[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2009006426A2 - Transducteur ultrasonique et pavillon acoustique utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative des combustibles fossiles - Google Patents

Transducteur ultrasonique et pavillon acoustique utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative des combustibles fossiles Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009006426A2
WO2009006426A2 PCT/US2008/068828 US2008068828W WO2009006426A2 WO 2009006426 A2 WO2009006426 A2 WO 2009006426A2 US 2008068828 W US2008068828 W US 2008068828W WO 2009006426 A2 WO2009006426 A2 WO 2009006426A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
coolant
horn
ultrasonic
chamber
fuel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2008/068828
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2009006426A3 (fr
Inventor
Richard Penrose
Steven J. Rusconi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nevada Heat Treating Inc
Original Assignee
Nevada Heat Treating Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/850,648 external-priority patent/US7790002B2/en
Application filed by Nevada Heat Treating Inc filed Critical Nevada Heat Treating Inc
Publication of WO2009006426A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009006426A2/fr
Publication of WO2009006426A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009006426A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
    • C10G31/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by heating, cooling, or pressure treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
    • C10G32/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms by electric or magnetic means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H01M8/0675—Removal of sulfur
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention provides apparatus and methods for desulfu ⁇ zation using an ultrasonic horn
  • an apparatus comprising a chiller-heater exchanger for circulating a dielectric coolant through a ultrasonic transducer and horn chamber (e g , Cooling chamber for the magnetostrictive or transducer portion of the ultrasonic device)
  • a dielectric coolant is a fluorocarbon
  • the coolant is an HFE
  • the coolant is circulated through an ultrasonic chamber and horn (e g , Below transducer, magnetostructure side of the device) which is in fluid communication (e g , input and output) to the exchanger
  • an exchanger can heat/cool the coolant as desired
  • the fluorocarbon coolant provides an improved method to regulate temperature, pressure and corrosion of the ultrasonic horn
  • the coolant reduces, reduces significantly or eliminates corrosion
  • the ultrasonic horn is not required to comprise a protective or insulating layer in the form of a laminate or covering as is conventional
  • increased control of waveform frequency can be achieved through improved temperature regulation, as well as obviating the need for insulation or amount of insulation coating a horn
  • the ultrasonic horn is capable of more effectively and efficiently dissipating heat to the coolant Therefore, in some embodiments, an ultrasonic horn is able to function longer or at a more stable frequency, and more durably as it is resistant to corrosion
  • Figure 1 illustrates a chiller-heater exchange device of the invention (100: chiller-heater exchanger; 101 : channel flowing to ultrasonic horn chamber; 102: intake port to chamber; 103: cooling jacket assembly; 104: outflow port; 105: channel for circulating coolant back to exchanger; 106: ultrasonic horn with magnetostrictive laminates and windings; 107: flange/adaptor for mating with reaction chamber).
  • 100 chiller-heater exchanger
  • 101 channel flowing to ultrasonic horn chamber
  • 102 intake port to chamber
  • 103 cooling jacket assembly
  • 104 outflow port
  • 105 channel for circulating coolant back to exchanger
  • 106 ultrasonic horn with magnetostrictive laminates and windings
  • 107 flange/adaptor for mating with reaction chamber
  • products and processes of the invention are directed to an effective and improved means for operating an ultrasonic transducer.
  • aspects of the invention are directed to controlling temperature, pressure, power, dielectric properties(e.g., safety benefits and enhancing heat transfer efficiency), and corrosion (e.g., oxidative) of the chamber environment surrounding an ultrasonic transducer.
  • an methods and apparatus of the invention provide temperature control or enhanced temperature control, control of pressure, elimination, abatement or reduction of corrosion and enhanced power of the ultrasonic transducer (including in the ultrasonic transducer chamber and the parts it contains).
  • an apparatus of the invention is comprised of (1) a chiller- heater exchange device, which outputs (2) coolant to the ultrasonic transducer chamber and subsequently recycles the same fluid that has been heated in the (4) chamber via a return (3) connection.
  • the coolant The present application describes a hydrofluoroether compound and the use of the hydrofluoroether compound as a heat-transfer fluid.
  • the hydrofluoroether compound may be used to heat, cool, and/or maintain the temperature of the device at a select temperature.
  • the hydrofluoroether compound is inert, non-flammable, and environmentally acceptable. Additionally, the hydrofluoroether compound of the present invention exhibits low viscosity throughout the liquid range, and has good heat transfer properties over a wide temperature range.
  • an ultrasonic transducer cooled with a coolant described above is utilized in a method of desulfurizing fossil fuels.
  • a ultrasonic transducer and horn chamber wherein the ultrasonic horn is encased in a coolant jacket.
  • the apparatus comprises a heater-chiller exchanger and fluorocarbon fluid.
  • the apparatus provides increased longevity (e.g., life-span), improved reliability and performance of the transducer and horn.
  • the ultrasonic device of the invention which is cooled with a coolant as described herein, is utilized in a method of desulfurizing fossil fuels or producing desulfurized fossil fuels.
  • Liquid Fossil Fuels petroleum, coal, or any other naturally occurring material and that is used to generate energy for any kind of use, including industrial uses, agricultural uses, commercial uses, governmental uses, and consumer uses. Included among these fuels are automotive fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and rocket fuel, as well as petroleum residuum-based fuel oils including bunker fuels and residual fuels. Bunker fuels are heavy residual oils used as fuel by ships and industry and in large-scale heating installations. No.
  • fuel oil which is also known as "Bunker C” fuel oil, is used in oil-fired power plants as the major fuel and is also used as a main propulsion fuel in deep draft vessels in the shipping industry.
  • No. 4 fuel oil and No. 5 fuel oil are used to heat large buildings such as schools, apartment buildings, and office buildings, and large stationary marine engines.
  • the heaviest fuel oil is the vacuum residuum from the fractional distillation, commonly referred to as “vacuum resid,” with a boiling point of 565° C. and above, which is used as asphalt and coker feed.
  • the present invention is useful in reducing the sulfur content of any of these fuels and fuel oils.
  • the liquid fossil fuel is diesel fuel, either straight-run diesel fuel, rack diesel fuel (diesel fuel that is commercially available to consumers at gasoline stations), and blends of straight-run diesel and light cycle oil in volume ratios ranging from 50:50 to 90:10 (straight-run: light cycle oil).
  • the fossil fuel is crude fuel, including sour crude, sweet crude or light sweet crude.
  • apparatus and methods of the invention are applied to any sulfur containing, low sulfur or ultra low sulfur containing fuels. Such b. Chiller-Heater
  • the chiller-heater device is capable of delivering chilled fluid that is about -20 C to an ultrasonic transducer chamber, and is also capable of processing return fluid of about 120 C or less for subsequent re-delivery to said chamber.
  • the chiller-heater device is capable of delivering chilled fluid that is about -150, -125, -124, -123, -122, -121, -120, -119, -118, -117, -116,-115, -114, -113, -112, -111, -110, -100, -99, -98, -97, -96, 95, -94, -93, -92, -91, -90, -89, -88, -87, -86, -85, -84, -83, -82, -81, -80, -79, -78, -77, -76, -75, - 74, -73, -72, -71, -70, -69, -68, -67, -66, -65, -64, -63, -62, -61, -60, -59,
  • the coolant is capable of reaching temperatures as disclosed herein.
  • Such exchangers are commercially available and readily adaptable to the devices and methods of the invention. Examples of such exchangers are provided in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,255,160; 7,257,958; 7,059,137; 7,246,940; and 4,301,968. d. Coolant
  • the coolant fluid is a fluorocarbon or hydrofluoroether compound with boiling point less than 145 C and pour point greater than -50 C at STP (standard temperature and pressure at 1 atmosphere), which prevent corrosion, are strong dielectrics and are flexible enough in boiling and pour points to enable the changes in temperature required to enhance the overall process.
  • the apparatus of the invention comprises a heat-transfer fluid that preferably performs well at both low and high temperatures (i.e., preferably has good heat transfer properties over a wide temperature range), is inert (i.e., is non-flammable, low in toxicity, non-chemically reactive), has high dielectric strength, has a low environmental impact, and has predictable heat-transfer properties over the entire operating temperature range.
  • the coolant obviates limitations associated with conventional coolant fluids, e.g., deionized water, water/glycol mixtures, such as corrosion
  • evices and systems ot the invention comprise a coo ant t at provi es a su stan ia y iiit i ti viiu r , l s preventing corrosion associated with conventional coolants
  • the coolant utilized to cool the ultrasonic transducer is earth friendly or green and has a boiling point less than about 145° C and pour point greater than -50 C at STP
  • the coolant is non-ozone depleting, is not a volatile organic compound (VOC) and is approved without restrictions under the US EPA's Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP)
  • a coolant is an HFE having a has a short atmospheric lifetime and low global warming potential (GWP), a relatively higher boiling point (e g , compared to water) which reduces evaporative losses and its lower density which reduces the amount of fluid to fill a ultrasonic transducer machine
  • GWP global warming potential
  • e g relatively higher boiling point
  • HFE-7200 a wide liquid range (-138 0 C to 76°C) makes HFE-7200 well-suited to thermal management applications for ultrasonic transducers of the invention
  • HFE-7200 fluid has a very low global warming potential (GWP) and offers reduced greenhouse gas emissions when compared to PFCs - without sacrificing performance
  • GWP global warming potential
  • Another advantage to utilizing the fluorocarbons as a liquid coolant in the apparatuses of the invention is their dielectric characteristics
  • a dielectric is an electrical insulator in that it is highly resistant to the flow of an electric current
  • coolants disclosed herein further reduce or eliminate corrosion that is otherwise observed in prior art ultrasonic transducer and horns d.
  • Ultrasonic devices of the invention are configured to be directly immersed in the cooling liquids disclosed herein
  • an ultrasonic transducer and horn chamber is configured to have an input and output channel for the liquid coolant which channels are operatively linked to a chiller-heater exchanger
  • Exemplary ultrasound used in accordance with this invention can produce sound-like waves whose frequency is above the range of normal human hearing, i e , above 20 kHz (20,000 cycles per second) Ultrasonic energy with frequencies as high as 10 gigahertz (10,000,000,000 cycles per second) has been generated, but for the purposes of this invention, useful results will be achieved with frequencies within the range of from about 15 kHz to about 200 kHz, and preferably within the range of from about 15 kHz to about 50 kHz Ultrasonic waves can be generated from mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, or thermal energy sources The intensity of the sonic energy may also vary widely For the purposes of this invention, best results will generally be achieved with an intensity ranging from about 30 watts/cm 2 to about 300 watts/cm 2 , or preferably from about 50 watts/cm 2 to about 100 watts/cm 2
  • the typical electromagnetic source is a magnetost ⁇ ctive transducer 106 which converts magnetic energy into ultrasonic energy by applying a strong alternating magnetic field to
  • Another typical electrical source is a piezoelectric transducer, which uses natural or synthetic single crystals (such as quartz) or ceramics (such as barium titanate or lead zirconate) and applies an alternating electrical voltage across opposite faces of the crystal or ceramic to cause an alternating expansion and contraction of crystal or ceramic at the impressed frequency
  • a transducer can be powered by any oscillating voltage.
  • the oscillations can be a continuous waveform oscillation such as sinusoidal wave or a series of pulses such as rectangular waveform pulses.
  • rectangular waveform is meant a direct current voltage that alternates through stepwise voltage changes between a constant positive value and a baseline value.
  • Rectangular waveforms that are preferred in the practice of this invention are those in which the baseline is a negative voltage rather than a zero voltage, and preferably those in which the alternating positive and negative voltages are of the same magnitude.
  • the voltage is from about 140 volts to about 400 volts, and preferably about 220 volts single-phase, and the preferred wattage is from about 1 kilowatt to about 17 kilowatts.
  • the frequency of the voltage oscillation will be selected to achieve the desired ultrasound frequency For example, the frequencies are in the range of about 10 to about 50 megahertz, with a range of about 15 to about 30 megahertz preferred. Any transducer that would benefit from enhanced control of temperature, pressure or the prevention of corrosion could be utilized in the present systems and methods.
  • Ultrasound has wide applications in such areas as cleaning for the electronics, automotive, aircraft, and precision instruments industries, flow metering for closed systems such as coolants in nuclear power plants or for blood flow in the vascular system, materials testing, machining, soldering and welding, electronics, agriculture, oceanography, and medical imaging
  • the various methods of producing and applying ultrasonic energy, and commercial suppliers of ultrasound equipment are well known among those skilled in ultrasound technology and such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos 6,402,939; 6,500,219; 6,652,992; and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006/0260405, 2006/0196915 and 2005/0274600, 2003/0051988, and 2004/0079680.
  • the ultrasonic transducer and ultrasonic horn 106 in particular can be of any conventional shape and size that may be known in the prior art for ultrasonic horns.
  • the horn may for example be cylindrical, preferably of circular cross section as indicated above, and suitable lengths may range from about 4 cm to about 100 cm (including half wave or full wave horns), depending on the reactor size, or from about 10 cm to about 50 cm, with a diameter of from about 3 cm to about 30 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 15 cm.
  • a block on which an ultrasonic horn is disposed can serve as both a mechanical connection that transmits the ultrasound vibrations from the transducer to the horn and an amplifier can likewise vary in its dimensions.
  • a suitable length range is about 5 cm to about 100 cm, and most preferably from about 10 cm to about 50 cm, with its widest diameter ranging from about 3 cm to about 30 cm, and preferably from about 5 cm to about 15 cm.
  • the horn is adaptable to a reaction chamber through various fittings conventional in the art.
  • the ultrasonic chamber can provide continuous flow of the material to be desulfu ⁇ zed.
  • the material e.g., crude resm or diesel fuel
  • the reaction chamber can be of any size, geometry or dimensions, so long as it is configured to receive the ultrasonic horn.
  • apparatus of the invention provide a coolant to regulate the temperature in the ultrasonic chamber while concomitantly reducing or eliminating corrosion in the ultrasonic chamber
  • the ultrasonic chamber is itself encased in a cooling jacket which provides circulation of the coolant disclosed herein to and from the ultrasonic chamber from the chiller- heater exchanger
  • transducers can comprise a protective layer of a laminate material or silicone such as disclosed in U S Patent No 7,033,673 Apparatus of the invention can be configured to not contain such protective coatings owing to the anticorrosive properties of the coolant discloses herein
  • the coolant When cooling is achieved by immersing the ultrasound chamber in a coolant bath or circulating coolant, the coolant may be at a temperature of about 50° C or less, about -50° C or less, or about -120 0 C
  • the pH of the emulsion may range from as low as 1 to as high as 10, although best results are generally achieved within a pH range of 2 to 7
  • the pressure of the emulsion as it is exposed to ultrasound can likewise vary, ranging from subatmosphe ⁇ c (as low as about 0 2 psia to about 5 psia or 0 34 atmosphere) to as high as 3,000 psia (214 atmospheres) In some embodiments, the pressure is less than about 400 psia (27 atmospheres), or less than about 50 psia (3 4 atmospheres) In further embodiments, the pressure is from about 1 psia atmospheric pressure to about 50 p
  • An advantage of the present invention is that the process and equipment can treat fossil fuels, petroleum fractions, with prolonged operation of the ultrasonic horn
  • the dielectric coolant provides enhanced temperature regulation and based on the anticorrosive properties, the horn is not required to be coated with any protective layer As such, the horn more efficiently dissipates heat and is more effectively cooled thus allowing prolonged operation
  • a greater volume of an emulsion e g , fuel emulsion
  • throughput rates of the oil phase are from about 5 to about 500 gallons (U S ) per minute (about 0 3 to about 30 L/sec), and most preferred are from about 8 to about 160 gallons (U S ) per minute (about 0 5 to about 10 L/sec)

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des dispositifs et des procédés permettant le fonctionnement de transducteurs ultrasoniques et de pavillons acoustiques.
PCT/US2008/068828 2007-07-05 2008-06-30 Transducteur ultrasonique et pavillon acoustique utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative des combustibles fossiles Ceased WO2009006426A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US94816807P 2007-07-05 2007-07-05
US60/948,168 2007-07-05
US11/850,648 2007-09-05
US11/850,648 US7790002B2 (en) 2007-07-05 2007-09-05 Ultrasonic transducer and horn used in oxidative desulfurization of fossil fuels

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009006426A2 true WO2009006426A2 (fr) 2009-01-08
WO2009006426A3 WO2009006426A3 (fr) 2009-02-19

Family

ID=40220617

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2008/068828 Ceased WO2009006426A2 (fr) 2007-07-05 2008-06-30 Transducteur ultrasonique et pavillon acoustique utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative des combustibles fossiles

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2009006426A2 (fr)

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7128133B2 (en) * 2003-12-16 2006-10-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Hydrofluoroether as a heat-transfer fluid
KR100866860B1 (ko) * 2004-05-27 2008-11-04 설프코 인크 고처리량의 연속 흐름 초음파 반응기
US7275440B2 (en) * 2004-11-18 2007-10-02 Sulphco, Inc. Loop-shaped ultrasound generator and use in reaction systems
TWI558685B (zh) * 2005-06-24 2016-11-21 哈尼威爾國際公司 含有經氟取代之烯烴之組合物

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2009006426A3 (fr) 2009-02-19

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7790002B2 (en) Ultrasonic transducer and horn used in oxidative desulfurization of fossil fuels
Thapa et al. A review study on the active methods of heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers using electroactive and magnetic materials
Hoang et al. An experimental analysis on physical properties and spray characteristics of an ultrasound-assisted emulsion of ultra-low-sulphur diesel and Jatropha-based biodiesel
Rahimi et al. Experimental study on the effects of acoustic streaming of high frequency ultrasonic waves on convective heat transfer: Effects of transducer position and wave interference
TW423170B (en) High power ultrasonic transducer
WO2010071818A2 (fr) Transducteur ultrasonore et pavillon acoustiques utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative de combustibles fossiles
TW201927999A (zh) 全氟化１－烷氧基丙烯、組成物、以及使用其等之方法及設備
KR20210148260A (ko) 마이크로파 열분해 시스템을 위한 내부적 냉각 임피던스 튜너
König et al. Comprehensive review on cooling of permanent magnet synchronous motors and their qualitative assessment for aerospace applications
WO2009006426A2 (fr) Transducteur ultrasonique et pavillon acoustique utilisés dans la désulfuration oxydative des combustibles fossiles
Mraiza et al. Active Techniques of Heat Transfer Enhancement: A review
Xiong et al. Thermal enhancement of a heat exchanger of engine via U-cut and V-cut zigzag strip turbulator combined with bubble injection method
Singh et al. Experimental study on effects of surfactant and spray inclination on heat transfer performance in nonboiling regime
Tillery et al. Boiling heat transfer enhancement using a submerged, vibration-induced jet
KR101017827B1 (ko) 발열봉
US20050204749A1 (en) Scraped surface heat exchanger for continuous heating or cooling of viscous masses
EP3152769B1 (fr) Agencement pour boîtier sous-marin de composants électriques et sa fabrication
CN204013088U (zh) 一种水下用介质冷却电机
CN106622068A (zh) 一种新型燃油添加剂发生装置
US20150163858A1 (en) Joule heating apparatus and method
JP2009034274A (ja) 焼灼器
CN109425256A (zh) 一种新型传无水热介质及其应用
CN207573834U (zh) 用于微波源、微波功率源和微波电源的内外水冷却结构
Rachmat et al. Design of Magnetron Cooling Method Based on Heat Exchanger System for Microwave Heating Application
US20160186126A1 (en) Acoustic energy treatment using phase change couplant

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08781197

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 08781197

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2