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WO2009000125A1 - Method for informing home subscriber server of storing packet data network gateway address information - Google Patents

Method for informing home subscriber server of storing packet data network gateway address information Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009000125A1
WO2009000125A1 PCT/CN2007/003911 CN2007003911W WO2009000125A1 WO 2009000125 A1 WO2009000125 A1 WO 2009000125A1 CN 2007003911 W CN2007003911 W CN 2007003911W WO 2009000125 A1 WO2009000125 A1 WO 2009000125A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hss
pdn
address information
mobility management
management node
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PCT/CN2007/003911
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jinguo Zhu
Zaifeng Zong
Min Fang
Xiliang Liu
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ZTE Corp
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ZTE Corp
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Application filed by ZTE Corp filed Critical ZTE Corp
Priority to US12/666,231 priority Critical patent/US20100182953A1/en
Priority to EP07855911A priority patent/EP2164206A4/en
Publication of WO2009000125A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009000125A1/zh
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W8/00—Network data management
    • H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
    • H04W8/04—Registration at HLR or HSS [Home Subscriber Server]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W8/00—Network data management
    • H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
    • H04W8/08—Mobility data transfer
    • H04W8/12—Mobility data transfer between location registers or mobility servers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
    • H04W88/06—Terminal devices adapted for operation in multiple networks or having at least two operational modes, e.g. multi-mode terminals

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of wireless communications, and in particular, to a method for notifying a HSS (Home Subscriber Server) to save PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) address information in a system architecture evolution.
  • HSS Home Subscriber Server
  • PDN GW Packet Data Network Gateway
  • the current SAE architecture is shown in Figure 1, which includes the following network elements:
  • E-RAN Evolved RAN
  • eNodeB Evolved NodeB
  • Non 3GPP A network using wireless technologies other than 3GPP defined, such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Global Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax), and the like.
  • WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
  • Wimax Global Interoperability for Microwave Access
  • the non-3GPP network is mainly divided into two types: trust and untrust, and access to the PDN GW through the S2a and S2b interfaces respectively.
  • PDN Packet Data Network
  • E-Packet Core Evolved packet network, lowering latency and allowing more wireless Access system access. Contains the following network elements:
  • HSS Home Subscriber Server
  • a home subscriber server that permanently stores user subscription data and provides authentication to users.
  • 3GPP AAA (Authentication Authorization Accounting) Server 3 GPP authentication, authorization, and statistics server, which provides authentication, authorization, and statistics services when the non-3GPP wireless network accesses the 3GPP network.
  • the 3GPP AAA Server may be integrated with the HSS. It can be separated, separated, and passed through the Wx* interface.
  • the interface between 3GPP AAA Server and Non 3GPP is the Wa* and Ta* interfaces.
  • the non-3GPP network of the visited site needs to be connected through the visited 3GPP AAA Proxy.
  • the 3GPP AAA Server to the home, the 3GPP AAA Proxy and the 3GPP AAA Server are Wd* interfaces;
  • MME Mobility Management Entity: A mobility management entity, which is a control plane function entity, a server that temporarily stores user data, and is responsible for managing and storing UE (user equipment) contexts (such as UE/user identity, mobility management state, user security parameters, etc.). And assigning a temporary identifier to the user, when the UE is camped in the tracking area or the network is responsible for authenticating the user, processing all non-access stratum messages between the IME and the UE; triggering paging in the SAE.
  • the interface between the eNodeB and the MME is an S1-MME interface;
  • the service gateway which is a user plane entity, is responsible for user plane data routing processing, terminates downlink data of the UE in idle state, and manages and stores the SAE bearer context of the UE, such as IP bearer service.
  • the parameter and the internal routing information of the network are the anchor points of the internal user plane of the 3GPP system.
  • One user can only have one Serving GW at a time; the interface between the eNodeB and the Serving GW is an Sl-U interface, and the MME controls the Serving through the S10 interface.
  • GW the interface between the eNodeB and the Serving GW
  • PDN GW Packet data network gateway, responsible for the gateway function of the UE to access the PDN, is the mobility anchor of the 3GPP and non-3GPP access systems; the interface between the PDN GW and the Serving GW is the S5 interface, and the 3GPP AAA Server The interface is the S6c interface, and the interface between the PDN and the PDN is the Gi interface.
  • Maintaining business continuity during the handover process means that the user can use the service without interruption during the mobile process. This requires the user to change the IP address of the user relative to the service during the mobile process, and the PDN GW of the access service network cannot be changed.
  • One way is When the user selects a PDN GW in an access system, the IP address of the selected PDN GW is sent to the HSS for storage, so that when the user switches to another access system, since the HSS remains unchanged, The address of the PDN GW is obtained from the HSS.
  • Step 201 The UE accesses from the access system 1;
  • Step 202 the access system 1 selects a PDN GW, and establishes a bearer of the UE to the PDN GW;
  • Step 203 Save the address of the PDN GW in the HSS.
  • Step 204 When the UE switches to the access system 2, access from the access system 2;
  • Step 205 The access system 2 acquires address information of the PDN GW from the HSS.
  • Step 206 The access system 2 establishes a bearer of the UE to the PDN GW.
  • the PDN GW can send its own IP address information to the HSS through the AAA Server.
  • AAA Server In the 3GPP access system, such as E-RAN access or GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) access, AAA Server is not used, so this method is not feasible.
  • Another method is that the PDN GW directly informs the HSS of its own IP address.
  • a roaming interface is between the PDN GW of the visited network and the home network HSS, and the roaming agreement must be signed between the operators.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for notifying the home subscriber server to store the packet data network gateway address information, without using the AAA Server, and without using the roaming interface between the PDN GW and the HSS, so that the HSS can save the PDN GW. Address information.
  • the present invention provides a method for notifying a home subscriber server HSS to store a packet data network gateway PDN GW address information in a system architecture evolution, which includes the following steps:
  • the mobility management node learns that the address information of the PDN GW is not saved in the HSS, or The mobility management node reselects a PDN GW;
  • the mobility management node notifies the HSS of the address information of the PDN GW for storage.
  • the mobility management node is a mobility management entity MME or a general packet radio service support node SGSN.
  • the mobility management node learns that the HSS does not save the address information of the PDN GW in the process of inserting the user data into the mobility management node, or learns the address of the PDN GW saved in the HSS. information.
  • the mobility management node sends a location update request to the HSS, updates the location information of the user saved in the HSS, and acquires user data from the HSS.
  • the mobility management node informs the HSS of the address information of the PDN GW by location update message.
  • the HSS After the HSS saves the address information of the updated PDN GW, the HSS returns a mobility management node location update response.
  • the invention proposes: In the 3GPP access system, the MME or the SGSN (GPRS service support node) notifies the HSS to save the address information of the PDN GW.
  • the AAA server can be avoided, and the roaming interface between the PDN GW and the HSS can be avoided.
  • the MME or the SGSN can know whether the HSS has saved the address information of the PDN GW, and if it has been saved, it can be notified again. HSS. BRIEF abstract
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of switching between different access systems in the prior art
  • 2 is a schematic diagram of direct switching of different access systems
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing the attachment of the application example of the present invention. Preferred embodiment of the invention
  • the present invention solves how to notify the HSS of the address information of the PDN GW.
  • the core idea is that when the address information of the used PDN GW needs to be saved in the HSS, the mobility management node sends the address information of the PDN GW to the HSS for storage.
  • the need to store a PDN GW address information in the HSS means that the HSS does not store the address information of the PDN GW, or the mobility management node reselects a PDN GW.
  • the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
  • Step 301 The mobility management node learns that the address information of the PDN GW is not saved in the HSS, or the mobility management node reselects a PDN GW;
  • Step 302 The mobility management node informs the HSS of the address information of the PDN GW to save.
  • the mobility management node may be an MME when the E-RAN is accessed, or may be an SGSN when the GPRS is accessed.
  • the mobility management node informs the HSS of the address information of the PDN GW by using a notification message, where the notification message needs to include the parameter: the address of the PDN GW.
  • the notification message may use a location update message that already exists between the MME or the SGSN and the HSS.
  • the mobility management node learns the address information of the PDN GW saved by the HSS in the process of inserting the user data into the mobility management node, or learns that the address information of the PDN GW is not saved in the HSS.
  • Step 401 The UE initiates an attach request in the E-RAN, and the E-RAN forwards the attach request to the MME.
  • Step 402 The MME sends a location update request to the HSS, updates the location information of the user saved in the HSS, and acquires user data from the HSS.
  • Step 403 The HSS inserts the user data into the MME.
  • the MME may know whether the location information of the PDN GW, that is, the address information, is saved in the HSS.
  • Step 404 After the user data is successfully inserted, the HSS returns an MME location update response.
  • Step 405 The MME selects a PDN GW according to the information provided by the HSS. If the PDN GW is already saved in the HSS, the MME may directly use the PDN GW. Reselect a PDN GW to use; when the PDN GW is not saved, the MME selects a PDN GW to use.
  • Step 406 The MME establishes a bearer to the used PDN GW.
  • Step 407 if the address information of the PDN GW is not saved in the HSS, or the MME re-selects the PDN GW, it is determined that the address information of the PDN GW needs to be saved in the HSS, and step 408 is performed; otherwise, step 411 is performed;
  • Step 408 The MME initiates a location update request to the HSS, where the location information of the new PDN GW is included;
  • Step 409 the HSS saves the address information of the PDN GW.
  • Step 410 The HSS returns an MME location update response.
  • Step 411 The MME returns a UE attach accept message.
  • the MME can also be replaced by the SGSN.
  • the HSS can directly obtain the address information of the PDN GW from the MME without using the 3GPP AAA Server, and avoid the roaming interface between the PDN GW and the HSS.
  • the technical solution of the present invention does not need to use the AAA Server, nor does it need to use the roaming interface between the PDN GW and the HSS, so that the HSS can save the address information of the PDN GW.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Description

通知归属用户服务器保存分组数据网网关地址信息的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及无线通信领域，尤其涉及一种系统架构演进中通知 HSS (归 属用户服务器）保存 PDN GW (分组数据网网关）地址信息的方法。
背景技术
随着 Wimax ( World Interoperability for Microwave Access, 全球微波接 入互通）的异军突起， 第三代移动通信系统要保持其在移动通信领域的强有 力的竟争力，必须提高其网络性能和降低网络建设和运营成本。 因此， 3GPP ( 3rd Generation Partnership Project,第三代合作伙伴计划）的标准化工作组， 目前正致力于研究对 PS Core( Packet Switch Core,包交换核心网）和 UTRAN ( Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Radio Access Network, 全球移 动通信系统无线接入网）的演进，这个研究的课题叫 系统架构演进（ System Architecture Evolution, 简称 SAE ) , 目的是使得演进的 PS Core (简称 E-PS Core )可提供更高的传输速率，更短的传输延时，优化分组，及支持 E-UTRAN ( Evolved UTRAN,演进的 UTRAN )、 UTRAN, WLAN ( Wireless Local Area Network, 无线局域网）及其他非 3GPP的接入网络之间的移动性管理。
目前 SAE的架构如图 1所示， 其中包含了如下网元：
E-RAN ( Evolved RAN ) ： 演进的无线接入网， 可以提供更高的上下行 速率， 更低的传输延迟和更加可靠的无线传输。 E-RAN 中包含的网元是 eNodeB ( Evolved NodeB ) , 为用户的接入提供无线资源。
Non 3GPP: 采用非 3GPP定义的无线技术的网络，这些技术比如无线局 域网 WLAN ( Wireless Local Area Network )、全球 ^：波接入互操作性 Wimax ( World Interoperability for Microwave Access )等。 非 3 GPP网络主要分为信 任和不信任两种， 分别通过 S2a和 S2b接口接入 PDN GW。
PDN ( Packet Data Network ) ： 分组数据网， 为用户提供业务的网络。
E-Packet Core: 演进的分组网， 提高了更低的延迟， 并允许更多的无线 接入系统接入。 包含了如下网元：
HSS ( Home Subscriber Server ) ： 归属用户服务器， 永久存储用户签约 数据， 并提供对用户的鉴权；
3GPP AAA ( Authentication Authorization Accounting ) Server: 3 GPP认 证、 授权、 统计服务器， 主要当非 3GPP无线网絡接入 3GPP网络的时候， 提供认证、授权、 统计的服务； 3GPP AAA Server可能和 HSS合一， 也可以 分开， 分开的时候， 中间通过 Wx*接口； 3GPP AAA Server与 Non 3GPP的 接口是 Wa*和 Ta*接口； 对于漫游情况， 拜访地的非 3GPP网络， 需要通过 拜访地的 3GPP AAA Proxy来接入归属地的 3GPP AAA Server, 3GPP AAA Proxy和 3GPP AAA Server之间是 Wd*接口；
MME ( Mobility Management Entity )： 移动管理实体， 是控制面功能实 体， 临时存储用户数据的服务器， 负责管理和存储 UE (用户设备）上下文 (比如 UE/用户标识， 移动性管理状态， 用户安全参数等）， 为用户分配临 时标识， 当 UE驻扎在该跟踪区域或者该网络是负责对该用户进行鉴权， 则 处理] IME和 UE之间的所有非接入层消息； 触发在 SAE的寻呼。 eNodeB 和 MME之间的接口是 S1-MME接口；
Serving GW ( Gateway )： 服务网关， 该网关是一个用户面实体， 负责 用户面数据路由处理， 终结处于闲置状态的 UE 的下行数据， 管理和存储 UE的 SAE承载 (bearer)上下文， 比如 IP承载业务参数和网络内部路由信息 等， 是 3GPP 系统内部用户面的锚点， 一个用户在一个时刻只能有一个 Serving GW; eNodeB和 Serving GW之间的接口是 Sl-U接口， MME通过 S10接口控制 Serving GW;
PDN GW: 分组数据网网关， 负责 UE接入 PDN的网关功能， 是 3GPP 和非 3GPP接入系统的移动性锚点； PDN GW与 Serving GW之间的接口是 S5接口， 与 3GPP AAA Server之间的接口是 S6c接口， 与 PDN之间的接口 是 Gi接口。
切换过程中保持业务连续性指的是用户在移动过程中 ,能够不间断的使 用业务。 这要求用户在移动过程中， 相对于业务来说， 不能发生用户 IP地 址的改变， 同时， 接入业务网络的 PDN GW也不能发生改变。 一种方法是 在用户在一个接入系统中选择一个 PDN GW的时候， 将所选择的 PDN GW 的 IP地址发给 HSS保存， 这样当用户切换到另外一个接入系统的时候， 由 于 HSS保持不变， 因此可以从 HSS获取该 PDN GW的地址。 如图 2所示： 步驟 201 , UE从接入系统 1中接入；
步聲 202 ,接入系统 1选择某个 PDN GW, 并建立 UE到该 PDN GW的 承载；
步骤 203 , 将 PDN GW的地址保存在 HSS中；
步驟 204, UE切换到接入系统 2中时， 从接入系统 2中接入；
步骤 205, 接入系统 2从 HSS获取 PDN GW的地址信息；
步骤 206， 接入系统 2建立 UE到该 PDN GW的承载。
当 UE在非 3GPP中接入的时候， PDN GW可以将自己的 IP地址信息通 过 AAA Server发送给 HSS。
而在 3GPP接入系统中， 比如 E-RAN接入或者 GPRS ( General Packet Radio Service, 通用分组无线业务）接入， 并没有用到 AAA Server, 因此这 种方法不可行。
另外一种方法是 PDN GW将自己的 IP地址直接告诉 HSS, 这样， 当漫 游情况下， 拜访网的 PDN GW和归属网 HSS之间就是一个漫游接口， 运营 商之间必须签署漫游协议。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题就是提供一种通知归属用户服务器保存分组 数据网网关地址信息的方法， 无需使用 AAA Server, 也无需使用 PDN GW 和 HSS之间的漫游接口， 便可以使 HSS保存 PDN GW的地址信息。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种系统架构演进中通知归属用 户服务器 HSS保存分组数据网网关 PDN GW地址信息的方法，其特征在于， 包括如下步骤：
( 1 )移动性管理节点获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息，或者 移动性管理节点重新选择了一个 PDN GW;
( 2 )移动性管理节点将 PDN GW的地址信息告知 HSS进行保存。
进一步的， 所述移动性管理节点为移动管理实体 MME或通用分组无线 业务服务支持节点 SGSN。
进一步的， 所述步驟（1 ) 中， 所述移动性管理节点在 HSS向移动性管 理节点插入用户数据过程中获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 或 者获知 HSS中保存的 PDN GW的地址信息。
进一步的， 所述 HSS向移动性管理节点插入用户数据之前， 移动性管. 理节点向 HSS发送位置更新请求， 更新 HSS中保存的用户的位置信息并从 HSS获取用户数据。
进一步的， 所述步骤（2 ) 中：
移动性管理节点通过位置更新消息将 PDN GW的地址信息告知 HSS进 行保存。
进一步的， 所述 HSS保存更新的 PDN GW的地址信息后， 返回移动性 管理节点位置更新响应。
本发明提出： 在 3GPP接入系统中， 由 MME或者 SGSN ( GPRS服务支 持节点）来通知 HSS 保存 PDN GW的地址信息。 这样一方面可以避免使用 AAA Server, 也可以避免 PDN GW和 HSS之间的漫游接口； 另外一方面， MME或者 SGSN可以获知 HSS是否已经保存了 PDN GW的地址信息， 如 果已经保存则可以不用再次通知 HSS。 附图概述
图 1是现有技术中不同接入系统之间的切换示意图；
图 2是不同接入系统直接的切换示意图；
图 3是本发明实施例的流程示意图；
图 4是本发明应用实例的附着流程图。 本发明的较佳实施方式
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明的技术方案进行更详细的说明。
本发明解决如何将 PDN GW的地址信息通知给 HSS。 核心思想是当需 要在 HSS 中保存所用 PDN GW的地址信息时， 由移动性管理节点将所述 PDN GW的地址信息发送给 HSS保存。需要在 HSS中保存一个 PDN GW地 址信息是指： HSS没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 或是移动性管理节点重 新选择了一个 PDN GW。
如图 3所示， 本发明实施例包括如下步骤：
步骤 301,移动性管理节点获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 或者移动性管理节点重新选择了一个 PDN GW;
步骤 302，移动性管理节点将 PDN GW的地址信息告知 HSS进行保存。 所述移动性管理节点可以是 E-RAN接入时候的 MME,也可以是 GPRS 接入时候的 SGSN。
所述步骤 302中， 移动性管理节点通过通知消息将 PDN GW的地址信 息告知 HSS进行保存， 所述通知消息中需要包含参数： PDN GW的地址信
所述步骤 302中， 所述通知消息可以使用 MME或 SGSN和 HSS之间 已经存在的位置更新消息。
所述移动性管理节点在 HSS 向移动性管理节点插入用户数据的过程中 获知 HSS保存的 PDN GW的地址信息，或者获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW 的地址信息。
图 4是本发明应用实例的附着流程图， 包括如下步骤：
步骤 401 , UE在 E-RAN中发起附着请求， E-RAN将附着请求转发到 MME;
步骤 402, MME向 HSS发送位置更新请求， 更新 HSS中保存的用户的 位置信息并从 HSS获取用户数据；
步驟 403 , HSS向 MME插入用户数据 , 在插入用户数据过程中 , MME 可以知道 HSS中是否保存了 PDN GW的位置信息一一即地址信息； 步骤 404, 成功插入用户数据之后， HSS返回 MME位置更新响应； 步驟 405, MME根据 HSS提供的信息选择一个 PDN GW, 如果 HSS 中已经保存了 PDN GW, 则 MME可以直接使用该 PDN GW，也可以重新选 择一个 PDN GW来使用；当没有保存 PDN GW时， MME选择一个 PDN GW 来使用。
步骤 406 , MME建立到所使用的 PDN GW的承载；
步驟 407, 如果 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 或者 MME重 新选择了 PDN GW, 则判断需要在 HSS中保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 执行 步骤 408, 否则执行步驟 411;
步骤 408, MME向 HSS发起位置更新请求， 其中带有新的 PDN GW 的位置信息；
步骤 409， HSS保存 PDN GW的地址信息；
步驟 410, HSS返回 MME位置更新响应；
步骤 411 , MME返回 UE附着接受消息。
本应用实例中忽略了和本发明无关的鉴权和安全等过程。 另外当 UE从
GPRS接入的时候， MME也可以换成 SGSN。
综上所述，通过本发明， HSS无需通过 3GPP AAA Server就能够直接从 MME获取 PDN GW的地址信息， 并且避免了 PDN GW和 HSS之间的漫游 接口。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例而已 , 并不用于限制本发明, 对于本领域 的技术人员来说， 本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则 之内， 所作的任何修改、 等同替换、 改进等， 均应包含在本发明的权利要求 范围之内。
工业实用性
本发明的技术方案无需使用 AAA Server, 也无需使用 PDN GW和 HSS 之间的漫游接口， 便可以使 HSS保存 PDN GW的地址信息。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、 一种系统架构演进中通知归属用户服务器 HSS保存分组数据网网关 PDN GW地址信息的方法， 其特征在于， 包括如下步骤-.
( 1 )移动性管理节点获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息，或者 移动性管理节点重新选择了一个 PDN GW;
( 2 )移动性管理节点将 PDN GW的地址信息告知 HSS进行保存。 2、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法， 其特征在于：
所述移动性管理节点为移动管理实体 MME或通用分组无线业务服务支 持节点 SGSN。
3、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的方法， 其特征在于：
所述步骤（ 1 ) 中， 所述移动性管理节点在 HSS向移动性管理节点插入 用户数据过程中获知 HSS中没有保存 PDN GW的地址信息， 或者获知 HSS 中保存的 PDN GW的地址信息。
4、 根据权利要求 3所述的方法， 其特征在于：
所述 HSS向移动性管理节点插入用户数据之前，移动性管理节点向 HSS 发送位置更新请求， 更新 HSS中保存的用户的位置信息并从 HSS获取用户 数据。
5、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的方法， 其特征在于， 所述步驟（2 ) 中： 移动性管理节点通过位置更新消息将 PDN GW的地址信息告知 HSS进 行保存。
6、 根据权利要求 5所述的方法， 其特征在于：
所述 HSS保存更新的 PDN GW的地址信息后， 返回移动性管理节点位 置更新响应。
PCT/CN2007/003911 2007-06-22 2007-12-29 Method for informing home subscriber server of storing packet data network gateway address information Ceased WO2009000125A1 (en)

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