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WO2008124925A1 - Procédé de détection du fusarium - Google Patents

Procédé de détection du fusarium Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008124925A1
WO2008124925A1 PCT/CA2008/000677 CA2008000677W WO2008124925A1 WO 2008124925 A1 WO2008124925 A1 WO 2008124925A1 CA 2008000677 W CA2008000677 W CA 2008000677W WO 2008124925 A1 WO2008124925 A1 WO 2008124925A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
kernels
kernel
grain
scattering
belt
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CA2008/000677
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
David A. Prystupa
Jitendra Paliwal
Scott Stewart
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Manitoba
Original Assignee
University of Manitoba
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Manitoba filed Critical University of Manitoba
Publication of WO2008124925A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008124925A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
    • B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
    • B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
    • B07C5/342—Sorting according to other particular properties according to optical properties, e.g. colour
    • B07C5/3425—Sorting according to other particular properties according to optical properties, e.g. colour of granular material, e.g. ore particles, grain
    • B07C5/3427—Sorting according to other particular properties according to optical properties, e.g. colour of granular material, e.g. ore particles, grain by changing or intensifying the optical properties prior to scanning, e.g. by inducing fluorescence under UV or x-radiation, subjecting the material to a chemical reaction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/4738—Diffuse reflection, e.g. also for testing fluids, fibrous materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/65—Raman scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/02—Food
    • G01N33/10—Starch-containing substances, e.g. dough

Definitions

  • Fusarium head blight is a fungal disease that affects small cereal grains which may cause the grain to become shrivelled, light in weight and infused with the myoctoxin deoxynivalenol (DON).
  • This toxin can cause sickness in humans and accordingly there are limits on the parts-per-million (ppm) DON allowable in end products made from wheat based on their intended use. For example, below 1 ppm is acceptable for human consumption, below 5 ppm for swine and below 10 ppm for cattle or chickens.
  • PCT Application WO03/025858 teaches an algorithm for interpreting color images of seeds which comprises filtering interferences, extracting features and transferring the features to a trained neural network for classification.
  • US Patent 5,898,792 describes a method for determining flour yield, protein content and bulk density of cereal kernels by using a trained neural network.
  • US Patent 5,956,413 teaches a method to orient kernels and the application of neural networks to classify kernels from image analysis.
  • US Patent 6,427,128 teaches an image analysis method to detect defects in granular objects using reflected and transmitted light.
  • US Patent 6,845,326 teaches a specific setup of a spectrophotometer in transmission mode to measure the constituents in grain.
  • a method of separating defective kernels from a quantity of grain comprising: providing a quantity of grain kernels, at least some of said kernels suspected of defects; isolating respective individual kernels from said quantity of grain kernels; subjecting said respective individual kernels to visible light or near infra-red analysis and determining visible light or near infra-red scattering from said respective individual kernels; and rejecting said respective individual kernels if the scattering is above a threshold level.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of an ejection apparatus of the invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a separation apparatus of the invention.
  • Figure 6 is a graph of signal versus time.
  • Figure 7 is a plot showing the rejection of infected kernels.
  • the kernel is damaged by an FHB infection
  • any fungal infection or imperfection that changes the bi-directional reflectance distribution function of the sample can be detected.
  • a fungal infection on, or near, the surface of a grain kernel that affects a substantial fraction of the surface area (>50%) compared to a healthy kernel will in general satisfy this condition.
  • other imperfections both natural and environmental that satisfy this condition that is, damage a significant or substantial or major portion of the surface area of the kernel, for example, frost damage, can be detected using the described method.
  • a method of separating defective kernels from healthy kernels in a quantity of grain comprising: providing a quantity of grain kernels, at least some of said kernels suspected of defects; isolating respective individual kernels from said quantity of grain kernels; subjecting said respective individual kernels to visible light or near infra-red analysis and determining visible light or near infra-red scattering from said respective individual kernels; and rejecting said respective individual kernels if the scattering is above a threshold level.
  • the threshold level may be the scattering for a single healthy kernel or may be an average from a set of healthy kernels.
  • the percentage may be 40-60% more scattering.
  • a method of separating a defective kernel from healthy kernels in a quantity of grain comprising: providing a quantity of grain kernels, at least some of said kernels suspected of defects; isolating an individual kernel from said quantity of grain kernels; subjecting said individual kernel to visible light or near infra-red analysis and determining visible light or near infra-red scattering from said individual kernel; and rejecting said individual kernel if the scattering is above a threshold level.
  • the kernels may be wheat although as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, kernels from other suitable grains may be used or analyzed or sorted as well.
  • the threshold level may be derived from infra- red scattering from a non-defective kernel or from a set of non-defective kernel.
  • the method involves the steps of separating or isolating individual kernels of grain and then forwarding the respective individual kernels for visible light or near infra-red analysis.
  • defective kernels for example, fungus-infected kernels
  • scatter visible light or near IR radiation differently than healthy kernels. Accordingly, as discussed below, this property may be used to separate defective kernels from healthy kernels.
  • optical arrangements for visible light or near IR analysis as well as apparatuses for singulating or separating kernels for visible light or near IR analysis and apparatuses for automated rejection of defective kernels. It is however important to note that these examples are provided for illustrative purposes and a wide variety of separation, detection and rejection arrangements may be used under the invention.
  • a kernel of grain suspected of infection or substantial imperfection for example, surface imperfections is isolated and passed through a tube having an entry end, an exit end and a port.
  • the port is arranged to accept a light source.
  • the light source may be for example an LED, a laser, or an incandescent, halogen, fluorescent or flash lamp.
  • a LED in combination with collimating optics is the preferred light source due to low power, long life and spectral characteristics.
  • a laser works very well, but has a shorter operational life and is more easily damaged but is suitable in some embodiments and for some applications.
  • Other light sources including incandescent, halogen, fluorescent and flash lamps will work in combination with collimating optics, but the lamp life and energy costs are less favourable. Wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm were tested and healthy kernels can be distinguished from infected kernels over the whole range except between 475 and 525 nm.
  • wavelengths between 400-475 nm and between 525-700 nm may be used in the invention.
  • a collimating optic is placed after the light source to minimize the angular divergence of the output beam.
  • the angular divergence can be 30 degrees, but in preferred embodiments the angular divergence is less than 5 degrees and most preferred less than 1 degree. It is noted that the design of such collimating optics is well within ordinary skill in the art.
  • a commercially available collimating optic for example, such as those available from for example Thorlabs, or Edmund Optics may be utilized within the invention.
  • the output beam is incident upon a kernel to be inspected.
  • the diameter of the incident beam at the kernel is slightly larger than the kernel so that the entire surface of the kernel can be examined at once.
  • a beam having a diameter between about 3 mm and about 5 mm, preferably about 4 mm will generally meet this requirement.
  • the intensity distribution of the incident beam should be as uniform as posssible.
  • the difference between the intensity at the centre of the beam and the intensity at the edge of the beam should be less than 50% and preferentially less than 10%.
  • the incident beam is substantially smaller than the kernel and is scanned across the surface so that an infection affecting only a small part of the surface can be detected.
  • a laser with a Gaussian beam profile may be used because the time average illumination at each point will be the same regardless of beam profile.
  • the output beam is produced by a source S, collimated by a collimating optics C and then passes through a port in the side of a tube and is reflected by a small prism (P) to follow the central axis of the tube.
  • the radius of the output face of the small prism, R2 preferentially matches the radius of the collimated output beam so that the distance H2 can be minimized.
  • a small mirror also is positioned to reflect the collimated output beam along the central axis of the tube at the position P. Light from the collimated beam is incident on the kernel to be tested and light is scattered by the kernel into a plurality of angles ranging from 0 to 90 degrees.
  • a lens, L is situated behind the prism or mirror which collects and focuses scattered light on a detector D1 that is immediately preceded by a band pass filter Fl
  • the maximum acceptance angle for the collection tube, A2 is arctan(R1/H1) and the minimum acceptance angle, A1 , is arctan(R2/(H1 +H2)).
  • H1 , H2, R1 and R2 are chosen such that the minimum acceptance angle, A1 , is approximately 30 degrees and the maximum acceptance angle, A2, is approximately 60 degrees.
  • H1 is preferably in the range of 1 mm to 5 mm
  • R1 is preferably in the range of 5 mm to 13 mm.
  • the inner walls of the tube are reflective.
  • the tube may have a constant diameter, or in a preferred embodiment the tube is tapered such that the diameter is smaller at the sample end than at the detector end of the tube as shown in Figure 2.
  • the angle A3 is preferably in the range from 15 to 30 degrees.
  • R2 defines the minimum scattering angle transmitted by the tube.
  • the diameter and vertical displacement of the tube proximate to the kernel defines the maximum scattering angle transmitted by the tube.
  • Figure 3 shows another embodiment in which light is generated at source S and optionally collimated at C1.
  • the light is transmitted by a tube, optical fibre, or a plurality of optical fibres, E, and is optionally collimated at C2 prior to incidence upon the kernel to be tested, K.
  • An optically opaque ring of radius R2 surrounds the inner conduit proximate to the kernel.
  • the scattered radiation is collected by a plurality of optical fibres G between radii R2 and R1 that transmit the scattered radiation to detector D1 , immediately preceded by a band pass filter (not shown).
  • the inner, R2 and outer, R1 radii for the collection fibres G are chosen so that the minimum acceptance angle is approximately 30 degrees and the maximum acceptance angle is approximately 60 degrees.
  • light collected by the optical fibres G may be transmitted to a single detector.
  • the intensity measured by the detector is compared with a previously determined threshold value to determine whether the kernel is good or bad.
  • the threshold value is determined by comparing signals from a training set of kernels classified as healthy or infected.
  • the light collected by optical fibres G are mapped onto a plurality of detectors and the pattern of intensity values is compared with previously determined patterns to determine whether the kernel is healthy or infected.
  • the patterns for comparison are delermined by comparing signals from a training set of kernels classified as healthy or infected.
  • the detector D1 is a Raman spectrometer.
  • the elastically-scattered Rayleigh component contains information about the surface texture and the inelasitically- scattered Raman component contains information about the chemical composition at the surface of the kernel.
  • the Raman spectrum is compared with a training set that includes possible contaminants such as urea, pesticides, fertilizer, insect parts, fungicides, herbicides, rat poison, and the like. It is notable that the preferred wavelength, 470 nm, is close to the Argon laser line at 488 nm that is widely used by those skilled in the art for exciting Raman spectra.
  • a mirror with a small hole in the centre to collect scattered light.
  • the mirror is set at an angle of approximately 45 degrees. All that is required is that the reflected light is not collinear with the incident beam, so any angle in the range of 20 to 70 degrees would also be practical.
  • Incident light passes through the small hole in the mirror, drilled at the angle of incidence to preserve the beam profile, and is scattered by the kernel. Scattered light reflected from the mirror is collected by a lens system and analysed. Experiments showed that the signal from the mirror however were not as good as the results from a direct backscatter measurement.
  • at least the portion of the tube proximal to the kernel must be substantially round and the inner walls must be polished.
  • the minimum diameter of the tube is set by the height of the tube above a kernel, the desired solid angle for measurement, and the size of the required input optics (approx 3 mm).
  • the tube acts as a waveguide beyond the first bounce, so the walls must be polished to minimize attenuation.
  • the main constraint on the upper size of the tube (or fibre bundle) is the spacing between kernels.
  • the upper diameter of the tube is preferably 50 mm or less and most preferably 25 mm or less.
  • the light source must produce a collimated beam. If the beam is not collimated, the angular distribution of the scattered radiation is convoluted with the angular distribution of the incident radiation.
  • the measurement window is about 30 degrees, so a reasonable tolerance is 2 degrees or 35 mrad.
  • the scattered light is focussed by a lens at the top of the tube onto a detector. Alternately, the lens focuses scattered light into an optical fibre that transmits the light to a detector, or to a specific location on a detector array. Alternately, if a fibre bundle is used in the place of the tube ( Figure 3), the fibre bundle terminates at a detector.
  • the light source S emits two distinct wavelength bands, which travel collinearly through the optical system as shown in Figures 1-3.
  • light from two sources may be combined with a beamsplitter, a prism, or a grating to make a collinear beam.
  • Light scattered at a first wavelength is collected as shown in Figures 1-3, with the optional addition of a band pass filter F1 to block the second wavelength.
  • Light of the second wavelength is either blocked by the kernel K or transmitted around the edges and detected by a second detector D2 after passing through band pass filter F2. If the light source is uniform, then the fraction of light blocked will be proportional to the area of the kernel.
  • a line scan detector proximate to and immediately underneath the kernel may be used to detect the positions at which the transmitted light level is below a pre-determined threshold value.
  • the width of the kernel is proportional to the number of dark pixels and the area is calculated by adding successive rows.
  • the second wavelength is chosen to have minimal attenuation by the substrate B supporting the kernel and a large attenuation by the kernel.
  • the substrate supporting the kernel B 1 may be chosen to act as a band pass filter.
  • the two wavelengths may be the same.
  • the second wavelength is longer than the first wavelength to reduce the effect of scattering by dust and is chosen for transmission through the substrate material B Wavelengths between 600 and 1000 nm are suggested
  • the system comprises a plurality of tubes, a separator and sorting means wherein kernels are either accepted or rejected based on scattering properties, as discussed herein
  • the separator comprises a wheel having a plurality of slots, each slot being sized and/or arranged to allow a single kernel to pass through the respective slots
  • the slots may be tapered to allow the kernels to fall into the slots
  • a hopper H feeds kernels through a vibrating grate G as shown in Figure 5
  • a rotating cylinder C has n rows of m slots, where n and m are integers There are n such slots arranged around the circumference of the cylinder Four are shown in Figure 5, but the number can be in the range of for example 1 to 20 and for example preferably 4 to 8
  • the radius of the cylinder is in the range of 6 to 25 mm and preferably about 12 mm
  • Each slot is just large enough to accept one kernel
  • the slots are preferably 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide and 2-3 mm deep
  • a kernel is transported from an input port to an output port
  • the kernel falls onto a belt B travelling in a direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder C
  • an inclined slide may be placed between the output port and the belt to accelerate kernels to a velocity
  • kernels are transferred to m consecutive positions on the belt at once. In other embodiments the transfer from cylinder to belt is interleaved. In some embodiments, the m slots along the cylinder are in phase. In other embodiments the slots along the cylinder are out of phase by an integral divisor of 2*pi.
  • the belt will transport approximately 5530 kg of wheat per hour.
  • grain may fall through a spout onto a spinning conical section. As the grain falls along the conical section, the number density decreases such that single kernels fall into tapered slots at the perimeter of the conical section.
  • grain is fed into a system consisting of a plurality of belts moving at successively higher speeds.
  • Grain may be fed onto a first belt moving at speed vl
  • the first belt accelerates the grain to speed v1 before transferring the grain to a second belt moving at speed v2.
  • the process may be repeated until the mass density corresponds to a fractional monolayer of kernels.
  • the last belt may have a pattern of tapered slots into which individual kernels may fall.
  • the tapered slots on the belt receiving individual grain kernels may have a small hole with a diameter less than the diameter of the smallest grain kernel received by the system.
  • the slot After receiving a grain kernel, the slot passes a detector as described above. The detector may be caused to produce a signal signifying that the kernels is either accepted or rejected. If the kernel is rejected, the kernel may be removed from the belt by one of the following mechanisms:
  • the belt or wheel may have slots with grain kernels on one side and holes that line up with the slots on a reverse side.
  • a tube mates with the hole in the wheel or belt assuring alignment.
  • a small rod may be driven through the hole to displace a grain kernel.
  • the rod may be driven by a solenoid.
  • a quantity of gas sufficient to eject a kernel may by pass through the hole in the bottom of the slot by activating a valve connected to a reservoir of compressed gas.
  • a detector D senses the proximity of a slot containing a kernel. This signal is logically combined in an AND gate with the boolean result from the defect detection apparatus described previously at logic unit L.
  • the logic unit is a CLPD.
  • the logic element is a FPGA.
  • the logic element is a micro-controller. If the kernel is to be rejected and the slot is aligned, an electric current flows through resistor R vaporizing a volatile liquid. The gas produced travels into tube T displacing the rejected kernel K into a hopper H. The volatile liquid is replenished from a reservoir by a duct W.
  • the liquid is water and an electric current supplied to a resistive element produces the heat.
  • an electric charge is applied to infected kernels and healthy kernels are grounded to eliminate any net charge. After a charge is applied the kernels are made to leave the belt and travel along a parabolic trajectory toward two bins. An electric field is applied in a direction parallel or anti-parallel to the belt to accelerate charged kernels to a first bin whilst healthy kernels fall into a second bin.
  • the charge may be applied to healthy kernels and infected kernels are grounded.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

Les graines présentant un défaut de surface substantiel sont séparées des graines saines sur la base de la lumière UV et/ou visible diffusée par les graines individuelles. De manière spécifique, si la diffusion est supérieure à un niveau seuil, la graine est rejetée car considérée défectueuse.
PCT/CA2008/000677 2007-04-12 2008-04-14 Procédé de détection du fusarium Ceased WO2008124925A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US91131107P 2007-04-12 2007-04-12
US60/911,311 2007-04-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008124925A1 true WO2008124925A1 (fr) 2008-10-23

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PCT/CA2008/000677 Ceased WO2008124925A1 (fr) 2007-04-12 2008-04-14 Procédé de détection du fusarium

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009155706A1 (fr) * 2008-06-27 2009-12-30 Spectrum Scientific Inc. Enlèvement de grains infectés par du fusarium dans des céréales
EP2186576A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-19 Belgian Electronic Sorting Technology, N.V. (Best N.V.) Procédé et dispositif de tri de produits

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5865990A (en) * 1996-09-13 1999-02-02 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting grain
US6483583B1 (en) * 1997-02-27 2002-11-19 Textron Systems Corporation Near infrared spectrometry for real time analysis of substances
US6646264B1 (en) * 2000-10-30 2003-11-11 Monsanto Technology Llc Methods and devices for analyzing agricultural products

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5865990A (en) * 1996-09-13 1999-02-02 Uncle Ben's, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting grain
US6483583B1 (en) * 1997-02-27 2002-11-19 Textron Systems Corporation Near infrared spectrometry for real time analysis of substances
US6646264B1 (en) * 2000-10-30 2003-11-11 Monsanto Technology Llc Methods and devices for analyzing agricultural products

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009155706A1 (fr) * 2008-06-27 2009-12-30 Spectrum Scientific Inc. Enlèvement de grains infectés par du fusarium dans des céréales
US8227719B2 (en) 2008-06-27 2012-07-24 Spectrum Scientific Inc. Removal of fusarium infected kernels for grain
EA018818B1 (ru) * 2008-06-27 2013-10-30 Спектрум Сайнтифик Инк. Удаление зараженных фузариозом зерен из зерновой культуры
EP2186576A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-19 Belgian Electronic Sorting Technology, N.V. (Best N.V.) Procédé et dispositif de tri de produits

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