strength and the small internal compressive stresses of the surface. However, cracks always lead to breakage of the crankshaft in the event of bending load. As a result, a large transition radius, smooth notch finish design without, for example, abrasive burn, is required. This requires care in the production and increased production costs. The induction hardening itself can not control the residual compressive stresses in the crankshaft. The corresponding residual compressive stresses, expressed in simple terms, result from the hardness range and the stiffness of the surrounding components.
Die Wirkungsweise des induktiven Härtens des Übergangsradius beruht auf einer Erhöhung der Werkstofffestigkeit durch den Härteprozess und den Aufbau von Druckeigenspannungen an der gehärteten Stelle. Die Druckeigenspannungen entstehen durch die nur lokale Erwärmung des Materials der Kurbelwelle im Härtebereich und die Volumenzunahme des Werkstoffs durch die martensitische Umwandlung bei rascher Abkühlung. Würde man eine Kurbelwelle als Ganzes erwärmen und durchhärten, so dass sie eigenspannungsfrei wird, würde man deutlich niedrigere Dauerfestigkeiten finden.The mode of operation of the inductive hardening of the transition radius is based on an increase in the material strength through the hardening process and the build-up of residual compressive stresses at the hardened point. The internal compressive stresses are caused by the only local heating of the material of the crankshaft in the hardness range and the volume increase of the material by the martensitic transformation with rapid cooling. Would you do a crankshaft as a whole heat and harden, so that it is free of stress, you would find significantly lower fatigue strength.
Die durch das Festwalzen erzeugten Druckeigenspannungen beruhen darauf, dass im Übergangsradius ein gewisses Materialvolumen verdrängt wird, sich die umgebenden Bauteile aufbiegen und durch ihre Rückwirkung die Druckeigenspannungen erzeugen. Das Festwalzen selbst kann die Materialfestigkeit der festgewalzten Zone nur begrenzt durch Kaltverfestigung erhöhen, kann aber den Aufbau von Druckeigenspannungen über die Festwalzkräfte steuern. Bei der Biegebeanspruchung der Kurbelwelle entstehen oberhalb einer Grenzbelastung Risse im Übergangsradius, die ab einer Tiefe von zum Beispiel 0,8 mm über eine unendliche Zahl von Lastwechseln stehen bleiben. An dieser Stelle verhindern die Druckeigenspannungen die Fortentwicklung des Risses. Diese Charakteristik des Festwalzverfahrens macht das Verfahren unabhängig von Oberflächenschäden und der Schärfe des Kerbradius der Kurbelwelle. Man kann an einer festgewalzten Kurbelwelle zum Beispiel mit einem Übergangsradius von 1 ,1 mm die gleiche Biegedauerfestigkeit wie an einer Kurbelwelle mit einem Übergangsradius von 1 ,9 mm erzielen. Kleine Übergangsradien bedeuten allerdings bei gegebenem Abstand der Lagerzapfen größere Tragflächen für Pleuellager und Hauptlager; eine Eigenschaft, die bei immer höheren Verbrennungsdrücken von Motoren entscheidend ist.The residual compressive stresses generated by the deep rolling are based on the fact that in the transition radius, a certain volume of material is displaced, bend the surrounding components and produce by their retroaction, the compressive residual stresses. The deep rolling itself can increase the material strength of the hard-rolled zone only to a limited extent by work hardening, but can control the build-up of residual compressive stresses via the deep rolling forces. In the bending stress of the crankshaft arise above a limit load cracks in the transition radius, which remain above a depth of, for example, 0.8 mm over an infinite number of load changes. At this point, residual compressive stresses prevent the development of the crack. This characteristic of the deep rolling process makes the process independent of surface damage and the sharpness of the notch radius of the crankshaft. It is possible to achieve the same bending fatigue strength as on a crankshaft with a transition radius of 1.9 mm on a solid-rolled crankshaft, for example with a transition radius of 1.1 mm. However, small transition radii mean at a given distance of the bearing journal larger wings for connecting rod bearings and main bearings; a feature that is crucial in ever higher engine combustion pressures.
Aus der DE 197 40 290 B4 ist ein „Verfahren zum Festwalzen der Oberfläche von Bauteilen, insbesondere von rotationssymmetrischen oder nicht-rotationssymmetri- sehen Drehteilen" bekannt. Dabei wird das Bau- bzw. Drehteil an den durch Festwalzen zu bearbeitenden Stellen unter elastischer Vorspannung bearbeitet. Die elastische Vorspannung besteht insbesondere aus einer Biege- und/oder Zugvorspannung. Auf diese Weise wird auch das Festwalzen von hochfesten Werkstoffen ermöglicht. Darin beschränkt sich allerdings die bekannte Lehre und es bleibt offen, ob hiermit hochfeste Werkstoffe gemeint sind, die durch einen metallurgischen Prozess erzeugt wurden und daher verhältnismäßig teuer sind, oder ob es sich um preiswerte Werkstoffe handelt, die aufgrund von thermischen Prozessen, wie z.B. das Härten oder Vergüten, ihre erhöhte Festigkeit erlangt haben. Auf letztere zielt die vorliegende Erfindung ab. Aus der WO 2005 / 063 442 A1 ist ein „Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von Kurbelwellenradien" bekannt. Danach ist es bekannt, die Randschichten der Übergangsradien mit einem Laserstrahl mit einer Leistung von etwa 1 kW/cm2 bis zu einer Tiefe von 1 mm bei einer Temperatur von etwa 9000C und anschließender Abkühlung bis annähernd auf Raumtemperatur zu härten, dieselben gehärteten Übergangsradien nach dem Härten innerhalb kurzer Anlasszeit mit einem Laserstrahl auf eine Anlasstemperatur von etwa 3000C anzulassen und nach dem Anlassen mit Hilfe von Festwalzwerkzeugen festzuwalzen. Bekanntlich versteht man unter dem Begriff „Vergüten" das Härten und anschließende Anlassen von Kohlenstoffstählen. Neben dem Laserhärten werden in der bekannten Schrift auch das Flammhärten, das Einsatzhärten oder das Induktivhärten genannt.DE 197 40 290 B4 discloses a "method for deep-rolling the surface of components, in particular of rotationally symmetrical or non-rotationally symmetrical turned parts." In this case, the structural part or rotating part is machined under elastic pretension at the points to be machined by deep rolling The elastic prestressing consists in particular of a bending and / or tensile prestressing.This also enables the deep rolling of high-strength materials.This, however, limits the known teaching and it remains unclear whether this means high-strength materials which are metallurgical Processes have been produced and therefore are relatively expensive, or are inexpensive materials that have obtained their increased strength due to thermal processes, such as hardening or tempering, on the latter aims the present invention. A "method for machining crankshaft radii" is known from WO 2005/063 442 A1, according to which it is known to use a laser beam with a power of about 1 kW / cm 2 to a depth of 1 mm for a peripheral layer of the transition radii Curing temperature of about 900 0 C and then cooling to approximately room temperature, leave the same hardened transition radii after curing within a short annealing time with a laser beam to a tempering temperature of about 300 0 C and roll after tempering with the aid of deep rolling tools the term "tempering" the hardening and subsequent tempering of carbon steels. In addition to laser hardening, flame hardening, case hardening or inductive hardening are also mentioned in the known document.
Aus der DE 100 52 753 A1 ist ein Gerät zum Festwalzen von Kurbelwellen bekannt. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Einrichtung zum Aufbringen einer zusätzlichen äußeren Beanspruchung in Richtung der im Betrieb auftretenden Belastung der Kurbelwelle während des Festwalzens der Radien oder Einstiche. Nach dieser Schrift ist es bekannt, auf die Kurbelwelle während des Festwalzens eine Zugkraft, eine Druckkraft oder eine Biegekraft aufzubringen. Nach dem bekannten Verfahren geschieht dies allerdings bei ungehärteten Kurbelwellen.From DE 100 52 753 A1 a device for deep rolling of crankshafts is known. It is a device for applying an additional external stress in the direction of the load occurring during operation of the crankshaft during the deep rolling of the radii or recesses. According to this document, it is known to apply to the crankshaft during the deep rolling a tensile force, a compressive force or a bending force. However, according to the known method, this happens with uncured crankshafts.
Beim Festwalzen der Übergangsradien von gehärteten Kurbelwellen werden die Festwalzwerkzeuge extrem stark beansprucht. Derartig extrem stark beanspruchte Festwalzwerkzeuge haben eine entsprechend geringere Standzeit.During deep rolling of the transition radii of hardened crankshafts, deep-rolling tools are subjected to extremely high loads. Such deep-duty deep-rolling tools have a correspondingly shorter service life.
Daraus ergibt sich die Aufgabe für die vorliegende Erfindung, den Festigkeitsmechanismus von festgewalzten Kurbelwellen auch auf Kurbelwellen zu übertragen, deren Übergangsradien gehärtet sind. Daneben soll die Beanspruchung der Festwalzwerkzeuge verringert und dadurch deren Standzeit erhöht werden.This results in the object for the present invention to transfer the strength mechanism of fixed-crankshafts also on crankshafts whose transition radii are hardened. In addition, the stress on the deep rolling tools is to be reduced, thereby increasing their service life.
Es wurde nun gefunden, dass man die Aufgabe an gehärteten Kurbelwellen dadurch lösen kann, dass man durch das Festwalzen in den Übergangsradien Druckeigenspannungen in der Weise bzw. von solcher Höhe aufbaut, dass die Druckeigenspannungen zum Stehenbleiben der bei Biegebelastung der Kurbelwelle oberhalb eines Grenzwertes in einem Übergangsradius entstehenden Risse führt. Bei einer praktischen Anwendung dieses Verfahrens bringt man während des Festwalzens der gehärteten Übergangsradien gleichzeitig eine äußere Last auf die Kurbelwelle auf. Die Zugkraft erzeugt in den festzuwalzenden Übergangsradien eine Zugspannung, die das Festwalzen stark erleichtert. Zwar wird die Zugspannung durch die Zugfestigkeit des Werkstoffs in den Übergangsradien begrenzt, doch kann auf diese Weise eine deutliche Verringerung der Festwalzkraft erreicht werden.It has now been found that one can solve the task of hardened cranks, characterized in that one builds by the deep rolling in the transition radii compressive stresses in the manner or of such height that the compressive residual stresses to stop the bending load of the crankshaft above a limit in a Transition radius resulting cracks leads. In a practical application of this method is brought during the deep rolling of the hardened transition radii at the same time an external load on the crankshaft. The tensile force generates in the festzuwalzenden transition radii a tensile stress, which greatly facilitates the deep rolling. Although the tensile stress is limited by the tensile strength of the material in the transition radii, but in this way a significant reduction in the deep rolling force can be achieved.
Wenn die kritischen Zonen einer Kurbelwelle wie häufig im Übergangsradius zwischen Hublagerzapfen und Wange liegen, ist eine Zugbeanspruchung der Kurbelwelle am äußeren Hauptlagerzapfen, am Flansch und am Zapfen geeignet, da diese Beanspruchung die höchsten Zugspannungen in der kritischen Zone erzeugt, während die Übergangsradien zwischen Hauptlagerzapfen und Wange nur kleinere Zugspannungen aufweisen. Bei anderen kritischen Zonen kann eine Biegebelastung der Kurbelwelle über Querkräfte vorgesehen werden, die an einem Hauptlagerzapfen angreifen.If the critical zones of a crankshaft are as frequently in the transition radius between the crankpin and the cheek, crankshaft tension on the main outer journal, flange and journal is suitable since this stress produces the highest tensile stresses in the critical zone, while the transition radii between main journal and Cheek have only minor tensile stresses. In other critical zones, a bending load of the crankshaft may be provided by transverse forces acting on a main journal.
Die am weitesten verbreitete Art des Festwalzens ist das Walzen mit sogenannten Festwalzrollen. Daneben ist aber aus der EP 1 779 972 A1 auch das Festwalzen von Kurbelwellen mit linearen Festwalzwerkzeugen bekannt. Im Fall der vorliegenden Erfindung soll das Festwalzen von Übergangsradien sowohl mit Hilfe von Festwalz- rollen als auch mit Hilfe von linearen Festwalzwerkzeugen durchgeführt werden.The most common type of deep rolling is rolling with so-called deep rolling rolls. In addition, however, the deep rolling of crankshafts with linear deep rolling tools is also known from EP 1 779 972 A1. In the case of the present invention, the deep rolling of transition radii is to be carried out both with the aid of deep-rolling rolls and with the aid of linear deep-rolling tools.
Bei einer Kurbelwelle aus dem Werkstoff 42 CrMo4 beträgt die Härte im Übergangsradius ungefähr HRC 55. Auf eine derartige Kurbelwelle wird eine Zugkraft in der Größe von 60 kN aufgebracht. Unter dieser Zugkraft werden in den Übergangsradien der Hublagerzapfen der Kurbelwelle folgende Biegespannungen erreicht: Hublagerzapfen - dünne Wange 960 N/mm2, Hublagerzapfen - dicke Wange 780 N/mm2; Hauptlagerzapfen zu Hublagerzapfen 500 N/mm2 bzw. 600 N/mm2. Unter dieser Zugkraft verlängert sich die Kurbelwelle um etwa 0,86 mm. Eine solche Kurbelwelle wird dann mit einer Festwalzkraft von 11kN bis 12,5 kN je Festwalzrolle festgewalzt.In a crankshaft made of 42 CrMo4, the hardness in the transition radius is approximately HRC 55. On such a crankshaft, a tensile force in the size of 60 kN is applied. Under this tensile force, the following bending stresses are achieved in the transition radii of the crankpins of the crankshaft: Stroke journal - thin cheek 960 N / mm 2 , stroke bearing pin - thick cheek 780 N / mm 2 ; Main journals for crankpins 500 N / mm 2 or 600 N / mm 2 . Under this tensile force, the crankshaft lengthens by about 0.86 mm. Such a crankshaft is then solid-rolled with a deep rolling force of 11kN to 12.5 kN per deep-rolling roller.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung an mehreren Ausführungsbeispielen näher beschrieben. Es zeigen jeweils verkleinert und nicht maßstäblich dieThe invention will be described in more detail below with reference to several exemplary embodiments. It shows in each case reduced and not to scale the
Fig. 1 eine Kurbelwelle in der Seitenansicht. Fig. 2 eine Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle in der Seitenansicht, Fig. 3 einen Längenabschnitt der Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle der Fig. 2 in einer anderenFig. 1 is a crankshaft in the side view. 2 is a split-pin crankshaft in side view, Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal portion of the split-pin crankshaft of Fig. 2 in another
Seitenansicht,Side View,
Fig. 4 das Festwalzen eines Hublagerzapfens in einem Ausschnitt, Fig. 5 das Festwalzen eines Hublagerzapfens mit einem linearen Festwalzwerkzeug, undFig. 4 shows the deep rolling of a crank pin journal in a section, Fig. 5, the deep rolling of a crank pin journal with a linear deep rolling tool, and
Fig. 6 ein Balkendiagramm zur Veranschaulichung der Vorteile des vorliegenden FestwalzverfahrensFig. 6 is a bar graph illustrating the advantages of the present deep rolling method
Die Fig. 1 zeigte eine Kurbelwelle 1 , wie sie üblicherweise in einem 4-Zylinder- Verbrennungsmotor Verwendung findet. Mit ihren Hauptlagerzapfen 2 ist die Kurbelwelle 1 im Motorblock (nicht gezeigt) eines Verbrennungsmotors drehbar gelagert. Bei dieser Anordnung ist die Kurbelwelle 1 um ihre Hauptdrehachse 3 drehbar. Zwischen den Hauptlagerzapfen 2 befinden sich die Hublagerzapfen 4, an denen die Pleuel (nicht gezeigt) angreifen. Die Verbindung zwischen Haupt- und Hublagerzapfen 4 wird jeweils durch Wangen 5 bzw. 6 hergestellt. Der Übergang zwischen jeweils einem Hauptlagerzapfen 2 und einer angrenzenden Wange 5 oder 6 ebenso wie zwischen einem Hublagerzapfen 4 und einer angrenzenden Wange 5 oder 6 ist jeweils als Übergangsradius 7 ausgebildet. Dabei kann ein Übergangsradius 7 aus einem Einstich bestehen, der zwischen einer Wange 5 oder 6 und einem Hauptlagerzapfen 2 oder einem Hublagerzapfen 4 eingebracht ist, wie das in den Fig. 4 und 5 angedeutet ist. Der Übergangsradius 7 zwischen einem Haupt- 2 oder Hublagerzapfen 4 und jeweils einer angrenzenden Wange 5 oder 6 kann aber auch als „tangierender Radius" ausgestaltet sein, wie das beispielsweise aus WO 2006 / 119 944, Fig. 6, bekannt ist. Im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es nicht von Bedeutung, ob ein Übergangsradius 7 als Einstich oder als tangierender Radius ausgebildet ist.Fig. 1 shows a crankshaft 1, as is commonly used in a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine. With its main journal 2, the crankshaft 1 is rotatably mounted in the engine block (not shown) of an internal combustion engine. In this arrangement, the crankshaft 1 is rotatable about its main axis of rotation 3. Between the main bearing journals 2 are the crankpins 4, on which the connecting rods (not shown) engage. The connection between the main and thrust bearing pin 4 is made respectively by cheeks 5 and 6 respectively. The transition between each of a main journal 2 and an adjacent cheek 5 or 6 as well as between a pin bearing pin 4 and an adjacent cheek 5 or 6 is in each case formed as a transition radius 7. In this case, a transition radius 7 consist of a recess which is introduced between a cheek 5 or 6 and a main bearing journal 2 or a crank journal 4, as indicated in FIGS. 4 and 5. However, the transition radius 7 between a main 2 or stroke bearing journal 4 and in each case one adjacent cheek 5 or 6 can also be designed as a "tangent radius", as is known, for example, from WO 2006/119 944, FIG Of the present invention, it is not important whether a transition radius 7 is formed as a recess or as a tangent radius.
Die Fig. 2 zeigt in einer mit der Fig.1 vergleichbaren Seitenansicht eine Split-Pin- Kurbelwelle 8. Split-Pin-Kurbelwellen 8 werden bevorzugt in Verbrennungsmotoren eingebaut, deren Zylinder eine V-Anordnung aufweisen. Bei der Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 gibt es auch wieder Hauptlagerzapfen 9, über welche die Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 im Motorblock (nicht gezeigt) um ihre Hauptdrehachse 10 drehbar gelagert ist. Zwischen den Hauptlagerzapfen 9 sind jeweils Wangen 11 und 12 vorgesehen, die zugleich auch die Hublagerzapfen 13 seitlich begrenzen. Im Gegensatz zu den Hublagerzap- fen 4 der in der Fig. 1 dargestellten Kurbelwelle 1 bestehen die Hublagerzapfen 13 der Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 aus jeweils zwei Lagersitzen 14 und 15. Die Lagersitze 14 und 15 sind nicht über ihren gesamten Querschnitt miteinander verbunden, wie man aus der Fig. 2 schließen könnte, sondern hier stellt ein Zwickel 16 die Verbindung der Lagersitze 14 und 15 her, wie er sich aus der Ansicht der Fig. 3 ergibt. Die Darstellungen der Fig. 2 und Fig. 3 wurden gewählt, weil man dadurch besser veranschaulichen kann, welche Spannungen in den Übergangsradien 17 auftreten, wenn man eine Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 entlang ihrer Hauptdrehachse 10 beispielsweise mit einer Zugkraft 18 beaufschlagt. Bei der Beaufschlagung mit der Zugkraft 18 wird auf der Unterseite 19 der Hublager 13 jeweils eine Zugspannung 20 auftreten und mit wachsendem Abstand von der Hauptdrehachse 10 kleiner werden, wie das durch die beiden Spannungslinien 21 angedeutet ist. Den Spannungslinien 21 zur Folge wird sich die maximale Zugspannung 20 von der Unterseite 19 des Hublagerzapfens 13 her ausgehend zur Oberseite 22 hin im Bereich der Übergangsradien 17 unter Umständen in eine Druckspannung (nicht gezeigt) umwandeln. Daher ist die Wirkung der Zugspannung 20 im Bereich der Unterseite 19 am größten, hier wird der größte Zuwachs an Eigenspannung in den Übergangsradien 17 erreicht. Aus diesem Grund muss die Tiefe des Festwalzens von der Unterseite 19 her zur Oberseite 22 hin kleiner werden. Im Bereich des Zwickels 16 zwischen den beiden Lagersitzen 14 und 15 treten ebenfalls Zugspannungen 23 auf. Da im Allgemeinen der Bereich des Zwickels 16 nicht festgewalzt wird, kann in diesem Zwickel 16 eine Verbesserung der Biegefestigkeit nur erreicht werden, wenn dieser Bereich ohne Risse plastifiziert werden kann.FIG. 2 shows, in a side view comparable to FIG. 1, a split-pin crankshaft 8. Split-pin crankshafts 8 are preferably installed in internal combustion engines whose cylinders have a V arrangement. In the split-pin crankshaft 8, there are again main bearing journals 9, via which the split-pin crankshaft 8 (not shown) is rotatably mounted about its main axis of rotation 10 in the engine block. Between the main bearing journals 9 cheeks 11 and 12 are provided, which also limit the pin bearing journals 13 at the same time. In contrast to the crankpins 4 of the crankshaft 1 shown in FIG. 1, the crankpins 13 are made the split-pin crankshaft 8 from each two bearing seats 14 and 15. The bearing seats 14 and 15 are not interconnected over their entire cross-section, as could be concluded from Fig. 2, but here is a gusset 16, the compound of the bearing seats fourteenth and 15 forth, as it results from the view of FIG. 3. The representations of FIGS. 2 and 3 have been selected because this makes it easier to illustrate which stresses occur in the transition radii 17 when, for example, a tensile force 18 is applied to a split-pin crankshaft 8 along its main axis of rotation 10. When subjected to the tensile force 18, a tensile stress 20 will occur on the lower side 19 of the lifting bearing 13 and will become smaller as the distance from the main rotational axis 10 increases, as indicated by the two stress lines 21. The stress lines 21 result in the maximum tensile stress 20 from the underside 19 of the pin bearing pin 13, starting from the upper side 22 in the region of the transition radii 17 under certain circumstances in a compressive stress (not shown) to convert. Therefore, the effect of the tensile stress 20 in the region of the bottom 19 is greatest, here, the largest increase in residual stress in the transition radii 17 is reached. For this reason, the depth of the deep rolling from the lower side 19 to the upper side 22 must become smaller. In the region of the gusset 16 between the two bearing seats 14 and 15 also occur tensile stresses 23. In general, since the area of the gusset 16 is not rolled, in this gusset 16, an improvement in the bending strength can be achieved only if this area can be plasticized without cracks.
Am mittleren Hauptlagerzapfen 9 erhält man, unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 gerade bleibt, positiv wirkende Zugspannungen 24. An den beiden äußeren Hauptlagerzapfen 9' erhält man dagegen negativ wirkende Druckspannungen 25. Diese Druckspannungen 25 werden zu Zugspannungen, wenn die Split-Pin-Kurbelwelle 8 biegesteif eingespannt ist.On the central main journal 9 is obtained, under the condition that the split-pin crankshaft 8 remains straight, positive-acting tensile stresses 24. On the two outer main journal 9 ', however, negative-acting compressive stresses obtained 25. These compressive stresses 25 become tensile stresses, if the split-pin crankshaft 8 is rigidly clamped.
Die Fig. 4 zeigt das Festwalzen von Übergangsradien 7 am Beispiel der Verwendung von Festwalzrollen 26. Die Übergangsradien 7 sind als Einstiche 27 ausgebildet. Den Übergangsradien 7 gegenüberliegend stützen sich die Festwalzrollen 26 unter der Wirkung einer Festwalzkraft 28 auf einer Führungsrolle 29 ab. Jede der beiden Festwalzrollen 26 dringt unter einem Winkel 30 mit einer Komponente 31 jeweils in einen der Übergangsradien 7 ein. Das Festwalzen des Hubzapfens 4 mit Hilfe der Festwalzrollen 26 erfolgt entweder über den gesamten Umfangs des Übergangsradius 7 oder nur über einen Umfangsabschnitt des Umfangsradius 7. Während einer Festwalzung über den gesamten Umfang des Einstichs 27 kann die Festwalzkraft 28 und somit auch ihre Komponenten 31 entweder konstant bleiben oder in ihrer Größe variiert werden.4 shows the deep rolling of transition radii 7 using the example of the use of fixed rollers 26. The transition radii 7 are formed as recesses 27. Opposite the transition radii 7, the deep rolling rollers 26 are supported on a guide roller 29 under the action of a deep rolling force 28. Each of the two fixed rollers 26 penetrates at an angle 30 with a component 31 in each case in one of the transition radii 7 a. The rolling of the crank pin 4 using the Firm rolling rollers 26 are either over the entire circumference of the transition radius 7 or only over a peripheral portion of the circumferential radius 7. During a Festwalzung over the entire circumference of the recess 27, the deep rolling force 28 and thus their components 31 either remain constant or be varied in size.
Auch bei der Fig. 5 sind die Übergangsradien 7 zwischen einem Hubzapfen 4 und den beiden Wangen 5 und 6 als Einstiche 27 ausgebildet. Zum Festwalzen der Einstiche 27 dienen hier lineare Festwalzwerkzeuge 32 und 33. Lineare Festwalz- Werkzeuge 32 und 33, deren Verwendung im vorliegenden Ausführungsbeispiel vorgesehen ist, sind beispielsweise aus der EP 1 779 972 bekannt. Auch hier stützen sich die linearen Festwalzwerkzeuge 32 und 33 auf einer Führungsrolle 29 ab. Da ein lineares Festwalzwerkzeug 32 oder 33 die Kontaktfiäche zur Führungsrolle 29 mit einem großen Radius 34 ausführen kann, können bei der Verwendung von linearen Festwalzwerkzeugen 32 und 33 sehr hohe Festwalzkräfte 28 aufgebracht werden, ohne dass man einen Bruch der linearen Festwalzwerkzeuge 32 bzw. 33 zu befürchten hat.Also in Fig. 5, the transition radii 7 between a crank pin 4 and the two cheeks 5 and 6 are formed as recesses 27. For deep rolling of the recesses 27 are here linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33. Linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33, the use of which is provided in the present embodiment are known for example from EP 1 779 972. Again, the linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 rely on a guide roller 29 from. Since a linear deep rolling tool 32 or 33 can perform the contact surface with the guide roller 29 having a large radius 34, very high deep rolling forces 28 can be applied when using linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33 without causing breakage of the linear deep rolling tools 32 and 33, respectively feared.
Das Festwalzen von Kurbelwellen 1 bzw. 8 erfolgt in der Weise, dass die in den Übergangsradien 7 bzw. 17 erzeugten Druckeigenspannungen zum Stehenbleiben von Rissen (nicht gezeigt) führen, welche unter Biegebelastung der Kurbelwelle 1 bzw. 8 im Übergangsradius 7 bzw. 17 auftreten. Die Vorteile dieser Arbeitsweise sind in der Fig. 6 erkennbar. Die Fig. 6 stellt ein einfaches Balkendiagramm dar. Zwei Proben von Kurbelwellen wurden Schwingversuchen unterzogen. Beide Proben hatten gehärtete Übergangsradien 7 bzw. 17, welche unter einer Festwalzkraft 28 festgewalzt worden sind. In einem Prüfstand wurde die Dauerfestigkeit unter Biegebelastung der Kurbelwelle 1 bzw. 8 geprüft. Der linke Balken 35 zeigt das dauerhaft übertragbare Biegemoment an Kurbelwellen 1 bzw. 8, deren Übergangsradien 7 gehärtet wurden. Der mittlere Balken 36 zeigt das Verhalten von Kurbelwellen 1 bzw. 8, deren Übergangsradien 7 bzw. 17 gehärtet und festgewalzt wurden. Der rechte Balken 37 zeigt das Verhalten von Kurbelwellen 1 bzw. 8, deren Übergangsradien 7 bzw. 17 gehärtet und unter Aufbringung einer Zugkraft 18 gleichzeitig festgewalzt wurden.The deep rolling of crankshafts 1 and 8 takes place in such a way that the compressive stresses generated in the transition radii 7 and 17 lead to the formation of cracks (not shown), which occur under bending load of the crankshaft 1 and 8 in the transition radius 7 and 17, respectively , The advantages of this procedure can be seen in FIG. 6. Fig. 6 shows a simple bar graph. Two samples of crankshafts were subjected to vibration tests. Both samples had hardened transition radii 7 and 17, respectively, which had been rolled down under a deep rolling force 28. In a test stand, the fatigue strength under bending load of the crankshaft 1 and 8 was tested. The left bar 35 shows the permanently transferable bending moment to crankshafts 1 and 8, the transition radii 7 were hardened. The middle bar 36 shows the behavior of crankshafts 1 and 8, the transition radii 7 and 17 were hardened and solidified. The right-hand bar 37 shows the behavior of crankshafts 1 and 8, whose transition radii 7 and 17 have been hardened and simultaneously rolled while applying a tensile force 18.
Den Versuchen lagen folgende Parameter zugrunde: Material einer Kurbelwelle 1 : 42 Cr Mo4 Härte im Übergangsradius 7: HRC 55 Härte der Festwalzrollen 26: > 60 HRC Höhe der Festwalzkraft 28: 25kN Höhe der Zugkraft 18: 60 kNThe tests were based on the following parameters: Material of a crankshaft 1: 42 Cr Mo4 Hardness in the transition radius 7: HRC 55 Hardness of the deep rolling rollers 26:> 60 HRC Height of the deep rolling force 28: 25kN Height of the pulling force 18: 60 kN
Das Festwalzen von Kurbelwellen bringt somit sehr große Verbesserungen der Dauerfestigkeit. Das Festwalzen unter Vorspannung kann die für ein günstiges Ergebnis benötigten Festwalzkräfte auf etwa 70 % der sonst benötigten Festwalzkraft reduzieren. Positive Ergebnisse sind insbesondere an den Übergangsradien 7, 17 der Hublagerzapfen 4, 13 zu erwarten. Bei radiengehärteten Kurbelwellen 1 , 8 sind mit dem vorliegenden Verfahren sehr hohe Dauerfestigkeiten zu erzielen. Das Festwalzen von radiengehärteten Kurbelwellen 1 , 8 mit den bisher bekannten Verfahren ist außerordentlich schwierig. The deep rolling of crankshafts thus brings very great improvements in fatigue strength. The deep-rolling under prestressing can reduce the deep-rolling forces required for a favorable result to about 70% of the otherwise required deep-rolling force. Positive results are to be expected in particular at the transition radii 7, 17 of the crankpins 4, 13. For radii hardened crankshafts 1, 8 very high fatigue strengths can be achieved with the present method. The deep rolling of radii hardened crankshafts 1, 8 with the previously known methods is extremely difficult.
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
Kurbelwellecrankshaft
HauptlagerzapfenMain bearing journal
Drehachseaxis of rotation
Hublagerzapfencrankpins
Wangecheek
Wangecheek
ÜbergangsradiusTransition radius
Split-Pin-KurbelwelleSplit pin crankshaft
HauptlagerzapfenMain bearing journal
Drehachseaxis of rotation
Wangecheek
Wangecheek
Hublagerzapfencrankpins
Lagersitzbearing seat
Lagersitzbearing seat
Zwickelgore
ÜbergangsradiusTransition radius
Zugkrafttraction
Unterseitebottom
Maximale ZugspannungMaximum tension
Spannungslinievoltage line
Oberseitetop
Zugspannungtension
Zugspannungtension
Druckspannungcompressive stress
FestwalzrolleFixed roller
Einstichpuncture
FestwalzkraftRolling force
Führungsrolleleadership
Winkelangle
Komponente lineares Festwalzwerkzeug lineares Festwalzwerkzeugcomponent linear deep rolling tool linear deep rolling tool
Radiusradius
Balkenbar
Balkenbar
Balken bar
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008056940.2 | 2008-11-12 | ||
| DE102008056940 | 2008-11-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2010054648A1 true WO2010054648A1 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
Family
ID=41728020
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2009/001617 Ceased WO2010054648A1 (en) | 2008-11-12 | 2009-11-10 | Method for increasing the flexural strength of crankshafts |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2010054648A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102329943A (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2012-01-25 | 中国有色(沈阳)冶金机械有限公司 | Thermal treatment method for large electroslag smelting cast 42CrMo steel crankshaft |
| WO2013037353A3 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-05-30 | Hegenscheidt-Mfd Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for improving the quality of the surfaces of crankshafts |
| CN104894344A (en) * | 2015-06-19 | 2015-09-09 | 中国五冶集团有限公司 | Auxiliary mounting device for furnace rollers of annealing furnaces |
| CN104928458A (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2015-09-23 | 河北工程大学 | Cam shaft flame hardening automatic heat treatment machine tool and technology |
| WO2015155414A1 (en) | 2014-04-10 | 2015-10-15 | Wärtsilä Finland Oy | An on-site residual stress creation tool for and method of treating a crankshaft bearing surface and/or crankshaft bearing fillet |
| GB2561564A (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2018-10-24 | Univ Of Hertfordshire Higher Education Corporation | Method |
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| DE19740290A1 (en) | 1997-09-13 | 1998-10-08 | Volkswagen Ag | Rigid rolling of components, especially rotating parts |
| DE10052753A1 (en) | 2000-10-25 | 2002-05-08 | Hegenscheidt Mfd Gmbh & Co Kg | Device for deep rolling crankshafts |
| WO2005063442A1 (en) | 2003-12-29 | 2005-07-14 | Hegenscheidt-Mfd Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for machining crankshaft radii |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102329943A (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2012-01-25 | 中国有色(沈阳)冶金机械有限公司 | Thermal treatment method for large electroslag smelting cast 42CrMo steel crankshaft |
| CN102329943B (en) * | 2010-07-12 | 2013-07-17 | 中国有色(沈阳)冶金机械有限公司 | Thermal treatment method for large electroslag smelting cast 42CrMo steel crankshaft |
| WO2013037353A3 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-05-30 | Hegenscheidt-Mfd Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for improving the quality of the surfaces of crankshafts |
| CN104080572A (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2014-10-01 | 黑根沙伊特-Mfd有限公司及两合公司 | The Method of Improving the Surface Quality of Crankshaft |
| CN104080572B (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2016-11-09 | 黑根沙伊特-Mfd有限公司及两合公司 | The Method of Improving the Surface Quality of Crankshaft |
| WO2015155414A1 (en) | 2014-04-10 | 2015-10-15 | Wärtsilä Finland Oy | An on-site residual stress creation tool for and method of treating a crankshaft bearing surface and/or crankshaft bearing fillet |
| CN104894344A (en) * | 2015-06-19 | 2015-09-09 | 中国五冶集团有限公司 | Auxiliary mounting device for furnace rollers of annealing furnaces |
| CN104928458A (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2015-09-23 | 河北工程大学 | Cam shaft flame hardening automatic heat treatment machine tool and technology |
| CN104928458B (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2017-03-15 | 河北工程大学 | The automatic heat treatment machine of camshaft flame hardening and technique |
| GB2561564A (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2018-10-24 | Univ Of Hertfordshire Higher Education Corporation | Method |
| GB2561564B (en) * | 2017-04-18 | 2019-12-18 | Univ Of Hertfordshire Higher Education Corporation | A method of reducing spring back in a metallic material |
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