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WO2009049368A1 - Surveillance des performances optiques - Google Patents

Surveillance des performances optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009049368A1
WO2009049368A1 PCT/AU2008/001532 AU2008001532W WO2009049368A1 WO 2009049368 A1 WO2009049368 A1 WO 2009049368A1 AU 2008001532 W AU2008001532 W AU 2008001532W WO 2009049368 A1 WO2009049368 A1 WO 2009049368A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sample
higher order
correlation coefficient
optical signal
tap
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU2008/001532
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English (en)
Inventor
Trevor Anderson
Yuan Zhou
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nicta IPR Pty Ltd
Data61
Original Assignee
Nicta IPR Pty Ltd
National ICT Australia Ltd
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Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2007905657A external-priority patent/AU2007905657A0/en
Application filed by Nicta IPR Pty Ltd, National ICT Australia Ltd filed Critical Nicta IPR Pty Ltd
Priority to AU2008314503A priority Critical patent/AU2008314503A1/en
Publication of WO2009049368A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009049368A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
    • H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
    • H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
    • H04B10/0795—Performance monitoring; Measurement of transmission parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L7/00—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
    • H04L7/0054—Detection of the synchronisation error by features other than the received signal transition

Definitions

  • This invention concerns optical performance monitoring, and in particular relates to the use of low speed multi-tap sampling and calculation of a higher order correlation coefficient to identify signal bit rate.
  • OPM Optical performance monitoring
  • the present invention provides a method for monitoring an optical signal, the method comprising: sampling the optical signal from at least two tap points to retrieve a sample set comprising at least two samples, the at least two tap points adapted to retrieve samples from the optical signal which are separated in time by a tap delay; retrieving a plurality of sample sets over time; determining from the plurality of sample sets a higher order correlation coefficient comprising an expected value of a higher order combination of a first sample with a second sample; altering the tap delay and repeating the sampling, retrieving and determining, to obtain a higher order correlation coefficient for the altered tap delay; and analysing a higher order correlation coefficient function to identify at least one characteristic of the optical signal.
  • the present invention provides a system for monitoring an optical signal, the system comprising: a multi-tap sampling device to obtain from the optical signal a plurality of sample sets each comprising at least two samples which are separated in time by a tap delay, and to obtain a plurality of such sample sets for differing values of tap delay; a processor to compute for each tap delay a higher order correlation coefficient comprising an expected value of a higher order combination of a first sample with a second sample; and to compute at least one characteristic of the optical signal by analysing a higher order correlation coefficient function.
  • a computer program product comprising computer program code means to make a computer execute a procedure for monitoring an optical signal
  • the computer program element comprising: computer program code means for sampling the optical signal from at least two tap points to retrieve a sample set comprising at least two samples, the at least two tap points adapted to retrieve samples from the optical signal which are separated in time by a tap delay; computer program code means for retrieving a plurality of sample sets over time; computer program code means for determining from the plurality of sample sets a higher order correlation coefficient comprising an expected value of a higher order combination of a first sample with a second sample; computer program code means for altering the tap delay and repeating the sampling, retrieving and determining, to obtain a higher order correlation coefficient for the altered tap delay; and computer program code means for analysing a higher order correlation coefficient function to identify at least one characteristic of the optical signal.
  • the expected value of higher order combination of the first sample with the second sample may comprise the expected value of: the square of the first sample multiplied by the square of the second sample. More generally the expected value of higher order combination of the first sample with the second sample may comprise: E[X 1 11 X 2 " 1 ] where X 1 denotes the first sample of each of the sample sets and X 2 denotes the respective second sample of each of the sample sets, and at least one of n and m is greater than one. Additionally, the higher order combination of the first sample with the second sample may comprise other mathematical operations such as the sine, cosine, logarithm or other operations upon either or both of X 1 and X 2 , provided that the higher order correlation coefficient function, such as the function of higher order correlation coefficient vs. tap delay, yields at least one desired characteristic of the optical signal. Correlation coefficients derived by raising one or both of X 1 and X 2 to an order higher than 2 may also be used to derive more information from the original signal.
  • the higher order correlation coefficient is obtained for each of a large number of different tap delay values within a tap delay range of interest, to improve resolution of the higher order correlation coefficient function within that range.
  • the tap delay range of interest may be positioned many bit periods away from the origin of the correlation coefficient function, in order to capture a substantially periodic portion of the function not influenced by effects close to the origin.
  • the or each tap delay between the at least two sample points may be applied in the electrical domain, for example by buffering, or in the optical domain, for example by splitting the optical signal into paths of different lengths.
  • the present invention may be of utility in determining a bit rate of an optical data signal, such as a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data signal or return-to-zero (RZ) data signal.
  • NRZ non-return-to-zero
  • RZ return-to-zero
  • the invention is a method for automatically evaluating the bit rate of a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data stream, comprising the steps of: splitting an original signal into two identical signals; delaying one of the two identical signals using an asynchronous sampling technique; computing the correlation coefficient of the power of each of the original and delayed signals over a range of relative delays; and determining the repetition rate of the original signal from the computed cross- correlation coefficients.
  • NMR non-return-to-zero
  • Embodiments of the invention may provide for automated identification of bit rate in a manner that is robust against multiple optical impairments such as dispersion and noise. Some embodiments of the invention may be used to enhance the performance of a multi-impairment optical performance monitoring system and the management of intelligent reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexers (ROADM) in future optical networks.
  • ROADM reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexers
  • Asynchronous sampling may be implemented using an asynchronous sampling device with a two-tap delay line.
  • the invention only requires low-frequency sampling such that a time between the gathering of a first sample set and a second sample set is substantially greater than a bit period of the optical signal. Samples may be collected at two time points economically for the calculation of the correlation coefficients.
  • the invention is a system for automatically evaluating the bit rate of a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data stream, comprising: an asynchronous sampling device to split an original signal into two identical signals and to delay one of the two identical signals; and a processor to compute the correlation coefficient of the power of each of the two signals over a range of relative delays and to determine the repetition rate of the original signal from the computed correlation coefficients.
  • NTZ non-return-to-zero
  • the invention is software to perform the method.
  • the present invention provides a method for monitoring impairments in an optical signal, the method comprising: sampling the optical signal from at least two tap points to retrieve a sample set comprising at least two samples, the at least two tap points adapted to retrieve samples from the optical signal which are separated in time by a tap delay; retrieving a plurality of sample sets over time; determining from the plurality of sample sets a first higher order correlation coefficient comprising an expected value of a higher order combination of a first sample with a second sample; determining from the plurality of sample sets a second higher order correlation coefficient comprising an expected value of a higher order combination of a first sample with a second sample and being of a different order to the first higher order correlation coefficient; and analysing the first and second higher order correlation coefficients to identify at least one characteristic of the optical signal.
  • first, second and third order correlation coefficients may be obtained, as may higher order correlation coefficients.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of the optical performance monitoring system exemplifying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a flowchart of the steps performed by the asynchronous sampling module and the bit rate identification module in Fig. 1 ;
  • Fig. 3 a is a plot of a first order correlation coefficient of a non return to zero (NRZ) optical signal with sampling tap delays ranging from zero to a few bit periods;
  • NRZ non return to zero
  • Fig. 3b is a plot of a second order correlation coefficient of a NRZ optical signal with sampling tap delays ranging from zero to a few bit periods
  • Fig. 3c is a plot of a second order correlation coefficient of a NRZ optical signal with large sampling tap delays ranging over a few bit periods
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic of an experimental setup exemplifying the invention
  • Fig. 5a is a plot of experimentally obtained second order correlation coefficients of NRZ input signals over a range of delays, each signal having a different bit rate;
  • Fig. 5b is a plot of experimentally obtained second order correlation coefficients of input signals over a range of delays, each signal having a different level of dispersion;
  • Figure 6a shows plots of the first order correlation function vs. tap delay for a
  • Figure 6b is a chart of plots of the second order correlation function vs. tap delay for a lOGbit/s NRZ signal when subjected to: 0 ps/nm dispersion and 32dB OSNR; 0 ps/nm dispersion and 17dB OSNR; and 850 ps/nm dispersion and 17dB OSNR, respectively;
  • Figure 6c is a chart of plots of the second order correlation function vs.
  • tap delay in a range of large tap delays, for a 10Gbit/s NRZ signal when subjected to: 0 ps/nm dispersion and 32dB OSNR; 0 ps/nm dispersion and 17dB OSNR; and 850 ps/nm dispersion and 17dB OSNR, respectively;
  • Figure 7a is a chart of plots of the robustness to OSNR of the second order correlation and the first order correlation, respectively for a 10 Gbit/s signal
  • Figure 7b is a chart of plots of the robustness to chromatic dispersion of the second order correlation and the first order correlation, respectively for a 10 Gbit/s signal
  • Figure 7c is a chart of the accuracy of NRZ bit rate estimation of the second order correlation function.
  • Figures 8a, 8b and 8c illustrate the effects of chromatic dispersion upon the second order (E[X 1 2 X 2 ]), third order E[X 1 3 X 2 3 ]and sixth order E[X 1 6 X 2 6 ] correlation functions, respectively;
  • Figure 9a plots the first order correlation coefficient function obtained from an amplitude differential phase shift keying (A-DPSK) signal and the first order correlation coefficient function obtained from a NRZ signal, respectively; and
  • Figure 9b plots the second order correlation coefficient function obtained from an A-DPSK signal and the second order correlation coefficient function obtained from a NRZ signal, respectively;
  • Figure 10 is a plot of the first and second order correlation coefficient functions of a 40 Gbit/s RZ signal, illustrating the effect of dispersion.
  • the present invention also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein.
  • This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer.
  • a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.
  • a machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • a machine-readable medium includes read only memory ("ROM”); random access memory (“RAM”); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.); etc.
  • the optical performance monitoring system 100 comprises: an asynchronous sampling module 110, a bit rate identification module 120, a format identification module 130 and a multi-impairment monitoring module 140.
  • a NRZ data stream 105 is first tapped from an optical network being monitored and passed through the asynchronous sampling module 110.
  • Asynchronous delay tap sampling combines asynchronous sampling with a two-tap delay line to sample the original signal.
  • the input signal is first split into two identical signals; step 112.
  • One of the two signals is then delayed by ⁇ t and both signals are then sampled; step 114.
  • the delay could be applied in the electrical domain, after optical-to-electrical detection.
  • Each sample point includes two measurements separated by a fixed time corresponding to the delay length ⁇ t.
  • the outputs of the asynchronous sampling module 110 are two arrays of data denoting the original signal at two instants: X(t) and X(t+ ⁇ t).
  • the first order correlation coefficient Rxx of the input signal can be computed as the expected value of a product of the original signal and its delayed version:
  • Fig. 3 (a) shows a plot of the first order correlation coefficient function R ⁇ (t t+ ⁇ t) over a range of delays ⁇ t for a NRZ signal. While the width of the first order correlation function could be used to estimate the bit rate, this width is sensitive to impairments which thus cause errors in bit rate estimation.
  • the sensitivity to impairments is substantially overcome by using the second order correlation coefficient, namely the correlation coefficient of the power of the signals, R 2 ⁇ , to extract periodic characteristics of the NRZ data stream.
  • the power of each of the two signals X(t) and X(t+ ⁇ t) is first computed to obtain the following second order correlation coefficient; steps 122 and 124 in Fig. 2:
  • R 2 ⁇ x(t t+ ⁇ t) E[X 2 (t) X 2 (t+ ⁇ t)].
  • R n (t t + ⁇ t), where n > 3 may also be used.
  • X(t) and X(t+ ⁇ t) be raised to the same order, this might not be the case in alternative embodiments.
  • R 2 ⁇ is obtained directly from the sampled data and thus does not entail any pre- processing.
  • Fig. 3(b) shows a plot of the second order power correlation coefficient function R 2 ⁇ (t t + ⁇ t) over a range of relative delays.
  • R 2 ⁇ exhibits a periodic structure.
  • the repetition rate, i.e. bit rate, of the sampled NRZ data stream can then be estimated using the time difference (T) between the multiple peaks on the correlation curve; step 128 in Fig. 2.
  • the amplitude and time of the first peak and notch of the second order (power) correlation curve in Fig. 3(b) shows sensitivity to impairments and introduces systematic error to the repetition period estimation. Therefore, in order to minimise error and further improve the accuracy of the bit rate estimation, the time delay ⁇ t may be set to vary over a range which covers a few bit periods and which has a lower limit of at least several bit periods.
  • Fig. 3(c) shows the power correlation function R 2 X X over a range of delays ⁇ t'. Compared to Fig. 3(c), the periodic trend of the curve is enhanced and its repetition period (T) becomes more distinguishable and less affected by the offsets caused by correlation when ⁇ t ⁇ ⁇ T.
  • the bit rate of the input NRZ data stream is 1/T; step 128 in Fig. 2.
  • the second order correlation coefficient function may also be usefully applied to measure the bit period of a RZ signal.
  • the first order correlation function has a periodic tail from which the bit rate may be identified.
  • the amplitude of this tone may be small and the period difficult to measure.
  • Figure 10 is a plot of the first and second order correlation coefficient functions of a 40
  • Gbit/s RZ signal illustrating the effect of dispersion at a level of 160 ps/nm on each function.
  • the second order correlation function shows a more clearly defined periodic structure, particularly for ⁇ t above about 100 ps, from which the bit rate can be more effectively determined.
  • Correlation coefficients R 2 ⁇ (t t + ⁇ t) may also be used to determine data format of the input signal 105 and to enhance network impairment monitoring.
  • a 1552.5 nm tunable laser 205 is externally modulated with a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) 210 and a 2 23 -l pseudorandom bit sequence (PBRS) generator 215 to produce a NRZ signal at bit rates ranging from 5 to 40 Gb/s.
  • MZM Mach-Zehnder modulator
  • PBRS pseudorandom bit sequence
  • the signal is then passed through an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 225 to compensate the loss of the modulator 210.
  • EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier
  • Optical impairments such as dispersion and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise are then added to the signal.
  • OSNR is varied by combining the signal with an ASE noise source 220 attenuated using a variable optical attenuator (VOA) 225.
  • VOA variable optical attenuator
  • the signal is then launched into a piece of standard single mode fiber (SMF) 230 for the introduction of dispersion.
  • SMF standard single mode fiber
  • Variable dispersion is achieved by switching the signal into different lengths of SMF with a dispersion coefficient of 16 ps/nm/km.
  • a variable optical attenuator (VOA) 235 may be added right after the SMF.
  • the signal with dispersion and noise may be monitored using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) 240.
  • the signal is then re-amplified by an EDFA 245 to overcome any system losses, and optically de-multiplexed at 250 to remove ASE noise contributed by other frequency channels using an arrayed waveguide grating.
  • OSA optical spectrum analyzer
  • the resulting signal is then passed through an asynchronous delay tap sampling module 260.
  • the signal is first split optically into two signals using a 3dB coupler 265.
  • One arm 270 of the 3 dB coupler is connected to a variable optical delay (VOD) device 275 variable between 0 and 300ps in lps increments, while the other arm 280 is connected by an optical patchcord directly to the DCA.
  • VOD variable optical delay
  • Both arms are then directed to the optical inputs of a "free-running" two-channel digital communications analyzer (DCA) 285, where asynchronous sampling of the signal occurs.
  • DCA digital communications analyzer
  • Delay-tap samples X(t) and X(t+ ⁇ t) are then captured and transferred to bit rate identification device 290 for bit rate identification, as described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. For each tap delay setting of VOD 275, 4000 sample sets were obtained.
  • Fig. 5(a) shows eight correlation curves with bit rates ranging from 9 Gb/s to 11.5 Gb/s. These curves can be approximately fitted with sinusoidal functions, which are then used to calculate the repetition period of the sampled data stream. Alternatively the period can be obtained from other means such as the time between zero crossing points or alternatively from the frequency content as obtained from the Fourier transform (or FFT) of the correlation function. The same method applies to a 40 Gb/s signal.
  • the estimated bit rates, together with the percentage error and standard deviation of the estimation, are tabulated in Table 1 and plotted in Figure 7c.
  • the percentage error is the highest at 40 Gb/s because the variable optical delay line is adjusted in a 1 ps step. Due to the short period of 40 Gb/s signal, a 1 ps delay step causes about 2% error to the final estimation. However, a lower estimation error may be achieved by improving the delay step resolution to better than 0.1 ps per capture at DCA, and/or by capturing further data to extending the function over many more periods.
  • the estimated average bit rate of five input signals having 32dB OSNR and different chromatic dispersion levels are shown in Table l(b) and Fig. 5(b).
  • the dispersion level of the signal is varied from 0 to 850 ps/nm by ranging the SMF length from 0 to 500 km. As shown, the estimation error is less than 0.4% in all cases.
  • the described embodiments of the invention thus use the asynchronous delayed samples to determine bit rate from the period of the second order auto correlation function of the signal intensity. In contrast to methods based on the first order auto correlation functions, it is demonstrated that such embodiments are robust to impairments.
  • Fig 8 demonstrates the sensitivity of the 2 nd , 3 rd and 6 th order correlation coefficient functions to chromatic dispersion. It is proposed that the analysis of simultaneously measured correlation functions can distinguish and measure multiple simultaneous impairments.
  • the present invention further provides for determination of signal format, even in the presence of signal impairments.
  • Figures 9a and 9b is plotted the 1st and 2nd order auto correlation functions for 10 Gb/s NRZ and A- DPSK signals for comparison. Differences are apparent in both orders.
  • the first order correlation function is sufficient to distinguish format in this ideal case the higher order correlation function will enable format identification in more realistic cases of signal impairment, for which the 1st order may not be sufficient.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)

Abstract

La surveillance d'un signal optique consiste à échantillonner le signal optique à partir d'au moins deux points de connexion afin de récupérer un groupe d'échantillons comprenant au moins deux échantillons. Les échantillons sont séparés dans le temps par un délai de connexion. De multiples groupes d'échantillons de ce type sont obtenus dans le temps. A partir des groupes d'échantillons, un coefficient de corrélation d'ordre supérieur est déterminé, ce dernier comprenant une valeur prévue d'une combinaison d'ordre supérieur d'un premier échantillon avec un deuxième échantillon. Le coefficient de corrélation est utilisé pour identifier une caractéristique du signal optique telle qu'un débit binaire, par exemple en le comparant à un coefficient de corrélation d'ordre différent, ou en calculant le coefficient de corrélation pour plusieurs valeurs du délai de connexion et en évaluant la fonction du coefficient de corrélation.
PCT/AU2008/001532 2007-10-16 2008-10-16 Surveillance des performances optiques Ceased WO2009049368A1 (fr)

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AU2007905657A AU2007905657A0 (en) 2007-10-16 Optical performance monitoring

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114337813A (zh) * 2022-01-07 2022-04-12 南京鼎芯光电科技有限公司 一种异步延迟采样和图像处理的光性能监测方法及系统

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030117613A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-06-26 Alcatel, Inria Method of measuring the error rate of an optical transmission system and apparatus for implementing the method
WO2004073244A1 (fr) * 2003-02-17 2004-08-26 The University Of Melbourne Procede et dispositif de surveillance de taux d'erreurs sur les bits
US6836620B1 (en) * 1998-03-19 2004-12-28 Siemens Atkiengesellschaft Method for monitoring the signal quality in transparent optical networks
WO2007041808A1 (fr) * 2005-10-13 2007-04-19 National Ict Australia Limited Procede et appareil pour la surveillance d'un signal optique echantillonne
WO2007063533A1 (fr) * 2005-12-01 2007-06-07 Eci Telecom Ltd. Procede et systeme permettant de mesurer un facteur de qualite moyen dans des reseaux optiques
US20080075457A1 (en) * 2006-09-27 2008-03-27 Skoog Ronald A Methods and systems for optical performance monitoring

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6836620B1 (en) * 1998-03-19 2004-12-28 Siemens Atkiengesellschaft Method for monitoring the signal quality in transparent optical networks
US20030117613A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-06-26 Alcatel, Inria Method of measuring the error rate of an optical transmission system and apparatus for implementing the method
WO2004073244A1 (fr) * 2003-02-17 2004-08-26 The University Of Melbourne Procede et dispositif de surveillance de taux d'erreurs sur les bits
WO2007041808A1 (fr) * 2005-10-13 2007-04-19 National Ict Australia Limited Procede et appareil pour la surveillance d'un signal optique echantillonne
WO2007063533A1 (fr) * 2005-12-01 2007-06-07 Eci Telecom Ltd. Procede et systeme permettant de mesurer un facteur de qualite moyen dans des reseaux optiques
US20080075457A1 (en) * 2006-09-27 2008-03-27 Skoog Ronald A Methods and systems for optical performance monitoring

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114337813A (zh) * 2022-01-07 2022-04-12 南京鼎芯光电科技有限公司 一种异步延迟采样和图像处理的光性能监测方法及系统

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