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WO2009071962A2 - Compositions de ciment pour des applications de cimentation de puits de pétrole - Google Patents

Compositions de ciment pour des applications de cimentation de puits de pétrole Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009071962A2
WO2009071962A2 PCT/IB2007/003760 IB2007003760W WO2009071962A2 WO 2009071962 A2 WO2009071962 A2 WO 2009071962A2 IB 2007003760 W IB2007003760 W IB 2007003760W WO 2009071962 A2 WO2009071962 A2 WO 2009071962A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
source
cement
weight
cementitious
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2007/003760
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English (en)
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WO2009071962A3 (fr
Inventor
Arlen Earl Bingamon
Stephen C. Morrical
Francis Allison Innis
Anthony Martin Sorcic
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Holcim Technology Ltd
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Holcim Technology Ltd
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Priority to PCT/IB2007/003760 priority Critical patent/WO2009071962A2/fr
Publication of WO2009071962A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009071962A2/fr
Publication of WO2009071962A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009071962A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/14—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/42—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells
    • C09K8/46—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement
    • C09K8/467—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement containing additives for specific purposes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to cementitious compositions and more particularly to cementitious compositions for use in oil and gas wells.
  • Portland cement manufacturing generates various byproducts, including CO 2 created during calcination and burning of raw materials by firing hydrocarbon fuels.
  • Portland cement manufacturers increasingly seek technology and processes that reduce potential environmental impact during manufacturing. For example, environmentally friendly cement products may reduce the amount of CO 2 or other undesirable pollutants and/or waste products and/or energy consumption while still producing comparable performance.
  • a cementitious composition for oil and gas well applications comprises a hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate and an organic component.
  • a cementitious composition for oil well applications has a minimum thickening time of about 90 minutes and an eight hour compressive strength of at least about 200 psi (1.4 MPa), when the composition is mixed with water.
  • a cementitious composition for oil well applications comprises a hydraulic cement from about 50% to about 90%, a source of calcium carbonate from about 3% to about 25%, a source of free lime and alkali ions from about 1% to about 25%, a source of calcium sulfate from about 3% to about 10%, and an organic component from 0% to about 3%.
  • a cementitious composition for wellbore applications comprises a hydraulic cement present at about 50% to about 90% by weight of the composition, wherein the hydraulic cement comprises Portland cement.
  • a source of free lime and alkali ions is also present in the composition at about 1% to about 25% by weight of the composition.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions comprises cement kiln dust.
  • a source of calcium carbonate is present at about 3% to about 25% by weight of the composition.
  • the source of calcium carbonate comprises limestone.
  • a source of calcium sulfate comprises gypsum and is present at about 3% to about 10% by weight of the composition.
  • An organic component is also present at less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the composition.
  • a method for using a cementitious composition in a wellbore.
  • the method comprises pumping a cementitious slurry composition into a wellbore under pressure.
  • the cementitious slurry composition comprises Portland cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, an organic component, and water.
  • the slurry has a minimum thickening time of about 90 minutes.
  • a set cement product is formed in the wellbore, wherein the set cement product has an eight-hour compressive strength of about 200 to about 4,400 psi (about 1.4 to about 30 MPa).
  • the disclosure provides a method for cementing a casing in a wellbore comprising the steps of: admixing hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, and an organic component to form a cementitious composition.
  • the hydraulic cement is present in the cementitious composition in an amount greater than about 50% by weight of the composition.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions is present in amount of less than about 25% by weight of the composition.
  • the source of calcium carbonate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the composition.
  • the source of calcium sulfate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 10% by weight of the composition, and the organic component is present in an amount of less than about 3% by weight of the composition.
  • the cement composition forms a slurry.
  • the slurry of the cement composition is transferred into a space disposed between at least one surface of the casing and at least one surface of the wellbore.
  • a set cement product is formed between at least one surface of the casing and at least one surface of the wellbore.
  • the set cement is formed between one or more casings.
  • a method for using a cementitious composition in a well comprises: pumping a cementitious slurry composition into a wellbore under pressure.
  • the cementitious composition comprises hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, an organic component, and water.
  • the slurry has a minimum thickening time of about 90 minutes.
  • the method comprises forming a set cement product in the wellbore, wherein the set cement product has an eight-hour compressive strength of about 200 to about 4400 psi (about 1.4 to about 30 MPa).
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary wellbore comprising a casing demonstrating one aspect of cementing processes used for oil and gas drilling and/or boring applications;
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary wellbore showing another aspect of cementing processes used for oil and gas drilling applications;
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary wellbore having a plug-back or remedial cement plugs in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary wellbore showing a perforation through the cement sheath and casing.
  • Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary wellbore showing a remedial squeeze cementing procedure in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present disclosure provides cementitious compositions having physical characteristics that are particularly well suited for use in oil and/or gas well applications.
  • the disclosure also provides various methods of using the compositions for cementing subterranean zones penetrated by wellbores.
  • the cementitious compositions described in the present disclosure are suitable for use in a variety of applications in which cement is conventionally used, in addition to exemplary oil/gas wellbores described throughout the disclosure.
  • cementitious compositions of the present disclosure comprise a hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate and an organic component.
  • the cementitious compositions described herein are formulated for oil and gas well cementing applications having, among other features, controlled viscosity, and a controlled set time to permit safe and proper placement of the cementitious composition within wellbores for various oil and gas well cementing applications discussed in detail below.
  • cementing is a common technique employed during many phases of wellbore operations.
  • cement is often used to secure, fix, plug and/or block various components, openings, or regions within a well.
  • the terms "well” and “wellbore” are used interchangeably and refer generally to borings or wells drilled into subterranean zones, which will be discussed in more detail below.
  • cementitious compositions are used in forming a new wellbore and secure or fix various components (casings, liners, strings, and the like).
  • cementitious compositions can be used for remedial operations to repair a casing in a wellbore and/or to achieve formation isolation.
  • cement compositions can be employed during well abandonment.
  • cementitious compositions are particularly useful in oil and/or gas wells.
  • oil well applications as used herein means any type of wellbore cementing application known in the art including, but not limited to, long string cementing, liner cementing, inflatable/external packer cementing, squeeze cementing, plug back cementing, temporary plug cementing, casing repair cementing, zone isolation cementing, and the like.
  • Such operations include, but are not limited to, drilling, completion and remedial cementing operations, including those performed on existing completed wellbores, as well as those cementing operations performed during well abandonment operations.
  • the wellbore cementing applications described herein can be performed both offshore and on land.
  • the oil and/or gas well cementitious compositions described herein can be used over a broad range of temperature and pressure.
  • the cementitious compositions described herein can be used at temperatures ranging from about O 0 C to about 25O 0 C (about 32°F to about 480 0 F) and pressures from 14 to 40,000 psi (0.1 to 276 MPa). Such conditions are commonly found in deep oil well drilling.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure have low to medium rheologies, demonstrate early set times that develop sufficient compressive strength propensities for use in oils wells and have low permeability.
  • the cementitious compositions have resistance to moderate to high sulfate attack, which may be desirable depending on the chemical characteristics of the geologic formations in which the well is situated (i.e., if the geologic formation has high sulfate concentration).
  • a set cement product can be used for various purposes.
  • Exemplary purposes include selectively isolating pre-selected regions of a wellbore from other areas within the wellbore.
  • This process is commonly referred to as primary cementing.
  • Figure 1 depicts a conventional primary cementing operation, where a wellbore 10 has been drilled into a subterranean formation 12.
  • cement is commonly placed in an annulus created between an outside surface of a pipe string and an inside formation surface or wall of a wellbore in order to form a cement sheath to seal off fluid and/or solid production from formations penetrated by the wellbore.
  • This isolation allows a wellbore to be selectively completed to allow production from, or injection into, one or more productive formations penetrated by the wellbore.
  • the wellbore 10 comprises a drilled borehole 14 that has a generally cylindrical shape and extends into the subterranean formation 12.
  • the borehole 14 comprises walls 20.
  • the wellbore 10 comprises a surface casing 18 that is inserted into the borehole 14.
  • the surface casing 18 can be cemented to the walls 20 of the well 22 by pumping a water-based slurry 24 containing a cementitious composition.
  • Cement slurry (not shown) is pumped into the surface casing 18 and through a terminal end of the surface casing 18 and then up along a side of the surface casing 18 to fill annular regions between the surface casing 18 and the walls 20 of the borehole 14. Hydraulic cement contained in the cementitious composition solidifies and sets to form a solid cement product 24.
  • the wellbore 10 comprises one or more additional casings, here shown as a single additional casing 26.
  • the additional casing 26 can be threaded through the primary casing 18 into the borehole 14 much in the same manner as the drill string (not shown).
  • a drill string is well known to those of skill in the art and comprises a drill pipe which is attached to tool joints that can transmit fluid and rotational power from the Kelly or top drive to the drill collars and drill bits.
  • the additional casing 26 can be inserted to a total depth of the borehole 28.
  • a cement plug (not shown) formed of solid cement product can be set at a specific depth in the borehole 28 and the additional casing 26 set on top of it.
  • An annular space 30 is disposed between the walls 16 of the borehole
  • the cementitious compositions of the present teachings can be mixed by a variety of methods with water to form a slurry 34, which are well known in the art.
  • the slurry 34 is then pumped down the casing 26 as shown in Figure 1 , by the directional arrows 36.
  • the cement slurry 34 is allowed to flow through a casing shoe 38 and flows up and around the casing 26 into the annular space 30.
  • a completed casing operation is shown in Figure 2.
  • the pumped cement slurry 34 fills the annular space 50 and then solidifies to form a set cement product.
  • the set cement product forms a cement sheath 52 that protects the casing 54 from damage and also prevents the migration of unwanted fluids (such as water, brine and drilling mud) from contaminating the flow of hydrocarbons into the casing 54 and up the borehole 56.
  • an oil or gas production tubing 58 is placed within the casing 54 and is set to a desired length down the borehole 56.
  • the casing 54 and the cement sheath 52 around the casing 54 can then be perforated with a plurality of apertures or perforations 62 at a specific oil and/or gas producing zone 60, thus allowing the passage of desirable hydrocarbons to flow through the perforations 62 in the cement sheath 52 and casing 54 as shown by the arrows 64 and flow to a surface 66 where it is captured and stored.
  • a packer 68 is placed down the borehole 56 just above the hydrocarbon producing zone 60 to prevent the flow of desirable hydrocarbons into the annular space 70 between the oil producing tubing 58 and the casing 54.
  • the packer 68 can be a solidified set cement product or obstacle (not shown) that prevents the migration of desirable hydrocarbons into the annular space 70.
  • One objective of a primary cementing operation is to provide good isolation between producing zones up to the surface, desirably in a manner that will endure through the entire life of the well.
  • fluid movement either gas or liquid through the cemented annulus is normally undesirable.
  • possible paths for fluid movement in the annulus include the interface between cement/rock and cement/casing and the cement matrix.
  • cement adherence to the formation and casing can be primarily affected by cement shrinkage and by stress changes induced by down-hole variations in pressure and temperature, especially inside the casing, but also at the formation.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present teachings can be employed in secondary, remedial oil/gas well applications. Integral to various oil and/or gas recovery operations, such operations are often referred to as "plugback operations" that can enhance the recovery of oil and gas from wellbores that have been in production for a period of time. In certain circumstances, if there is more than one producing interval in a wellbore, and when a deeper zone has been depleted of productive hydrocarbons, a cement plugback to a higher zone may be necessary. In some embodiments, oil wells that are considered unproductive must be permanently sealed or "plugged" to protect the subterranean and surface environments.
  • plugging operations or "plug-back" operations are often employed, for example, when a deeper zone 80 in the well has ceased to be productive, or where the bore hole has been drilled into water- producing measures or thief sands, or for any other such reason, it is desired to plug-back or close-off a deeper zone and produce from a higher zone in the well.
  • bridging operations it is usual practice first to position a bridge plug 68 in the wellbore 10 at a point adjacent the top of the zone 80 to be sealed off, and then to place a suitable quantity of cement on top of the plug 86.
  • cement plugs can also be required under various situations where the operator desires to abandon the well after it ceases to be productive.
  • a wellbore 10 is shown with a lower plug 86 comprising a cementitious composition of the present disclosure, wherein the lower plug 86 has completely sealed off the perforations 82 formed to facilitate the extraction of desirable hydrocarbons from the oil/gas producing zones 80.
  • the annular space within the casing 88 can be filled with air or other gases.
  • a bridge plug for example, 68 can be lowered to a specific depth and a cement plug 84 can be formed by pumping a cementitious composition according to the present teachings adjacent to the bridge plug (not shown), thereby forming a barrier or a "surface plug" 84 that prevents the flow of liquids and gasses from within the casing 88 to the surface, which would otherwise contaminate the area in which the wellbore 10 is drilled.
  • the placement, size and lengths of the cement plugs 86 and 84 within and surrounding the wellbore 10 can vary widely and are often prescribed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which the operator is conducting oil/gas exploration and/or production.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure are optionally used in remedial secondary operations, including squeeze cementing operations to seal highly permeable zones or fractures in wellbores and plugging cracks and holes in pipe strings.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown a partial cross-section of a conventional oil producing wellbore 10 that has primary cementing of the casing 100.
  • the cement sheath 102 around the casing 100 may have defects, potentially caused by a variety of issues, such as improper curing of the cement sheath 102 while it was being formed.
  • the primary cementing may have been successful, but due to the adverse temperatures and pressures (from 0°C to 250°C (about 32°F to about 480 0 F) and from ambient pressure conditions up to 40,000 psi (276 MPa)) within the subterranean formation 104, the liner (not shown) and/or casing 100 and/or the cement sheath 102 surrounding the casing 100 may have formed cracks and small perforations such as shown in 106.
  • the cracks and perforations 106 are problematic since they can facilitate the introduction of undesirable fluids entering into the casing 100.
  • a crack 106 has formed in the cement sheath 102 and has cracked the casing 100, potentially allowing the introduction of undesirable fluids into the interior of the casing 100.
  • An exemplary crack 106 is shown in the cement sheath 102 of the wellbore 10 of Figure 4. Such cracks 106 can be filled or plugged, as is shown in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, a drill pipe 120 can be inserted into the annular space 122 attached to a packer 126 disposed above the perforation 106. A cement plug 130 can be initially placed adjacent and below the perforation 106, to form a barrier that can allow pressurized pumping of a cementitious composition 132 of the present disclosure to fill the crack(s) and/or perforations 106 in the casing 100 and cement sheath 102.
  • the packer 126 can be lowered to a preselected position above the perforated zone 106 within the casing 100 and cement can be pumped from the surface down into the drill pipe 120 and into the packer 126.
  • the cementitious composition 132 of the present disclosure can then be pumped into the perforated zone 106 under pressure.
  • This method of pressure squeezing a cementitious composition into cracks and perforations is known in the art as a squeeze cementing procedure.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present teachings can be used in any commonly acceptable method of squeeze cementing. Examples of such methods can include: “Bradenhead squeeze method,” “Spotting squeeze method” and the “Bullhead squeeze method.” Common to all such methods is the introduction of a cementitious composition into the perforations in the casing, liner, or primary cementing structure under pressure.
  • the procedure can be facilitated with various packer devices 126 commonly used in the art of remedial cementing operations.
  • packer devices 126 can be commercially available from Baker Hughes, and Halliburton, both of Houston, Texas, United States and World Oil Tools, Inc., of Calgary, Canada.
  • the squeeze cementing method can comprise alternative strategies to isolate a perforated zone and prevent the flow of undesirable fluids and/or gasses into the production casing by introducing bigger perforations into the smaller cracks and holes. Accordingly, by employing known techniques to locate the voids, channels or cracks, a perforation penetrating the spaces can be made in the casing, liner and/or cement sheath and the cementitious compositions of the present teachings can then be squeezed into the spaces via the perforation so as to place the cement sheath in a more desirable condition for protecting and supporting the casing and providing fluid flow control.
  • the success of the squeeze cementing operation is at least a function of the size of the space or spaces to be filled relative to the particle size of the cement.
  • the American Petroleum Institute has developed specifications for the use of various cementitious compositions, including specifications for testing the compressive strength of suitable cementitious compositions for use in various oil and/or gas well applications.
  • the physical performance specifications for various cement compositions for use in oil and/or gas well applications are set forth in: "Specification for Cements and Materials for Well Cementing, API Specification 10A Twenty Second Edition, Jan 1 , 1995" as described by the American Petroleum Institute (herein referred to as "API Specification 10A-95”) and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • API Specification 10A-95 The present disclosure provides in certain aspects, environmentally friendly oil and/or gas well cementitious compositions which meet or exceed the performance specifications set forth in 10A-95 and can substitute for known API cements currently employed for oil and/or gas well cementing applications.
  • a cementitious composition comprises a hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate and an organic component.
  • the cementitious composition comprises hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate and an organic component.
  • the cementitious composition can optionally contain commonly known oil field additives including, without limitation, retarders, light and heavy additives, fluid loss compounds and accelerators.
  • Slurries used in oil and/or gas well applications can be formulated by admixing water with hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate and an organic component.
  • a desirable water content of the slurries can be dependent on the type of oil and/or gas application, the physical and chemical conditions of the wellbore, the temperature and pressures present in the subterranean formation and the chemical nature of the subterranean formation into which a wellbore is drilled.
  • Water content of slurries can be expressed as the weight of the water by weight of dry hydraulic cement (often referred to in the art as "by weight of cement" or "bwoc").
  • a slurry comprising the cementitious composition of the present disclosure having a water content of 46% can be expressed as 46 grams of water mixed with 100 grams of substantially dry Portland cement.
  • a slurry comprising the cementitious composition of the present disclosure can have a water/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.46 which is 46 grams of water mixed with 100 grams of Portland cement on a dry basis.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure can meet or exceed one or more physical performance specifications as described in API Specification 10A-1995.
  • the oil and/or gas well cementitious compositions of the present disclosure have minimum compressive strengths ranging from about 200 to about 4400 psi (about 1.4 to about 30 MPa) after twenty-four hours curing at atmospheric pressure and at 38°C (approximately 100 0 F).
  • a hydraulic cement of the cementitious composition can include any cement comprising Portland cement, including by way of example, Portland cement, modified Portland cements and blended hydraulic cements.
  • Portland cement is well known in the art and can be manufactured in a wet or a dry process kiln. While the wet and dry processes differ, both processes heat the raw material in stages.
  • Cement manufacturing raw materials comprise calcium, silica, iron, and alumina at varying proportions, and usually include limestone, as well as a variety of other materials, such as clay, sand, or shale, for example.
  • the first stage of cement manufacturing is a pre-heating stage that drives off any moisture from the raw materials, removes water of hydration, and raises the material temperature up to approximately 1500°F (approximately 800 0 C).
  • the second stage is the calcination stage which generally occurs between about 1500 0 F and 2000 0 F (approximately 1100 0 C), where the limestone (CaCO 3 ) is converted to lime (CaO) by driving off carbon dioxide (CO2) in a calcination reaction.
  • the raw materials are then heated to a maximum temperature of between about 2500T to 3000°F (approximately 1400°C to 1650°C) in the burning zone, where they substantially melt and flux, thus forming inorganic compounds, such as dicalcium silicate (C 2 S or 2CaO SiO 2 ), tricalcium silicate (C3S or 3CaO SiO 2 ), tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A or 3CaO AI 2 O 3 ), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C 4 AF or 4CaO AI 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 ).
  • inorganic compounds such as dicalcium silicate (C 2 S or 2CaO SiO 2 ), tricalcium silicate (C3S or 3CaO SiO 2 ), tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A or 3CaO AI 2 O 3 ), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C 4 AF or 4CaO AI 2 O 3 Fe 2
  • the molten raw material is cooled to solidify into an intermediate product in small lumps, known as "clinker” that is subsequently removed from the kiln. Clinker is then finely ground and mixed with other additives (such as a set-retardant, gypsum) to form Portland cement.
  • Clinker is then finely ground and mixed with other additives (such as a set-retardant, gypsum) to form Portland cement.
  • a portland cement comprises about 35 to about 65 % of
  • C 3 S about 15 to about 40% of C 2 S, about 0 to about 15% C 3 A, and about 6 to about 20% C 4 AF.
  • all percentages are on a weight basis, unless indicated as otherwise.
  • a typical simple metal oxide analysis of Portland cement indicates that it contains approximately 65% CaO, 20% SiO 2 , 5% AI 2 O 3 , 4% Fe 2 O 3 , with lesser amounts of other compounds, such as oxides of magnesium, sulfur, potassium, sodium, and the like.
  • API Class A cement is similar (or equivalent), although may not be identical in physical performance to ASTM C 150, Type I cements.
  • the cementitious compositions provided have comparable or improved physical performance characteristics to the physical performance specifications set forth in the API Specification 10A-95, however, do not necessarily have the composition (i.e., specified constituent components) set forth by the API Specifications.
  • various cementitious compositions of the disclosure provide a benefit of reduced environmental impact, by using new cementitious compositions in lieu of traditional cementitious components, while still providing cement products that have comparable or improved physical performance specifications when compared to conventional API specification classifications for cement compositions.
  • the cementitious composition of the present teachings can include one or more "hydraulic cements.”
  • the hydraulic cement comprises a Portland cement that comprises one or more hydraulic calcium silicates, such as tricalcium silicate, C 3 S; dicalcium silicate, C 2 S; tricalcium aluminate, C 3 A; and calcium aluminoferrite, C4AF inter alia.
  • a hydraulic cement comprises a "Portland cement,” such as those described in ASTM C 150-97, a "modified Portland cement” (also known as expansive cement) such as those described in ASTM C845, or "blended hydraulic cements,” which are mixtures of portland cement and a pozzolan, as outlined in ASTM C 1157-03, Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cements, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Pozzolans are usually silicaceous materials that are not in themselves cementitious, but which develop hydraulic cement properties when reacted with free lime (free CaO) and water, such as fly ash and slags.
  • the hydraulic cement comprises a Portland cement that can be one or more of the Portland cement types described in ASTM C 150-97.
  • ASTM C 150-97 specifies the chemical compositions and performance requirements for Portland cement classes Type I to Type V.
  • Type I Portland cement is a general-purpose cement that can be used as a hydraulic cement in the cementitious compositions of the disclosure, in addition to various other components added to create a specified oil/gas well cement.
  • Type Il Portland cement can be used when protection against moderate sulfate attack is required, as Type Il contains a relatively low concentration of tricalcium aluminate (C 3 A) content, approximately 2 to 8% w/w.
  • Type III Portland cement is typically used for its high early strength, usually attaining full strength within a week.
  • Type III Portland cement has finer ground particles (e.g., smaller average particle size) than Type I Portland cement.
  • Type III Portland cement typically sets faster than other cement types and can have additional or modified set retarders to prevent premature setting of the cement during oil well applications.
  • Type IV Portland cement has lower heat evolution during hydration and are slower at setting than other types of Portland cement.
  • Type V Portland cement is particularly useful when severe sulfate attack is likely.
  • Type V Portland cement has reduced C 3 A content, typically less than 5% and low water to cementitious components ratios are usually required. Any of the above cement types are suitable for use as a hydraulic component in the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure.
  • ASTM C 1157-03 specifications provide for six types of hydraulic cements including: Type GU (General Use), Type HE (High Early Strength), Type MS (Moderate sulfate resistance), Type HS (High sulfate resistance), Type MH (Moderate Heat of Hydration) and Type LH (Low Heat of Hydration). Any one of these hydraulic specified cements can be used in the present teachings including, but not limited to a Blended Hydraulic Cement Type MS, or a Portland Cement Type HS.
  • ASTM C 1157-03 can specify a blended cement as having more than 15% mineral additive and a modified Portland cement as having up to 15% mineral additive, for example, cement kiln dust modified Portland cement.
  • hydraulic cement used in the present disclosure is dependent upon the ultimate physical properties of the set, hardened cement and the soil conditions (e.g., presence of sulfates and acids in the ground) in which the cement is to be utilized.
  • Other factors that play a role in the selection of the hydraulic cement can include, but not limited to, the degree of particulate fineness required, the depth and conditions of the well, the quantities of inorganic mineral to be added, the manner in which the cementitious composition is to be used in the oil well application and the like.
  • the hydraulic cement component is present in the cementitious composition at greater than or equal to about 50%, in some embodiments greater than or equal to about 60%, in some embodiments greater than or equal to about 70%, in some embodiments greater than or equal to about 80%, and in some embodiments greater than or equal to about 85% by weight of the dry cementitious composition (exclusive of water).
  • the hydraulic cement component is present at about 50% to about 90% by weight of the cementitious composition on a dry basis.
  • the hydraulic cement is present in the cementitious composition at about 72% to about 89% by weight.
  • the hydraulic cement component has an average particle size varying from about 6 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m, from about 10 ⁇ m to about 90 ⁇ m, from about 20 ⁇ m to about 70 ⁇ m.
  • the hydraulic cement component of the cementitious composition has a Blaine fineness range of about 220 to about 600 m 2 /kg.
  • Free lime refers to the free calcium oxide (free CaO) readily available in a material for a hydration reaction with water.
  • Unslaked lime also referred to as quick lime, contains a high concentration of dehydrated (free) lime or simple calcium oxide (CaO) that can undergo reaction with water, i.e., slaking.
  • Free lime content is often used as an indicator of the reactivity of calcium oxide containing materials. In certain embodiments of the invention, the free lime content is greater than or equal to about 0.1%.
  • such a source of free lime and alkali ions is a byproduct of a manufacturing source.
  • the source of free lime can include CaO not bound to other inorganic compounds, e.g. silicates and ferrites.
  • such sources can have varied compositions, depending on the manner in which they are made; the chemical composition of the raw materials and fuels that are employed to manufacture the source; the conditions and duration that the material is stored; as well as a variety of other factors known by one of ordinary skill in the art that would affect the typical composition of the source of free lime and alkali ions from different sources.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions can comprise one or more active compounds including: CaO, K 2 O, Na 2 ⁇ , and mixtures thereof.
  • active compounds including: CaO, K 2 O, Na 2 ⁇ , and mixtures thereof.
  • the constituents of various materials are expressed by a simple oxide analysis calculated from elemental analysis as is conventional in the art, so that various active compounds may actually be present in the source as more complex molecules, such as alkali metal sulfates, for example.
  • free lime as defined here refers to CaO as a simple oxide.
  • Sources of free lime and alkali ions can be highly cementitious.
  • the source of calcium oxide and alkali metal oxides comprises free lime (CaO) at greater than or equal to about 0.1%, optionally greater than or equal to about 1%, optionally greater than or equal to about 3%, optionally greater than or equal to about 5%, optionally greater than or equal to about 7%, optionally greater than or equal to about 10%, optionally greater than or equal to about 15%, and in some embodiments greater than or equal to about 20% by weight.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions can comprise an amount of alkali ion source in the form of sodium oxide (Na 2 O) and/or potassium oxide (K 2 O) at greater than or equal to about 1 % by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of alkali ion source in the form of sodium oxide (Na 2 O) and/or potassium oxide (K 2 O) is greater than or equal to about 1% by weight; optionally greater than or equal to about 3% by weight.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions can be cement kiln dust (CKD).
  • CKD is a waste by-product of the Portland cement manufacturing process, as described above.
  • Portland cement clinkers are formed by high temperature calcining of appropriate raw materials, typically mixtures of limestone and clay or a low grade limestone already containing a sufficient quantity of argillaceous materials often with added quantities of lime to adjust the final composition.
  • CKD can be variable in its chemical composition, based on its collection from a variety of points within a cement kiln (and the relative amount of reaction undergone at those points), as well as due to the variability in the starting raw materials to produce the Portland clinker.
  • the primary constituents of CKD, in addition to free lime, typically include silicates, calcium oxide, potassium oxide, sulfates and sulfites, calcium silicates, chlorides, calcium carbonates, metal oxides and sodium oxide.
  • cement kiln dust finely divided dust
  • the evolved dust is removed by various separating techniques at various collection points in the kiln. While a portion of generated CKD is recycled to the cement kiln during manufacturing, it typically is not readily added to clinker, as it tends to excessively elevate the alkalinity of the ultimate Portland cement.
  • CKD compositions will vary for different kilns, CKD usually has at least some cementitious and/or pozzolanic properties, due to the presence of the dust of clinker and calcined materials.
  • CKD generally comprises free lime (CaO).
  • Typical CKD compositions also comprise silicon-containing compounds, such as silicates including tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate; aluminum-containing compounds, such as aluminates including tricalcium aluminate; and iron-containing compounds, such as ferrites including tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
  • Exemplary CKD compositions comprise about 10 to about 60% calcium oxide (complex and simple calcium oxides), optionally about 25 to about 50%, and optionally about 30 to about 45% by weight.
  • CKD comprises a concentration of free lime (available for a hydration reaction with water) of about 1 to about 10 %, optionally of about 1 to about 5%, and in some embodiments about 3 to about 5%.
  • CKD comprises compounds containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and sulfur, inter alia.
  • sources of free lime and/or alkali metal ions can be suitable for use as an admixture to gas/oil well cements, including mixtures of sources that provide adequate free lime and alkali metal ions.
  • sources can include mixtures of distinct materials.
  • a suitable source of free lime is lime kiln dust (LKD), a byproduct from the manufacturing of lime.
  • LLD lime kiln dust
  • Manufactured lime is often categorized as high-calcium lime, dolomitic lime, or hydraulic lime and varies based upon the processes that form it. Lime is often produced by a calcination reaction conducted by heating calcitic raw material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCOa), to form free lime CaO and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).
  • High-calcium lime has a high concentration of calcium oxide and typically some impurities, including aluminum-containing and iron-containing compounds.
  • High-calcium lime is typically formed from high purity calcium carbonate (about 95% purity or greater).
  • Typical calcium oxide content in an LKD product derived from high-calcium lime processing is greater than or equal to about 75% by weight, optionally greater than or equal to about 85% by weight, and in some cases greater than or equal to about 90% by weight.
  • dolomite (CaCOs MgCOa) is decomposed by heating to primarily generate calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO), thus forming what is known as domomitic lime.
  • calcium oxide can be present at greater than or equal to about 45% by weight, optionally greater than about 50% by weight, and in certain embodiments, greater than about 55% by weight. While LKD varies based upon the type of lime processing employed, it generally has a relatively high concentration of free lime. Typical amounts of free lime in LKD are about 10 to about 50%, optionally about 20 to about 40%, depending upon the relative concentration of calcium oxide present in the lime product generated.
  • the free lime and alkali ion containing material can be generally included in the oil and/or gas well cementitious composition at greater than 0%, optionally greater than or equal to about 1%, optionally greater than or equal to about 3%, optionally greater than or equal to about 5%, optionally greater than or equal to about 7%, and in some embodiments, greater than or equal to about 9%.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions can be present in the cementitious composition from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 25% by weight of the composition on a dry basis.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions can be present in the cementitious composition from greater than 0% to less than or equal to about 10%, and optionally at greater than 0% to about 5% by weight of the composition on a dry basis.
  • the source of free lime and alkali ions comprises CKD
  • the CKD is present in the cementitious composition in an amount of about 1% to about 25%, of about 5 to about 20%, of about 10% to about 18%, of about 12 to about 15%, of about 7 to about 12%, by dry weight of the oil well cementitious
  • CKD as a substitute material to other components (such as Portland cement) in the production of a cementitious composition of the present disclosure decreases fuel and raw material consumption thereby reducing cost of production and potentially toxic by-products.
  • CKD for other commonly-used cements such as Portland containing cements in oil and/or gas well cementing compositions exemplifies an environmentally sustainable product.
  • a source of calcium carbonate is included in the cementitious composition.
  • a source of calcium carbonate can include any material that can provide CaCO 3 in a soluble or insoluble form.
  • a calcium carbonate source can be derived from limestone, aragonite, calcite, chalk and the like.
  • the source of calcium carbonate in the cementitious composition is present at about 5% to about 25% by weight of the composition on a dry basis.
  • the source of calcium carbonate is present in the cementitious compositions at about 5% to about 20%, optionally about 5% to about 15% by weight of the composition on a dry basis.
  • the cementitious composition of the present teachings can comprise limestone in the range of from about 5% to about 25% by dry weight of the composition.
  • the cementitious composition can comprise limestone in the range from about 3% to about 25%, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 10% to about 17%, from about 12% to about 15%, by dry weight of the composition Calcium Sulfate
  • the cementitious compositions also include a source of calcium sulfate.
  • the calcium sulfate source can be any source that can produce Ca 2+ and SO 4 2+ ions in an aqueous medium. Any source of calcium sulfate can be used including one or more of anhydrous CaSO 4 (anhydrite), angelite, selenite, alabaster, calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), calcium sulfate hemihydrate and sulfite sludge and the like.
  • the calcium sulfate source is gypsum having a specific gravity of between 1.5 and 3.2.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure comprises a source of calcium sulfate at about 2% to about 10%, optionally at about 3% to about 10%, optionally at about 5% to about 10%, by weight of the cementitious composition on a dry basis.
  • the cementitious composition of the present disclosure also includes one or more organic components.
  • the organic component can comprise one or more of: polyhydric alcohols, alkanolamines, amine acetates, salts and equivalents thereof.
  • Organic components can also include grinding additives/aids commonly known in the art of Portland cement manufacturing.
  • Such organic components can be one or more of polyhydric alcohols (polyols), including polyols such as glycol.
  • the organic component can comprise polyols.
  • Polyols are commercially available from AXIM Middlebranch, OH UNITED STATES for example, under the trade name AXIM-155, and from W.R. Grace Co, Cambridge, MA UNITED STATES for example, under the trade name MTDA®.
  • the organic component can include alkanolamines and their derivative compounds.
  • organic components containing alkanolamines are commercially available from W.R. Grace Co.
  • the organic component can include amine acetate compounds.
  • Amine acetates and their salts are commercially available from W. R. Grace Co. Cambridge, MA UNITED STATES for example, under the trade name HEA2®.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure comprises one or more organic components in the range of from about 0% to about 3%, from about 0.1% to about 3%, from about 0.5% to about 2.5%, from about 1% to about 2 % by weight of the composition on a dry basis
  • the cementitious compositions of the present teachings comprise respective particles of hydraulic cement, cement kiln dust, limestone, and gypsum admixed with water to form a slurry.
  • the slurry comprises a mixture of small or fine particles.
  • the slurry comprises particles having an average particle diameter ranging from 10 to 10,000 times smaller than the diameter of the perforations or cracks.
  • the particles in the slurry have an average particle size of less than about 150 ⁇ m (microns), less than about 120 ⁇ m, less than about 100 ⁇ m, less than about 80 ⁇ m, less than about 70 ⁇ m, less than about 50 ⁇ m, or less than about 30 ⁇ m.
  • a slurry of cementitious compositions comprising fine-sized particles can be used to penetrate, plug and set in fine cracks or holes in well pipes, casings, liners and in channels and microannulus spaces in and around the cement sheath 102 using squeeze cementing methods commonly known in the art.
  • the cementitious compositions are formulated for oil and/or gas well cementing applications.
  • cementing operations for use in an oil and/or gas wellbore require a cementitious composition that has a controlled viscosity and a controlled set time to permit safe and proper placement of the cementitious compositions described herein, but also enabling the slurry to set rapidly after placement and minimizing rig time standby.
  • some cementitious compositions should be able to reach a predetermined strength at an acceptable speed.
  • the hardened cement must be sufficiently resistant to chemical attack by sulfates and other chemicals known to degrade the cement, such as alkali carbonation, and further operate under extremes of temperature and pressure for example 0°C to about 25O 0 C (32°F to about 480 0 F) and from ambient pressure conditions up to 40,000 psi (276 MPa) of pressure, as often observed in subterranean formations.
  • the present disclosure provides for methods for using a cementitious composition in a wellbore comprising: (a) pumping a cementitious slurry composition into a wellbore under pressure, wherein the cementitious slurry composition comprises hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, an organic component, and water, and wherein the slurry has a minimum thickening time of about 90 minutes; and (b) forming a set cement product in the wellbore, wherein the set cement product has an eight-hour compressive strength of about 200 to about 4,400 psi (about 1.4 to about 30 MPa).
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure can replace certain API specified oil and/or gas well cements for oil and/or gas well applications.
  • the cementitious compositions preferably meet certain specification criteria including, minimum setting times, minimum hardening times and compressive strengths after 8 and 24 hours curing.
  • Such specifications can be quantified using established API testing procedures outlined in the API Specification 10A-95.
  • the cement performance specifications are important for oil and/or gas well cementing operations, primarily because control over placement of the cementitious slurry is needed (e.g., the cementitious slurry should be placed exactly where it is needed), as well as a need for the slurry to retain sufficient mobility during the entire cementing procedure.
  • the hardened cement should attain a predetermined strength at an acceptable rate that would enable resistance to the flow of gas and liquids with minimal volume changes during setting and hardening.
  • a cementitious composition having desirable rheology and compressive strength may enable the oil and/or gas well operator to expedite subsequent oil and/or gas drilling procedures and reduce rig time standby while the cement hardens to the proper strength before completing the wellbore.
  • the methods used to test the compressive strength of a particular cement are based on the ASTM C-109 protocol, with some modifications.
  • the compressive strength is typically tested by mixing Portland cement (500 g) with sand (1375 g).
  • sand (1375 g).
  • the dry components are mixed with 242 g of water.
  • the resultant slurry is placed into molds and tamped thoroughly. The molds are then placed in a moist room and immersed in saturated lime water.
  • the molds are placed in pressurized vessels for curing at temperatures up to 160 0 C (320 0 F) and pressures up to 3000 psi + 50 psi ( 20.7 MPa + 0.3 MPa) (Tables 7 & 8 API Specification 10A- 95).
  • the specimens are then removed from the molds and placed into a testing machine that can calculate the compressive strength of each specimen.
  • the compressive strength of the specimen is recorded in pounds per square inch (psi) and expressed in Pascals (Pa) and is calculated by dividing the maximum load in lbf by the cross-sectional area in square inches.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated to give a range of hardening times that can be tailored to fit the type of oil and/or gas well application requiring such a cementitious composition.
  • the thickening time is referred to in the art of cement and concrete manufacture as the elapsed time between the initial application of pressure and temperature to the pressurized vessel containing the test cement, known in the art as a "atmospheric consistometer” and “pressure consistometer” and the time the slurry reaches a consistency of 100 B c .
  • the symbol "B c " is known as Bearden Units of Consistency.
  • the pressure or atmospheric consistometer is calibrated with calibration oil of known consistency over the range from 5 to 100 B c .
  • the present composition can have minimum thickening time of about 90 minutes to reach a consistency of 100 B c (as defined in Table 3 of API Specification 10A-95).
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure comprise a hydraulic cement, a source of calcium oxide, a source of free lime (CaO) and alkali ions, an organic component, a source of calcium carbonate; and a source of calcium sulfate are mixed and interground to a fineness of (Blaine) (degree of fineness measured in specified surface area in m 2 /kg) that ranges from a minimum from about 220 m 2 /kg to about 600 m 2 /kg.
  • the Blaine value can be calculated using an air permeability device, as described in ASTM C 204: Fineness of Portland Cement by Air Permeability Apparatus (1992).
  • inventive cementitious compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated having equivalent physical specification standards to those described in the API Specification 10A-95 for the various classes of oil and/or gas well cements described therein.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present teachings can be used in primary and secondary oil and/or gas well applications.
  • Such primary oil and/or gas well applications can include cement casing operations.
  • Secondary oil and/or gas well applications can include: cement liner operations, cement squeeze operations and cement plugback operations among others.
  • the cementitious compositions of the present disclosure include a method for cementing a casing for the completion of oil and/or gas wellbores.
  • a hydraulic cementitious composition according to the present disclosure is mixed with water to form a slurry, and is subsequently pumped into a wellbore having a first surface and a second surface that require cementing.
  • the slurry can be pumped into the annular space between at least one surface of the walls forming the wellbore and at least one exterior surface of a casing pipe contained within the wellbore.
  • the slurry is placed within the wellbore and then cures and sets into a hardened mass in the annular space forming a substantially impermeable cement that supports the string pipe and casing in the wellbore.
  • the string pipe or casing is thereby immoveably positioned in the wellbore, and thereby sealing the subterranean zone so as to control the flow of fluids present at different levels in the formations.
  • the quantity of water used to make the slurry varies depending on the particular chemical condition composition of the wellbore, the time required for setting, the method of transporting and placement of slurry in position, the depth of the wellbore and the physical conditions in intimate contact with the slurry such as the temperature and pressure conditions existing in the wellbore.
  • the slurry can be achieved by mixing the dry and/or liquid components of the cementitious composition with a water percentage varying from about 30% to about 220% w/w of the dry hydraulic cement (bwoc).
  • the density of the slurry can be calculated by any means commonly used in the art.
  • the slurry of the present disclosure can have densities that range from about 10 Ib/gal to about 20 Ib/gal (about 1.2 kg/L to about 2.4 kg/L). Methods for calculating water percentages are described above. As appreciated by skilled artisans, a greater or lesser amount of water can be used depending upon the desired consistency and density of the slurry required.
  • the cementitious composition can be added to water and the resultant slurry can have consistencies ranging from about 5 to about 35 B c .
  • the water can be any type of water, although preferably the water does not contain undesirable or excess compounds that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art to adversely affect the chemical and physical properties of the cements and their intended uses.
  • the water used to form a slurry can include any one or a mixture of: fresh water, sea water, brine, and saturated salt solutions.
  • a method for cementing a casing in a wellbore comprises the steps of: (a) admixing hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, and an organic component to form a cementitious composition, wherein the hydraulic cement is present in said the cementitious composition in an amount greater than about 50% by weight of the composition, the source of free lime and alkali ions is present in amount of less than about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium carbonate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium sulfate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 10% by weight of the composition, and the organic component is present in an amount of less than about 3% by weight of the composition, wherein in the presence of water, the cement composition forms a slurry; (b) transferring a slurry of the cement composition into a space between at least two surfaces to be cemented
  • a method for "plug-back" operations in a wellbore comprises the steps of: (a) admixing hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, and an organic component to form a cementitious composition, wherein the hydraulic cement is present in said cementitious composition in an amount greater than about 50% by weight of the composition, the source of free lime and alkali ions is present in amount of less than about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium carbonate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium sulfate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 10% by weight of the composition, and the organic component is present in an amount of less than about 3% by weight of the composition, wherein in the presence of water, the cement composition forms a slurry; (b) transferring a slurry of the cement composition into a predetermined (e.g., terminal end
  • Squeeze cementing is a method that can be performed comprising the steps of: (a) admixing hydraulic cement, a source of free lime and alkali ions, a source of calcium carbonate, a source of calcium sulfate, and an organic component to form a cementitious composition, wherein the hydraulic cement is present in said cementitious composition in an amount greater than about 50% by weight of the composition, the source of free lime and alkali ions is present in amount of less than about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium carbonate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the composition, the source of calcium sulfate is present in an amount of about 3% to about 10% by weight of the composition, and the organic component is present in an amount of less than about 3% by weight of the composition, wherein in the presence of water, the cement composition forms a slurry
  • API cement classes A, C or G equivalents are made, employing ASTM C 150 type Portland cements, although as appreciated by those of skill in the art, various methods of making such classes or equivalents can likewise be made and are used as the hydraulic cement.
  • the API Class equivalent cements comprise Portland cement clinker.
  • the physical properties of the cementitious compositions described in Examples 1-3 are determined in accordance with the test procedures set forth in API Specification 10A-95. In order to illustrate the methods and compositions of the present teachings, the following examples are given.
  • a cementitious composition is prepared by mixing the following components: 617 grams of an ASTM C 150 Type l/ll Portland cement, (Holcim Inc., Ada, OK UNITED STATES); 39 grams CKD (fresh), (Holcim Inc., Ada, OK UNITED STATES); 77 grams limestone, (Holcim Inc., Ada, OK UNITED STATES); 39 grams gypsum, (Harrison Gypsum Co, Lindsay, OK UNITED STATES) and 0.7 grams of an organic grinding aid (a polyol compound) component, commercially available as MTDATM (W. R. Grace Co., Cambridge, MA UNITED STATES).
  • an organic grinding aid a polyol compound
  • the dry blended composition is then mixed for 1 to 5 minutes at 12,000 rpm in a mixer.
  • the dry blended composition is slowly introduced into a separate container having 355 grams of water.
  • the slurry is stirred for about 30 minutes and is sealed with a lid to prevent evaporation.
  • the cementitious slurry is tested for the minimum thickening time until it reaches a thickness of 100 B c and the compressive strength of the composition at 38 0 C (100°F) after 8 hours and 24 hours, particle size distribution by passing through a (44 ⁇ m) mesh and determination of the specific surface area (Blaine).
  • the exemplary properties are set forth in Table 1 below.
  • the hydraulic cement component can be any ASTM C 150 Portland cement and/or ASTM C 1157 blended hydraulic cement.
  • ASTM C 150 type Portland cements are merely exemplary and can be any ASTM C 150 Portland cement or mixes thereof, such as ASTM C 150 types I, II, III, and V for example.
  • Example 2 is prepared in a similar manner to Example 1. In Example 1,
  • the type of hydraulic cement is ASTM C 150 Type III cement.
  • the dry blended composition is slowly introduced into a separate container having 383 grams of water.
  • the exemplary properties are set forth in Table 1 below.
  • Example 3 is prepared in a similar manner to Example 1. In Example 1, Example 2,
  • the type of hydraulic cement is ASTM C 150 Type I IA/ cement.
  • the dry blended composition is slowly introduced into a separate container having 349 grams of water.
  • the exemplary properties are set forth in Table 1 below. TABLE 1

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur des compositions de ciment qui peuvent être utilisées dans des applications de forage de puits de pétrole et de gaz. Les compositions comprennent une source de ciment apte à subir une prise hydraulique, de carbonate de calcium, de chaux libre et d'ions alcalins, du sulfate de calcium et un composant organique. L'invention porte également sur des procédés pour la cimentation d'un cuvelage et de revêtements intérieurs et pour des opérations correctrices telles qu'un recolmatage et une cimentation sous pression (Fig. 1).
PCT/IB2007/003760 2007-12-04 2007-12-04 Compositions de ciment pour des applications de cimentation de puits de pétrole Ceased WO2009071962A2 (fr)

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