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WO2009152573A1 - Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage d'héliostat - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage d'héliostat Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009152573A1
WO2009152573A1 PCT/AU2009/000781 AU2009000781W WO2009152573A1 WO 2009152573 A1 WO2009152573 A1 WO 2009152573A1 AU 2009000781 W AU2009000781 W AU 2009000781W WO 2009152573 A1 WO2009152573 A1 WO 2009152573A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mirrors
receiver
orientation
subset
indicative
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU2009/000781
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English (en)
Inventor
John Beavis Lasich
David Hoadley
Wolfgang Hertaeg
Xinyi Zou
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Solar Systems Pty Ltd
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Solar Systems Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Solar Systems Pty Ltd filed Critical Solar Systems Pty Ltd
Publication of WO2009152573A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009152573A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/40—Thermal components
    • H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/87—Reflectors layout
    • F24S2023/876—Reflectors formed by assemblies of adjacent reflective elements having different orientation or different features
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for calibrating mirrors in a dish or heliostat concentrator photovoltaic (HCPV) power generating system solar thermal power generating system and to a method of generating electricity using the apparatus or method for calibrating the mirrors.
  • HCPV photovoltaic
  • the method aligns the mirrors of a concentrator dish array by determining the preferred pattern of light reflection from the array, characterizing the shape of each of the array's mirrors, simulating the array and the light reflection based on such characterizations, comparing simulated light reflection with the preferred pattern of light reflection, and varying the simulated array until the simulated light reflection is within acceptable tolerances of the preferred pattern of light reflection.
  • the array can then be constructed according to the ultimate simulated array.
  • the primary control problem is to keep each single dish pointed at the sun so that the sunlight is directed onto the receiver of the dish.
  • the primary control problem is to keep each, of the many helio ⁇ tats oriented so that the sunlight is directed to a desired location on a central receiver on a tower.
  • Solar thermal heliostat concentrator systems comprise multiple independently steerable mirrors reflecting light onto a central receiver on a tower, the receiver essentially comprising a boiler in which water is heated by the action of the concentrated solar flux distribution at the receiver.
  • the calibration of heliostat positions includes pointing the heliostats at a separate target such as a white board and observing the illumination position on the target.
  • an apparatus for calibrating a subset of a plurality of mirrors in a photovoltaic power generating system having a receiver with a plurality of photovoltaic devices/ the plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect sunlight onto the receiver thereby to generate electrical power
  • the apparatus comprising: a mirror controller (which may be in the form of a heliostat controller) for initiating or controlling a change in orientation of said subset of said mirrors; and a data comparator for comparing datasets indicative of two or more flux distributions on the receiver; wherein said apparatus is configured to receive a first dataset indicative of a first flux distribution due to a first orientation of the mirrors, to initiate or control a change in orientation of said subset of said mirrors with said mirror controller, to receive a second dataset indicative of a second flux distribution due to a second orientation of the mirrors, to form a comparison of said first dataset and said second dataset with said data comparator, and to
  • the system comprises a plurality- of helio ⁇ tats, each of which comprises one or more of the mirrors.
  • the system comprises a concentrator dish, wherein the dish comprises the mirrors .
  • mirrors may comprise compound mirrors.
  • said subset comprises a single one of said mirrors.
  • the apparatus is configured to calibrate a plurality of respective subsets of said mirrors successively.
  • the apparatus is configured to calibrate all of said mirrors.
  • said data comparator is configured to determine a difference between said first flux distribution and said second flux distribution by subtraction.
  • the datasets indicative of flux distributions comprise voltage or current measurements from the photovoltaic devices or from modules or groups of modules containing the photovoltaic devices, in an embodiment, the voltage or current measurements are measurements of the voltage or current produced by the cells for the electrical power generation.
  • the datasets indicative of flux distributions comprise optical intensity measurements of radiation emitted from a front face of the receiver.
  • the optical intensity measurements of radiation emitted from a front face of the receiver are optical intensity measurements from an image capture device located with a view of the front face.
  • the apparatus comprises an illumination position determiner for determining an illumination position of the subset of mirrors on the receiver from the comparison thereby providing a calibration between the orientation of the subset of mirrors and the illumination position.
  • the apparatus is configured to receive the datasets and output the comparisons for a plurality of positions of the sun, thereby providing a plurality of calibration points between the flux distribution due to the subset of mirrors, the orientations or predicted illumination positions of the subset of mirrors, and/or the sun position.
  • said first dataset comprises a first plurality datasets indicative of respective flux distributions due to said first orientation of said mirrors and said second dataset comprises a second plurality of dataset ⁇ indicative of respective flux distributions due to said second orientation of said mirrors, and said data comparator is configured to compare an average of said first plurality of datasets and said second plurality of datasets.
  • said first dataset comprises a first plurality datasets indicative of respective flux distributions due to said first orientation of said mirrors and said second dataset comprises a second plurality of datasets indicative of respective flux distributions due to said second orientation of said mirrors, and said data comparator is configured to form respective comparisons of pairs of datasets from said first and second pluralities of data ⁇ ets and to form an average of said comparisons.
  • the apparatus comprises an illumination position determiner for determining an illumination position of said subset from said comparison.
  • the receiver is adapted to be cooled -with a fluid coolant and the system comprises a thermal converter for receiving heated coolant from the receiver and extracting energy from the heated coolant.
  • the system is, in effect, a hybrid photovoltaic/solar thermal system, as energy is extracted both by the receiver and the thermal converter.
  • the controller is one of a plurality of like mirror controllers for controlling the mirrors, and the system comprises a timing synchronization module for transmitting a timing signal to the controllers adapted to provide the controllers with accurate time information .
  • controllers are thereby able to control the mirrors to perform programmed or other tasks at the correct time (and hence in a coordinated manner where necessary or desired) .
  • Each of the controllers may control a respective one of the mirrors, or - in other embodiments - a plurality of the mirrors.
  • a method of calibrating a subset of a plurality of mirrors in a photovoltaic power generating system having a receiver with a plurality of photovoltaic devices, the plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect sunlight onto the receiver thereby to generate electrical power, the, comprising: receiving a first dataset indicative of a first flux distribution on the receiver due to a first orientation of the mirrors; changing the orientation of said subset of said mirrorB ; receiving a second dataset indicative of a second flux distribution on the receiver due to a second orientation of ⁇ aid mirrors; forming a comparison of ⁇ aid first dataset and said second dataeet with said data comparator; and outputting said comparison.
  • the method comprises calibrating a single one of said mirrors.
  • the method comprises calibrating a plurality of respective different subsets of said mirrors successively.
  • the method comprises calibrating all of said mirrors.
  • the datasets indicative of flux distributions comprise voltage or current measurements from the photovoltaic devices or from modules or groups of modules containing the photovoltaic devices.
  • the voltage or current measurements are measurements of the voltage or current produced by the cells or modules or groups of modules for the electrical power generation.
  • the datasets indicative of flux distributions comprise temperature measurements (such as of, in this aspect, the photovoltaic devices or modules - or groups of modules - containing the photovoltaic devices) .
  • the datasets indicative of flux distributions comprise optical intensity measurements of radiation emitted from a front face of the receiver.
  • the optical intensity measurements of radiation emitted from a front face of the receiver are optical intensity measurements from an image capture device located with a view of the front face.
  • the method includes controlling the mirrors with a plurality of controllers, and transmitting a timing signal to the controllers adapted to provide the controllers with accurate time information.
  • the mirrors are provided in helioetats .
  • the apparatus comprising: a mirror controller (which may be in the form of a heliostat controller) for initiating or controlling a change in orientation of said subset of said mirrors; and a data comparator for comparing dataset ⁇ indicative of two or more flux distributions on the collector; wherein said apparatus is configured to receive a first dataset indicative of a first flux distribution due to a first orientation of the mirrors, to initiate or control a change in orientation of said subset of said mirrors with said mirror controller, to receive a second dataset indicative of a second flux distribution due to a second orientation of said mirrors, to form a comparison of said first dataset and said second dataset with said data comparator, and to output said comparison
  • the solar thermal power generating system comprises a receiver (which may be cooled) comprising an array (such as a dense array) of photovoltaic devices arranged to receive radiation re- radiated (whether reflected or emitted) from the solar thermal collector and converting the radiation into electricity.
  • a receiver which may be cooled
  • an array such as a dense array
  • photovoltaic devices arranged to receive radiation re- radiated (whether reflected or emitted) from the solar thermal collector and converting the radiation into electricity.
  • the solar thermal collector may be of any suitable form, including a vessel - such as of steel, copper, brass, titanium or otherwise - containing the thermal fluid (whether a gas or liquid) or pipes through which the thermal fluid is passed.
  • the solar thermal collector comprises thermo-electric devices to produce voltage and current directly.
  • a method of calibrating a subset of a plurality of mirrors in a ⁇ olar thermal power generating system having a solar thermal collector, the plurality of mirrors adapted to reflect sunlight onto the collector thereby to heat a thermal fluid (such as water)
  • the method comprising: receiving a first dataset indicative of a first flux distribution on the collector due to a first orientation of said mirrors; changing the orientation of said subset of said mirrors; receiving a second dataset indicative of a second flux distribution on the collector due to a second orientation of said mirrors; forming a comparison of said first dataset and said second dataset with said data comparator; and outputting said comparison.
  • the method comprises arranging a receiver (which may be cooled) comprising an array (such 5 as a dense array) of photovoltaic devices to receive radiation re-radiated from the solar thermal collector and to convert the radiation into electricity.
  • a receiver which may be cooled
  • an array such 5 as a dense array
  • a method of producing electricity from a power generating system having a receiver with an array of photovoltaic devices and a plurality of helio ⁇ tats adapted to reflect sunlight onto the receiver to thereby generate electrical power, 15 comprising calibrating the heliostats using the apparatus or method of the first and second aspects, respectively.
  • an electrical product comprising a quantity of electrical power produced by the methods of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth
  • the inventors have thus conceived a calibration apparatus and method that, using the photovoltaic receiver or solar thermal collector, affords a particularly convenient and 35. accurate control of mirrors without the need of a separate target.
  • the ⁇ illumination position' of a respective mirror is essentially the centre of the distribution of light reflected from that mirror onto the receiver or collector.
  • the distribution may comprise an image of the mirror (possibly somewhat distorted) , and the illumination position the simple geometric centre of that image.
  • the illumination position may alternatively be regarded as the x centre of mass' or centroid of a flux distribution contour equal to 10% (for example ⁇ of the maximum light intensity due to a particular mirror, or the centroid of an flux distribution contour encompassing 90% of the total flux reflected by the respective mirror.
  • Other feasible definitions are also possible, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, including indirect measures effectively providing the same function for the purpose of implementing the invention.
  • a 'dense array' or l dense region' of a dense array of photovoltaic cells is an array (commonly two dimensional) of photovoltaic cells arranged in close proximity so that gaps between the cells are kept low to provide a substantially continuous electricity generating surface for the purpose of optical concentrator design.
  • the cells may be individually manufactured and placed on the array, or alternatively the cells or groups of the cells may be monolithically manufactured.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a heliostat concentrator photovoltaic (HCPV) power generating system according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view of a receiver of the system of figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of a receiver according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention for a heliostat of the system of figure 1;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view of the control system of the system of figure 1; and.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view of a receiver of a heliostat of the system of figure l r indicating exemplary illumination positions
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view of the control system of a HCPV power generating system according to another embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view of a solar thermal power generating system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view of the solar thermal collector of the system of figure 7.
  • a heliostat concentrator photovoltaic (HCPV) power generating system is shown schematically at 100 in figure 1, with the sun 102.
  • System 100 includes a heliostat field 104 of heliostats 106, a cooled HCPV receiver 108, a supporting tower 110 that supports receiver 108, a heat exchanger 112 next to tower 110 for dispersing waste heat from receiver 108, and a control centre 114.
  • the height of tower 110 is selected to be sufficiently great to substantially prevent shadowing of heliostats 106 by each other .
  • System 100 al ⁇ o includes a control system (not shown) , located in control centre 114, and connected by data cables (also not shown) or wireless transmission to each of heliostats 106, as is described in greater detail below. Power to drive the heliostats and the control system is provided from a mains or other power supply.
  • receiver 108 comprises a dense array 116 of FV cells and a solar flux modifier 118.
  • Dense array 116 comprises a single contiguous arrangement of densely packed photovoltaic cells inside a boundary occupied by a solar flux modifier 118.
  • Solar flux modifier 118 borders dense array 116, and comprises four cooled reflective panels for reflecting at least some reflected light that would otherwise fail to fall on. receiver 108 towards receiver 108.
  • receiver 108 and dense array 116 are comparable though larger to the cooled receiver and dense array taught by WO 02/080286 (incorporated herein by reference) ; alternatively, dense array 116 may be constructed out of a plurality of the receivers taught therein, and system 100 also includes the cooling systems (not shown) for the reflective panels of solar flux modifier 118 and dense array 116 such as are taught by WO 02/080286.
  • Such reflective panels constitute one example of secondary optics that redirect light from heliostats 106 falling immediately outside dense array 116 onto dense array 116, and other secondary optics may be arranged around dense array 116 - as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art - or secondary optics may be omitted entirely in a less efficient system.
  • Another cooling system is disclosed in WO 2005/022652.
  • system 100 may comprise a modified receiver 108' with a dense array that comprises a plurality of dense regions 300 (in this example, 12) of densely packed photovoltaic cells.
  • Dense regions 300 are internally contiguous and separated by gape occupied by elements of a solar flux modifier 118' (which, in the embodiment of figure 3, has correspondingly more elements) .
  • Regions 300 are arranged in a 2 -dimensional grid, composed of repeatable separate subunit ⁇ easily manufactured and serviced, in an analogous manner to the receivers taught by WO 02/080286.
  • Each of heliostats 106 comprises a mirror 120, a support pole 122, a drive system (not shown) for changing the orientation of the respective mirror 120 in two axes, and an encoder (not shown) both for controlling the drive system to orient the respective helio ⁇ tat 106 as desired (that is, in response to orientation instructions received from the control system of system 100) and to return data indicative of the orientation of the respective heliostat 106 to the control system.
  • the drive system is thus controlled according to a prescribed encoder position under the command of the control system, so as to correctly orient respective mirror 120 throughout the day.
  • the correct orientation of each mirror 120 is, in broad terms, that which causes light 124 from the sun 102 to be reflected by respective mirror 120 towards receiver 108.
  • each of heliostats 106 reflects light - which may comprise essentially an image of respective heliostat 106 - onto receiver 106; the deposited light from each helio ⁇ tat 106 can be characterized with a position (termed an 'illumination position') .
  • the illumination positions 200a, 200b, 200c of three exemplary heliostats 106 are shown. Illumination positions 200a and 200b coincide with dense array 116, but illumination position 200c - whether by design or accident - coincides with flux modifier 118.
  • the flux distribution 202a, 202b, 202c deposited on dense array 116 by heliostats 106 will generally surround the respective illumination positions 200a, 200b, 200c, but when an illumination position lies near or on flux modifier 118 , at least a portion of the flux distribution on dense array 116 will arise from reflection from flux modifier 118 (as is the case with the heli ⁇ stat with exemplary illumination position 200c) .
  • Control system 400 includes the following components (though simpler versions of the components adapted to provided coarser control are also envisaged) ; these components include a processor, memory and software or firmware as necessary, though may optionally share such elements where suitable.
  • control system 400 includes a solar position determiner 402, a heliostat orienter 404, a translation sub-controller 406, an energy distribution detector 408, a heliostat characteristic memory 410, a heliostat flux modelling sub-controller 412, a total flux modelling sub- controller 414, a desired total flux distribution controller 416, a heliostat illumination position determiner 418, a group heliostat illumination position determiner 420 and a heliostat characteristic determiner 422.
  • Solar position determiner 402 determines the position of the sun at any required time. In this embodiment, solar position determiner 402 determines the sun's position by calculation, with inputs being the location of system 100, the date and the time.
  • system 100 may include a mechanism for determining the sun's position empirically (such as is known, for example, from DE 4 118 894) , and solar position determiner 402 may be configured to employ empirical data generated thereby, or to employ a combination of both calculation and empirical data.
  • Heliostat orienter 404 receives solar position data from solar position determiner 402, and sends command signals to the encoders of respective heliostat ⁇ 106 to control the drive systems of respective heliostats 106 to orient respective mirrors 120 to reflect the sun's light towards dense array 116.
  • Translation sub-controller 406 is adapted to determine a predicted illumination position of the respective heliostat 106 on receiver 108, from data on the positions of the respective encoders (indicative of the angular orientation of each heliostat 106) and solar position data received from solar position determiner 402 ⁇
  • Energy distribution detector 408 is adapted to provide data indicative of the actual flux distribution over all or part of the dense array.
  • the indicative data may include any one or a combination of (1) electrical output data such as current or voltage from photovoltaic cell modules forming dense array 116, (2) temperature sensor data indicative of temperature distribution across dense array 116 (in which case energy distribution detector 408 includes temperature sensors located at each photovoltaic cell module), and/or (3) light intensity data (in which case energy distribution detector 408 includes one or more suitable radiation detectors, for example in the form of one or more image capture devices such a digital cameras 105- which may be, for example, sensitive to visible and/or infrared radiation) positioned to collect and image light reflected from dense array 116.
  • Heliostat characteristic memory 410 stores data for each heliostat 106, from which a predicted spatial distribution of light reflected by a respective heliostat 106 around aif illumination position on receiver 108 may be derived.
  • the data may be stored in the form of an empirically collected spatial distribution of the light measured for one particular position of the sun, transformable into predicted spatial distribution for other positions of the sun.
  • mirror characterisation data - determined such as is taught by WO 02/082037 - could be stored in heliostat characteristic memory 410 and employed in determining such spatial distributions of reflected light.
  • Heliostat, flux modelling sub-controller 412 predicts the contribution of each heliostat 106 to the total flux distribution over dense array 116, using heliostat characteristic memory 410 and the sun's position from solar position determiner 402, for a given illumination position of a respective heliostat 106 (as determined by translation sub-controller 406) .
  • Heliostat flux modelling sub-controller 412 also takes into account the effect of solar flux modifier 118 (and of any other secondary optics provided around dense array 116) .
  • Total flux modelling sub-controller 414 predicts the total flux distribution over dense array 116, using the output of heliostat flux modelling sub-controller 412, for a given set of heliostat illumination positions.
  • Desired total flux distribution controller 416 is adapted to determine the desired total flux distribution over dense array 116. When dense array 116 is fully functioning, the desired total flux distribution is ideally an even distribution with maximal power. However, partial system underperformances or operating parameters such as high temperature or grid levelling requirements may require that the desired total flux distribution be adjusted away from an even distribution. Thus, desired total flux distribution controller 416 has inputs that include system performance data, detailed receiver performance in terms of either temperature or efficiency of each module of photovoltaic cells in the receiver, other operating parameters and, where applicable, grid levelling requirements.
  • Calibration of the heliostats to ensure that the control system performs accurate commands and in particular translation sub-controller 406 performs accurate predictions is provided in the invention by detecting the contribution of individual ones or subsets of the heliostats to the total flux distribution. This contribution can be used directly as a flux distribution due to the heliostat, or an actual illumination position can be derived.
  • Heliostat illumination position determiner 41B is adapted to determine the actual illumination position of a respective heliostat 106 by (1) using energy distribution detector 408 to obtain data indicative of the flux distribution a first time, (2) instructing heliostat orienter 404 to command the encoder of the respective helioBtat 106 to move the respective illumination position of that respective heliostat 106, (3) using energy distribution detector 408 to obtain data indicative of the flux distribution a second time, and (4) outputting a measure of actual heliostat illumination position of the respective heliostat 106 by comparing the data indicative of the flux distributions at the first and second times.
  • the first and second times may be sufficiently close, and the movement of the illumination position sufficiently large, that the actual heliostat illumination position is calculable by simple subtraction of the flux distribution data of the first time from that of the second time, followed by computation of the position by centroid, centre of mass or other suitable measure.
  • the movement of the illumination position can be small and simple subtraction of the two images forms a spatial derivative which is then followed by transformation to the absolute value, thus allowing calculation of the centroid of transformed subtraction to find the illumination position.
  • Noise in the measurement of the flux distribution data each time may be reduced by data averaging, such a ⁇ by making multiple repeat measurements over a short interval and obtaining an average over the multiple repeat measurements.
  • Another method for increasing the discriminating power and reducing noise where many helio ⁇ tats are directing light onto the receiver is to "dither" the heliostat, so that more than two movements and measurements can he made as the helioBtat moves back and forth in a known pattern, enabling, in one example, the use of time series power spectrum analysis to distinguish the signal of the dithered heliostat from the contribution of the many others.
  • Group heliostat illumination position determiner 420 is similar to heliostat illumination position determiner 418, but is operable to move a group of heliostat ⁇ (such a ⁇ group 126) in unison to determine an aggregate illumination position of the group, if less fine control is needed or rapid action is needed.
  • Group heliostat illumination position determiner 420 employs heliostat illumination position determiner 418.
  • Heliostat characteristic determiner 422 is a subprogram of heliostat illumination position determiner 418, and determines the heliostat characteristic by the simple subtraction described above.
  • Heliostat characteristic memory 410 can be updated by heliostat characteristic determiner 422.
  • Initial setup and calibration of each of heliostats 106 can be effected by any known method to provide start values for the parameters in translation sub-controller 406.
  • heliostat position determiner can be used to orient individual ones or subsets of heliostat at the receiver when other heliostat ⁇ are not illuminating the receiver.
  • one of the flux distributions to compare can be a background, un- illuminated distribution.
  • This calibration may be provided for a plurality of sun positions to provide a plurality of calibration points relating, directly or indirectly, heliostat orientation readings and/or sun positions with flux distribution due to the heliostat on the receiver.
  • control system 400 commands heliostat 106 to position their respective encoders to values corresponding to a set of programmed illumination positions previously calculated to provide the desired flux distribution over part or all of dense array 116 at the given time and date. This previous calculation may have been provided off line by total flux modelling sub- controller 414.
  • On receiver calibration can utilize current, voltage and thermal monitoring feedback to determine the effect caused by alteration of the position of one or more of heliostats 106.
  • this monitoring can be done with heat sensors deployed behind PV array 116 or on a thermal receiver to perform direct measurement.
  • infrared sensors for detecting infrared radiation from receiver 108 can be used.
  • Control system 400 may periodically use feedback of the actual flux distribution using energy distribution detector 408 or some cruder measure. If comparison of the actual with the desired flux distribution indicates that a global displacement of the illumination positions will
  • heliostats 106 15 heliostats 106 are adjusted. If comparison indicates that a local change is appropriate, a subset of the illumination positions are adjusted by amounts predicted to improve the match. This subset may be a fixed subset of heliostats 106 designated as trim heliostats, or a'
  • the helio ⁇ tat illumination position determiner 418 or group helio ⁇ tat illumination position determiner 422 may also be used to resolve any uncertainty
  • the amounts of adjustment of each illumination position may also be determined by a predictive calculation using the total flux modelling sub-
  • 3.0 controller 414 by cruder but faster heuristic methods, or by trial and error.
  • Control system 400 also works in a calibration update mode without interrupting power generation to periodically 35 update the settings of translation sub-controller 406 and helio ⁇ tat characteristic memory 410 for each heliostat 106, using heliostat illumination position determiner 418 during power generation and comparing with the intended illumination position predicted from the translation sub- controller 406.
  • This capability allows actual illumination position data to drive an on-the-fly calibration capability which may be particularly important where cost minimizations in the design have mandated the use of drive components, mirror mounting components, helio ⁇ tat placement components and receiver fixing components with a propensity to drift in time due to wear and tear or the actions of the natural elements.
  • This calibration may be provided for a plurality of sun positions to provide a plurality of calibration points relating, directly or indirectly, heliostat orientation readings and/or sun positions with flux distribution due to the heliostat on the receiver.
  • the size of the image projected by most of the heliostats 106 should optimally be smaller than the area of dense array 116, for a substantial part of the day. This enables more freedom in variation of the illumination positions to allow collection of substantially all of the reflected light at receiver 108.
  • the total flux distribution should still be adequately controllable if at least a subset of heliostats 106 are positioned - or have mirrors of a suitable size - such that this subset produces image sizes on dense array 116 smaller - and preferably substantially smaller - than the area of dense array 116; this subset may then be used as trim mirrors, that is, for trimming the total flux distribution.
  • the size of the image produced by a reflective object such as a heliostat on dense array 116 is defined for the purposes of this description as an area of the flux distribution produced by the object shining sunlight onto the array within an equal intensity flux contour enclosing 90% of the total flux reflected by the object.
  • the size of the image produced by heliostats 106 (or at least the aforementioned subset) be lees than 50%, more preferably less than 25% of the area of dense array 116. Even more preferably, the size of the image should be less than 15% of the area of dense array 116.
  • FIG 5 is a schematic view of receiver 108 with illumination positions 500. It will again be noted that, while most illumination positions 500 are on dense array 116 (for example, illumination position 500a) , some are on flux modifier 118 (for example, illumination position 500b) .
  • the flux distribution (not shown) of each heliostat 106 generally surrounds the corresponding illumination position 500, and overlap with those of its neighbours, but nonetheless is each significantly smaller in size (by the above 90% criterion) than 15% of the area of dense array 116.
  • the optimal small image size may be produced by providing respective mirror 120 of heliostat 106 as a single small mirror or as multiple small canted mirrors in fixed interrelation focusing on receiver 108.
  • each mirror 120 may have a curved surface focusing on receiver 108 to provide the small image size.
  • Small heliostat mirrors 120 may offer a further advantage in the performance of this embodiment, in providing more degrees of freedom in the individual adjustment of each of a larger number of heliostats 106 to provide the desired flux distribution at different times of the day and year.
  • energy distribution detector 408 includes one or more cameras or sensors
  • the data collected by energy distribution detector 408 may be subjected to image smoothing to eliminate effects caused by fluctuations in sunlight intensity (such as due to cloud) / so that data from a day with such fluctuations may validly be compared with data from days without.
  • the expected illumination position of a heliostat 106 does not correspond to the actual illumination position (such as illumination position 200a ⁇ of the heliostat.
  • This illumination position is generally formed on receiver 108 (and in particular on dense array 116) or on an alignment target (not shown) . In effect, this means that the actual illumination position may be found not to correspond to the point on dense array 116 at which heliostat 106 is aimed .
  • the distance between heliostat 106 and HCPV receiver 108 is typically sufficiently great that minor imperfections in heliostat 106 can result in a significant difference between the theoretical and actual illumination position on dense array 116.
  • the shape of the resulting flux distribution (such as flux distribution 202a) may also change throughout the day, owing to the evolving angle of incidence of sunlight.
  • an alignment target is typically located below receiver 108, so the illumination position and the flux distribution on receiver 108 are different from tho ⁇ e on the alignment target .
  • This may be done based on calculated or measured values of the difference between the expected and actual illumination positions and of the expected and actual flux distributions. These values may be calculated by ray tracing techniques using accurate determinations of the geometry and orientation of the heliostat, taking into account the sun's precise apparent position as a function of date and time.
  • values of the difference between the expected and * actual illumination positions and of the expected and actual flux distributions may be based on measured values of these differences. Measurements of these differences may be made over a representative period (typically a year) at regular intervals (such as daily) ; the measured values can then be used over subsequent periods.
  • a plurality of measurements of these differences may be made and then used to characterize the performance of the heliostat (in terms of actual illumination position and actual flux distribution) under various angles of incidence of sunlight, from which future values may be deduced by, for example, interpolation.
  • a HCPV power generating system is provided generally identical with system 100 of figure 1.
  • the control system includes a timing synchronization module that periodically transmits a time synchronization signal to respective programmable logic controllers (PLCs) (not shown) that are typically located logically in or between control system 100 and the respective encoders of the heliostats (either with one PLC per heliostat and hence encoder, or one PLC per group of heliostats and hence encoders) , so that the real time clocks of the PLCs can be synchronized.
  • PLCs programmable logic controllers
  • thi ⁇ approach may also be employed with a solar power generating system comprising a control system and one or more individual solar energy collectors (each with a dish concentrator and photovoltaic receiver) .
  • a PLC is typically provided for each dish or for a respective group of dishes, to control that dish or group of dishes under the control of the control system.
  • these may be connected to the control system 400 via a network which may, depending on the size of the installation and number of dishes or heliostats include a number of sub-networks each connected to the control system 400 via an intermediate group controller.
  • data transmitted between the control system and the dishes or Heliostats of a sub-network are relayed via the sub- network group controller.
  • every heliostat (or dish) needs a reasonably accurate clock, so that it can accurately predict the sun's position.
  • the real time clock of each PLC (of helio ⁇ tat or dish) has to be synchronized to an external time reference source. It is convenient to have this synchronisation take place automatically via the communications network used by control system 400.
  • Networks connected via the internet have a standard protocol (the Network Time Protocol (NTP) or its simplified relation (SNTP) ) for time synchronisation.
  • NTP and SNTP are complex because synchronising time over a communications network must normally take into account the time delays that can take place sending the data over that network.
  • NTP also offers greater accuracy than typically required in such systems.
  • the helio ⁇ tats (or dishes) need only be synchronised to within a second or two of true time.
  • control system 400 and any group controller for a group of heliostats or dishes periodically synchronises its clock using the version of SNTP supplied with Microsoft Windows (trade mark) , and then periodically transmits the current time to the FLCs controlling the corresponding encoder or encoders of the corresponding heliostats (or dishes) .
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the control system 600 of this embodiment.
  • Control system 600 is generally identical with control system 400 of system 100 (see figure 4) , and like reference numerals have been used to identify like elements.
  • control system 600 includes a host computer 602 with timing synchronization module 604.
  • Timing synchronization module 604 comprises a synchronisation application that is adapted to run as a Windows (trade mark) service (termed the *SS Time Sync Service') on host computer 602, and is implemented as a UDP server installed on host computer 602 hooked on a subnet of the network with which control system 600 communicates with the heliostat ⁇ (or dishes) .
  • the timing synchronization module is configured to provide time synchronisation only to heliostats (or dishes) that are connected on the same subnet of the network, not to any heliostats (or dishes) further afield.
  • the timing synchronization module When the timing synchronization module is started, it opens the DDP port 2688 over the subnet. Through this port, the module broadcasts 606 packets containing timestamp information collected from the host computer onto the sub-network, every 20 minutes. As a result, every node on the subnet, viz. the PLJCS, can receive the broadcasted UDP packet and synchronise its own Real -Time Clock with the packed timestamp every 20 minutes.
  • the system clock of the host computer must be synchronised with a good time source that is external to the group subnet. This is obtained using SNTP, NTP or some other suitable external time reference.
  • the time is transmitted to each heliostat (or di ⁇ h) in the following data packet format:
  • the timing- synchronization module attempts to keep running when errors are detected. Error messages are logged to the Windows system error log. The message source appears in the log as "TimeSyncSrv" .
  • the timing synchronization module can be installed onto the Group Controller, so that all the heliostat (or dish) clocks within the group will be synchronised with the host computer's system clock.
  • This timing synchronization method has the advantage of reducing the amount of signalling overhead required to perform the timing synchronization. This can, in turn, reduce the required capacity of the data network that connects the heliostats and the required processing capacity of the heliostat PLCs and network server, resulting in cost reductions and reliability improvements.
  • Tracking is thus simplified: for example, if a heliostat (or dish) has a memory containing characterization data based on time and date for a given set of flux distribution patterns, then a simple instruction to follow a given pattern could be transmitted to the heliostat 's PLC- The heliostat' s PLC then simply operates its actuators to move the mirrors according to the present pattern and maintains synchronization using the broadcast timing signal.
  • the present invention may also be employed with a dish concentrator photovoltaic power generation system, a solar thermal power generation system or a hybrid photovoltaic- solar thermal system, provided that such a system comprises a plurality of mirrors (whether provided as heliostats or otherwise) and a control system adapted to vary the illumination positions of at least a subset of the mirrors to provide or maintain a desired total flux distribution over all or part of the receiver (in the photovoltaic case) or solar collector (in the solar thermal case) .
  • figure 7 is a schematic view of a solar thermal power generation system 700 according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • system 700 is similar to HCPV power generating system 100 of figure 1, and like reference numerals have been used to identify like features.
  • system 700 includes a helio ⁇ tat field 104 of heliostats 106, a supporting tower 110 and a control centre 114.
  • system 700 includes a solar thermal collector 702 supported by supporting tower 110.
  • Solar thermal collector 702 contains a thermal fluid in the form of water that is heated by the sunlight directed by heliostats 106 against the exterior of collector 702 (as is well understood in this art) .
  • This power generation station 704 may include a heat exchanger (cf . heat exchanger 112 of system 100) .
  • each of heliostats 106 is reflected by each of heliostats 106 towards collector 702, which causes water in collector 702 to be converted to steam.
  • the steam is piped to generation station 704, which outputs electricity.
  • the light deposited by each heliostat 106 onto collector 702 can again be characterized with an illumination position: referring to figure 8, the illumination positions 800a, 800b, 800c of three exemplary heliostats 106 are shown.
  • the flux distribution 802a, 802b, 802c deposited on collector 702 by heliostat ⁇ 106 surround the respective illumination positions 800a, 800b, 800c.
  • System 700 has a control system essentially identical with control system 400 of HCPV power generating system 100, so that a first dataset indicative of the flux distribution due to a first orientation of a subset of mirrors can be collected, the orientation of the subset of mirrors changed, and a second dataset indicative of the flux distribution due to the second orientation of the subset of mirrors collected.
  • the data set may be obtained using an array of thermal or infra red sensors on the receiver for the thermal system. Alternatively changes in fluid temperature or pressure may be used for the first adn second data sets.
  • the control system can then form a comparison of the first and second datasets, and output that comparison.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil permettant d'étalonner un sous ensemble de plusieurs miroirs (tels que des héliostats) dans un système de production d'énergie thermique ou photovoltaïque ayant un récepteur photovoltaïque ou un collecteur thermique solaire. L'appareil comprend une unité de commande de miroirs pour amorcer ou réguler un changement d'orientation du sous ensemble de miroirs et un comparateur de données pour comparer des ensembles de données représentatifs de deux ou de plusieurs distributions de flux sur le récepteur ou le collecteur, l'appareil étant configuré pour recevoir un premier ensemble de données représentatif d'une distribution de flux sur le récepteur ou le collecteur à partir d'une première orientation du sous ensemble de miroirs, pour amorcer ou commander un changement d'orientation du sous ensemble de miroirs avec l'unité de commande, pour recevoir un second ensemble de données représentatif d'une distribution de flux à partir d'une seconde orientation des miroirs, pour former une comparaison des premier et second ensembles de données avec le comparateur, et pour produire la comparaison.
PCT/AU2009/000781 2008-06-17 2009-06-17 Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage d'héliostat Ceased WO2009152573A1 (fr)

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US8344305B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2013-01-01 Convery Mark R System and method for aligning heliostats of a solar power tower
CN103314382A (zh) * 2010-06-23 2013-09-18 索拉弗莱克特能源有限责任公司 用于定日镜的光学控制系统
US20130306057A1 (en) * 2011-11-09 2013-11-21 Michael Gerard Blum Heliostat Tracking And Operation For A Solar Power Generation Plant
WO2015117192A1 (fr) * 2014-02-06 2015-08-13 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Surveillance et mesure de multiples sources de lumière, notamment des héliostats
US9494340B1 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-11-15 Andrew O'Neill Solar module positioning system
ES2595637A1 (es) * 2015-06-29 2017-01-02 Bcb Informatica Y Control Sl Método y sistema para la calibración de una pluralidad de heliostatos en una planta termo solar de concentración
WO2018065261A1 (fr) * 2016-10-06 2018-04-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. Procédé d'étalonnage et dispositif d'étalonnage pour un groupe de réflecteurs servant à la concentration de rayonnement solaire sur un récepteur de rayonnement
CN109813754A (zh) * 2019-02-14 2019-05-28 浙江中控太阳能技术有限公司 一种测量与优化吸热器截断效率的系统与方法
DE102017223679A1 (de) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-27 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Targetvorrichtung für einen solarbeheizten Receiver, Solaranlage, System zur Strahlungsmessung bei einer Solaranlage sowie Verfahren zur Strahlungsmessung bei einer Solaranlage
CN110987376A (zh) * 2019-12-12 2020-04-10 何开浩 用于检测塔式太阳能发电系统聚焦是否准确的装置及方法
CN112696837A (zh) * 2020-12-25 2021-04-23 青岛华丰伟业电力科技工程有限公司 一种塔式光热电站调试及控制方法
WO2022090324A1 (fr) * 2020-10-29 2022-05-05 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Procédé pour déterminer un angle de déviation d'un héliostat

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Cited By (23)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8344305B2 (en) 2009-03-18 2013-01-01 Convery Mark R System and method for aligning heliostats of a solar power tower
CN103314382A (zh) * 2010-06-23 2013-09-18 索拉弗莱克特能源有限责任公司 用于定日镜的光学控制系统
WO2011163468A3 (fr) * 2010-06-23 2014-03-20 Solaflect Energy, Llc Système de commande optique destiné à des héliostats
US20130306057A1 (en) * 2011-11-09 2013-11-21 Michael Gerard Blum Heliostat Tracking And Operation For A Solar Power Generation Plant
US9170032B2 (en) * 2011-11-09 2015-10-27 Michael Gerard Blum Heliostat tracking and operation for a solar power generation plant
US10190804B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-01-29 Andrew O'Neill Solar module positioning system
US9494340B1 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-11-15 Andrew O'Neill Solar module positioning system
AU2015213474B2 (en) * 2014-02-06 2019-01-03 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Monitoring and measuring of multiple light sources especially heliostats
WO2015117192A1 (fr) * 2014-02-06 2015-08-13 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Surveillance et mesure de multiples sources de lumière, notamment des héliostats
ES2595637A1 (es) * 2015-06-29 2017-01-02 Bcb Informatica Y Control Sl Método y sistema para la calibración de una pluralidad de heliostatos en una planta termo solar de concentración
CN109923355B (zh) * 2016-10-06 2020-08-21 弗劳恩霍夫应用研究促进协会 用于将太阳辐射汇聚到辐射接收器上的一组反射器的校准方法和校准装置
DE102016119000A1 (de) * 2016-10-06 2018-04-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Kalibrierungsverfahren und Kalibrierungsvorrichtung für eine Gruppe von Reflektoren zur Konzentration von Sonnenstrahlung auf einen Strahlungsempfänger
CN109923355A (zh) * 2016-10-06 2019-06-21 弗劳恩霍夫应用研究促进协会 用于将太阳辐射汇聚到辐射接收器上的一组反射器的校准方法和校准装置
DE102016119000B4 (de) * 2016-10-06 2020-06-04 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Kalibrierungsverfahren und Kalibrierungsvorrichtung für eine Gruppe von Reflektoren zur Konzentration von Sonnenstrahlung auf einen Strahlungsempfänger
WO2018065261A1 (fr) * 2016-10-06 2018-04-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. Procédé d'étalonnage et dispositif d'étalonnage pour un groupe de réflecteurs servant à la concentration de rayonnement solaire sur un récepteur de rayonnement
AU2017338736B2 (en) * 2016-10-06 2020-10-22 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. Calibration method and calibration device for a group of reflectors for concentrating solar radiation onto a radiation receiver
US11073307B2 (en) 2016-10-06 2021-07-27 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Calibration method and calibration device for a group of reflectors for concentrating solar radiation onto a radiation receiver
DE102017223679A1 (de) * 2017-12-22 2019-06-27 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Targetvorrichtung für einen solarbeheizten Receiver, Solaranlage, System zur Strahlungsmessung bei einer Solaranlage sowie Verfahren zur Strahlungsmessung bei einer Solaranlage
CN109813754A (zh) * 2019-02-14 2019-05-28 浙江中控太阳能技术有限公司 一种测量与优化吸热器截断效率的系统与方法
CN109813754B (zh) * 2019-02-14 2022-06-28 浙江可胜技术股份有限公司 一种测量与优化吸热器截断效率的系统与方法
CN110987376A (zh) * 2019-12-12 2020-04-10 何开浩 用于检测塔式太阳能发电系统聚焦是否准确的装置及方法
WO2022090324A1 (fr) * 2020-10-29 2022-05-05 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Procédé pour déterminer un angle de déviation d'un héliostat
CN112696837A (zh) * 2020-12-25 2021-04-23 青岛华丰伟业电力科技工程有限公司 一种塔式光热电站调试及控制方法

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