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WO2009050482A1 - Composition et procédé de lutte anti-déprédateur - Google Patents

Composition et procédé de lutte anti-déprédateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009050482A1
WO2009050482A1 PCT/GB2008/003526 GB2008003526W WO2009050482A1 WO 2009050482 A1 WO2009050482 A1 WO 2009050482A1 GB 2008003526 W GB2008003526 W GB 2008003526W WO 2009050482 A1 WO2009050482 A1 WO 2009050482A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pesticidal composition
plant
biopesticide
composition
paste
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Ceased
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PCT/GB2008/003526
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English (en)
Inventor
Sami Elawad
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MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER
ARAB ORGANISATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Original Assignee
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER
ARAB ORGANISATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
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Publication of WO2009050482A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009050482A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/12—Nematodes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of pest control, in particular to the control of insect pests.
  • the present invention provides methods of delivering biopesticides to a plant. It further provides pesticidal compositions and uses thereof, the compositions comprising biopesticides and being suitable for delivering said biopesticides to plants. Also provided are related processes of manufacturing said pesticidal compositions.
  • biopesticides and in particular microbial biopesticides, which contain a microorganism, such as a bacterium, fungus, virus, protozoan or alga as the active ingredient.
  • a widely used microbial pesticide is Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt. Each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins, and specifically kills one or a few related species of insect larvae, e.g.
  • the target insect species are determined by whether the particular Bt produces a protein that can bind to a larval gut receptor, thereby causing the insect larvae to starve.
  • Lower metazoans such as nematodes, are also used as biopesticides.
  • Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Cold Palm Weevil (RPW) , Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleopera: Curculionidae) is an economically important, tissue boring pest of the date palm in many parts of the world. It was recorded as a serious pest for the first time in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 1980s causing considerable damage to date plantations (Gush,
  • the infestation begins with female RPWs depositing their eggs into date tissue.
  • the hatching neonates burrow and feed extensively on the internal parts of the palm tree.
  • the larval stage which lasts for up to 3 months, is responsible for most of the damage to the plant. Due to the hidden habitat of the larvae, larval infestation often remains undetected until later stages of the infestation, when for example the presence of tunnels in the trunk, oozing out of yellow brown fluid from the attacked regions of the trunk and the appearance of frass and grinded date tissue in and around the opening of the tunnels can be detected. Due to extensive larval feeding inside the date trunk, secondary bacterial and fungal infections can occur, further contributing to the death of the main trunk. This is eventually followed by the collapse of the infested tree.
  • Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are known to have considerable potential for the biological control of insect pests (Poinar, 1990; Kaya & Gaugler, 1993) .
  • IJS infective juveniles
  • IJS infective juveniles
  • the juveniles move through the body cavity of the host (haemocoel) , releasing symbiotic bacteria.
  • the bacteria multiply and proliferate in the insect haemolymph, causing septicaemic death of the infected host (Poinar & Thomas, 1965; Dunphy, 1994) .
  • the bacteria inside the infected insect cadaver establish favorable conditions for the nematode's development by providing nutrients and producing certain antibiotics which prevent the growth of other foreign microorganisms.
  • the nematode feeds on the bacteria as well as the decomposed tissues of the host.
  • EPNS are particularly useful due to their ability to move around and actively seek their host. Further, they are highly virulent and can kill their host rapidly within 12 - 48hrs. In addition, EPNS are safe for plants and humans, and no adverse effects have been reported on other animals or the environment .
  • EPNS have been formulated in several preparations in the past to extend their shelf life during storage. Examples include preparations with polyacrilamides (Bedding & Butler, 1994), flowable gels (Georgis & Manweiler 1994), wheat flour and clay chips (Bedding 1988), water dispersible granule (WDG) (Silver et al. 1995) .
  • polyacrilamides Bedding & Butler, 1994
  • flowable gels Gaorgis & Manweiler 1994
  • wheat flour and clay chips Bedding 1988
  • WDG water dispersible granule
  • the present inventor has devised novel methods and compositions of delivering biopesticides to plants, which generally employ the use of appropriate compositions such as pastes which serve to optimise the effectiveness of the biopesticide used against the target pest.
  • the invention provides a method of delivering a biopesticide to a plant. It further provides a pesticidal composition and uses thereof, the composition comprising a biopesticide, the pesticidal composition being suitable for delivering said biopesticide to a plant; and a process of manufacturing said pesticidal composition.
  • the invention provides a method of delivering a biopesticide to a plant, the method comprising
  • the method may comprise the step of preparing the pesticidal composition my mixing the adsorbent, water and the biopesticide.
  • the composition may comprise further constituents, such as for example an adjuvant.
  • the composition may comprise a surfactant or a stabilizing agent.
  • the pesticidial composition is a paste.
  • the biopesticide may contain a bioactive organism.
  • the biopesticide may, for example, comprise a nematode, a bacterium, a bacterial spore, a virus, a viral particle, a fungus, a fungal spore, or an alga.
  • the pesticidal composition may be applied to a plant by any suitable means.
  • the invention provides a pesticidal composition
  • a pesticidal composition comprising a biopesticide, an absorbent and water.
  • the composition may comprise further constituents, such as a surfactant or a stabilizing agent.
  • the invention provides a pesticidal composition for treating a plant infested by or suspected to be infested by a pest, the pesticidal composition comprising a biopesticide, an absorbent and water.
  • the pest may be an insect pest.
  • the invention relates to the use of a pesticidal composition in the treatment of a plant infested by or suspected to be infested by a pest, the pesticidal composition comprising a biopesticide, an absorbent and water.
  • the invention provides a process of making a pesticidal composition for delivering a biopesticide to a plant, the composition comprising an absorbent, water and a biopesticide.
  • Figure 1 Mobility and survival rate of IJS of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis indicus and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the pesticidal composition of the invention, stored at 18°C for three months
  • Figure 3A-C Date tissue assays: Virulence and pathogenicity of IJS of Steinernema carpocapsae,
  • Heterorhabditis indicus and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the pesticidal composition of the invention, tested on larvae of variable size (n 12)
  • Biopesticides are usually less toxic than conventional pesticides, generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, are often effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly. While it is, therefore, desirable to use biopesticides to control plant pests, developing a suitable composition containing the biopesticide to ensure an effective treatment, reduction or prevention of an infestation is often problematic.
  • the present invention provides a method for delivering a biopesticide to a plant utilizing a pesticidal composition.
  • the invention provides a method of controlling a pest, in particular an insect pest. It thus provides new and improved insect pest control strategies to target pests which reside inside internal plant tissues and to also improve the efficacy of applied EPNS to be more infective to aerial insect pests.
  • the invention provides a method of delivering a biopesticide to a plant, the method comprising (i) providing a pesticidal composition comprising an adsorbent, water and a biopesticide; and (ii) applying the pesticidal composition to the plant.
  • providing the pesticidal composition may comprise the steps of preparing the paste.
  • the pesticidal composition would then be prepared at the site and used immediately.
  • the pesticidal composition is prepared beforehand and possibly at a separate location, and then stored to be used when needed.
  • the pesticidal compostion may comprise further constituents, e.g. a surfactant or a stabilizing agent.
  • the biopesticide used in accordance with the invention may comprise an organism as the active ingredient, e.g. a bacterium, fungus, virus, protozoan, alga, or a lower metazoan such as a nematode, in particular an entomopathogenic nematode.
  • Bacterial or fungal spores, as well as viral particles may also be used as a biopesticide in accordance with the invention.
  • the pesticidal composition as described herein allows, with or without prior dilution, an effective delivery to various parts of a plant, allowing direct application of the biopesticide to the site of infestation.
  • the pesticidal composition may be directly injected into the inside of a plant, for example through tunnels or holes generated by burrowing insects in various plant tissues, such as the trunk or the basis of leaf rachises. Further, due to its consistency the pesticidal composition can be applied under pressure, allowing that even infestation sites located very deep inside the plant can be reached. Further and in contrast to aqueous solutions, the consistency of the pesticidal composition prevents any leaking due to gravitational forces even after application into upwards directed tunnels. The adhesiveness of the pesticidal composition allows it to stick to the regions where it has been applied, thereby rendering the delivery more efficient.
  • the risk that the pesticidal composition (and thereby the biopesticide suspended therein) dries up is low.
  • Using the pesticidal composition to deliver the bioactive organism to a plant results in prolonged viability and infectivity of the organism.
  • application of biopesticides in water suspension often results in a sharp decline of infectivity and viability.
  • the pesticidal composition Due to its degree of hydration and aeration, the pesticidal composition allows an increased rate of survival of the bioactive organism suspended in the pesticidal composition. It further improves survival of the organism after the pesticidal composition has been applied to the plant, into soil or at the canopy.
  • the advantageous properties of the pesticidal composition do not only allow improved direct application of the biopesticide to a plant, it also provides improved handling and storage. Large numbers of nematodes can be handled, carried, stored and delivered using relatively small volumes and containers. This is of great benefit, both practically and economically, especially when large plantations, such as plantations of crop plants, need to be controlled.
  • the pesticidal composition may be applied to a plant using any suitable method.
  • the pesticidal composition may be applied to a plant using a low pressure pump. This is particularly beneficial when delivering the pate into tunnels or holes in the plant tissue.
  • the pesticidal composition may also be diluted with water and sprayed onto a plant. This may be beneficial when targeting adult insects, which often reside on the outer surface of the plant.
  • the pesticidal composition may also be mixed with irrigation water. It may also be beneficial, to use a combination of different application methods.
  • the methods and products of the invention herein may be applied to any plant.
  • plants of agricultural use such as crop plants.
  • Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt can be used to control specific insects in cabbage or potatoes.
  • EPNS can be used to control insect infestation of any cultivated field crop and horticultural plant, for example, the date tree or the coconut palm.
  • the methods described herein may be used to apply a biopesticide to a plant that has been infested with an insect pest. As detection of an infestation can be difficult if the pathogen resides within the plant, the methods described herein may also be used on plants suspected to be infested by an insect pest, e.g. agricultural used land under threat of an insect infestation. Depending on the degree of infestation, the application of the pesticidial composition to the plant may be repeated. Heavily infested plants may require several applications of the pesticidal composition.
  • the invention provides a pesticidal composition useful for the delivery of a biopesticide to a plant in accordance with the methods described herein.
  • the pesticidal composition comprises an absorbent material, which is hydrated with water.
  • suitable absorbents are, for example, starch powder, methyl cellulose powder, polyacrylate starch powder, or anhydrous polyacrylamide .
  • a powder of crossed-linked potassium salt of starch acrylate polymer may be used, such as Horta-SorbTM SM.
  • the particle size of the absorbent may vary, depending on the specific desired application. For example, particle size of starch powder may be in the range of from 0.2mm to 0.8mm.
  • the pesticidial composition may comprise only one absorbent, or it may comprise a combination of different absorbents.
  • the absorbent : water ratio (w:v) may be varied.
  • the ratio in the final pesticidal composition i.e. after adding all constituents, may be in the range of 1:10 to 1:1000, for example in the range of 1:40 to 1:400 or in the range of 1:100 to 1:300 (w:v) .
  • the ratio may thus, for example, be up to 1:20, up to 1:40, up to 1:80, up to 1:120, up to 1:160, up to 1:200, up to 1:240, up to 1:280, up to 1:320, up to 1:360, up to 1:400 , up to 1:500, up to 1:600, up to 1:700, up to 1:800, up to 1:900 or up to 1:1000 (w:v) .
  • the ratio may be 1:200 (w:v) .
  • a different ratio may be chosen to achieve a pesticidal composition of a desired consistency.
  • the consistency may have to be adjusted to the specific use, for example the pesticidal composition may need to have a higher adhesiveness and/or viscosity if applied to larger holes or tunnels which are upwardly directed. Or it may require a lower viscosity if applied to narrow tunnels inside the plant tissue.
  • the chosen absorbent : water ratio is also dependent on any additional components in the pesticidal composition and their concentrations.
  • the desired consistency may also depend on the developmental stage of the targeted insect, and may also depend on the shape and size of the tunnels inside the plant tissue. For example if the biopesticide is to be directed to a larval or pupal stage, the consistency of the pesticidal composition must be chosen to allow delivery of the pesticidal composition to the site of larval or pupal infestation. Often, larvae and pupae reside within plant tissue. If on the other hand adult forms are to be attacked, then the consistency of the pate must be adjusted to allow delivery of the pesticidal composition to sites which may lie on the outer surface of the plant.
  • the pesticidal composition comprises one or more biopesticides .
  • the biopesticide may contain a bioactive organism, such as, for example, a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, an alga, a protozoan or a nematode.
  • a bioactive organism such as, for example, a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, an alga, a protozoan or a nematode.
  • the term "bioactive organism” as used herein also comprises a bacterial or fungal spore or a viral particle.
  • the bioactive organism may be present in the composition at a concentration in a range from 10 to 10000 organisms per ml composition. Thus, the concentration of the bioactive organism in the composition may be in the range from 50 to 5000, from 100 to 1000, from 100 to 500 organisms /ml composition.
  • the concentration highly depends on the specific bioactive organism used. For example, when using a virus or viral particle as the bioactive organism, a much higher or lower concentration may be required for an efficient composition, compared to the concentration required when using, for example, a nematode.
  • the concentration of an entomopathogenic nematode in the composition may be in the range from 10 to 10000, for example in the range from 50 to 5000, from 100 to 1000, from 100 to 500 organisms/ml composition. It may be 100 or 500 organisms/ml. Different organisms may vary in their requirements as, for example, access to oxygen or nutrients, in their ability to move or not, in their virulence, etc. Depending on the specific organism, the concentration of the organism in the composition may therefore vary. It should be high enough to ensure an efficient treatment of the plant to be treated.
  • the concentration of the bioactive organism may also vary in the paste depending on the fact whether the paste is prepared for storage or immediate use. It may, for example, be necessary or desirable to have a higher concentration in a paste which is to be stored before use.
  • the concentration may also be adjusted depending on the degree of infestation. For example, a plant with a high degree of pest infestation may require treatment with a composition with a higher concentration of the bioactive organism.
  • the pesticidal composition may comprise additional constituents.
  • it may contain a surfactant.
  • suitable surfactants include Tween-80, Tween- 40, Tween-60 and Xylene.
  • the surfactant may be present in the pesticidal composition at a concentration of 0.001 to 1%.
  • the concentration of the surfactant may be in the range from 0.005 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.005 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.005 to 0.1 or in the range from 0.01 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.01 to 0.1% . It may be in the range of 0.01% to 0.05% of the total volume of the preparation.
  • the concentration of the surfactant may be 0.01% of the total volume of the preparation.
  • the concentration of surfactant in the composition may be lower or higher than the indicated values, depending on the desired consistency.
  • the pesticidial composition may comprise a single surfactant, or a combination of different surfactants.
  • the surfactant influences the overall properties of the pesticidal composition, in particular the adhesiveness. In other words, it makes the pesticidal composition more slippery. This is particularly useful when the pesticidal composition contains a motile organism, e.g. a bioactive organism which can actively search and move towards its target insect. For example, entomopathogenic nematodes have this ability.
  • the consistency of the pesticidal composition allows the organism to move freely within the pesticidal composition. It therefore enhances the ability of the organism to search for potential pests, rendering the delivery of the pesticide more focused and the treatment more efficient.
  • the liberty of movement of a mobile bioactive organism in the pesticidal composition can, for example, be assessed by observing movement of the nematodes in a pesticidal composition with surfactant compared to movement in a pesticidal composition without surfactant.
  • the pesticidal composition may contain a stabilizing material.
  • suitable stabilizing materials include sucrose, glucose, honey, lactose, maltose, molasses.
  • the stabilizing material may be present in the pesticidal composition at a ratio in the range of from 1:100 (w:v) to 1:2000 (w:v), for example in a range from 1:500 (w:v) to l:1500(w:v) or in a range from l:750(w:v) to 1:1500 (w:v) .
  • the ratio may, for example, be up to 1:100, up to 1:200, up to 1:300, up to 1:400, up to 1:500, up to 1:600, up to 1:700, up to 1:800, up to 1:900, up to 1:1000, up to 1:1100, up to 1:1200, up to 1:1300, up to 1:1400, up to 1:1500, up to 1:1600, up to 1:1700, up to 1:1800, up to 1:1900 or up to 1:2000 (w:v) .
  • the ratio may be, for example, 1:1000 (w:v) .
  • the pesticidal composition may comprise a single stabilizing agent, or it may comprise a combination of different stabilizing agents.
  • the pesticidal composition has the consistency of a paste.
  • the viscosity of the composition may be in the range of 0.5 - 10 7 mPa/s. It may be, for example, in the range of 0.5 to 10 6 mPa/s, in the range of 0.5 to 10 5 mPa/s or in the range of 0.5 to 10 4 mPa/s.
  • the viscosity of the composition may be measured by any conventional method, for example using commercially available equipment, for example see Thibodeau et al, 2004.
  • Biopesticides suitable to be used in accordance with the present invention may comprise a bioactive organism.
  • the bioactive organism is a pathogen.
  • entomopathogenic organisms may be used to control insect pests.
  • the bioactive organism may be motile.
  • the bioactive organism has the ability to actively search for a pest. This may be particularly useful when the insects live inside a plant, i.e. when access to the actual site of infestation is hindered. Some insects bore deep tunnels inside the plant, which are extremely difficult to reach. Using a bioactive organism which can actively search for and move towards the target insects helps to improve the efficiency of the treatment.
  • bioactive organisms useful in accordance with the present invention include a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, an alga, a protozoan or a nematode. Parts of said organisms or various developmental stages of said organisms, such as for example viral particles or fungal or bacterial spores, may also be used in accordance with the invention.
  • Entomopathogenic organisms such as entomopathogentic nematodes (such as Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species), and in particular their infective juvenile stages, are useful for controlling insect pests.
  • a particular biopesticide is chosen depending on the specific pest to be treated.
  • entomopathogenic bacteria e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis
  • viruses such as baculoviruses (e.g. Nuclear polyhedrosis virus)
  • entomopathogenic fungi and their spores e.g. Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana
  • entomopathogenic nematodes e.g. Steinernema carpocapsae
  • subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis have been used to control moth larvae or larvae of flies and mosquitoes.
  • infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes which are used to control, for example, the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) , Oryctes beetle, German Cockroach, Colorado Beetle, Elm Leaf Beetle, Long Horn Beetle, Striped Cucumber Beetle, Root warm, Black Vine Weevil, White grubs, Coffee Berry Borer, Leaf Minor, Beach Borer Moth or Cut Worms.
  • Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier
  • Oryctes beetle German Cockroach, Colorado Beetle, Elm Leaf Beetle, Long Horn Beetle, Striped Cucumber Beetle, Root warm, Black Vine Weevil, White grubs, Coffee Berry Borer, Leaf Minor, Beach Borer Moth or Cut Worms.
  • the genera Steinernema e.g. Steinernema carpocapsae
  • Heterorhabditis e.g. Heterorhabditis indicus or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
  • Steinernema e.g. Steinernema carpocapsae
  • Heterorhabditis e.g. Heterorhabditis indicus or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
  • the choice of a particular biopesticide may also depend on the developmental stage of an insect, i.e. whether the biopesticide is directed against the egg and/or larvae and/or pupae and/or adult form of the insect.
  • the invention provides processes of or for making the pesticidal compositions described herein.
  • the invention provides a process of making a pesticidal composition for delivering a biopesticide to a plant, the composition comprising an absorbent, water and a biopesticide.
  • the composition may comprise further constituents, for example a surfactant and a stabilizing agent.
  • the process comprises the steps of (a) mixing the absorbent with water
  • step (b) blending the mixture of step (a) , and
  • step (c) adding a biopesticide to the product of step (b)
  • the absorbent material is mixed with water, preferably distilled water.
  • the ratio absorbent: water (w:v) is chosen so as to achieve a product of a desired consistency; the ratio in the final pesticidal composition may, for example, be in the range of 1:10 to 1:1000 (w:v), for example in the range of 1:40 to 1:400 (w:v) or in the range of 1:100 to 1:300 (w:v) .
  • the ratio may thus, for example, be up to 1:20, up to 1:40, up to 1:80, up to 1:120, up to 1:160, up to 1:200, up to up to 1:240, up to 1:280, up to 1:320, up to 1:360, up to 1:400, up to 1:500, up to 1:600, up to 1:700, up to 1:800, up to 1:900 or up to 1: 1000 (w: v) .
  • the ratio may be 1:200 (w:v) .
  • the mixture is then thoroughly mixed and left to hydrate for several minutes, e.g. 5-10 min.
  • the hydration time may of course be longer or shorter depending on the amount of material used.
  • the hydration time is also dependant on the particular absorbent used, as for example its chemical composition or its particle size may affect hydration. It should be long enough to allow thorough hydration of the absorbent material. The mixture is then blended for several minutes, e.g. 5-10 min. The blending time may be longer or shorter, depending again on the volume of the mixture. It should be long enough so that a homogenous paste-like product is formed and to ensure sufficient aeration within the pesticidal composition to allow respiration of organisms in the pesticidal composition.
  • suitable absorbents include starch, methyl cellulose powder, polyacrylate starch powder and anhydrous polyacrylamide .
  • One or more surfactants may be added to the mixture.
  • suitable surfactants include Tween 80, Tween 40, Tween 60, and Xylene.
  • the concentration may vary depending on the desired consistency of the pesticidal composition.
  • the surfactant may be present in the pesticidal composition at a concentration of 0.001 to 1%.
  • the concentration of the surfactant may be in the range from 0.005 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.005 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.005 to 0.1 or in the range from 0.01 to 0.5%, or in the range of 0.01 to 0.1% . It may be in the range of 0.01% to 0.05% of the total volume of the preparation.
  • the concentration of the surfactant may be 0.01% of the total volume of the preparation.
  • the concentration of surfactant in the composition may be lower or higher than the indicated values, depending on the desired consistency.
  • the surfactant improves the mobility of motile organisms in the pesticidal composition. It thus may enhance the organism' s ability to search for potential target pests, if an appropriate organism is used as the biopesticide of the pesticidal composition.
  • Bioactive organisms such as EPNS are added to the pesticidal composition up to a desired concentration.
  • the bioactive organism may be added before adding the surfactant to the mixture.
  • one or more stabilizing agent may be added to the mixture.
  • suitable stabilizing agents include Sucrose, Glucose, Honey, Lactose, Maltose, Molasses.
  • the stabilizing material may be present in the pesticidal composition at a ratio in the range of from 1:100 (w:v) to 1:2000 (w:v), for example in a range from 1:500 to 1:1500 or in a range from 1:750 to 1:1500.
  • the ratio may, for example, be up to 1:100, up to 1:200, up to 1:300, up to 1:400, up to 1:500, up to 1:600, up to 1:700, up to 1:800, up to 1:900, up to 1:1000, up to 1:1100, up to 1:1200, up to 1:1300, up to 1:1400, up to 1:1500, up to 1:1600, up to 1:1700, up to 1:1800, up to 1:1900 or up to 1:2000 (w.v) .
  • the ratio may be, for example, 1:1000 (w:v)
  • the IJS of different EPNS species were prepared in a paste containing the following ingredients: 1. Starch polymer 2. Distilled water 3. Surfactant
  • the polymer was mixed with distilled water, thoroughly mixed and hydrated for 5min.
  • the concentration of water and starch was chosen to result in a starch:water ratio in the final product of 1:200 (w:v) .
  • the mixture was blended for 5 minutes using a heavy duty blender.
  • the surfactant was added at a ratio of 0.01% of total volume of the preparation (1:100 (v:v)) .
  • Nematodes were then added to the paste.
  • the following nematode species were used:
  • the concentration of IJS in the paste was adjusted to 100 IJS/ml.
  • the paste preparations of the three nematodes species were stored for three months in an incubator at 18°C. IJS viability in the paste was assessed every month by examining ten samples (1 ml of paste each) taken from the paste preparation. After mixing the paste with distilled water to facilitate the counting process, the number of viable IJS in one ml paste was assessed. The counting was carried out in 9 cm plastic Petri-dishes under a binocular microscope using a hand counter. The number of viable IJS for each nematode species in the paste was compared and statistically assessed by ANOVA using MINITAB computer software program. The viability of IJS in the paste was expressed as percentage of viable IJS and presented in a graph using the Microsoft Excel computer program.
  • the paste used in the assay was prepared as mentioned under Example 1.
  • the concentration of IJS in the paste was adjusted to 500 IJS/ml.
  • Ten inch pieces of date leaf rachises were cleaned from leaflets and then artificially infested with one medium size RPW larva (-1.5 cm length) each. Each leaf rachis was left for one week to allow the larva to construct a deep tunnel inside the rachis. Each larva was removed from the tunnels after one week.
  • Example 4 Mortality of different larval instars of RPW inside date tissues after being injected with paste containing IJS
  • the paste was prepared as mentioned above. Concentration of IJS in the paste was adjusted to 500 IJS/ml. 10 inch pieces of date leaf rachises were artificially infested with RPW larvae of three different sizes as follows:
  • Paste containing IJS nematodes was prepared as mentioned above. The concentration of IJS in the paste was adjusted to 500 IJS/ml. 10 inch pieces of date leaf rachises were artificially infected with medium size larvae (-1.5 cm length), one larva per rachis.
  • nematodes Three species of nematodes were used and 10 rachises were infested with the same nematode.
  • the injection of nematode paste was performed in a similar manner as mentioned in the previous examples. Infectivity was assessed after four days by dissecting infected larvae and counting the number of nematodes inside them. The number of IJS inside RPW larvae of different sizes was assessed by ANOVA using the MINITAB computer software. The mean numbers of IJSs found inside RPW larvae (plus or minus standard errors) were depicted using the Microsoft Excel computer software.
  • Example 6 Mortality of pupae of RPW treated with paste containing IJS of EPNS
  • Example 7 Mortality of adults of RPW treated with paste containing IJS of EPNS
  • Each nematode species was tested on twelve plates. Mortality was assessed after four days by counting the dead adult RPW.
  • Table 1 Level of active infestation with RPW for selected date trees:
  • Active holes in each tree trunk were cleaned and injected with paste containing IJS of S. carpocapsae (at a concentration of 500 IJS/ml) using a hand pump. Injected holes were inspected weekly for a period of one month to detect any new active infestation. All injected holes were marked with pins and covered with mud. Weekly inspections were based on checking the tree trunks for any visible active infestation. In some cases, dead larvae we removed from the injected holes and dissected to confirm nematode infectivity. The number of injections at active holes required to stop any visible symptom of infestation was recorded.
  • Results The tree with little and low level of infestation was treated with a smaller number of injections, while trees with medium or high rate of infestation needed repeated injections (see table 2) .
  • Table2 Number of injections with paste of S. carpocapsae needed to cure infested date trees (Deba - UAE) :
  • Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) from India: separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles. Fund. Appl. Nematol., 15: 467-472.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des compositions pesticides comprenant un biopesticide, un absorbant et de l'eau. Les compositions facilitent la délivrance d'un biopesticide à une plante infectée par un déprédateur, et en particulier, aux sites dans ou sur la plante qui sont difficiles à traiter, tels que les tunnels creusés par les insectes.
PCT/GB2008/003526 2007-10-19 2008-10-17 Composition et procédé de lutte anti-déprédateur Ceased WO2009050482A1 (fr)

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EP2389805A3 (fr) * 2010-05-27 2012-11-14 Becker Underwood Limited Contrôle biologique de mollusques avec nématodes
CN106561718A (zh) * 2016-09-20 2017-04-19 山东省果树研究所 一种设施蔬菜大棚内绿色有机防治菜青虫的方法
FR3090274A1 (fr) * 2018-12-21 2020-06-26 Patrick FOLSCHVEILLER Traitement antiparasitaire du palmier à activité élevée
GB2581540A (en) * 2019-03-25 2020-08-26 Bionema Ltd Pest control kit and method

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2389805A3 (fr) * 2010-05-27 2012-11-14 Becker Underwood Limited Contrôle biologique de mollusques avec nématodes
CN106561718A (zh) * 2016-09-20 2017-04-19 山东省果树研究所 一种设施蔬菜大棚内绿色有机防治菜青虫的方法
FR3090274A1 (fr) * 2018-12-21 2020-06-26 Patrick FOLSCHVEILLER Traitement antiparasitaire du palmier à activité élevée
GB2581540A (en) * 2019-03-25 2020-08-26 Bionema Ltd Pest control kit and method
GB2581540B (en) * 2019-03-25 2021-05-26 Bionema Ltd Pest control kit and method
CN114144063A (zh) * 2019-03-25 2022-03-04 比奥内马有限公司 害虫防治套盒和方法
CN114144063B (zh) * 2019-03-25 2024-03-19 先正达农作物保护股份公司 害虫防治套盒和方法
US12376594B2 (en) 2019-03-25 2025-08-05 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Pest control kit and method

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