WO2009093710A1 - Malaxeur à vis - Google Patents
Malaxeur à vis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009093710A1 WO2009093710A1 PCT/JP2009/051117 JP2009051117W WO2009093710A1 WO 2009093710 A1 WO2009093710 A1 WO 2009093710A1 JP 2009051117 W JP2009051117 W JP 2009051117W WO 2009093710 A1 WO2009093710 A1 WO 2009093710A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- chamber
- screw
- barrel
- kneaded
- cooling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
- B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
- B29B7/34—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices
- B29B7/38—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
- B29B7/40—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with single shaft
- B29B7/42—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with single shaft with screw or helix
- B29B7/421—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with single shaft with screw or helix with screw and additionally other mixing elements on the same shaft, e.g. paddles, discs, bearings, rotor blades of the Banbury type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/90—Heating or cooling systems
- B01F35/91—Heating or cooling systems using gas or liquid injected into the material, e.g. using liquefied carbon dioxide or steam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
- B29B7/80—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29B7/82—Heating or cooling
- B29B7/823—Temperature control
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
- B29B7/80—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29B7/84—Venting or degassing ; Removing liquids, e.g. by evaporating components
- B29B7/845—Venting, degassing or removing evaporated components in devices with rotary stirrers
- B29B7/847—Removing of gaseous components before or after mixing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/397—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using a single screw
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/505—Screws
- B29C48/54—Screws with additional forward-feeding elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/82—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/83—Heating or cooling the cylinders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/83—Heating or cooling the cylinders
- B29C48/834—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/90—Heating or cooling systems
- B01F2035/98—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/06—Rod-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/505—Screws
- B29C48/51—Screws with internal flow passages, e.g. for molten material
- B29C48/515—Screws with internal flow passages, e.g. for molten material for auxiliary fluids, e.g. foaming agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/84—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders by heating or cooling the feeding screws
- B29C48/85—Cooling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a screw kneader, and more particularly to a screw kneader having a cooling structure.
- the screw-type kneader has a structure in which, after a kneading object is supplied, the kneading object / kneaded material is heated by shear heat or heater heat generated by the rotation of the screw. Heater heat is applied to the kneaded material through a barrel surrounding the screw. On the other hand, with regard to cooling, a flow path for flowing water or the like is formed inside the barrel or inside the screw, and the barrel or screw is cooled through this flow path, and the kneaded material is further cooled. Yes.
- the screw-type kneader is provided with the cooling structure as described above, so that consideration can be given to suppressing the temperature rise of the kneaded product.
- a screw type kneader having such a cooling structure is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2003-245534 and 2004-66705.
- the temperature of the kneaded product is controlled by heat exchange control using a screw or barrel.
- the shear heat generated by the rotation of the screw is high, there is a problem that the cooling of the kneaded material by the cooling structure may not catch up.
- the conventional screw type kneader has a problem that excessive heat generation often occurs at the screw tip portion or the portion having the screw kneading function. The phenomena listed as these problems not only cause deterioration of the resin but also lead to deterioration of kneadability.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a screw-type kneader capable of efficient cooling.
- the screw-type kneader of the present invention made to solve the above-described problems is a barrel having a cylindrical chamber therein, a supply port for supplying an object to the chamber, and rotating in the chamber.
- a volatile refrigerant is directly sprayed onto the kneaded product, thereby efficiently cooling the kneaded product.
- the cooling opening may be formed at a position above the barrel and not filled with the kneaded material.
- the kneaded material does not enter the cooling opening in the process of moving in the axial direction of the screw.
- the kneaded product is efficiently cooled.
- the spraying device may include a nozzle for spraying the refrigerant in the form of bubbles or mist.
- the volatile refrigerant is directly sprayed on the kneaded material in a state where it is easily vaporized.
- the screw-type kneader having the above-described configuration has an intake opening formed at a side of the barrel and located between the cooling opening and the kneaded product discharge port and communicating with the chamber.
- the refrigerant vaporized in step 1 may be exhausted to the outside through the intake opening.
- the vaporized refrigerant is exhausted out of the chamber through the intake opening. Exhaust is preferably performed in a state in which the vaporized refrigerant in the chamber is sucked.
- the spraying device may include a control unit that controls the coolant to be sprayed when the temperature of the kneaded product exceeds a threshold value.
- a volatile refrigerant can be sprayed into the chamber in a timely manner, and the kneaded product can be efficiently cooled.
- the volatile refrigerant is directly sprayed onto the kneaded material in a state where it is easy to vaporize, thereby achieving an effect that cooling can be performed more efficiently.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the screw kneader of the present invention.
- the screw kneader 1 is configured as a twin-screw kneading extruder of the same direction rotational engagement type (assumed to be an example) in this embodiment.
- the screw-type kneader 1 includes a barrel 3 having a chamber 2 serving as a cylindrical cavity, a screw 4 that rotates in the chamber 2, a drive unit 5 that includes a motor and a speed reducer, a volatile refrigerant spraying device 6, and the like. .
- the barrel 3 extends in the left-right direction in the figure, and a drive unit 5 is provided at one end thereof.
- the other end of the barrel 3 is the front end of the chamber 2, and a kneaded product discharge port 7 for discharging the kneaded product is formed at the front end of the chamber 3.
- a supply port 9 for supplying an object 8 to be kneaded such as pellets
- a cooling opening 10 that is located on the front end side of the chamber with respect to the supply port 9 and communicates with the chamber 2.
- an intake opening 11 communicating with the chamber 2 is formed through the side of the barrel 3 between the cooling opening 10 and the front end of the chamber.
- the barrel 3 is formed with a general length and diameter.
- a hopper portion 12 Supplied to the supply port 9 is a hopper portion 12 in which the kneaded object 8 before supply is placed.
- the cooling opening 10 and the intake opening 11 are connected to a part of the volatile refrigerant spraying device 6.
- the supply port 9, the cooling opening 10, and the intake opening 11 are arranged on the upper side of the barrel 3.
- the cooling opening 10 is formed at an unfilled position (a position where the kneaded material is not filled) where the kneaded material does not rise.
- temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of each part of the side part and the kneaded material is provided at the side part of the barrel 3 and the front end of the chamber.
- Each of the temperature measuring means is connected to a control unit (or a control device that controls the entire kneader) described later of the volatile refrigerant spraying device 6.
- the screw 4 is rotated in a predetermined direction when the drive unit 5 is operated. As the screw 4 rotates, the kneading object 8 supplied from the supply port 9 to the chamber 2 can be continuously kneaded. The kneaded object 8 is kneaded to become a kneaded product, moves from the left side to the right side in the figure, and is pushed out from the kneaded product discharge port 7.
- the screw 4 is not particularly limited, but when the configuration is given in order from the left side to the right side in the figure, the first screw part 13, the first kneading blade part 14, the first kneading disk part 15, the second screw part 16, The second kneading blade part 17, the second kneading disk part 18, and the third screw part 19 are configured by the element members.
- the volatile refrigerant spraying device 6 can spray the tank 21 storing the volatile refrigerant 20, the pipe 21 through which the volatile refrigerant 20 flows, and the volatile refrigerant 20 in the form of bubbles or mist.
- a control unit 24 The nozzle 22 is provided in the cooling opening 10 so that the volatile refrigerant 20 in the form of bubbles or mist can be directly sprayed onto the kneaded product.
- the control unit 24 determines that the temperature of the kneaded material is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature (threshold), and the volatile refrigerant 20 in the form of bubbles or mist is sprayed directly onto the kneaded material, the vaporization at this time is accompanied by vaporization. As a result, the heat of the kneaded product is removed, and the kneaded product is efficiently cooled. By directly cooling the kneaded product, a high cooling effect can be exhibited (in the conventional example, heat is absorbed only at the portion in contact with the inner surface of the barrel 3. In the present invention, heat of vaporization + temperature equilibrium is achieved. And more uniform and efficient cooling).
- the suction mechanism 23 is provided in the intake opening 11.
- the volatile refrigerant 20 is preferably a refrigerant that does not contain a large amount of impurities.
- water is an example. And it is suitable to spray and use this water in foam or mist form.
- the reason for the foam or mist is that if the water is used in the form of large water droplets, there is a risk that it will be too cold.
- the screw 4 is made of metal, so that there is a risk that the dimensions will shift and interference may occur (crack generation) due to rapid cooling.
- a conventional cooling structure in which a flow path for flowing water or the like is formed in the barrel 3 or the screw 4 and the barrel 3 or the screw 4 is cooled through the flow path is replaced with the cooling structure according to the present invention.
- the cooling structure according to the present invention can be used as an auxiliary cooling structure of the conventional cooling structure.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Accessories For Mixers (AREA)
- Mixers Of The Rotary Stirring Type (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention porte sur un malaxeur à vis à refroidissement efficace. Le malaxeur à vis selon l'invention (1) est équipé d'un cylindre (3) comprenant une chambre (2) à section tubulaire creuse, et d'une vis (4) tournant dans la chambre (2). Dans la chambre (2) sont ménagées une ouverture d'alimentation (9) dans laquelle est introduite une matière à malaxer (8), et une ouverture de décharge de produit malaxé (7) qui est située à l'extrémité antérieure de la chambre et par laquelle le produit malaxé est évacué. Dans une partie latérale du cylindre (3) sont formées des ouvertures traversantes, à savoir une ouverture de refroidissement (10) qui communique avec la chambre (2) et une ouverture d'aspiration d'air (11) qui est située plus proche de l'extrémité antérieure de la chambre que l'ouverture de refroidissement (10) et qui communique avec la chambre (2). L'ouverture de refroidissement (10) est en outre équipée d'un dispositif d'éjection de réfrigérant volatil (6) destiné à éjecter un réfrigérant volatil (10) en direction de la chambre (2).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2009801027333A CN101925401A (zh) | 2008-01-23 | 2009-01-23 | 螺旋式捏合机 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008012124A JP5095425B2 (ja) | 2008-01-23 | 2008-01-23 | スクリュー式混練機 |
| JP2008-012124 | 2008-01-23 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2009093710A1 true WO2009093710A1 (fr) | 2009-07-30 |
Family
ID=40901213
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/051117 Ceased WO2009093710A1 (fr) | 2008-01-23 | 2009-01-23 | Malaxeur à vis |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP5095425B2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN101925401A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009093710A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102711972B (zh) | 2009-11-25 | 2014-12-31 | 索里斯卡彭公司 | 糊状物尤其是用于制作炼铝电极的碳质糊状物的制备方法和制备机械 |
| US9108171B2 (en) * | 2012-02-07 | 2015-08-18 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing resin kneaded product |
| JP6132308B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-27 | 2017-05-24 | 日東電工株式会社 | 光半導体用樹脂組成物の製法 |
| CN103895121A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2014-07-02 | 日东电工株式会社 | 混炼装置 |
| JP6033895B2 (ja) * | 2015-01-13 | 2016-11-30 | 株式会社日本製鋼所 | ベントを備えた押出機 |
| CN113580408B (zh) * | 2021-09-26 | 2021-12-03 | 如皋市井上捏和机械厂 | 一种捏合机内物料温度检测系统 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05116136A (ja) * | 1991-10-29 | 1993-05-14 | Mitsui Constr Co Ltd | コンクリート混練装置 |
| JP2003245534A (ja) * | 2002-02-21 | 2003-09-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | ゴムあるいはゴム系組成物の混練装置 |
| JP2006341478A (ja) * | 2005-06-09 | 2006-12-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 連続混練装置及び該装置を有する混練システム |
-
2008
- 2008-01-23 JP JP2008012124A patent/JP5095425B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-01-23 WO PCT/JP2009/051117 patent/WO2009093710A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-01-23 CN CN2009801027333A patent/CN101925401A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05116136A (ja) * | 1991-10-29 | 1993-05-14 | Mitsui Constr Co Ltd | コンクリート混練装置 |
| JP2003245534A (ja) * | 2002-02-21 | 2003-09-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | ゴムあるいはゴム系組成物の混練装置 |
| JP2006341478A (ja) * | 2005-06-09 | 2006-12-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 連続混練装置及び該装置を有する混練システム |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5095425B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 |
| CN101925401A (zh) | 2010-12-22 |
| JP2009172493A (ja) | 2009-08-06 |
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