WO2009039799A2 - Verfahren und system zur bestimmung eines reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden system nach einwirkung von mindestens einem eingangssignal - Google Patents
Verfahren und system zur bestimmung eines reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden system nach einwirkung von mindestens einem eingangssignal Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009039799A2 WO2009039799A2 PCT/DE2007/001751 DE2007001751W WO2009039799A2 WO 2009039799 A2 WO2009039799 A2 WO 2009039799A2 DE 2007001751 W DE2007001751 W DE 2007001751W WO 2009039799 A2 WO2009039799 A2 WO 2009039799A2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
- G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/44—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]
- G01R33/48—NMR imaging systems
- G01R33/4806—Functional imaging of brain activation
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- the present invention relates to a method and system for determining a response signal in an infotmation-evidencing system after obtaining at least one input signal.
- a classical method for the investigation of unknown objects and materials may be that the Ptobekötpet is exposed to an effect, for example, a field, a force or an electromagnetic pulse.
- the field-based affixation thereby established is measured and serves to gain knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the system. For example, patamagnetic or diamagnetic substances are exposed to a magnetic field and the change in the magnetic field (illustrated by its field lines) now provides information about the respective magnetic properties of the substances.
- the use of Ktafteinwitkungen often serves to vibrate a body, so that the vibrating body reveals its mass.
- an input signal for example in the form of a magnetic pulse or a simple magnetic field, acts on the sample.
- An output signal is measured, which usually has a changed value after an interaction between sample and input signal.
- the more complex the sample and the more dynamic its change in place and time the more extensive the examinations must be in the form of measurements.
- spectroscopic methods In the infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, molecular vibrations are observed.
- NMR spectroscopy measures the interactions of magnetic fields with the atomic nuclei. Living samples can be measured and visualized using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It tracks activity-dependent changes in cortical blood flow and oxygenation of the local tissue. The already mentioned para- or diamagnetic properties of the deoxygenated or oxygenated blood are measured. This is an example of a very complex and dynamic system, as the amount of blood and the ratio of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood changes constantly and irregularly, with the individual blood molecules still in constant motion. If the sample is a brain, there is also an obvious information processing system.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method and a device which respectively ensure that a reaction signal originating from an information-processing system and which is obtained by means of a measuring method or a measuring device. has been averaged, can be assigned to a particular location in this information processing system, as well as characteristic response parameters such as structural properties of the information processing system at the particular location can be determined using this response signal.
- This object is achieved by a method for determining a response signal (YAusMax) for a selected location in an information processing system after the action of at least one input signal (XEÜ I ) on the information processing system over an exposure period T, wherein at least the following method steps are performed:
- d) determining the response signal (Y A us M ax) for the selected location, wherein as a response signal (YAusMax) the maximum or minimum of the output signals (YAUS) or a value in an interval ⁇ to the maximum or the minimum of the output signals (YAUS - Max) is selected, which have the same input signal (XEÜI) during the action period T.
- a response signal (YAusMax) the maximum or minimum of the output signals (YAUS) or a value in an interval ⁇ to the maximum or the minimum of the output signals (YAUS - Max) is selected, which have the same input signal (XEÜI) during the action period T.
- the exposure period T is generally not specified. In particular, it may preferably include the duration of the response signal, but need not. In particular, it can also comprise not only the duration of the reaction signal, but also a subsequent period or time interval in which the reaction signal still acts on the information-processing system. However, these are not the only possibilities, rather the exposure period T is generally not specified.
- this is characterized in that exactly the maximum or minimum of the output signals (YAUS) is selected as a response signal (YAusMax) and not just a value in an interval ⁇ about the maximum or minimum of the output signals ( YAUSM_X) is used for evaluation.
- the selected maximum value or minimum value is thus not in a range] ( ⁇ outMax) + Ie I [, but it exactly matches (YAUSMSLX).
- the exact maximum value or minimum value is preferable as a selected response signal, however, technical limitations such as too low a temporal resolution upon receiving the input signals are grounds for choosing an interval around the maximum or minimum of the output signals.
- the input signals are selected such that these frequencies correspond and, accordingly, can also be represented as frequencies.
- a number of frequencies, each with different values as input signal (XEi n ) can act on the information processing system and this can then produce a set of output signals (YAUS).
- the initially detected output signals are partially or completely replaced by approximations .
- measured values that are based on measurement errors are initially disregarded, so that they can then be replaced by plausible values, for example by interpolation or approximation. If technically caused points of discontinuity occur in measurements, it may not be possible to process the measurement at these points, and the substitution described above must be used to detect or process the signal curve.
- ⁇ is the frequency with respect to a stimulus feature of the input signal
- t ⁇ aa and ⁇ a are real numbers, for example positive numbers with ⁇ aa >> ⁇ a
- >> means much larger
- ⁇ can also be the spatial frequency of a stimulus (eg, checkerboard), or ⁇ are equated with 2 ⁇ divided by the value of the interstimulus interval between 2 consecutive (complex) stimuli acting as input signals to a system, as well as ⁇ Denote the difference in the contrasts C of two consecutive visual stimuli.
- the approximate values are given by the following exponential function of the form:
- ⁇ is again the frequency relative to a stimulus feature of the input signal.
- ⁇ is again the frequency relative to a stimulus feature of the input signal.
- the exponential term in formulas (Ia) and (Ib) can be developed according to a Taylor series and, for example linearize according to the choice of ⁇ aa or ⁇ a or represent, for example, to the term 2-th order of the frequency ⁇ .
- the formulas (Ia) and (Ib) represent suitable formulas for calculating approximations of individual value triples, so that the output values detected by technical errors can be quickly recognized and adapted to the real output values.
- a spectrum for the selected location in the information processing system is generated from the input frequencies and the respectively determined reaction signals (YAusMax), in which the reaction signals (YAusMax) are represented against rising or falling input frequency values.
- This embodiment is particularly well evaluated in subsequent operations and it also convinces in its clear presentation.
- pairs of values namely those of the input frequencies with the reaction signals (YAusMax) SO assigned to them, are arranged so that either the input frequencies increase or decrease in value.
- Such spectra can be graphically represented easily in a 2-dimensional map. If one follows the course of the curve in any direction, the positive or negative slope and the degree of its change can be clearly recognized.
- a possible evolution of the curve to maxima, minima, saddle or turning points is visible in the 2-dimensional image and reveals the input frequencies of their associated reaction signals (YAusMax).
- a targeted examination of the reaction signals a peculiarity, preferably in the structure of the information processing system, can be recognized at the input frequency value and in its environment.
- this is characterized in that in addition to the spectrum, for example with the aid of an algorithm for each input signal (XEn) a further characteristic reaction parameter is determined.
- the specimen in the form of an information-processing system is exposed to an input signal (XEi n ).
- output signals (YAUS) are generated in the information-processing system by resonance phenomena or similar phenomena. It is therefore an excited overall system, which outputs output signals (YAUS).
- These output signals (YAUS) are generated by native components and can thus be characterized via the system structure. If the overall information-processing system consists of a complicated network of different materials and cavities and structures constructed thereby, that is to say an unmanageable number of differently reacting components, one must assume that the output signal (YAUS) is influenced by an unmanageable number.
- the determined measured values, ie the output signals (Y OFF ) represent the measured variables which depend on the regional structural conditions of the system.
- the input signals (X E ⁇ ) with their frequency presentation ⁇ generate reaction signals. If the reaction signals generated are resonance reactions, these frequencies are called resonance frequencies ⁇ i, where i is a continuous natural number, with which the individual resonance frequencies are designated.
- the information processing system as a system can respond to the resonance frequencies ⁇ i, 002, ... ⁇ i ..., ⁇ n in the form of output signals. But in most cases, the information-processing system does not react to the individual reso- Whole frequencies, but only one or more regions of the information processing system. For these regions to respond, they must have certain structures. These structures can be characterized by specific parameters or quantities, ie they are structural quantities which represent characteristic reaction parameters of the associated structures in the sense of the present invention. These structures in the information-processing system react to certain resonance frequencies and are thus to be assigned to specific regions of the information-processing system. This assignment can be unique and is also in many cases, such as in cases of measurement of living matter, such as the brain.
- the amplitude (if the value is positive, but in both cases the square of the amplitude) of the oscillation increases, ie the external force, ie Input signal, amplifies the natural vibration of the system. Overlays of vibrations, as they occur in the complex systems, can now also be represented as a vibration, because they represent only the sum of all individual oscillations.
- the Fourier transform can be used to calculate the frequency spectrum for temporal signals.
- the Fourier-transformed solution of the equation of motion (in the frequency domain) for damped oscillations, ie for the formula (2), reads:
- a ⁇ means the difference between the resonant frequency and the applied frequency
- k is a real constant.
- characteristic reaction parameters preferably the resonance frequencies and / or the resonance half-width and / or the damping parameters.
- the spectrum which is assigned to a location of the information-processing system preferably itself already represents a characteristic reaction parameter.
- the determination of the (further) characteristic reaction parameters serves, as described above, to characterize the structures of the information processing system and thus may possibly provide information about these structures of the information processing system.
- the resonance frequencies are, as already mentioned above, those frequencies which stimulate the information-processing system or at least parts of it.
- the damping parameter is the parameter that describes the damping of a vibration.
- the frictional force acting on an oscillating system (see term 2 on the left side of the equation in formula (2)) dampens the oscillation to a stop when no additional force is applied.
- the damping parameter ⁇ is directly proportional to the constant K. This is a constant that depends only on the feature sizes and is therefore suitable for determining the feature sizes.
- the attenuation parameter can be determined from the spectra.
- the half-width in particular resonance half-width, which is also suitable for determining the structure sizes, is formed approximately from the spectrum.
- the half width of a function with a maximum is the difference between the two adjacent arguments of the function for which the function values have dropped to half of the maximum. The same applies to a minimum.
- the half-width can, of course, also be determined in each case in two dimensions, that is to say in relation to a 3D representation as in FIG. In terms of the YA US - Z t plane, the Xsn - Zt and the Xsn - YAUS plane, as well as other possibilities arising from this.
- At least N input signals (XEi n ) are transmitted to the information processing system, wherein the action of the N input signals (XEUI) on the information handling system occurs with a probability pi to pN, where N represents a natural number and p preferably indicates the normal distribution probability (according to Gaussian normal distribution) of the action in the range from 0 to 1.
- the input signals are arranged to amplify and attenuate the amplitude of the resonant frequency of the information handling system at particular locations.
- the amplitude of the resonance frequency of the information-processed system, or amplified at certain locations of the overall system, attenuated or completely suppressed For this purpose, only the appropriate resonant frequency must be selected or avoided. However, this resonance frequency is known after evaluation of the measurement results.
- An adaptation in the aforementioned sense is then called synchronization or desynchronization when the system adapts its periodic or aperiodic oscillations to the periodic or aperiodic input signals.
- the input signals In order to be able to control the effects of synchronization and desynchronization particularly precisely, it is advisable (possibly even necessary) for the input signals to be transmitted several times with different setting parameters, wherein in other preferred embodiments according to the present invention additionally the frequency of the repetition rate and / or Intensity of the input signals and / or the number of repetitions can be freely selected. This ensures the exact matching of the input signals to the amplitude of the resonant frequency of the examined information-processed system.
- the measured output signals and the input signals are a chronological sequence of finitely many signals which occur at certain frequencies. In the telecommunications sense is irrelevant whether these outputs or Ei ⁇ gangssignale can act as a carrier of importance. They represent a message, that is an arrangement of elements. Such an arrangement of elements basically has an information content.
- the information content of a character corresponds to the number of dual steps required for the encoding. If the number of characters is written as a power to base two, the exponent indicates the required dual steps and thus the information content in bits.
- the spectra obtained by the present invention may be shown as shown in Figure 2 in the two lower frequency spectra. There the input frequencies are plotted on the horizontal axis and the output signals on the vertical axis.
- the input signals represent, as explained above, a message having an information content equal to the number of dual steps required for the encoding. If the input signals are now logarithmized to base two, one obtains the number of pieces of information in bits (binary digits) which are transmitted to the information-processing system.
- the output signals represent, as also explained above, a message having an information content. This is also equal to the number of dual steps required for encoding.
- the information content of a character thus corresponds to the number of dual steps required for the encoding.
- the number of characters that is, the number of input signals or output signals, written as a power to base two, has in its exponent the information content of the characters in bits.
- Different characters for example the different frequencies of the input signals or the different output signals, can occur with equal frequency or in different frequencies.
- the relative frequency of a character is the quotient of its absolute frequency of occurrence and the total occurrence of all characters.
- the relative frequency of a sign is uniquely related to the information content of the respective sign, so the information content of a sign can correspond to the two-logarithm (logarithm dualis) of the inverse value, ie the reciprocal, of this relative frequency. This forms the basis for the evaluation of the information content obtained in bits with regard to the information contribution of a character to the overall information content.
- a further special embodiment of the present invention for determining a reaction signal is characterized in that a spectrum for the selected location in the information processing system is generated from the input frequencies and the respectively determined reaction signals (YAusMax), in which the reaction signals (YAusMax) to base two are logarithmic.
- Another embodiment of the present invention for determining a reaction signal is now characterized in that a spectrum for the selected location in the information processing system is generated from the input frequencies and the respectively determined reaction signals (YAusMax) in which the values logarithmized to the base two Reaction signals (YAusMax) and the input frequency values (XEÜI) are also logarithmized to base two.
- This embodiment also has the advantage of being able to obtain information about the information throughput at a specific location of the information processing system to be measured.
- a logarithmized (signal) value relative to the base two can also be understood as one having a specific information content in bits.
- this information content represents an information throughput for this period T.
- the information throughput per time unit can be determined. By dividing approximately by T (given in seconds), one obtains, for example, an information throughput rate in bits per second for the particular location of the information processing system. If one measures different or all places in each case to be selected or achievable spatial resolution, one obtains a possibly also multi-dimensional information throughput map of the informa- tionvera ⁇ beitenden system that makes a statement about his preferably spatial or area or even one-dimensional - about along a line - distributed processing capacity results.
- a system for carrying out the invention for determining a reaction signal for a selected location, a system is preferably used which has at least one input signal generating unit, an output signal recording unit and a data processing unit and a memory and optionally a communication interface, wherein the input signal generating unit for transmitting the input signal and the Output signal recording unit are adapted to receive the output signal and the data processing unit is arranged so that it can perform the method according to the invention (in particular also in all embodiments of the present invention described herein) or executes.
- all the values or signals occurring during the execution of the method can be displayed partially or in entirety on a monitor by imaging or in part or shown in entirety.
- the form of representation of the respective values, data or signals for example on a line or two-dimensionally, ie on a sectional surface or in a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional representation.
- a three-dimensional representation for example a holographic representation, can be used. Fall under such three-dimensional representations
- pseudo-3-D representations as they are used for example in the context of so-called virtual reality representations and / or by optical deception effects, for example by means of special glasses.
- the present invention can also be embodied as a suitably equipped computer program (for example with the necessary program code means), for example on data carriers, for example magnetic or optical data carriers, such as, for example, magnetic media. Floppy disk, CD or DVD or even without data carrier, for instance on a carrier signal, e.g. for download, the computer program executing the method of the present invention when running on a computer or setting up the aforementioned system in accordance with the present invention.
- data carriers for example magnetic or optical data carriers, such as, for example, magnetic media. Floppy disk, CD or DVD or even without data carrier, for instance on a carrier signal, e.g. for download, the computer program executing the method of the present invention when running on a computer or setting up the aforementioned system in accordance with the present invention.
- Input signals can be any signals that change the sample (the information handling system).
- Input signals can be any signals that change the sample (the information handling system).
- electrical and magnetic impulses changes in voltage, ie in general all changes of the electromagnetic field of longer or shorter duration are probate Input signals (XEm)
- Output signals are all signals that can be collected with the aid of measuring instruments, ie measured.
- this includes all changes in the electromagnetic field, ie vibration changes.
- optical, thermal, olfactory or acoustic signals that can be recorded by the information-processing system include this, also without that such a list would be conclusive.
- the present invention can now be applied to a range of, inter alia, the above-mentioned information processing systems.
- this invention one can thus detect and evaluate reaction signals from selected locations of the brain. Examples
- Betspiel for an arrangement: information processing system I 'Eingangigna //' A-output signal
- the information processing system is an organic perfused system, namely the brain.
- This brain will now be examined with the help of highly complex input signals, in contrast to stimuli, which for example on individual atomic nuclei, electrons, protons, spins of electrons or protons act as a system as input signal, and represent the basis of NMR physics or solid state physics become.
- highly complex input signals such as the following signals, namely visual, olfactory, tactile and auditory signals, as well as signals by entering pharmacological substances and signals by simple linguistic request.
- the input signals are picked up and processed by the brain as input information signals.
- the brain represents a system that undergoes changes that are regionally characterized by characteristic resonance phenomena and feature sizes.
- the answer, ie the reaction of the brain can be measured by means of measuring devices.
- susceptibility changes, or changes in magnetic signals, electrical signal changes, manual, linguistic, vegetative, mechanical reactions represent the output signal.
- the brain as a whole system is very complex and the structural conditions that are present depend on the number of cell layers, the different types of synapses and their receptors, in particular the way in which the respective brain region connects to other regions. Hence also the number of axons and dendrites, as well as the number of fibers entering and leaving a cell region. This describes the unmanageable number of influential components that influence the output signal.
- the measured output signals are reflected in the relatively few structural values and characterize a brain region.
- the brain regions stimulated by the resonance frequency are now assigned, for example, the resonance frequencies as structure variables. Example of creating a spectrum of measured data
- This total value (triple) can be visually visualized in a 3-D diagram for a particular location of the information processing system.
- the waveform typically has at least one global maximum or one global minimum.
- a simplified model explains the curve as follows: After transmitting the input signal (XE ÜI ), the information- processing system picks up the signal. With a time delay, individual regions and / or structural elements react to this signal by the individual regions and / or structural elements now amplifying or weakening their natural oscillation and thus generating the output signal (YAUS).
- the natural oscillation decays again or possibly increases again, the time duration of the decay process or the rising process also being a characteristic variable for certain regions of the information processing system (regions of the specimen). If the input signal (X.sub.nn) now goes through an increasing or decreasing frequency spectrum, this results in a large number of curves, each of which, taken separately, takes the course described above, and wherein slope, position, height and. Of course, the number of local maxima and the half width may be different for each curve. From these value triplets (Xsin, YAUS, Zt), the reaction signals for the respective selected location are now determined which have the same input signal (XKn) during the action period T.
- the response signal (Y Au sMa x ) for the selected location is taken as the maximum of all present output signals (YAU S ) for a given input signal (XE ⁇ I). (However, a value close to the maximum within an interval ⁇ can also be selected as the reaction signal (YAusMax).) For each value (triple) over the time of action Zt in the period T (Xfin-fixed value, YA US , Z t ) exists for the respective input signal (XEÜI) global maximum from the set of output signals, which now represents the response signal (Y OUT - Max) for a given input signal XEi n .
- 1 is a schematic representation of the transmission of the input signal and generation of the output signal
- FIG. 2 shows a way of further evaluation of the example of Figure 1
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the unambiguous assignment of the structure variables representative of the activated brain regions to resonant frequencies.
- Fig. 1 shows schematically the way of the transmission of the input signal on the generation of the output signal up to the visualization.
- the brain is taken as an information-processing system 2.
- all brain research imaging technical experimental equipment based on the fact that during the measurement process, so after transmission of the input signal, brain signals are seen as if they run in a "channel" through which they transmit as information, and in which they processed as information
- Input signals that are processed in a brain, especially in a human brain are called cognitive stimuli, but the brain is now stopping during a cognitively stimulated process, a system undergoes changes which are regionally characterized by characteristic resonance phenomena and feature sizes.
- the cognitive stimulus acts on the brain and leads to physical changes in the stimulated regions, which is manifested among other things in a change of resonance frequencies, so that the immediate description space of the recorded brain processes is a frequency space.
- the information processing system 2 receives from an apparatus or means for transmitting input signals, an input signal generation unit 1, an input signal - also called stimulus - transmitted.
- This can be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, a pharmacological substance or even a linguistic challenge.
- the brain receives the input signal and processes it as information in certain, preferably precisely determinable, brain regions. The processing process changes the claimed brain regions and changes their physical properties.
- the oxygen present in the blood is converted into carbon dioxide.
- Oxyhemoglobin becomes deoxyhemoglobin.
- These two types of hemoglobins have different magnetic properties that can be measured. That is, the response of the information processing system 2 can be measured by a means or apparatus for receiving the output signal, an output pickup unit 3.
- parameters of the statistical significance are color-coded to the one for the smallest spatial resolvable unit by linear or non-linear regression analysis.
- the technique of fMRI the technique with the greatest spatial resolving power
- cognitive studies allows a more subtle construction of the regional measurement signal in a brain region, if the stimulus is determined as a function of one or two parameters.
- the stimulation interval after a defined beginning of a time interval ISI. This fine structure of the signal is not statistically disproved statistically on the smallest resolvable time units in the current state of the previous fMRI evaluation methods. Rather, it is averaged over the smallest temporal units.
- FIG. 1 shows the illustration of statistically significant activated areas in comparison to a resting condition.
- Figure 5 in Figure 1 shows a transverse section
- Figure 6 shows a sagittal section
- Figure 7 shows a coronal section.
- the reacting brain regions 8a and 8b can be clearly seen in Figure 5, for example
- Fig. 2 shows schematically the sequence of an embodiment of the inventive method after recording and generating the figures 5 to 7 according to Flg. 1, that is to say after detection of output signals belonging to selected locations, which were caused by the action of input signals. It therefore shows the method steps of the formation of value notches (XEin, YOff, Zt) from the input and output signals and the determination of the reaction signal (YAusMax) for selected otters, wherein a spectrum is generated from the signal sequences and the respectively selected reaction signals (YAusMax) in which the response signals (YAUSMSU.) are represented for ascending or descending input frequency values (X & n).
- the measurement results shown in FIG. 2 are fundamentally based on the sequence shown in FIG.
- the input signal, ie the stimulus can vary in its physical properties, depending on the experimental setup or yes after measurement.
- the interval between the stimuli can be variable depending on the experimental setup or measurement. This requires in both cases a repetition of the input signal.
- the interval between two consecutive stimuli is called the Interstimulus Interval (ISI).
- a measurement results in a large number of value terms (XEI ⁇ , YAUS, Zt), where XEUI is the input signal (the stimuli approximately normal to 2 ⁇ / ISI [l / s]), Z t is the time of the response for each input signal (ie the time of measurement of YAUS) and Y A US represents the output signal 3, which represents the size of the fMRT signal.
- XEUI is the input signal (the stimuli approximately normal to 2 ⁇ / ISI [l / s])
- Z t is the time of the response for each input signal (ie the time of measurement of YAUS)
- Y A US represents the output signal 3, which represents the size of the fMRT signal.
- the information processing system 2 After transmitting the input signal, the information processing system 2 records the respective signal. Preferably temporally delayed individual regions and / or structural elements of the information processing system respond to this signal by generating an output signal, for example by the individual regions and / or structural elements now amplifying the amplitude of the resonant frequency, attenuate or completely suppress and thus the output signal, in this Case, generate the fMRT signal accordingly.
- the amplitude of the output signal decays again, wherein the duration of the decay process preferably a characteristic size, and thus a characteristic for certain regions of the system (regions of the specimen) can represent.
- the input signal now passes through a rising or falling (frequency) spectrum, this results in a multiplicity of curves, each taking the course described above, with slope, position, height and number of maxima and the half width for each measured curve can be different.
- frequencies are always seen in a temporal dependency, frequencies, ie the frequencies of the input signals, should also be understood so that, for example, a luminescence change or a change of an arbitrary stimulus feature may represent a change in the input frequency.
- two three-dimensional representations of the measurement results which are assigned to the two reactive brain regions 8a and 8b, can be seen here by way of example in FIG. 2 in the middle of the illustration.
- the two representations differ significantly from each other.
- two equally statistically significant activated areas of the brain ie the brain regions 8a and 8b can differ in their signal course, modulated by the varied stimulus properties of a stimulus (the input signal).
- the measured values of the output signal complete the value triplets (XEUV, YAUS, Zt), wherein each given exposure time (Zt) in the action period T is assigned exactly one output signal (YAUS) for the selected location and exactly one input signal (XE ⁇ ).
- the reaction signal (Y A ⁇ SMSX ) is now formed from these triples, with the maximum of the output signals being used as the reaction signal (Y ⁇ usMax).
- output signals (Y A US) is selected, which have the same Ei ⁇ gangssignal (XEb) in the exposure period T, where Zt may be different for each pair of values (XEJ ⁇ , YAusMax).
- the reaction signal (YAusMax) was determined for each value triplet (XE ⁇ , YAUS, Zt), thus forming the curves 10a and 10b (to a certain extent as a curve of the maxima).
- the values of this curve 10a or 10b have, as explained above, equal or varying Zt values.
- Curves 10a and 10b in a projection onto the YA US -XEUI plane yield a spectrum of the YAusMax values for the various XEin values (lower part of the illustration).
- the values YAUS determined from the output signal can be replaced in a first step by values of an approximation curve IIa or IIb, which then preferably in one second step with selected measured values Y A U S be replaced. Due to this method, measured values based on measurement errors are ignored first, so that they can then be replaced by plausible values.
- the approximation curve for IIa follows formula (Ia), for Ub corresponding to formula (Ib) of an exponential function.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the unambiguous assignment of activated brain regions 8a, 8b to resonance frequencies.
- the input signals can be represented as frequencies ⁇ . Only certain frequencies, namely the frequencies ⁇ oi, ⁇ o2, ⁇ O 3, ⁇ 04, produce in our case the desired resonance reactions, which can be seen in the spectrum at the characteristic local maxima and minima. Preferably, other generated responses of these frequencies, which may also be present, are not evaluated.
- the resonance frequencies - here ⁇ oi, ⁇ o2, ⁇ O 3, ⁇ o4 - do not excite the entire system in most cases, but only one or more regions of the overall system.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the unambiguous assignment of activated brain regions 8a, 8b to resonance frequencies.
- the input signals can be represented as frequencies ⁇ . Only certain frequencies, namely the frequencies ⁇ oi, ⁇ o2, ⁇ O 3, ⁇ 04, produce in our case the desired resonance reactions, which can be seen in the spectrum at the characteristic local maxima and minim
- the resonance frequencies ⁇ oi, ⁇ o 2 , ⁇ o 3, ⁇ o4 of the region 8a and the resonance frequencies ⁇ oi, ⁇ o2 of the region 8b can be assigned.
- these regions 8a and 8b to react they must have certain structures. These structures, in turn, can be characterized by certain parameters (eg, ⁇ a or ⁇ aa ) or quantities; these are feature sizes that represent characteristic reaction parameters of the associated structures in the context of the present invention.
- the structures in the information processing system react in this way For example, to certain resonance frequencies and are thus assigned to specific regions of the information processing system. This assignment is usually unique.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2007/001751 WO2009039799A2 (de) | 2007-09-28 | 2007-09-28 | Verfahren und system zur bestimmung eines reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden system nach einwirkung von mindestens einem eingangssignal |
| EP07817593A EP2205987A2 (de) | 2007-09-28 | 2007-09-28 | Verfahren und system zur bestimmung eines reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden system nach einwirkung von mindestens einem eingangssignal |
| DE112007003329T DE112007003329B4 (de) | 2007-09-28 | 2007-09-28 | Bestimmung eines Reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten Ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden System nach Einwirkung von mindestens einem Eingangssignal |
| US12/680,314 US8600696B2 (en) | 2007-09-28 | 2007-09-28 | Method and system for determining a reaction signal for a selected location in an information processing system following the effect of at least one input signal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2007/001751 WO2009039799A2 (de) | 2007-09-28 | 2007-09-28 | Verfahren und system zur bestimmung eines reaktionssignals für einen ausgewählten ort in einem informationsverarbeitenden system nach einwirkung von mindestens einem eingangssignal |
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| WO2009039799A2 true WO2009039799A2 (de) | 2009-04-02 |
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| US (1) | US8600696B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2205987A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE112007003329B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2009039799A2 (de) |
Cited By (1)
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| DE102013014309A1 (de) | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-05 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Datenblatt für ein Sicherheits- und/oder Wertdokument |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014039943A1 (en) * | 2012-09-07 | 2014-03-13 | Cornell University | Solar-concentrating solarization apparatus, methods, and applications |
| DE102013000717A1 (de) | 2013-01-17 | 2014-07-17 | Bayer Material Science Ag | Datenblatt für ein Sicherheits- und/oder Wertdokument |
| US10395437B2 (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2019-08-27 | Blackberry Limited | Adjusting components of cargo transportation units |
| WO2019060298A1 (en) | 2017-09-19 | 2019-03-28 | Neuroenhancement Lab, LLC | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR NEURO-ACTIVATION |
| US11717686B2 (en) | 2017-12-04 | 2023-08-08 | Neuroenhancement Lab, LLC | Method and apparatus for neuroenhancement to facilitate learning and performance |
| US11478603B2 (en) | 2017-12-31 | 2022-10-25 | Neuroenhancement Lab, LLC | Method and apparatus for neuroenhancement to enhance emotional response |
| US12280219B2 (en) | 2017-12-31 | 2025-04-22 | NeuroLight, Inc. | Method and apparatus for neuroenhancement to enhance emotional response |
| US11364361B2 (en) | 2018-04-20 | 2022-06-21 | Neuroenhancement Lab, LLC | System and method for inducing sleep by transplanting mental states |
| CN113382683A (zh) | 2018-09-14 | 2021-09-10 | 纽罗因恒思蒙特实验有限责任公司 | 改善睡眠的系统和方法 |
| US11786694B2 (en) | 2019-05-24 | 2023-10-17 | NeuroLight, Inc. | Device, method, and app for facilitating sleep |
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| US20040230252A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2004-11-18 | Saul Kullok | Method and apparatus for affecting the autonomic nervous system |
| US20070194776A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 | 2007-08-23 | Bossche Marc V | Real-time device characterization and analysis |
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| DE19826992A1 (de) * | 1998-06-19 | 1999-12-30 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Meßanordnung zur Ermittlung der funktionalen Aktivität sowie für die Auswertung der Meßsignale der Meßanordnung geeigneter Computer und Verfahren zur Bildgebung von funktionalen Meßsignalen |
| DE19826993B4 (de) * | 1998-06-19 | 2004-11-04 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Bildgebungsverfahren für magnetische Resonanzsignale |
| DE19846869A1 (de) | 1998-10-12 | 2000-04-20 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Meßvorrichtung, Kernresonanztomograph, Meßverfahren und Bildgebungsverfahren |
| DE19855671A1 (de) * | 1998-12-02 | 2000-06-15 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur zeit- und ortsaufgelösten Darstellung funktioneller Gehirnaktivitäten mittels magnetischer Resonanz und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| US6898455B2 (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2005-05-24 | The Mclean Hospital Corporation | Method for providing optimal drug dosage |
| DE10024488C2 (de) * | 2000-05-18 | 2003-04-10 | Siemens Ag | fMRI-BOLD Experiment mit multiplen Stimulationsmustern |
| WO2001095947A1 (en) | 2000-06-13 | 2001-12-20 | The Mclean Hospital Corporation | Method for assessing cortical response to blue light |
| DE10211765B4 (de) | 2002-03-14 | 2004-06-03 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Vorrichtung zur Lokalisation des Zielpunktes von Elektroden zur Hirnstimulation, insbesondere zur Tiefenhirnstimulation |
| DE10250379B4 (de) | 2002-05-17 | 2007-02-01 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Kernspintomographie-Gerät zur ortsaufgelösten Darstellung einer Änderung der funktionellen Aktivitäten eines Gehirns |
| DE10233960B4 (de) | 2002-07-29 | 2006-11-02 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Vorrichtung zur bedarfsgesteuerten Modulation physiologischer und pathologischer neuronaler rhythmischer Aktivität im Gehirn mittels sensorischer Stimulation |
| DE10330926B4 (de) * | 2003-07-08 | 2008-11-27 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur absoluten Korrektur von B0-Feld-Abweichungen in der Magnetresonanz-Tomographie-Bildgebung |
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2007
- 2007-09-28 US US12/680,314 patent/US8600696B2/en active Active
- 2007-09-28 WO PCT/DE2007/001751 patent/WO2009039799A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2007-09-28 EP EP07817593A patent/EP2205987A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-09-28 DE DE112007003329T patent/DE112007003329B4/de active Active
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| US20040230252A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2004-11-18 | Saul Kullok | Method and apparatus for affecting the autonomic nervous system |
| US20070194776A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 | 2007-08-23 | Bossche Marc V | Real-time device characterization and analysis |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013014309A1 (de) | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-05 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Datenblatt für ein Sicherheits- und/oder Wertdokument |
| US10414192B2 (en) | 2013-08-29 | 2019-09-17 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Datasheet for a security and/or valuable document |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8600696B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
| EP2205987A2 (de) | 2010-07-14 |
| US20110010125A1 (en) | 2011-01-13 |
| DE112007003329A5 (de) | 2009-11-05 |
| DE112007003329B4 (de) | 2013-03-07 |
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