WO2009130799A1 - Multilayered mask - Google Patents

Abstract

A multilayered mask that while securing satisfactory breathability for wearers, prevents the penetration of bacteria and viruses into the wearers' bronchi and exhibits excellent antibacterial/antiviral properties. The multilayered mask comprises a rectangular mask main body to be worn so as to cover the nose and mouth parts of a wearer, the mask main body having a thin four-layered structure consisting of a laminate of outermost layer of spun bonded nonwoven fabric capable of adsorbing atmospheric flotage, etc., first intermediate layer of electrostatically charged melt blown nonwoven fabric, second intermediate layer of melt blown nonwoven fabric containing an inorganic antibacterial agent consisting of silver ion and zeolite and innermost layer of spun bonded nonwoven fabric capable of moisture retention for prevention of drying of the nose and mouth parts.

Description

 Description Multi-layer mask Technical field

 The present invention relates to a multi-layer mask effective for prevention of infection with bacteria, viruses, etc., hay fever countermeasures, and measures for preventing suction of airborne substances. Background art

 Conventionally, a mask body that cuts a breathable sheet (fabric) into a predetermined shape in order to prevent dust, pollen, bacteria, viruses, etc. in the air from entering the bronchi of the human body through breathing. A mask that is worn by attaching rubber for ears to cover the mouth and nose is widely known. This type of mask is intended to keep the throat and nose warm, prevent inhalation of house dust and dust that can be seen with the naked eye, or prevent the wearer's own cough and sneeze from splashing saliva and other secretions. In this case, it was effective to some extent. However, with the recent spread of new influenza viruses (eg highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H 5 N type 1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus) There was a need for an excellent mask.

 As such a mask for virus infection, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3 9 1 6 6 0 discloses a more proactive protection of tissues such as mouth, throat and nose by the fever of oxidation reaction. A mask (water vapor generating device) is disclosed in which a planar heating element that emits water vapor is attached along the surface of the mask body.

In addition, Japanese Patent No. 4 0 1 8 5 9 9 discloses a mask in which a virus is blocked by a member for a synthetic fiber mask charged with static electricity, and Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 3 1 3 7 No. 2 96 and Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 3 1 2 8 5 8 3 discloses a mask intended to sterilize or antibacterial pathogen viruses. Disclosure of the invention

 However, the conventional mask described above has not sufficiently solved fundamental solutions such as preventing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses having a small body length from entering the bronchi. If these conventional masks increase the lamination density of sheets (fabrics) in order to improve the intrusion prevention effect, the breathability necessary for the wearer's breathing will be reduced and the wearer's mouth area will be reduced. Cause problems such as skin damage (rough skin caused by pathogens, eczema, etc.).

 In addition, as disclosed in the above Japanese Patent No. 3 90 1 6 60,

-By keeping the throat and nose warm, it is possible to prevent infection against mildly toxic viruses, but influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N type 1), severe For highly virulent pathogen viruses such as acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, we were not able to expect effects such as prevention of bronchial invasion, sterilization and antibacterial effects.

 Further, in the above Japanese Patent No. 4 0 1 8 5 99, a synthetic fiber mask member provided as one of a plurality of mask members constituting a multilayer mask is made electrostatically charged. Although it is described that the mouth mucous membrane is protected from pathogenic viruses such as dust and influenza, the mask configuration disclosed in this document prevents the invasion of dust and pathogenic viruses. Even if it was able to show a certain degree of effect, it was not possible to inactivate the pathogen virus and kill or antibacterial it.

In addition, Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 3 1 3 7 2 9 6 mentioned above discloses that a silver ion generating member is attached to a commercially available non-woven mask through an adhesive seal. In the configuration, the installation strength of the adhesive seal is reduced. There were concerns about deterioration and various adverse effects of the adhesive seal on the mask fabric and silver ion generating member, and there was a problem that it could not be used with peace of mind.

 In addition, the Japanese Utility Model Registration No. 3 1 2 8 5 8 3 described above uses the photocatalytic effect of silver ions and titanium dioxide to produce a bactericidal effect due to the concerted effect of silver ions and photocatalysts. However, the mask configuration disclosed in the same document requires sunlight to activate the photocatalyst, so that it can exhibit the catalytic effect of titanium dioxide under dark light conditions. There was a problem that the effect of silver ions could not be produced.

 The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its purpose is to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering the wearer's bronchi while ensuring sufficient breathability for the wearer's breathing. It is possible to provide a multilayer mask having excellent antibacterial and antiviral properties.

 The above object of the present invention is to provide a multi-layer mask that is mounted so that a rectangular mask body covers the nostril of the wearer, wherein the mask body is made of a spun pond non-woven fabric that absorbs airborne substances and the like. Prevents drying of the nostril, an outer layer, a first intermediate layer made of a statically charged meltblown nonwoven fabric, a second intermediate layer made of a meltblown nonwoven fabric containing an inorganic antibacterial agent made of silver ions and zeolite. This is achieved by a thin four-layer structure that is constructed by laminating the innermost layer made of spun pond non-woven fabric that has possible moisture retention.

 Further, the above object is that the layers constituting the mask main body are laminated in the order of the outermost layer, the first intermediate layer, the second intermediate layer, and the innermost layer from the outer surface to the inner surface at the time of mounting. Is effectively achieved.

 Further, the above object is that the layers constituting the mask main body are laminated in the order of the outermost layer, the second intermediate layer, the first intermediate layer, and the innermost layer from the outer surface to the inner surface when mounted. Is effectively achieved.

Further, the above object is that each layer constituting the mask main body is along the longitudinal direction. This is achieved effectively by having the ridge formed and being stretchable in the short direction by the ridge.

 Further, the above-mentioned object is effectively achieved by having a band-shaped metal member for maintaining the face shape in a portion where the mask body is located near the nose of the wearer at the time of wearing.

 Further, the above object is effectively achieved by the fiber material of the spunbonded nonwoven fabric being made of one of the group of polypropylene fiber, polyolefin fiber, polyester fiber and polyamide fiber.

 The spun pond nonwoven fiber material is effectively made of one of a group of composite fibers such as a copolymer polyester fiber, a copolymer polyamide fiber, and a core-sheath fiber. Achieved.

 Further, the above object is effectively achieved by the fiber material of the melt blown nonwoven fabric being made of one of the group of polypropylene fiber, polyolefin fiber, polyester fiber and polyamide fiber.

 According to the multilayer mask of the present invention, 99% or more of fine particles having an average diameter of 0.1 m can be cut by 99% or more by the highly functional special filter charged with static electricity constituting the first intermediate layer, and A sterile antibacterial agent consisting of silver ions and zeolite contained in the second intermediate layer provides approximately 100% antibacterial activity for bacteria, fungi, yeasts, etc., and approximately 100% for influenza virus, SARS virus, etc. % Can be inactivated. That is, since the multilayer mask according to the present invention is configured so that the effects of the layers constituting the mask body act synergistically, prevention of infection with bacteria and viruses, hay fever countermeasures, airborne substances, etc. It is effective in preventing suction of water.

In addition, when the wearer of the multilayer mask according to the present invention develops a viral disease such as a cold, the virus discharged from the wearer's mouth is removed by the antibacterial / antiviral function of the second intermediate layer. Since it can be inactivated, secondary infection is effective. It can be effectively prevented.

 Furthermore, according to the multilayer mask according to the present invention, the mask main body covering the nose of the wearer has a thin four-layer structure, so that sufficient breathability for the wearer's breathing can be ensured. In addition, since it has a simple structure made of general materials, manufacturing costs can be reduced. Brief Description of Drawings

 FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the shape and arrangement of each layer constituting the mask body of the multilayer mask according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

 FIG. 2 is a front view schematically showing the appearance of the multilayer mask according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a laminated structure of the mask body along the arrow I I I—I I I line in FIG.

 FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing an example of a processing method for adding a sterile antibacterial agent to a nonwoven fabric.

 FIG. 5 is a front view schematically showing the appearance of the multilayer mask according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

 FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a laminated structure of the mask body along the arrow V I-VI line in FIG. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

 Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

 [First embodiment]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the shape and arrangement of each layer constituting the mask body of the multilayer mask according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 shows the book FIG. 3 is a front view schematically showing the appearance of the multilayer mask according to the first embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 3 schematically shows the laminated structure of the mask body along the line III-III in FIG. 2; FIG. In FIGS. 1 and 3, the thickness of each layer is displayed larger than the actual thickness in order to easily explain the configuration of the mask body.

 The multi-layer mask 1 according to the present embodiment includes a mask body 2 for covering the nostrils of the wearer, and a string body 3 attached to the left and right ends of the mask body 2, and the string body 3 is worn. The mask body 2 is mounted so as to cover the nostril of the wearer by being locked to the ear or head of the wearer.

 The mask body 2 includes a rectangular spun pond nonwoven fabric 21 that forms the outermost layer, a rectangular melt blown nonwoven fabric 2 2 that forms the first intermediate layer, and a rectangular melt blown nonwoven fabric 2 that forms the second intermediate layer. A thin four-layer structure is formed by laminating 3 and a rectangular span pond nonwoven fabric 24 that forms the innermost layer. The layers 21 to 24 constituting the mask main body 2 have substantially the same shape and have substantially the same thickness. In addition, when the mask body 2 is worn so as to cover the wearer's nostril, the outermost spun pond nonwoven fabric 21 is arranged on the outer side, and the innermost spun pond nonwoven fabric 24 is formed. It is arranged on the nostril side.

 It is preferable that the fiber material of the nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24 forming each layer of the mask body 2 is composed of polypropylene fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyester fibers, polyamide fibers and the like. The fiber material of the outermost and innermost spun-pound nonwoven fabrics 21 and 24 may be composed of a composite fiber group such as a copolyester fiber, a copolyamide fiber, or a core-sheath fiber. Good.

The spun pond non-woven fabric 2 1 that forms the outermost layer has a filter function that blocks house dust and dust that can be seen with the naked eye without impairing air permeability, while the spun pond non-woven fabric 2 4 that forms the innermost layer is The same as the outermost non-woven fabric 2 1 It has air permeability, adsorbs moisture from the wearer's mouth, etc., and has a function to keep it moist.

 The meltblown nonwoven fabric 22 forming the first intermediate layer is composed of chemical fibers charged with static electricity in the process of manufacturing the above-described material by the meltblown method. The first intermediate layer non-woven fabric 22 is arranged on the inner side (wearer side) of the outermost layer non-woven fabric 21, so that even if fine dust or bacteria pass through the outermost non-woven fabric 21, The passing fine particles are collected on the nonwoven fabric 22 by the charging property of the first intermediate layer. The following [Table 1] and [Table 2] show the test results of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) and particle filtration efficiency (PFE) using the charged filter (nonwoven fabric 22) of the first intermediate layer. These filtration efficiencies are used as a measure of the ability of materials to block the passage of microparticles such as bacteria and viruses, and are measured according to military standards such as MIL-M-36954C.

[table 1]

Average CONTROL: 2354CFU Average particle size W

 [Table 2]

 Particle size: 0.1〃m (0.102 ± 0.003 m:

 Average filtration efficiency: 99.0%

 Standard deviation: 0.22

The tests whose results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 were conducted by the Nelson Institute in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, which is a US FDA accredited laboratory. Table 1 shows the results of the bacterial filtration efficiency test conducted on 3 m class bacteria with reference to AST MF 2101 -01. 200 1. Table 2, on the other hand, refers to ASTM F 1215. 1989. and ASTM F 2100-01. 2001. etc., and the results of a particle filtration efficiency test conducted on 0.1 class latex particles. When there is no sample converted using the conversion method of Andersen (1958) (ie, CONTROL example), the average number of particles (bacteria) is (:, and the average number of particles (bacteria) of each sample is T. The respective filtration efficiencies were calculated by the following formula. % FE (% BFE) = [(C-T) ZC] X 1 0 0

 As shown in the results of Table 1 and Table 2, the charged film that forms the first intermediate layer 22 has a collection rate of about 99% with respect to 0.1 class fine particles. In addition, it has a collection rate of about 99% for 0.3 m class bacteria.

 Also, the meltline nonwoven fabric 23 forming the second intermediate layer is composed of chemical fibers containing a sterile antibacterial agent composed of silver ions and zeolite. As this antibacterial antibacterial agent, for example, Zeomic (registered trademark) in which silver ions are contained in zeolite having a three-dimensional skeleton structure based on aluminokeate is useful. A sterile antibacterial agent having such a structure has an excellent antibacterial / antiviral function to inactivate microorganisms (bacteria) and SARS virus, and inactivates (deodorizes) odor components. It has a function. Therefore, the bacteria and viruses adsorbed on the outermost layer nonwoven fabric 21 and the first intermediate layer nonwoven fabric 2 2, and the fine bacteria that passed through these nonwoven fabrics 2 1 and 2 2 ' It is inactivated by the sterile antibacterial agent contained in the non-woven fabric 23 between layers, and odorous components resulting from dead bacteria / viruses are deodorized.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing an example of a processing method for adding a sterile antibacterial agent to the nonwoven fabric 23 of the second intermediate layer. In the pad processing method described below, the final content (weight ratio) of the sterile antibacterial agent added to the nonwoven fabric 2 3 of the second intermediate layer is compared to the nonwoven fabric 2 3 of the second intermediate layer. The specification is adjusted to 1%. In the figure, in the solution tank T, a sterile antibacterial processing solution F composed of 1% sterile antibacterial agent (powder), 5% binder, and 94% water is sufficiently stirred. Reserved. The processing fluid F in the solution tank T is charged into a processing bath B disposed below the solution tank T, and the processing bath B is always filled with a predetermined amount of the processing fluid F. Non-woven fabric forming the second intermediate layer 2 3 ′, which is the base material of 3 3, is transported into processing fluid F of processing bath B by a plurality of transport rollers R, and then disposed above processing bath B It is transported to the drawn diaphragm W. And this diaphragm W The dough 2 3 ′ from which the minute processing liquid F has been dehydrated is conveyed to the drying device D, where it is intermediate-dried at a low temperature (about 100 to 120 [° C.]) by the drying device D. Dry at a high temperature above 5 [° C]. As a result, the binder of the working fluid F contained in the fabric 2 3 ′ is solidified without causing uneven adhesion, and the nonwoven fabric 23 forming the second intermediate layer is formed in a high quality state.

 In the dough processing using the pad method, since the processing fluid F in the processing bath B decreases as the fabric 2 3 ′ is conveyed, the processing fluid F is transferred from the solution tank T to the heating bath B. Supplemented as appropriate.

 In addition, since the pick-up rate varies depending on the material and fabric weight of the fabric 2 3 ′, the component ratio of the processing fluid F described above is not limited to this, and is added to the nonwoven fabric 2 3 of the second intermediate layer. The final content (weight ratio) of the sterile antibacterial agent is adjusted as appropriate to 1% with respect to the nonwoven fabric 23 of the second intermediate layer.

 As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the left and right end portions (short side portions) of the mask body 2 formed by laminating each layer (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24) are covered with the short side portions. The end covering member 4 sewn in this manner is arranged, and the end covering member 4 forms a gap 5 through which an annular string 3 made of an elastic body such as rubber can be passed. This end covering member 4 is made of the same material as the innermost spun pond nonwoven fabric 24, and after the four sides of each layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1 to 2 4) constituting the mask body 2 are integrally stitched, It is sewn to the left and right ends of the mask body 2. In the multi-layer mask 1 according to the present embodiment, the annular string body 3 is attached to the mask body 2 via the end covering member 4 as a mounting and fixing member. For example, each end of the string 3 is fixed to part of the left and right ends of the mask body 2 with an adhesive or the like, or each end of the string 3 is a part of the left and right ends of the mask body 2 It may be fixed via a fixing pin disposed on the.

As described above, according to the multi-layer mask 1 according to the present embodiment, the mask body 2 that is worn so as to cover the nostril of the wearer is capable of absorbing the air suspended matter and the like. A non-woven fabric 21 comprising an outermost layer, a first intermediate layer comprising a statically charged melt blown non-woven fabric 22 and a second intermediate layer comprising a melt-blown non-woven fabric 23 comprising an inorganic antibacterial agent comprising silver ions and zeolite. A thin four-layer structure comprising: an innermost layer made of spun pond nonwoven fabric 24 having moisture retention capable of preventing drying of the nostril portion; and laminating these layers (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24) It has become. With this mask body 2, the outermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1) prevents intrusion of airborne substances such as house dust in the outermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1) and the first intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1) is charged by the charging effect. It can be adsorbed by the non-woven fabric 2 2). In addition, the bacteria / virus adsorbed on the outermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1) and the first intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 2) by the antibacterial / antiviral effect of the second intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 3), or these layers The fine bacteria and viruses that have passed through (nonwoven fabrics 2 1 and 2 2) can be inactivated effectively, and the moisture retaining function of the innermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 4) helps dry the mouth, throat, and nose. It can be effectively prevented. In other words, according to the multilayer mask 1 according to the present embodiment, the four layers (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 2 4) having different functions are laminated, and the mask main body 2 is configured with a thin four-layer structure. Bacteria adsorbed to the mask body while preventing airborne substances, bacteria and viruses from entering the bronchus of the wearer while ensuring sufficient breathability and comfort for the wearer's breathing · Can inactivate viruses effectively. Therefore, by wearing this multi-layer mask 1, the invasion of the wearer's bronchial into various inhalation objects such as prevention of infection with bacteria and viruses, countermeasures for hay fever, prevention of suction of airborne substances, etc. Can be prevented.

 In addition, when the wearer develops a viral disease such as a cold, the antiviral function of the second intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 23) can inactivate the virus discharged from the wearer's mouth. Therefore, secondary infection can be effectively prevented.

In the present embodiment, each layer constituting the mask body 2 is an outer surface at the time of wearing. The outermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 1), the first intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 2), the second intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 3), and the innermost layer (nonwoven fabric 2 4) Even if the order of the first intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 2) and the second intermediate layer (nonwoven fabric 2 3) is reversed, the same effect as in this embodiment can be obtained. [Second Embodiment]

 FIG. 5 is a front view schematically showing the appearance of the multilayer mask according to the second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 6 is a mask main body along the line VI-VI in FIG. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional arrow view schematically showing a laminated structure. In FIG. 5, the thickness of each layer is displayed larger than the actual thickness in order to easily explain the configuration of the mask body. In the present embodiment, the same members as those in the first embodiment described above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.

 As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, in the multilayer mask 1A according to the present embodiment, the storage pocket 6 is formed on the surface of the non-woven fabric 21 that forms the outermost layer of the mask body 2A. A band-shaped metal member 7 is accommodated in the pocket 6. The storage pocket 6 and the metal member 7 are arranged so as to cross the wearer's nose when the mask body 2 A is worn. The metal member 7 contained in the storage pocket 6 is a deformable shape maintaining member, and is appropriately deformed along the face shape of the nostril portion when the mask body 2A is worn. Note that a wire may be used in place of the band-shaped metal member 7 as a member contained in the storage pocket 6.

In the multilayer mask 1A according to the present embodiment, each layer (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24) constituting the mask body 2A is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the mask body 2A (left and right direction in FIG. 5). 3 ridges 8 are provided along each side, and each layer (non-woven fabric 21 to 2 4) is arranged so that the peak of ridge 8 enters the valley of ridge 8 of the adjacent layer as shown in FIG. It has been done. In the present embodiment, as a preferred example, the number of ridges 8 provided in each layer is three, but the present invention is not limited to this, and two, four, five Other numbers such as books may be used.

 As described above, according to the multilayer mask 1A according to the present embodiment, the same effect as that of the multilayer mask 1 according to the first embodiment described above can be obtained, and when the mask body 2A is mounted. It is possible to prevent a gap from being formed in the upper part of the mask main body 2A by the band-shaped metal member 7 disposed at a position crossing the wearer's nostril. This can prevent airborne substances, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and the like from invading from the upper part of the mask body 2A, and more firmly maintain the mounting position of the mask body 2A.

 Further, according to the multilayer mask 1A according to the present embodiment, each layer (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24) constituting the mask body 2A has the ridges 8 along the longitudinal direction of the mask body 2A. Since it can be expanded and contracted in the short direction by the heel 8, it can be applied to the face shape at the time of wearing, and can be covered tightly from the nose to the chin of the wearer.

Furthermore, according to the multilayer mask 1A according to the present embodiment, each layer of the mask body 2A (nonwoven fabrics 21 to 24) enters the troughs of the ridges 8 of the layers adjacent to the ridges of the ridges 8 As shown in Fig. 5, even if the mask body 2A is stitched only at the left and right ends, each layer is misaligned inside the mask body 2A during mounting. Can be prevented. As a result, it is possible to omit part of the stitched portion of the mask main body 2 A, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and labor. The embodiment of the present invention has been specifically described above, but the present invention is not limited to this, and can be appropriately changed without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Industrial applicability

 The multi-layer mask according to the present invention has an excellent filter function against airborne substances, etc., and antibacterial and antiviral properties, so that it can prevent infection with bacteria and viruses, prevent hay fever, and air suspension. It is effective for preventing inhalation of things.

Claims

Scope of request A multi-layer mask in which a rectangular mask body is worn so as to cover the nose of the wearer.  The mask body includes an outermost layer made of a spunbond nonwoven fabric that absorbs air suspended matters, a first intermediate layer made of a static-charged melt-blown nonwoven fabric, and a melt process containing an inorganic antibacterial agent made of silver ions and zeolite. A thin four-layer structure in which a second intermediate layer made of non-woven fabric and an innermost layer made of spun pond non-woven fabric having moisture retention capable of preventing drying of the nostril are laminated. Multi-layer mask. The layers constituting the mask main body are laminated in the order of the outermost layer, the first intermediate layer, the second intermediate layer, and the innermost layer from the outer surface to the inner surface when mounted. The multilayer mask according to item 1. The layers constituting the mask body are laminated in the order of the outermost layer, the second intermediate layer, the first intermediate layer, and the innermost layer from the outer surface to the inner surface when mounted. The multilayer mask according to item 1. The multilayer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein each layer constituting the mask body has a ridge formed along a longitudinal direction, and can be expanded and contracted in a short direction by the ridge. Expression mask. 5. The multilayer type according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the mask body has a band-shaped metal member for maintaining a facial shape at a portion located near the nose of the wearer at the time of wearing. mask. The multilayer material according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the fiber material of the spun pond non-woven fabric comprises one of the group of polypropylene fiber, polyolefin fiber, polyester fiber, and polyamide fiber. Expression mask The fiber material of the spun pond non-woven fabric is one of a composite fiber group such as a copolyester fiber, a copolyamide fiber, and a core-sheath fiber. A multi-layer mask as described above. The multilayer material according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the fiber material of the meltblown nonwoven fabric is one of the group consisting of polypropylene fiber, polyolefin fiber, polyester fiber, and polyamide fiber. Mask.