WO2009116266A1 - ウイルス感染細胞の検出・同定法及びキット - Google Patents
ウイルス感染細胞の検出・同定法及びキット Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009116266A1 WO2009116266A1 PCT/JP2009/001173 JP2009001173W WO2009116266A1 WO 2009116266 A1 WO2009116266 A1 WO 2009116266A1 JP 2009001173 W JP2009001173 W JP 2009001173W WO 2009116266 A1 WO2009116266 A1 WO 2009116266A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- labeled
- cells
- nucleic acid
- antibody
- virus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/70—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving virus or bacteriophage
- C12Q1/701—Specific hybridization probes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6804—Nucleic acid analysis using immunogens
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
- G01N33/56983—Viruses
- G01N33/56994—Herpetoviridae, e.g. cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/005—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from viruses
- G01N2333/01—DNA viruses
- G01N2333/03—Herpetoviridae, e.g. pseudorabies virus
- G01N2333/05—Epstein-Barr virus
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting and identifying a virus-infected cell and a kit for the method.
- Epstein-Barr virus causes opportunistic lymphoma, malignant lymphoma, and leukemia.
- EBV expresses EBV encoded small RNA1 (EBER-1), which is a virus-specific mRNA in the infected cell nucleus.
- EBER-1 EBV encoded small RNA1
- ISH in situ hybridization
- EBV-infected cells by surface antigen staining have been established.
- ISH in situ hybridization
- PNA Peptide nucleic acid
- FCM flow cytometry
- EBER Epstein-Barr Virus
- An object of the present invention is to provide a means for detecting and identifying a virus-infected cell specifically and with high sensitivity in a floating cell system by a simple operation.
- the present inventors considered that a technique combining the ISH method and FCM (FCM / ISH method) is effective as a means for detecting and identifying EBV-infected cells in a floating cell system, and conducted various studies.
- FCM / ISH method a technique combining the ISH method and FCM
- a method for detecting and identifying a virus-infected cell comprising the following steps (1) to (5): (1) A step of adding a first labeled antibody labeled with a first labeling substance to a cell surface antigen specific for a target cell and reacting it with a specimen; (2) immobilizing the protein in the presence of an RNA stabilizer; (3) treating with a surfactant; (4) adding a labeled nucleic acid probe to a nucleic acid specific to the target virus and hybridizing; (5) A step of detecting cells labeled with both the first labeled antibody and the labeled nucleic acid probe by flow cytometry.
- step (2) is carried out under conditions where the acetic acid concentration is 0.5% (v / v) to 2.0% (v / v).
- step (2) The method according to [6] or [7], wherein paraformaldehyde is used as the immobilizing agent in step (2).
- the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant.
- step (4) is carried out under conditions of a formamide concentration of 15% (v / v) to 25% (v / v). .
- the labeled nucleic acid probe is a labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
- step (4) (4-1) adding a second labeled antibody labeled with a second labeled substance to the labeled portion of the labeled nucleic acid probe, and performing a reaction step;
- step (4) (4-1) adding a second labeled antibody labeled with a second labeled substance to the labeled portion of the labeled nucleic acid probe and reacting; (4-2) A step of adding a third labeled antibody labeled with a third labeled substance to the second labeled antibody and reacting it,
- the third labeling substance is a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488, Oregon Green (registered trademark) -488, Rhodamine-123, Cy2, CYBR (registered trademark) Green I, and EGFP.
- a first labeled antibody labeled with a first labeling substance against a target cell-specific cell surface antigen comprising:
- Results of triple staining of EBV positive B cell line Raji by FCM / ISH method results of triple staining of EBV positive NK cell line SNK6 by FCM / ISH method.
- Upper row: Patient A lower row: Patient B.
- Detection results by FCM / ISH for human clinical specimens (3 patients with chronic active EBV infection with varicella-like blistering). Patients 1 (lower left), patient 2 (lower middle) and patient 3 (lower right) have EBER infected cells (1.7%, 4.8% and 25.9%, respectively).
- the positive cell rate is less than 0.01%.
- EBV-infected cells by FCM / ISH method.
- the result of the flow cytometry analysis about the chronic active EBV infection patient (patient 1) accompanied with varicella-like blistering is shown.
- Identification of EBV-infected cells by FCM / ISH method is shown.
- the result of the flow cytometry analysis about the chronic active EBV infection patient (patient 2) with a sore-like blistering is shown.
- Identification of EBV infected cells EBV-infected cells were identified by TCR gene reconstitution / magnetic bead method in human clinical specimens (3 patients with chronic active EBV infection with varicella-like blistering disease and 1 patient with B lymphoproliferative disease after transplantation).
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for detecting and identifying a virus-infected cell (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “detection / identification method”).
- detection / identification method refers to detecting and identifying a virus-infected cell.
- identify here refers to specifying the type of the detected cell. Therefore, according to the detection / identification method of the present invention, virus-infected cells can be detected, and information on the types of detected cells can be obtained.
- the “virus” in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- viruses belonging to the herpes family (herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1: herpes simplex virus-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2: herpes simplex virus-2), varicella-zoster virus ( VZV: varicella zoster virus), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7), Epstein-Barr virus virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma Related herpesviruses (KSHV: Kaposi's'sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), viruses belonging to the retroviridae family (human immunodeficiency virus, human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV), etc.), and parvovirus B19.
- a preferred “virus” is EBV. That is, the present invention is preferably applied to detection / identification of EBV-infected cells.
- the following steps (1) to (5) are performed in this order.
- (1) A step of adding a first labeled antibody labeled with a first labeling substance to a cell surface antigen specific for a target cell and reacting it with a specimen; (2) immobilizing the protein in the presence of an RNA stabilizer; (3) treating with a surfactant; (4) adding a labeled nucleic acid probe to a nucleic acid specific to the target virus and hybridizing; (5) A step of detecting cells labeled with both the first labeled antibody and the labeled nucleic acid probe by flow cytometry.
- Step (1) a predetermined antibody is prepared and an antigen-antibody reaction is performed to form an antigen-antibody complex. Labeled antibodies against target cell specific cell surface antigens are used.
- the “target cell-specific cell surface antigen” refers to an antigen protein that is expressed on the cell surface of a target cell and can be used as an indicator for confirming the cell.
- cell surface antigens examples include CD2 (T cells, NK cells), CD3 (T cells), CD4 (helper T cells), CD8 (killer T cells), CD16 (NK cells), CD19 (B cells), CD20 (B cell), CD21 (B cell), CD34 (bone marrow stem cell), CD40 (B cell), CD40L (T cell), CD80 (B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage), HLA class II antigen (B cell, Macrophages, T cells, etc.), CD56 (NK cells), CD86 (B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages), CD161 (NK cells, T cells), TCR ⁇ (T cells), TCR ⁇ (T cells), iNKT (NKT cells) ).
- target antigen For cell surface antigens, see for example Zola H, Swart B, Banham A, et al. "CD molecules 2006-Human cell differentiation molecules.” Journal of Immunological Methods, 2006., Zola H, Swart B, Boumsell L, et al. Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen nomenclature: update on CD nomenclature. Report of IUIS / WHO Subcommittee. "Journal of Immunological Methods, 275, 2004, pp 1-8., Human Cell Differentiation Molecules official website (web page). For convenience of explanation, the “target cell-specific cell surface antigen” is hereinafter abbreviated as “target antigen”.
- target cell is appropriately selected according to the type of the target virus, the use of the detection / identification result, and the like.
- target cells are B cells, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, erythroblasts, bone marrow stem cells, myeloblasts, promyelospheres, myelospheres, retromyelocytes, multinucleated leukocytes, and megakaryocytes It is a blast.
- Antibodies against the target antigen can be prepared using immunological techniques, phage display methods, ribosome display methods and the like.
- the antibody against the target antigen may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
- Preparation of a polyclonal antibody by an immunological technique can be performed by the following procedure.
- a target antigen (or a part thereof) is prepared and used to immunize animals such as rabbits.
- the target antigen (or part thereof) one prepared from a biomaterial (natural antigen) or a recombinant antigen can be used.
- an antigen bound with a carrier protein may be used.
- KLH KeyholeHLimpet
- BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
- OVA Optalbumin
- a carbodiimide method, a glutaraldehyde method, a diazo condensation method, an MBS (maleimidobenzoyloxysuccinimide) method, or the like can be used for carrier protein binding.
- an antigen in which CD46 (or a part thereof) is expressed as a fusion protein with GST, ⁇ -galactosidase, maltose-binding protein, histidine (His) tag or the like can also be used.
- Such a fusion protein can be easily purified by a general method.
- a monoclonal antibody can be prepared by the following procedure. First, an immunization operation is performed in the same procedure as described above. Immunization is repeated as necessary, and antibody-producing cells are removed from the immunized animal when the antibody titer sufficiently increases. Next, the obtained antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells are fused to obtain a hybridoma. Subsequently, after this hybridoma is monoclonalized, a clone producing an antibody having high specificity for the target protein is selected.
- the target antibody can be obtained by purifying the culture medium of the selected clone.
- the desired antibody can be obtained by growing the hybridoma to a desired number or more, then transplanting it into the abdominal cavity of an animal (for example, a mouse), growing it in ascites, and purifying the ascites.
- affinity chromatography using protein G, protein A or the like is preferably used.
- affinity chromatography in which an antigen is immobilized may be used.
- methods such as ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and centrifugation can also be used. These methods can be used alone or in any combination.
- the antibody used in step (1) is labeled.
- the antibody may be hereinafter referred to as “first labeled antibody”.
- the labeling substance used for labeling the antibody is referred to as “first labeling substance” in the present specification.
- the type of the first labeling substance is not particularly limited.
- step (4) described later 7-AAD, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 350, Alexa Fluor ( (Registered trademark) 546, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 555, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 568, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 594, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 633, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 647, Cy TM 2, DsRED , EGFP, EYFP, FITC, PerCP TM, R-Phycoerythrin, Propidium Iodide, AMCA, DAPI, ECFP, MethylCoumarin, Allophycocyanin, Cy TM 3, Cy TM 5, Rhodamine-123, Tetramethylrhodamine, Texas Red ( R), PE, Fluorescent dyes such as PE-Cy TM 5, PE-Cy TM 5.5, PE-Cy TM 7, APC, APC, APC, A
- a biotin-labeled antibody may be used as the antibody used in step (1), and fluorescently labeled streptavidin may be reacted to stain the cell surface antigen in two steps.
- a labeling substance other than the fluorescent dye for example, biotin
- directly detection refers to, for example, an antibody that specifically recognizes the first labeling substance or an antibody that specifically recognizes the antibody portion (eg, Fc region) of the first labeling antibody (secondary Antibody) and the like to detect secondary antibodies, and further to detect tertiary antibodies using antibodies against secondary antibodies (tertiary antibodies). By using such a secondary antibody together, the detection sensitivity can be improved.
- the antibody with respect to a target antigen is marketed, you may decide to utilize this.
- Two or more cell surface antigens may be targeted.
- two or more labeled antibodies that use different cell surface antigens are used.
- the detection in step (5) is performed using the expression of two or more cell surface antigens as an index. Higher detection / identification results can be obtained.
- you target a cell surface antigen (one or more) specific to one type of cell and a cell surface antigen (one or more) specific to another type of cell Detection / identification results for two types of cells are obtained.
- the detection / identification result of step (5) indicates that the virus-infected cell is a B cell, It can be determined whether it is a cell or neither.
- the number of target cell surface antigens it is possible to determine three or more cell types in the same manner.
- the specimen is not particularly limited, but preferably a mononuclear cell fraction in blood (for example, peripheral blood, bone marrow fluid), cerebrospinal fluid, pleural effusion, and ascites is used as the specimen.
- the sample preparation method may be in accordance with a conventional method.
- the present invention can be widely applied for the purpose of examining the morbidity of a specific viral disease, and the subject is not particularly limited. For example, those who are suspected of having a specific viral disease, those who have been determined to have a specific viral disease by other methods, patients with a specific viral disease, those who have undergone bone marrow transplantation, healthy A person becomes a subject.
- the “healthy person” means a person who has not been determined to have a specific viral disease at the time of applying the detection / identification method of the present invention.
- step (1) other reaction conditions, etc. may be in accordance with conventional methods.
- dyeing and bioimaging experiments Handbook (Yodosha), The Handbook. A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies. 10 th ed. Reference may be made to the 2005 (Molecular Probes) and the like. Specific examples such as operation and reaction conditions are shown in the Examples section below.
- Step (2) In step (2) following step (1), the protein is immobilized in the presence of an RNA stabilizer.
- step (2) is performed after the cleaning process.
- the “RNA stabilizer” is added for the purpose of preventing degradation of RNA accompanying protein immobilization.
- Acetic acid is preferably used as the RNA stabilizer.
- the acetic acid concentration is set in consideration of the influence on protein immobilization. As a result of the study by the present inventors, it was found that good results were obtained when the acetic acid concentration was 0.5% (v / v) to 2.0% (v / v). Therefore, the concentration range is preferably adopted.
- the optimal acetic acid concentration was 1% (v / v). Therefore, the immobilization is more preferably performed at the acetic acid concentration.
- the immobilization reagent is not particularly limited, but preferably paraformaldehyde is used.
- the concentration of the immobilizing agent may be determined according to the immobilizing agent to be used, but when paraformaldehyde is employed, it is preferably 3% (w / v) to 5% (w / v).
- Step (3) the surface is treated with a surfactant. That is, a membrane permeation process is performed. In principle, step (3) is performed after the cleaning process.
- the type and concentration of the surfactant are as follows.
- a nonionic surfactant is suitable for such a membrane permeation treatment. Examples of the nonionic surfactant include polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.
- TWEEN registered trademark
- NP-40 Nonidet P-40
- Triton registered trademark
- the concentration of the surfactant is, for example, 0.1% (v / v) to 1.0% (v / v).
- Step (4) a labeled nucleic acid probe for a nucleic acid specific to the target virus is added and hybridized.
- step (4) is performed after the cleaning process.
- the labeled nucleic acid probe specifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid specific to the target virus
- the sequence, the type of constituent molecules, and the like are not particularly limited.
- “Nucleic acid specific to target virus” refers to a nucleic acid comprising a sequence unique to the virus and available for detection of the virus.
- EBER small RNA encoded by EBV corresponds to “a nucleic acid specific to the target virus”.
- EBER includes EBER-1 and EBER-2, but EBER-1 is preferable. This is because EBER-1 is about 10 times more expressed.
- a labeled peptide nucleic acid is preferably used as the labeled nucleic acid probe.
- the labeled nucleic acid probe is designed to have a sequence that is complementary to the target sequence (ie, a nucleic acid specific for the target virus). This makes it possible to hybridize with the target sequence under appropriate conditions. In general, the higher the complementarity of the nucleic acid probe sequence to the target sequence, the better.
- the nucleic acid probes are preferably designed so that the complementarity is 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, more preferably 99% or more, and most preferably 100%.
- a labeled PNA probe targeting EBER Epstein-Barr Virus (EBER) PNA Probe / Fluorescein, Code No. Y5200, Dako
- EBER Epstein-Barr Virus
- the probe can be used as a “nucleic acid labeled probe”.
- peptide nucleic acid is a compound having a structure in which a nucleobase is bound to a polypeptide backbone.
- polypeptide backbone examples include those having 2-aminoethylglycine as a backbone unit, but the PNA in the present invention is not limited thereto.
- PNA is resistant to nucleases and is more stable than DNA or RNA. In general, it also exhibits high resistance to peptide degrading enzymes.
- PNA can hybridize with DNA or RNA. In general, PNA-DNA or PNA-RNA complexes are more stable than DNA-DNA complexes or DNA-RNA complexes. Therefore, in the case of the present invention in which various processes are performed before detection, a PNA probe is preferable.
- the labeling substance used for labeling the nucleic acid probe is not particularly limited, but if the labeled nucleic acid probe is directly detected by flow cytometry in the next step (5) (that is, the labeling substance used for the labeled nucleic acid probe is the flow site). Fluorescence dye is selected as a labeling substance when the cells are detected by a metric and this will detect cells labeled with a labeled nucleic acid probe.
- fluorescent dyes are 7-AAD, Alexa Fluor (R) 488, Alexa Fluor (R) 350, Alexa Fluor (R) 546, Alexa Fluor (R) 555, Alexa Fluor (R) 568, Alexa Fluor (R) 594, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 633, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 647, Cy TM 2, DsRED , EGFP, EYFP, FITC, PerCP TM, R-Phycoerythrin, Propidium Iodide, AMCA, DAPI, ECFP , MethylCoumarin, Allophycocyanin, Cy TM 3, Cy TM 5, Rhodamine-123, Tetramethylrhodamine, Texas Red (registered trademark), PE, PE-Cy TM 5, PE-Cy TM 5.5, PE-Cy TM 7, APC, APC- Cy TM 7, Oregon Green, carboxyfluorescein, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, quantum dots
- a labeling substance other than a fluorescent dye for example, biotin
- the hybridization reaction is preferably carried out under conditions where the formamide concentration is within the concentration range.
- the optimum formamide concentration was 20% (v / v). Therefore, the hybridization reaction is more preferably performed at the formamide concentration. If the formamide concentration is too high, the antigen-antibody complex formed in step (1) is dropped and denatured, and if the formamide concentration is too low, the specificity of hybridization is impaired.
- steps (2) to (4), other reaction conditions, etc. may be in accordance with conventional methods.
- T. Just et al., J Virol Methods 73 (1998) 163-174, The Handbook. A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies. 10 th ed. 2005 (Molecular Probes) and the like can be referred to. Specific examples such as operation and reaction conditions are shown in the Examples section below.
- Step (5) In step (5) following step (4), cells labeled with both the first labeled antibody and the labeled nucleic acid probe are detected by flow cytometry (FCM). In principle, step (5) is performed after the cleaning process. If cells labeled with both the first labeled antibody and the labeled nucleic acid probe are detected as a result of step (5), virus-infected cells are present in the sample and the cell type is the same as the target cell. become. On the other hand, if cells labeled with the labeled nucleic acid probe are detected, but cells labeled with the first labeled antibody are not detected, virus-infected cells are present in the sample, but the cell type is different from the target cell. It will be.
- FCM flow cytometry
- the detection result that the cells labeled with the labeled nucleic acid probe are not detected indicates that no virus-infected cells are present in the sample.
- the cell type can be determined using the expression of two or more cell surface antigens as an index.
- An apparatus for flow cytometry analysis is sold by, for example, Beckman Coulter Co., Ltd., Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., etc., and these can be used in the present invention. Basic operating methods, analysis conditions, etc. may be in accordance with the instruction manual attached to the device.
- a fluorescently labeled antibody When a fluorescently labeled antibody is used as the first labeled antibody, it is possible to determine and / or quantify the presence or absence of cells labeled with the first labeled antibody by directly detecting the fluorescence emitted by the fluorescently labeled antibody.
- a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe is used as the labeled nucleic acid probe, the presence or absence and / or quantification of the cells labeled with the labeled nucleic acid probe is performed by directly detecting the fluorescence emitted by the fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe. Can do. Instead of directly detecting the labeled nucleic acid probe in this way, indirect detection may be performed as in the embodiment described below.
- step (4) subsequent to step (4) (prior to step (5)), an antibody labeled with a second labeling substance (second labeled antibody) is added to the labeled portion of the labeled nucleic acid probe. Then, the step of reacting (step (4-1)) is performed. In the subsequent step (5), the label used for the second labeled antibody is used to detect cells labeled with the labeled nucleic acid probe. Therefore, in this embodiment, the first labeling substance (for detecting cells labeled with the first labeled antibody) and the second labeling substance (for detecting cells labeled with the target nucleic acid probe) are to be detected. Thus, when indirect detection is performed using the second labeled antibody, the signal is enhanced, and the detection sensitivity and the S / N ratio are improved.
- the second labeled antibody may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
- As the second labeling substance 7-AAD, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 350, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 546, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 555, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 568 , Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 594, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 633, Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 647, Cy TM 2, DsRED , EGFP, EYFP, FITC, PerCP TM, R-Phycoerythrin, Propidium Iodide, AMCA, DAPI , ECFP, MethylCoumarin, Allophycocyanin, Cy TM 3, Cy TM 5, Rhodamine-123, Tetramethylrhodamine, Texas Red (registered trademark), PE, PE-Cy TM 5, PE-Cy TM 5.5
- the fluorescence selected from the group consisting of Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488, Oregon Green (registered trademark) -488, Rhodamine-123, Cy2, CYBR (registered trademark) Green I, and EGFP as the second labeling substance.
- Alexa Fluor registered trademark
- Oregon Green registered trademark
- Rhodamine-123 Rhodamine-123
- Cy2 CYBR (registered trademark) Green I
- EGFP EGFP
- step (4) following step (4) (prior to step (5)), an antibody labeled with a second labeling substance (second labeled antibody) against the labeled portion of the labeled nucleic acid probe Are added and reacted (step (4-1)), and an antibody labeled with a third labeling substance (third labeled antibody) is added to the second labeled antibody and reacted (step (4- (4))). 2)).
- the label used for the third labeled antibody is used to detect cells labeled with the labeled nucleic acid probe.
- the first labeling substance for detection of cells labeled with the first labeling antibody
- the third labeling substance for detection of cells labeled with the target nucleic acid probe
- the signal is enhanced stepwise, and the detection sensitivity and the S / N ratio are further improved.
- the third labeled antibody specifically recognizes the second labeled antibody.
- an anti-rabbit antibody may be used as the third labeled antibody.
- the third labeled antibody may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
- a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488, Oregon Green (registered trademark) -488, Rhodamine-123, Cy2, CYBR (registered trademark) Green I, and EGFP as the third labeling substance Is used.
- the second labeling substance and the third labeling substance are preferably the same. That is, the second labeled antibody and the third labeled antibody labeled with the same labeling substance are used. In this way, the signal can be further enhanced.
- virus-infected cells can be detected and information on the type of infected cells can be obtained.
- the detection / identification results can be used for diagnosis of viral diseases, prediction of morbidity, confirmation of therapeutic effects, and the like.
- the present invention is applied to the detection and identification of EBV virus-infected cells and it is found that B cells are present as virus-infected cells in the specimen, the subject suffers from opportunistic lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, etc. Alternatively, it can be determined that there is a high possibility of being affected.
- the detection / identification result that T cells are present as virus-infected cells in a specimen enables diagnosis and prediction of morbidity of T cell lymphoma and T cell leukemia.
- the detection / identification result that NK cells are present as virus-infected cells in a specimen enables diagnosis and prediction of nasal NK lymphoma and NK leukemia.
- the detection / identification method of the present invention is highly useful in that it can be used for early diagnosis of viral diseases. If early diagnosis becomes possible, medical intervention at an early stage becomes possible, resulting in improved therapeutic effects and improved prognosis.
- the second aspect of the present invention relates to a kit used for the detection / identification method of the present invention.
- the kit of the present invention contains a first labeled antibody and a labeled nucleic acid probe as essential components.
- a second labeled antibody and / or a third labeled antibody is included.
- Reagents necessary for each operation / reaction (antigen-antibody reaction, immobilization, membrane permeabilization, hybridization reaction, etc.) (buffer solution, washing solution, fixing agent, RNA stabilizer, surfactant, hybridization solution, etc.) and / Or devices or instruments (containers, reactors, etc.) may be included in the kit.
- an instruction manual is attached to the kit of the present invention.
- the following examination was conducted with the aim of establishing a method for detecting and identifying EBV-infected cells in a floating cell system.
- Raji cells which are EBV-infected cell lines, are reacted with PE-labeled anti-CD21 antibody (the surface antigen CD21 is positive because Raji cells are B cells), and then the cells are fixed under various conditions (paraformaldehyde is 4% (W / v), and the acetic acid concentration was changed in 1% increments), followed by in situ hybridization using a FITC-labeled EBER-1-PNA probe (Dako, Y5200). Thereafter, the fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry (using Becton Dickinson, FACSCaliber). The fluorescence intensity of PE was highest when the acetic acid concentration was 1% (Table 3).
- Raji cells which are EBV-infected cell lines, were reacted with PE-labeled anti-CD21 antibody, and then the cells were fixed under various conditions. Subsequently, in situ hybridization was performed, and fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry. The formamide concentration that has the greatest effect on background reduction was examined from 0% (v / v) to 30% (v / v) in 5% increments. As shown below, when formamide is 25% (v / v) or more, it is clear that the detection of PE-labeled anti-CD21 antibody is remarkably poor, and the surface antigen-antibody complex is dropped and denatured. (Table 4).
- EBV positive B cell lines Daudi and LCL
- EBV positive T cell lines STN13 and SNT16: provided by Dr. Norio Shimizu
- EBV positive NK cell lines SNK6 and SNK10: (Provided by Dr. Norio Shimizu) showed that EBV-infected cells can be detected with high sensitivity (Fig. 2).
- EBER-1 after the hybridization reaction with the FITC-labeled EBER-1-PNA probe, the secondary antibody Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488-labeled Anti-FITC rabbit IgG (Invitrogen: A11090), then the tertiary antibody Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488-labeled Anti-rabbit goat IgG (Invitrogen: A11034) was reacted. In this way, multiple staining with PE, PC5 and Alexa Fluor (registered trademark) 488 was performed. The specific operation procedure is shown below. (1) Adjustment of the number of cells The number of cells was adjusted with PBS / 2% FCS so as to be 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells per ml.
- Each 200 ⁇ l was transferred to a 1.5 ml tube (2 ⁇ 10 5 per tube). After centrifugation (5000 rpm, 1 minute), the supernatant was removed by suction.
- Patient peripheral blood used as clinical material was collected after obtaining consent from the patient and parental authority, and mononuclear cells were separated and used for experiments according to a conventional method. The following operation was performed in a dark room.
- (2) Antigen-antibody reaction The cells were resuspended in 40 ⁇ l of PBS / 2% FCS, 10 ⁇ l of fluorescently labeled (PE or PC5) antibody was added, and reacted at 4 ° C. for 60 minutes.
- the detection results for Raji are shown in FIG. Raji, an EBV-positive B cell line, was positive for surface antigens CD19 and HLA-DR, and negative for CD2, CD3, CD16, and CD56.
- the detection results for SNK6 are shown in FIG. SNK6, an EBV-positive NK cell line, was positive for surface antigens CD2, CD56, and HLA-DR, and negative for CD3, CD16, and CD19.
- the detection results for human clinical specimens are shown in FIG. Multiple staining of EBER-1 and cell surface antigen was also possible for human clinical specimens (peripheral blood of patients with chronic active EBV infection), and EBV-infected cells could be identified. Approximately 8% and 7% of peripheral blood from patients A and B were infected with EBV, respectively, and the infected cells were considered to be CD3-positive T cells.
- EBER of human peripheral mononuclear cells using human clinical specimens (3 patients with chronic active EBV infection with varicella-like bullous disease, 1 patient with post-transplant B lymphoproliferative disease, and 5 healthy individuals with EBV infection) Attempts were made to detect and identify positive cells.
- Chronic active EBV infection with varicella-like blistering is an EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder with sunlight hypersensitivity, rarely seen in children in Japan and Latin America. As features, papules and blisters appear, and ulcers and scars appear. Sometimes accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly.
- EBER positive lymphocytes (there are various theories but mainly T cells) gather under the skin. As shown in FIG.
- EBER positive cells were found in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic active EBV infection accompanied with vaginal vesicular bullosa. In these patients, EBV was infected to CD3 + CD4 ⁇ CD8 ⁇ TCR ⁇ + T cells (FIGS. 8 to 10). Thus, it was shown that the method of the present invention is useful not only for diagnosis of EBV-related diseases but also for elucidation of pathogenesis.
- virus-infected cells can be detected and identified specifically and with high sensitivity in a floating cell system. That is, not only detection of virus-infected cells in a specimen but also identification of the type of infected cells is possible.
- the detection / identification method of the present invention the time required for a series of processes is short, which is superior to the conventional method in terms of speed. Furthermore, since it can be carried out basically with an instrument for flow cytometry, it is highly versatile.
- the present invention is particularly useful for detecting and identifying EBV-infected cells.
- Opportunistic lymphoma is a fatal EBV-related disease associated with AIDS and organ / bone marrow transplantation.
- Opportunistic lymphoma is based on an increase in the number of EBV-infected cells in the peripheral blood and the infected cells are B cells.
- lymph nodes were biopsied to identify EBV-infected cells in the tissue, which was very invasive and took time to diagnose. If the present invention is applied using peripheral blood as a specimen, it is not invasive, and it is possible to simultaneously quantify and identify infected cells in a very short time.
- Rituximab which is a B cell monoclonal antibody is used for the treatment of opportunistic lymphoma.
- EBV-related diseases that are expected to be applied to the detection and identification method of the present invention include nasal NK lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, NK leukemia, T-cell lymphoma, chronic active EBV infection, infectious disease Wide range including nuclear nucleosis.
- the present invention can be applied to various viral diseases (viral diseases that infect blood cells such as HIV infection and cytomegalovirus) by appropriately selecting and changing the nucleic acid probe to be used.
- viral diseases viral diseases that infect blood cells such as HIV infection and cytomegalovirus
- the present invention has extremely high versatility and applicability, and is expected to make a great contribution in the field of diagnosis and treatment of virus-related diseases.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
ペプチド核酸(Peptide nucleic acid:PNA)はグリシン骨格が塩基に共有結合した構造をとり、DNA・RNAより安定であり且つ核酸にハイブリダイズできる。このPNAを蛍光標識してプローブとして用い、フローサイトメトリー(FCM)でEBV感染細胞を検出する技術が報告されている(非特許文献1)。このPNAプローブは病理組織診断キットとして市販されており、現在では臨床にて広く用いられている(Epstein-Barr Virus (EBER) PNA Probe/Fluorescein、Code No. Y5200、Dako社)。EBV特異的PNAプローブを用いた上記キットは、スライドに固定した病理組織に用いるために開発されたものであり、血液や浮遊細胞を検体とした検出・診断に適したものではない。また、そのような使用は予定されていない。
T. Just et al., J Virol Methods 73(1998) 163-174
これらの問題点を解決すべく各種実験を施行した。まず、タンパク質用の様々な固定溶液を比較し、最適な固定条件を見出した。一方、ホルムアミドの濃度に注目して検討を行い、最適なハイブリダイゼーション条件を見出した。また、蛍光強度の増幅を図ることによって、検出感度を改善することに成功した。さらに、EBV陽性B細胞株、T細胞株、NK細胞株、臨床検体(末梢血単核球)にFCM/ISH法を適用し、EBER-1と細胞表面抗原の多重染色に成功した。
本発明は主として以上の成果・知見に基づき、次の通りである。
[1] 以下のステップ(1)~(5)を含む、ウイルス感染細胞を検出及び同定する方法:
(1)標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する、第1標識物質で標識された第1標識抗体を検体に添加し、反応させるステップ;
(2)RNA安定化剤の存在下、タンパク質を固定化するステップ;
(3)界面活性剤で処理するステップ;
(4)標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブを添加し、ハイブリダイゼーションさせるステップ;
(5)フローサイトメトリーによって、第1標識抗体と標識核酸プローブの両方で標識された細胞を検出するステップ。
[2] 標的ウイルスがエプスタイン・バール・ウイルスである、[1]に記載の方法。
[3] 標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸が、エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスがコードする小RNA(EBER)である、[2]に記載の方法。
[4] 標的細胞がB細胞、T細胞又はNK細胞である、[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[5] 検体が血液検体である、[4]に記載の方法。
[6] RNA安定化剤が酢酸である、[1]~[5]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[7] ステップ(2)を、酢酸濃度が0.5 %(v/v)~2.0 %(v/v)の条件下で実施する、[6]に記載の方法。
[8] ステップ(2)における固定化剤としてパラホルムアルデヒドを用いる、[6]又は[7]に記載の方法。
[9] 界面活性剤が非イオン系界面活性剤である、[1]~[8]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[10] ステップ(4)を、ホルムアミド濃度が15 %(v/v)~25 %(v/v)の条件下で実施する、[1]~[9]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[11] 標識核酸プローブが標識ペプチド核酸(PNA)である、[1]~[10]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[12] ステップ(4)に続いて、
(4-1)標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップを行い、
ステップ(5)では、第1標識抗体と第2標識物質の両方で標識された細胞が検出される、[1]~[11]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[13] ステップ(4)に続いて、
(4-1)標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップと、
(4-2)第2標識抗体に対する、第3標識物質で標識された第3標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップを行い、
ステップ(5)では、第1標識抗体と第3標識物質の両方で標識された細胞が検出される、[1]~[11]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[14] 第2標識物質が、Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488、Oregon Green(登録商標)-488、Rhodamine-123、Cy2、CYBR(登録商標) Green I、及びEGFPからなる群より選択される蛍光色素であり、
第3標識物質が、Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488、Oregon Green(登録商標)-488、Rhodamine-123、Cy2、CYBR(登録商標) Green I、及びEGFPからなる群より選択される蛍光色素である、[13]に記載の方法。
[15] 第2標識物質と第3標識物質が同一である、[13]又は[14]に記載の方法。
[16] 標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する、第1標識物質で標識された第1標識抗体と、
エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブと、
標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体と、
第2標識抗体に対する、第3標識物質で標識された第3標識抗体と、
を含む、エプスタイン・バール・ウイルス感染細胞の検出及び同定用キット。
(1)標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する、第1標識物質で標識された第1標識抗体を検体に添加し、反応させるステップ;
(2)RNA安定化剤の存在下、タンパク質を固定化するステップ;
(3)界面活性剤で処理するステップ;
(4)標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブを添加し、ハイブリダイゼーションさせるステップ;
(5)フローサイトメトリーによって、第1標識抗体と標識核酸プローブの両方で標識された細胞を検出するステップ。
ステップ(1)では所定の抗体を用意して抗原抗体反応を行い、抗原抗体複合体を形成させる。標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する標識抗体が用いられる。「標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原」とは、標的細胞の細胞表面に発現し、当該細胞であることを確認するための指標として利用可能な抗原タンパク質のことをいう。細胞表面抗原の例を挙げると、CD2(T細胞、NK細胞)、CD3(T細胞)、CD4(ヘルパーT細胞)、CD8(キラーT細胞)、CD16(NK細胞)、CD19(B細胞)、CD20(B細胞)、CD21(B細胞)、CD34(骨髄幹細胞)、CD40(B細胞)、CD40L(T細胞)、CD80(B細胞、樹状細胞、マクロファージ)、HLAクラスII抗原(B細胞、マクロファージ、T細胞など)、CD56(NK細胞)、CD86(B細胞、樹状細胞、マクロファージ)、CD161(NK細胞、T細胞)、TCRαβ(T細胞)、TCRγδ(T細胞)、iNKT(NKT細胞)である。細胞表面抗原については例えばZola H, Swart B, Banham A, et al. "CD molecules 2006 - Human cell differentiation molecules." Journal of Immunological Methods, 2006.、Zola H, Swart B, Boumsell L, et al. "Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigen nomenclature: update on CD nomenclature. Report of IUIS/WHO Subcommittee." Journal of Immunological Methods, 275, 2004, p.p. 1-8.、Human Cell Differentiation Moleculesの公式サイト(ウェブページ)等に詳しい。尚、説明の便宜上、「標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原」のことを以下では「標的抗原」と略称する。「標的細胞」は、標的ウイルスの種類や検出・同定結果の用途等に応じて適宜選択される。標的細胞の例はB細胞、T細胞、NK細胞、NKT細胞、マクロファージ、樹状細胞、赤芽球、骨髄幹細胞、骨髄芽球、前骨髄球、骨髄球、後骨髄球、多核白血球、及び巨核芽球である。
一方、モノクローナル抗体については次の手順で調製することができる。まず、上記と同様の手順で免疫操作を実施する。必要に応じて免疫を繰り返し、十分に抗体価が上昇した時点で免疫動物から抗体産生細胞を摘出する。次に、得られた抗体産生細胞と骨髄腫細胞とを融合してハイブリドーマを得る。続いて、このハイブリドーマをモノクローナル化した後、目的タンパク質に対して高い特異性を有する抗体を産生するクローンを選択する。選択されたクローンの培養液を精製することによって目的の抗体が得られる。一方、ハイブリドーマを所望数以上に増殖させた後、これを動物(例えばマウス)の腹腔内に移植し、腹水内で増殖させて腹水を精製することにより目的の抗体を取得することもできる。上記培養液の精製又は腹水の精製には、プロテインG、プロテインA等を用いたアフィニティークロマトグラフィーが好適に用いられる。また、抗原を固相化したアフィニティークロマトグラフィーを用いることもできる。更には、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー、ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィー、硫安分画、及び遠心分離等の方法を用いることもできる。これらの方法は単独ないし任意に組み合わされて用いられる。
尚、標的抗原に対する抗体が市販されている場合、これを利用することにしてもよい。
特定のウイルス疾患の罹患可能性を調べる目的において広く本発明を適用可能であり、被検者も特に限定されない。例えば特定のウイルス疾患に罹患していることが疑われる者、他の方法により特定のウイルス疾患に罹患していると判断された者、特定のウイルス疾患の患者、骨髄移植を受けた者、健常者などが被検者となる。尚、ここでの「健常者」とは、本発明の検出・同定法を適用する時点において、特定のウイルス疾患に罹患しているとの判断が行われていない者のことをいう。
ステップ(1)に続くステップ(2)では、RNA安定化剤の存在下、タンパク質を固定化する。尚、原則として、洗浄処理後にステップ(2)を行う。
「RNA安定化剤」は、タンパク質の固定に伴うRNAの分解を防止する目的で添加される。RNA安定剤として好ましくは酢酸を用いる。タンパク質の固定化への影響を考慮して酢酸濃度が設定される。本発明者らの検討の結果、酢酸濃度が0.5 %(v/v)~2.0 %(v/v)のときに良好な結果がもたらされることが判明した。そこで、好ましくは当該濃度範囲を採用する。また、最適な酢酸濃度は1%(v/v)であった。そこで、更に好ましくは当該酢酸濃度で固定化を実施する。
ステップ(2)に続くステップ(3)では界面活性剤で処理する。即ち、膜透過処理を行う。尚、原則として、洗浄処理後にステップ(3)を行う。
所期の目的、即ち細胞の形態を保持しつつ細胞膜及び核膜の透過性が増大し、標識核酸プローブの取り込みが可能になること、を達成可能な限り、界面活性剤の種類や濃度などは特に限定されない。このような目的の膜透過処理には非イオン系界面活性剤が適する。非イオン性界面活性剤としてポリオキシエチレンオクチルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート、ポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテルが挙げられ、具体的にはTWEEN(登録商標)20、NP-40(Nonidet P-40)、Triton(登録商標) X-100を例示することができる。界面活性剤の濃度は例えば0.1%(v/v)~1.0%(v/v)とする。
ステップ(3)に続くステップ(4)では、標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブを添加し、ハイブリダイゼーションさせる。尚、原則として、洗浄処理後にステップ(4)を行う。
標識核酸プローブは、標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対して特異的にハイブリダイズする限り、配列、構成分子の種類などは特に限定されない。「標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸」とは、当該ウイルスに固有の配列からなり、当該ウイルスの検出に利用可能な核酸のことをいう。例えば、標的ウイルスがEBVであれば、EBVがコードする小RNA(EBER)が「標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸」に該当する。尚、EBERにはEBER-1とEBER-2があるが、好ましくはEBER-1である。EBER-1の方が約10倍発現量が多いからである。
RajiのEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号1
B95-8のEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号2
GDIのEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号3
AG876のEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号4
SNU-265のEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号5
SNU-20のEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号6
AkataのEBER遺伝子(EBER-1):配列番号7
GGCAGCGTAGGTCCT(配列番号8)
このプローブ配列の位置を表1に示す。また、このプローブ配列は表2に示すように、他のEBVウイルス株でも保存されていた。
尚、EBERを標的とした標識PNAプローブ(Epstein-Barr Virus (EBER) PNA Probe/Fluorescein、Code No. Y5200、Dako社)が市販されている。標的ウイルスがEBVのときには当該プローブを「核酸標識プローブ」として用いることができる。
次のステップ(5)において標識核酸プローブをフローサイトメトリーで直接検出しない場合(例えば、後述のステップ(4-1)を行う態様の場合)、蛍光色素以外の標識物質(例えばビオチン)を用いてもよい。
ステップ(4)に続くステップ(5)では、フローサイトメトリー(FCM)によって、第1標識抗体と標識核酸プローブの両方で標識された細胞を検出する。尚、原則として、洗浄処理後にステップ(5)を行う。
ステップ(5)の結果、第1標識抗体と標識核酸プローブの両方で標識された細胞が検出されれば、検体中にウイルス感染細胞が存在し、且つその細胞種が標的細胞と同一であることになる。一方、標識核酸プローブで標識された細胞が検出されるものの、第1標識抗体で標識された細胞が検出されなければ、検体中にウイルス感染細胞が存在するが、その細胞種が標的細胞と異なることになる。また、標識核酸プローブで標識された細胞が検出されないとの検出結果は(第1標識抗体で標識された細胞の検出結果に拘わらず)、検体中にウイルス感染細胞が存在しないことを示す。
上述のように、ステップ(1)において二つ以上の細胞表面抗原を標的にすれば、二つ以上の細胞表面抗原の発現を指標として細胞種の判別を行うことができる。
このように第2標識抗体を用いて間接的な検出を行うことにすると、シグナルが増強し、検出感度やS/N比の向上が図られる。
特に、ウイルス疾患の早期診断に利用可能であるという点において本発明の検出・同定法はその有用性が高い。早期診断が可能になれば、早い段階での医療介入が可能となり、治療効果の向上や予後の改善などがもたらされる。
表面抗原というタンパク質への抗原抗体反応と、EBER-1というRNAへのハイブリダイゼーション反応を連続して行うため、タンパク質・RNAの両方を安定化する固定条件が重要となる。
タンパク質用の固定溶液(ホルマリン、パラホルムアルデヒド、市販の固定溶液など)を数多く試すとともに、温度条件や反応時間などを検討した結果、1%(v/v)酢酸/4%(w/v)パラホルムアルデヒド/PBSを使用し、4℃、40分間固定したときが最適であることを最終的に見出した。根拠となった結果を以下に示す。
EBV感染細胞株であるRaji細胞を、PE標識した抗CD21抗体(Raji細胞はB細胞であるから表面抗原CD21陽性)と反応させ、その後、種々の条件で細胞を固定し(パラホルムアルデヒドは4%(w/v)とし、酢酸濃度を1%刻みで変化させた)、続いてFITC標識EBER-1-PNAプローブ(Dako社、Y5200)を用いin situハイブリダイゼーションを実施した。その後、フローサイトメトリー(ベクトン・ディッキンソン社、FACSCaliberを使用)で蛍光強度を測定した。酢酸濃度が1%の時のPEの蛍光強度が最も高かった(表3)。酢酸濃度の上昇に伴いFITCの蛍光強度は増したが、酢酸濃度1%でも十分な蛍光強度が得られた(表3)。ここには示していないが、酢酸濃度を0.5%刻みで同様の検討を行った結果、酢酸濃度が0.5%(v/v)~2%(v/v)の範囲にあるとき、タンパク質・RNAの両方が良好に検出できた。
フローサイトメトリーとin situハイブリダイゼーションを組み合わせた検出・同定法(FCM/ISH法)の確立のためには、PNAプローブが特異的にEBER-1にハイブリダイズし、且つ表面抗原抗体複合体が脱落・変性しないという条件を決定することも重要である。鋭意検討の末、ハイブリダイゼーション反応の最適な条件として、10 mM NaCl、5 mM Na2EDTA、50 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)、20%(v/v)ホルムアミド存在下で、56℃、60分反応させる条件を見出した。根拠となった結果を以下に示す。
EBV感染細胞株であるRaji細胞を、PE標識した抗CD21抗体と反応させた後、種々の条件で細胞を固定した。続いてin situハイブリダイゼーションを行い、フローサイトメトリーで蛍光を測定した。バックグラウンドの減少に最も影響を与えるホルムアミド濃度について0%(v/v)~30%(v/v)まで5%刻みで検討した。以下に示したごとく、ホルムアミドが25%(v/v)以上の場合には、PE標識抗CD21抗体の検出が顕著に不良となり、表面抗原抗体複合体が脱落・変性していることが明らかであった(表4)。尚、ホルムアミド濃度が15%(v/v)~25%(v/v)の範囲にあるとき、表面抗原とEBER-1の双方が良好に検出でき、20%(v/v)の時が最もバランスがよかった。
市販のPNAプローブ(FITC標識EBER-1-PNAプローブ(Dako社、Y5200))は蛍光の弱いFITCを用いているためシグナルは弱く、フローサイトメトリーでも検出が難しい。
FITCにて標識されたPNAプローブのシグナルを増強するため、ハイブリダイゼーション反応後、二次抗体Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-FITC rabbit IgG(Invitrogen社:A11090)、次いで三次抗体Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-rabbit goat IgG(Invitrogen社:A11034)と、それぞれ室温、20分反応させた。その結果、二次抗体、三次抗体の濃度がいずれも2.5μg/mLの時にシグナル/バックグランド比が高くなり、極めて強いシグナルが得られることがわかった。この根拠となった結果の一部を以下に示す。
EBV陽性のRaji細胞およびEBV陰性のBJAB細胞を固定し、FITC標識EBER-1-PNAプローブ(Dako社、Y5200)を用いin situハイブリダイゼーションを行い、二次抗体のみ又は二次抗体と三次抗体の両者で増幅したときの蛍光強度と、増幅前の蛍光強度を比較した。Raji細胞では、三次抗体を用いたときにシグナルの顕著な増幅を認めた(図1、左)。一方、BJAB細胞では蛍光強度の増幅は認められなかった(図1、右)。
EBV陽性B細胞株Raji、EBV陰性B細胞株BJABを様々な比率(Raji 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%)で混ぜたサンプルを用いてFCM/ISH法を行い、EBV陽性細胞の検出限界を検討した。図3に示したごとく、EBV陽性細胞混合比率0.01%まで検出できた(0.001%では0%[BJAB100%]との間に差を認めていない)。このことは末梢血単核球1万個に1個のEBV感染細胞があれば、このシステムで検出できることを示している。
各反応について、以上の検討によって見出された最適条件を採用し、EBV陽性B細胞株、T細胞株、NK細胞株、臨床材料(末梢血単核球)を検体として、FCM/ISH法で細胞表面抗原とウイルス特異的mRNAであるEBER-1との多重染色を試みた。表面抗原に関しては、2種類の蛍光色素PE及びPC5を用いて染色した。EBER-1の標識に関しては、FITC標識EBER-1-PNAプローブによるハイブリダイゼーション反応の後、二次抗体Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-FITC rabbit IgG(Invitrogen社:A11090)、次いで三次抗体Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-rabbit goat IgG(Invitrogen社:A11034)を反応させた。このようにして、PE、PC5及びAlexa Fluor(登録商標)488による多重染色を行った。具体的な操作手順を以下に示す。
(1)細胞数の調整
1mlあたり1×106個となるようPBS/2%FCSで細胞数を調整した。200μlずつ1.5mlチューブに移した(チューブあたり2×105個)。遠心処理後(5000rpm、1分)、上清を吸引除去した。臨床材料として用いた患者末梢血は、患者および親権者から同意を得た後に採血し、常法に従い単核球を分離し実験に用いた。尚、以下の操作は部屋を暗くして行なった。
(2)抗原抗体反応
細胞をPBS/2%FCS 40μlに再浮遊させた後、蛍光標識(PE又はPC5)抗体10μlを加え、4℃、60分間、反応させた。1ml PBS/2%FCSを添加した後、遠心(5000rpm、1分)し、上清を捨てた。この洗浄操作を合計2回行った。
(3)固定化
300μlの1%(v/v)酢酸/4%(w/v)パラホルムアルデヒド/PBSを加え、軽くピペッティングし、4℃、40分間、反応させた。
(4)細胞の洗浄
遠心(6000rpm、2分)した後、上清を捨てた。1ml PBS加え撹拌した後、遠心し(6000rpm、2分)、上清を吸引除去した。
(5)膜透過処理
0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを50μl入れた後、10分間、室温で放置した。
(6)ハイブリダイゼーション
遠心(5000rpm、1分)後、上清を吸引除去した。バッファー(最終濃度が10 mM NaCl, 5 mM Na2EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5), 20% (v/v)ホルムアミド)12.5μlとプローブ(Epstein-Barr Virus (EBER) PNA Probe/Fluorescein(Code No. Y5200、Dako社)又は当該プローブに添付の陰性コントロールPNAプローブ)25μlを添加し、細胞を再浮遊させた後、56℃、60分、反応させた。
(7)細胞の洗浄
1mlの0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを加え撹拌した後、56℃、10分、反応させた。遠心(5000rpm、1分)後、上清を捨てた。1mlの0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを加え撹拌した後、56℃、30分、反応させた。
(8)Alexa標識二次抗体の反応
Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-FITC rabbit IgG (Invitrogen社:A11090)を200μl加えた。室温で20分、反応させた(抗体の最終濃度は2.5μg/ml)。1mlの0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを加え撹拌した後、遠心(5000rpm、1分)し、上清を捨てた。この洗浄操作を合計2回行った。
(9)Alexa標識三次抗体の反応
Alexa Fluor(登録商標)488標識Anti-rabbit goat IgG (Invitrogen社:A11034)を200μl加えた。室温で20分、反応させた(抗体の最終濃度は2.5μg/ml)。1mlの0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを加え撹拌した後、遠心(5000rpm、1分)し、上清を捨てた。この洗浄操作を合計2回行った。
(10)フローサイトメトリー解析
0.5mlの0.5%(v/v)TWEEN(登録商標)20/PBSを加え撹拌した後、フローサイトメトリー解析に供した(ベクトン・ディッキンソン社、FACSCaliberを使用)。
SNK6についての検出結果を図5に示す。EBV陽性NK細胞株であるSNK6は表面抗原のCD2、CD56、HLA-DRが陽性であり、CD3、CD16、CD19が陰性であった。
ヒト臨床検体についての検出結果を図6に示す。ヒト臨床検体(慢性活動性EBV感染症患者の末梢血)についてもEBER-1と細胞表面抗原の多重染色が可能であり、EBV感染細胞の同定できた。患者A・Bの末梢血それぞれ約8%・7%がEBVに感染しており、感染細胞はいずれもCD3陽性のT細胞と考えられた。
図7に示す通り、種痘様水疱症を伴う慢性活動性EBV感染症患者末梢血中に1.7~25.9%のEBER陽性細胞を認めた。また、これらの患者ではCD3+CD4-CD8-TCRγδ+T細胞にEBVが感染していた(図8~10)。このように、本願発明の方法がEBV関連疾患の診断のみならず発症病理の解明に役立つことが示された。
本発明は特にEBV感染細胞の検出・同定に有用である。ここで、日和見リンパ腫はAIDSや臓器・骨髄移植に合併する致死的なEBV関連疾患である。日和見リンパ腫は、末梢血中のEBV感染細胞の増加と、感染細胞がB細胞であることが診断根拠となる。従来は、リンパ節を生検し組織中のEBV感染細胞を同定していたため、侵襲が強い上に診断にも時間がかかった。末梢血を検体として本発明を適用すれば、侵襲がない上に極めて短時間で感染細胞の定量と同定が同時に可能である。ところで、近年、日和見リンパ腫の治療にはB細胞モノクローナル抗体であるリツキシマブ(Rituximab)が用いられている。本発明の検出・同定法の結果を利用すれば日和見リンパ腫の早期診断が可能となり、より早い段階で治療を開始することができる。また、本発明の検出・同定法は治療効果の判定にも有用である。本発明の検出・同定法の適用が想定されるEBV関連疾患は、日和見リンパ腫以外にも、鼻性NKリンパ腫、ホジキンリンパ腫、NK白血病、T細胞性リンパ腫、慢性活動性EBV感染症、伝染性単核球症など多岐にわたる。
使用する核酸プローブを適宜選択・変更すれば、様々なウイルス疾患(HIV感染症、サイトメガロウイルスなど血液細胞に感染するウイルス疾患)へ本発明を適用可能である。このように本発明はその汎用性及び応用可能性が極めて高く、ウイルス関連疾患の診断・治療分野での多大な貢献が期待される。
本明細書の中で明示した論文、公開特許公報、及び特許公報などの内容は、その全ての内容を援用によって引用することとする。
Claims (16)
- 以下のステップ(1)~(5)を含む、ウイルス感染細胞を検出及び同定する方法:
(1)標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する、第1標識物質で標識された第1標識抗体を検体に添加し、反応させるステップ;
(2)RNA安定化剤の存在下、タンパク質を固定化するステップ;
(3)界面活性剤で処理するステップ;
(4)標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブを添加し、ハイブリダイゼーションさせるステップ;
(5)フローサイトメトリーによって、第1標識抗体と標識核酸プローブの両方で標識された細胞を検出するステップ。 - 標的ウイルスがエプスタイン・バール・ウイルスである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 標的ウイルスに特異的な核酸が、エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスがコードする小RNA(EBER)である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 標的細胞がB細胞、T細胞又はNK細胞である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 検体が血液検体である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- RNA安定化剤が酢酸である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ステップ(2)を、酢酸濃度が0.5 %(v/v)~2.0 %(v/v)の条件下で実施する、請求項6に記載の方法。
- ステップ(2)における固定化剤としてパラホルムアルデヒドを用いる、請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- 界面活性剤が非イオン系界面活性剤である、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ステップ(4)を、ホルムアミド濃度が15 %(v/v)~25 %(v/v)の条件下で実施する、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 標識核酸プローブが標識ペプチド核酸(PNA)である、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ステップ(4)に続いて、
(4-1)標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップを行い、
ステップ(5)では、第1標識抗体と第2標識物質の両方で標識された細胞が検出される、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - ステップ(4)に続いて、
(4-1)標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップと、
(4-2)第2標識抗体に対する、第3標識物質で標識された第3標識抗体を添加し、反応させるステップを行い、
ステップ(5)では、第1標識抗体と第3標識物質の両方で標識された細胞が検出される、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 第2標識物質がAlexa Fluor(登録商標)488、Oregon Green(登録商標)-488、Rhodamine-123、Cy2、CYBR(登録商標) Green I、及びEGFPからなる群より選択される蛍光色素であり、
第3標識物質がAlexa Fluor(登録商標)488、Oregon Green(登録商標)-488、Rhodamine-123、Cy2、CYBR(登録商標) Green I、及びEGFPからなる群より選択される蛍光色素である、請求項13に記載の方法。 - 第2標識物質と第3標識物質が同一である、請求項13又は14に記載の方法。
- 標的細胞特異的な細胞表面抗原に対する、第1標識物質で標識された第1標識抗体と、
エプスタイン・バール・ウイルスに特異的な核酸に対する標識核酸プローブと、
標識核酸プローブの標識部分に対する、第2標識物質で標識された第2標識抗体と、
第2標識抗体に対する、第3標識物質で標識された第3標識抗体と、
を含む、エプスタイン・バール・ウイルス感染細胞の検出及び同定用キット。
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010503771A JP5429679B2 (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-17 | ウイルス感染細胞の検出・同定法及びキット |
| US12/933,736 US20110065094A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-17 | Method and kit for detection/identification of virus-infected cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008073384 | 2008-03-21 | ||
| JP2008-073384 | 2008-03-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2009116266A1 true WO2009116266A1 (ja) | 2009-09-24 |
Family
ID=41090681
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/001173 Ceased WO2009116266A1 (ja) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-17 | ウイルス感染細胞の検出・同定法及びキット |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110065094A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5429679B2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2009116266A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013035688A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-14 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
| WO2013146741A1 (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-03 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20210278331A1 (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2021-09-09 | Beckman Coulter, Inc. | Fixable viability dyes and their uses |
| CN117031001A (zh) * | 2023-08-14 | 2023-11-10 | 中国中医科学院医学实验中心 | 一种用于生物体极微量蛋白检测的基于叠加荧光放大技术的试剂盒 |
| CN120779029B (zh) * | 2025-09-11 | 2025-11-28 | 天津医科大学总医院空港医院 | 一种eb病毒感染淋巴组织上皮间质转化检测试剂盒及其制备方法和应用 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004533625A (ja) * | 2001-07-07 | 2004-11-04 | フード・バイオテック・カンパニー | アレルギー診断用蛋白質チップとアレルゲンおよび抗体の検出方法 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110033378A1 (en) * | 2008-01-18 | 2011-02-10 | Medlmmune, Llc. | Cysteine Engineered Antibodies For Site-Specific Conjugation |
-
2009
- 2009-03-17 JP JP2010503771A patent/JP5429679B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-03-17 US US12/933,736 patent/US20110065094A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-03-17 WO PCT/JP2009/001173 patent/WO2009116266A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004533625A (ja) * | 2001-07-07 | 2004-11-04 | フード・バイオテック・カンパニー | アレルギー診断用蛋白質チップとアレルゲンおよび抗体の検出方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| CROUCH J. ET AL.: "Epstein-Barr virus suspension cell assay using in situ hybridization and flow cytometry.", CYTOMETRY, vol. 29, no. 1, 1997, pages 50 - 57 * |
| JUST T. ET AL.: "Flow cytometric detection of EBV (EBER snRNA) using peptide nucleic acid probes.", J. VIROL. METHODS, vol. 73, no. 3, 1998, pages 163 - 174 * |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013035688A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-14 | コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
| JPWO2013035688A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2015-03-23 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
| US10551378B2 (en) | 2011-09-09 | 2020-02-04 | Konica Minolta, Inc. | Tissue staining method |
| US11435348B2 (en) | 2011-09-09 | 2022-09-06 | Konica Minolta, Inc. | Tissue staining method |
| WO2013146741A1 (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-03 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
| JPWO2013146741A1 (ja) * | 2012-03-30 | 2015-12-14 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 組織染色方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2009116266A1 (ja) | 2011-07-21 |
| JP5429679B2 (ja) | 2014-02-26 |
| US20110065094A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Howley et al. | Fields virology: DNA viruses | |
| Ruokonen et al. | Intraocular antibody synthesis against rubella virus and other microorganisms in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis | |
| Chaganti et al. | Epstein-Barr virus colonization of tonsillar and peripheral blood B-cell subsets in primary infection and persistence | |
| Linde et al. | Specific diagnostic methods for herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system: a consensus review by the European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis | |
| Rodriguez-Pla et al. | No detection of parvovirus B19 or herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis | |
| Orzechowska et al. | Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: animal model for KSHV-associated malignancies | |
| JP5429679B2 (ja) | ウイルス感染細胞の検出・同定法及びキット | |
| Walling et al. | Epstein-Barr virus infection of Langerhans cell precursors as a mechanism of oral epithelial entry, persistence, and reactivation | |
| US20210301357A1 (en) | Comprehensive and comparative flow cytometry-based methods for identifying the state of a biological system | |
| US20140178968A1 (en) | Genetic variant of cytomegalovirus (cmv) | |
| Chen et al. | Detection of Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA in fixed cells and tissues using CRISPR/Cas-mediated RCasFISH | |
| Ammatuna et al. | Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA and antigens in oral mucosa of renal transplant patients without clinical evidence of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) | |
| US8530151B2 (en) | Localization of human cytomegalovirus nucleic acids and proteins in human cancer cells | |
| Jarrett et al. | The role of viruses in the genesis of Hodgkin lymphoma | |
| Yeo et al. | Epstein-barr virus orchestrates spatial reorganization and immunomodulation within the classic hodgkin lymphoma tumor microenvironment | |
| NO874573L (no) | Nucleinsyreprober for paavisning av latent humant cytomegalovirus i blodprodukter. | |
| Aghbash et al. | Immune-checkpoint expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of cytomegaloviruses infection after transplantation: as a diagnostic biomarker | |
| Kasprzak et al. | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children: virus latency and its correlation with CD21 and CD23 molecules. | |
| Fallatah | Immune responses to BK polyomavirus in healthy donors and renal transplant recipients | |
| Andre-Garnier et al. | A one-step RT-PCR and a flow cytometry method as two specific tools for direct evaluation of human herpesvirus-6 replication | |
| Macsween et al. | Human herpesviruses: Infectious mononucleosis and other non-malignant diseases | |
| Preciado et al. | Epstein Barr virus associated pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma: its correlation with p53 and bcl‐2 expression | |
| Ding et al. | High prevalence and correlates of human herpesvirus‐6A in nevocytic nevus and seborrheic diseases: Implication from a pilot study of skin patient tissues in Shanghai | |
| US9696308B2 (en) | Use of at least one biomarker for the in vitro prognosis or diagnosis of lymphoproliferative episodes associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | |
| Redha et al. | Sero-Prevalence and Plasma Viral Load of Epstein Barr Virus among Iraqi Blood Donors |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 09723585 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2010503771 Country of ref document: JP |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12933736 Country of ref document: US |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 09723585 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |