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WO2008120172A2 - Lampe à décharge de gaz comprenant un gaz de remplissage exempt de mercure - Google Patents

Lampe à décharge de gaz comprenant un gaz de remplissage exempt de mercure Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008120172A2
WO2008120172A2 PCT/IB2008/051215 IB2008051215W WO2008120172A2 WO 2008120172 A2 WO2008120172 A2 WO 2008120172A2 IB 2008051215 W IB2008051215 W IB 2008051215W WO 2008120172 A2 WO2008120172 A2 WO 2008120172A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
discharge
iii
discharge lamp
mercury
lamp according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2008/051215
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2008120172A3 (fr
Inventor
Achim G. R. Koerber
Rainer Hilbig
Daiyu Hayashi
Stefan Schwan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Philips Intellectual Property and Standards GmbH
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Philips Intellectual Property and Standards GmbH
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Philips Intellectual Property and Standards GmbH, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Philips Intellectual Property and Standards GmbH
Publication of WO2008120172A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008120172A2/fr
Publication of WO2008120172A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008120172A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/125—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having an halogenide as principal component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/82—Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure > 400 Torr
    • H01J61/827—Metal halide arc lamps

Definitions

  • Gas discharge lamp comprising a mercury-free gas fill
  • the invention relates to a gas discharge lamp comprising a light-transmitting discharge vessel enclosing, in a gas-tight manner, a discharge space comprising a mercury- free gas fill, the mercury-free gas fill comprising a molecular radiator compound, the gas discharge lamp further comprising discharge means for maintaining a discharge in the discharge space.
  • Light generation in gas discharge lamps is based on the principle that charge carriers, particularly electrons, are accelerated so strongly by an electric field applied to the discharge lamp that collisions with the gas atom or molecule species in the gas fill of the discharge lamp cause these species to be excited or ionized. When the excited species in the gas fill return to the ground state, a more or less substantial part of the excitation energy is converted into radiation.
  • Conventional gas discharge lamps comprise mercury as a primary component for generation of radiation. It is a disadvantage of mercury-containing discharge lamps that mercury emits considerable radiation in the high energy but non- visible UVC range of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g., there exists a radiation line centered at 254 nm. To use such radiation for lighting purposes, it has to be converted into visible radiation e.g. by means of phosphors. Though quantum efficiency of most phosphors is near unity, there is always a waste of energy (“Stokes' loss”) if one UV-photon is converted to one visible photon and heat.
  • Stokes' loss waste of energy
  • mercury is a highly toxic and environmentally hazardous substance.
  • mercury in discharge lamps is widely objected to and wherever possible is no longer used at all or at least reduced.
  • a discharge lamp comprising a light-transmitting discharge vessel enclosing, in a gas-tight manner, a discharge space comprising a mercury-free fill, the mercury-free fill comprising a molecular radiator compound, selected from the group of metal halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III), wherein the halide is selected from the group of chloride, bromide and iodide and combinations thereof.
  • the fill also comprises a buffer gas for aiding in starting and buffering the discharge, the discharge lamp further comprising discharge means for igniting and maintaining a discharge in the discharge space.
  • the lamp according to the invention a molecular discharge takes place, emitting radiation in the visible and near UV range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • the lamp produces visible radiation of the cold- white type and reduced emission in the UV range.
  • the principal advantage of this lamp technology is that it does not require the use of mercury vapor, which is an environmentally hazardous material with known human toxicity. It is therefore environmentally safe.
  • the second advantage is its potential to become an efficient white light illumination source not requiring the use of phosphors. Thereby, e.g., losses by Stokes' shift are reduced and less energy is wasted by radiative output in the ultraviolet.
  • the invention provides a lamp with a high white light efficiency.
  • the preferred molecular radiator compound is ruthenium (III) halide.
  • ruthenium (III) halide metallic species such as osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III) may be used as well, alone or in combination with ruthenium(III).
  • JP 61-208742 A proposed a "Discharge lamp using microwave discharge has translucent container filled with rare gas, mercury and chloride of osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, or rhenium". But it has to be noted that all these prior art documents employ discharges based on mercury as the main filling compound using these further metals only as minor constituents for influencing their spectrum.
  • JP 61-208742 A adds these further metals to increase the luminous output of an electrodeless electric-discharge lamp for the near ultraviolet region, i.e., the luminous output of such a lamp for the near ultraviolet region can be greatly increased by properly selecting the amount of the chloride of osmium or a similar element charged in the lamp.
  • the fill of an inventive lamp may further comprise a regenerative additive for regenerating ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III).
  • a regenerative additive for regenerating ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III).
  • Such regenerative additive may improve the lamp's lifetime by the following envisaged mechanism.
  • the radiative species selected from the group of the halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III) are redox-amphoter. Redox- amphoter behavior means that the radiative species can be degraded either by oxidative or by reductive chemical reactions.
  • a mild reducing regenerative additive that will keep the radiative species at their respective oxidation level, but will not reduce them to the metallic phase.
  • Such improved composition of the gas fill may reduce the rate of loss of the radiative metallic species from the gas fill and, thus, inhibit loss of luminosity due to discoloration of the discharge vessel walls by deposited metals.
  • the use of such a regenerative additive is not required in every embodiment of the invention.
  • Regenerative additives may be used either in a volatile or in a solid compound form.
  • the regenerative additive is a volatile compound selected from the group of sulfur, selenium, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
  • a substance, which may be preferably used, is sulfur. Adding a sulfur containing substance to the lamp fill may also have the effect of providing spectral emphasis to the spectrum.
  • the additive may be supplied as a solid, selected from the group of metallic titanium, silicon, and aluminum, especially if the operating temperature within the discharge vessel is high enough. It may also be possible to use a combination of the additives disclosed herein together in a single lamp fill.
  • the molar ratio of said molecular radiator compound and said regenerative additive is between 1 : 1 and 5:1 and the concentration of the molecular radiator compound is between 10 ⁇ 10 and 10 ⁇ 5 mole/cm 3 .
  • the gas fill comprises also a buffer gas, preferably an inert gas selected from the group formed by helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon or mixtures thereof.
  • a buffer gas preferably an inert gas selected from the group formed by helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon or mixtures thereof.
  • the gas discharge lamp is constructed as a High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp .
  • HID High Intensity Discharge
  • the discharge means for maintaining a discharge in the discharge space are selected from the means for inductive operation, capacitive operation, or microwave operation, electrode-emissive operation being an alternative.
  • the lamp is advantageously used as a lamp for diagnostic, therapeutic, cosmetic, or germicidal lighting applications, or as a lacquer-curing lamp.
  • the lamp may be combined with appropriate phosphors, e.g. in a luminescent layer coating.
  • the gas discharge vessel may comprise a luminescent layer on the inside or outside surface of the wall of the discharge vessel or a luminescent layer on an additional outer bulb.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an electroded embodiment of the lamp operated at 50Hz.
  • Fig. 2 displays the optical spectrum of an electrodeless RUCI 3 discharge at 50Hz.
  • the present invention focuses on an improved fill comprising a molecular radiator compound, selected from the group of metal halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III), for any design of a discharge lamp.
  • a molecular radiator compound selected from the group of metal halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III)
  • Such designs comprise lamps equipped with means for electrode operation (electrode emissive or capacitive), or electrodeless inductive or microwave operation for igniting and maintaining the molecular radiator gas discharge, thereby generating a radiating plasma.
  • the design with electrodes is either of a typical "tubular lamp”-type as known in the art, with the main electrodes inside the discharge vessel. Otherwise the electrode- comprising lamp design is of the "dielectric barrier discharge”-type (DBD) with - for capacitive operation - at least one main electrode outside the vessel or both main electrodes arranged outside the vessel.
  • DBD dielectric barrier discharge
  • the lamp according to the invention does not necessarily rely on electrodes but rather produce light by inductively coupling the lamp gas fill to intense radio wave radiation of several MHz, thereby inducing an electrical discharge operating at radio frequencies of several MHz.
  • a microwave induced plasma operating at the frequency of 916 MHz and higher is used.
  • All of these electrodeless lamp designs have in common that the power is supplied to the lamps not through electrodes but rather by being subject to an externally produced electromagnetic oscillation.
  • the variation of the pattern of the electromagnetic field depends on the structure and operation of the external source of the electromagnetic field.
  • radio wave radiation As used herein, the phrase "radio wave radiation”, as well as the acronym “RF”, is intended to encompass electromagnetic radiation frequencies in either the conventional radio frequency range or in the conventional microwave frequency range.
  • the RF source is an RF antenna, a probe, or the like for introducing RF energy into the waveguide.
  • a preferred electrodeless embodiment features a cylindrically-shaped arc tube of a height less than its outside diameter, a light transmissive outer envelope disposed around the arc tube and defining a space there-between, and excitation means for coupling radio- frequency energy to the arc tube fill.
  • the arc tube can e.g. be formed of a high temperature glass, such as fused quartz, or an optically transparent ceramic, such as polycrystalline alumina.
  • the filled arc tube generates a plasma arc during lamp operation by excitation from a solenoidal electric field employed in the lamp, all in known manner.
  • the excitation is created by a magnetic field, changing with time, to establish within the tube an electric field which closes completely upon itself, resulting in the light-producing high intensity discharge.
  • the excitation source in the preferred lamp design comprises an excitation coil disposed outside the outer lamp envelope and connected to a power supply through an impedance matching network.
  • thermal energy barrier means such as metal baffles or quartz wool, or even a vacuum.
  • thermal barrier means desirably reduce heat loss from the lamp, which would otherwise be considerable due to the more elevated lamp operating temperatures and isothermal manner of lamp operation being achieved in this construction.
  • a discharge lamp of the electrodeless type is provided that is powered by RF energy.
  • RF energy the principles of the present invention apply equally well to discharge lamps having internal or external electrodes.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an electroded embodiment of a lamp according to the invention shown in side elevation and operated at 50Hz.
  • the lamp vessel 11 of quartz glass has an elliptical shape and a volume of approximately 1 cm .
  • Tungsten electrodes 13 are present in the discharge vessel, about 10 mm spaced apart.
  • Current supply conductors 14 to the electrodes penetrate into the discharge vessel.
  • the lamp has a filling comprising a buffer gas for aiding in starting and buffering the discharge and a molecular radiator compound 12, selected from the group of metal halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III), wherein the halide is selected from the group of chloride, bromide and iodide and combinations thereof.
  • the lamp vessel 11 is mounted within an outer envelope 15, which is provided with a lamp base 16.
  • inventions can be improved by depositing a thin, non-conductive infrared reflective coating on the outside walls of the discharge vessel.
  • the reflective coating is deposited either by evaporation, spraying, painting or other method.
  • the material used is tin oxide or a similar reflective material.
  • the function of the coating is to reduce the infrared radiation loss of the walls of the vessel and thereby increase the wall temperature of the vessel or achieve the same temperature at lower electrical input power of the lamp.
  • the discharge vessel encloses a discharge area containing a gas fill for sustaining an electrical discharge that includes a molecular radiator, selected from the metal halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III), and a buffer gas but does not include mercury or mercury compounds.
  • the halide is selected from the group of chloride, bromide and iodide and combinations thereof.
  • Halides of ruthenium and especially RuCl3 are preferably used as the radiating species in the fill components because these halides show a favorable vapor pressure in the discharge and provide visible whitish radiation of high efficacy.
  • these halides may be susceptible to degradation through reactions with oxygen and water vapor. Therefore, the invention provides two strategies to deal with the phenomenon in addition to the most basic approach, which is simply to remove oxygen and water vapor from the discharge vessel by vacuum or by inert gas flushing, or both, prior to filling the radiative fill. This later approach is well known in the art, but might not be sufficient to prevent oxidation of the halides of ruthenium(III), osmium(III,IV), rhodium(III) and rhenium(III) by remaining traces of oxygen and water. Therefore, the fill according to the invention may further comprise a regenerative additive in addition to the radiative species.
  • Suitable regenerative additives are selected to be competitively oxidized relative to the radiative species, while not reducing the metal halides to the elemental stage. Formulation of the composition of the fill according to the invention is facilitated by incorporating the regenerative additive as a volatile compound, such as sulfur, selenium, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Alternatively, the regenerative additive may be selected from solids of the group of metallic titanium, silicon and aluminum.
  • the metallic solids are provided in a form wherein the surface to volume ratio is high, so that a maximum amount of the metal surface may be exposed and is available for reaction.
  • the metals are preferably in the form of powder or flakes, preferably powder. Powdered metal having an average particle diameter in the range of 1 to 10 microns are advantageously used, especially titanium.
  • the regenerative additives may prevent the reaction of the radiative species with impurities in the fill, which are apt to be introduced into the discharge vessel along with the other dosing constituents.
  • the regenerative additive may prevent both, oxidation, followed by a substantial build-up of oxidized, non-radiative species, and de-oxidation, followed by deposition of deoxidized species.
  • a controlled chemical behavior of the regenerative additive is advantageous, a behavior that prevents both oxidation and deoxidation.
  • the regenerative additive may prevent deposition of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium and rhenium as metals which, otherwise, may shorten the service life of the lamp. Since the addition of the regenerative additive may serve for reducing chemical reaction between the fill ingredients and the impurities in the fill, the quantity of additive fill in relation to the radiative species is based on experimental results and will vary over a wide range from 1 :1 to 1 :5.
  • the amount of molecular radiators is typically in a range of 10 ⁇ 10 mole/cm 3 to 10 ⁇ 5 mole/cm 3 . It should be understood that the absolute amount of the molecular radiator component in solid form that is used in the discharge vessel may vary depending on which substance is used, but the amount always will be such to produce the desired pressure range at operating temperature, i.e., at the temperature profile inside the discharge vessel during nominal operation.
  • the discharge vessel typically also contains a buffer gas, which is inert to the extent that it does not adversely effect operation of the lamp. By using such an inert gas the starting characteristics are improved.
  • Rare gases are suitable buffer gases. Although any rare gas will work to some extent, preferred gases are argon (Ar), helium (He), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and mixtures thereof, with argon and mixtures thereof with other rare gases being particularly preferred.
  • the buffer gas may also serve the purpose of affecting the performance of the plasma by changing the thermal conductivity of the plasma.
  • the buffer gas typically has a partial pressure at nominal operation in the range of 10 to 500 hPa, preferably at 20 hPa.
  • a discharge can be designed to be either dose limited (unsaturated) or vapor pressure limited (saturated) or a combination of dose and vapor pressure limited.
  • a dose-limited design requires the entire molecular radiator present to be vaporized during operation of the arc.
  • a vapor pressure limited design requires a portion of each molecular radiator to be present as condensate during operation of the arc. During operation a non-uniform temperature distribution is formed in the discharge vessel.
  • At least one hot region and at least one cold region are formed resulting in thermal gradients inside and across the discharge vessel.
  • the molecular radiators in the discharge vessel migrate to the coldest part of the discharge vessel ("Cold Spot") and may condense on the wall if their vapor pressure exceeds their saturation vapor pressure.
  • Cold Spot the coldest part of the discharge vessel
  • the total mass of the molecular radiator fill in the lamps is greater than that of the molecular radiator in the vapor phase at nominal operation, which is required to achieve the desired color and efficacy.
  • the vapor phase is in equilibrium with the condensed phase located on the cold spot of the discharge vessel.
  • the composition of condensed phase of the fill, and consequently the composition of the vapor phase due to the differences in the thermo-chemical properties of the components of the gas fill, clearly depends on the temperature of the coldest spot in the discharge vessel of the lamp.
  • This coldest spot temperature depends on the physical characteristics of the discharge vessel itself as well as on the variations in characteristics of the discharge maintaining means of the lamp.
  • the design of the lamp according to the invention typically is of the vapor pressure limited type.
  • the means for igniting and maintaining a discharge produce an electric field inside the discharge vessel and start a discharge in the buffer gas.
  • RF current in the inductive coil provides a time- varying magnetic field, which produces a solenoidal electric field in the discharge vessel.
  • Current flows through the fill as a result of this solenoidal electric field, producing a toroidal arc discharge in the discharge vessel.
  • the discharge may quickly progress from a glow discharge (low power) to an arc-discharge (high power) and a significant amount of molecular radiators is vaporized.
  • the electric field ionizes also the buffer gas within the discharge area.
  • the electrons stripped from the buffer gas atoms and accelerated by the electric field collide with radiating species of molecular radiators. As a result, some species become excited to a higher energy state without being ionized. As the excited species fall back from the higher energy state, they emit photons, ultraviolet (UV) photons and/or visible photons.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • the UV photons interact with the phosphor in the phosphor layer of the lamp to generate visible light.
  • the intensity of the visible light generated by the lamp depends on the partial pressure of the vaporized molecular radiator in the discharge vessel.
  • the visible light reaches its maximum intensity and the lamp operates at maximum efficacy at an optimum molecular radiator's partial pressure.
  • the light intensity of the lamp is less than maximum because the excited species produce less photons.
  • the light intensity of the lamp is also less than maximum because some of the species collide with the photons generated by other species and these photons get re-absorbed and do not generate UV or visible radiation.
  • the following example is illustrative:
  • a roughly spherical discharge vessel is made from fused silica, having an outer diameter of 36 mm and an inner diameter of 32.5 mm.
  • the discharge vessel is evacuated and simultaneously a dose of 0.5 ⁇ mole/cm 3 ruthenium chloride is added.
  • argon is introduced at a pressure of 20 Pa at ambient temperature.
  • 400 to 600 Watt of microwave energy are applied at about 2.4 GHz to the fill from an external microwave source causing a solenoidal arc discharge.
  • the fill is transferred to a plasma state that emits a molecular spectrum in the visible region.
  • Figure 2 shows the spectral emission of a RuCl3 discharge at 600W microwave power.
  • the emission intensity in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 400 and 700 nm is significantly increased.
  • the emission is densely populated with atomic and molecular transition lines.
  • the correlated color temperature (CCT) value of a light source is defined as the temperature of a black body radiator, which would appear to have the same color as the light source in question.
  • the unit of measurement is in Kelvin (K), which determines the warm or cool appearance of a light source. The lower the color temperature the warmer or more yellow is the appearance. The higher the color temperature the cooler or bluer is the appearance.
  • K Kelvin
  • the CCT measured is over the CCT range of interest (e.g. 3000-6500K) for general illumination
  • Chromaticity coordinates x and y in the chromaticity diagram of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (“CIE") standardize the color of the light.
  • the neutral white point is found at the center of the diagram at CIE x,y-coordinates, 0.33, 0.33.
  • the color points of the discharge lamps according to this embodiment are in the cool white spectral range.
  • the color rendering ability of a light source is measured with the color rendering index CRI.
  • CRI measures the difference between the appearance of test colors under artificial light to be measured and the appearance of the same test colors when seen by light from a blackbody source having the same color temperature as the tested light source.
  • the differences in value, chroma and hue of the light reflected under the light source to be measured and the light source are obtained and summed, the square root of the sum is taken, multiplied by a constant, and subtracted from 100.
  • This calculation for the Ras is performed for 8 different color standards.
  • the general color rendering index Ras is defined as the average of these eight indices Rl - R8.
  • Ras for a standard warm white fluorescent tube is approximately 50.
  • a Ras value of 100 corresponds to a "perfect" light source, i.e., one under which a color sample appears exactly as it would appear when illuminated by a blackbody source light source having the same color temperature.
  • Acceptable to good CRI values are in the range of 80 - 86.

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  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne une lampe à décharge comprenant une enceinte de décharge à émission lumineuse renfermant, de manière hermétique aux gaz, un espace de décharge qui comprend un gaz de remplissage exempt de mercure. Ce gaz de remplissage exempt de mercure comprend un composé émetteur moléculaire, choisi dans le groupe comprenant les halides métalliques de ruthénium (III), d'osmium (III, IV), de rhodium(III) et de rhénium(III), l'halide étant choisi dans le groupe comprenant le chlore, le bromure, et l'iodure et des combinaisons de ceux-ci ainsi qu'un gaz tampon pour favoriser le démarrage et le tamponnage de la décharge. La lampe à décharge comprend également un moyen de décharge pour déclencher et conserver une décharge dans l'espace de décharge, lequel moyen émet un rayonnement dans le visible et, si possible, dans la gamme des UVA. Le spectre de rayonnement visible est de type à lumière ultrablanche alors que le rayonnement dans la gamme des UV est réduit en comparaison avec les lampes au mercure. Des pertes dans la lumière visible, par exemple, par décalage de Stokes, sont ainsi réduites et on observe une perte d'énergie réduite grâce à une sortie de rayonnement dans l'ultra-violet. Un autre avantage de cette invention réside dans le fait qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'utiliser la vapeur de mercure, matériau particulièrement dangereux pour l'environnement et qui présente une toxicité connue pour l'Homme. En outre, la lampe décrite dans cette invention est écologique.
PCT/IB2008/051215 2007-04-03 2008-04-01 Lampe à décharge de gaz comprenant un gaz de remplissage exempt de mercure Ceased WO2008120172A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07105553.7 2007-04-03
EP07105553 2007-04-03

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WO2008120172A2 true WO2008120172A2 (fr) 2008-10-09
WO2008120172A3 WO2008120172A3 (fr) 2008-12-18

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130049630A1 (en) * 2010-05-12 2013-02-28 Osram Ag Method for operating a high-pressure discharge lamp on the basis of a low frequency square wave operation and a partially high frequency operation for arc stabilization and color mixing
CN112771644A (zh) * 2018-06-08 2021-05-07 塞拉维申有限公司 低金属卤化物剂量的等离子体光源

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE967658C (de) * 1949-09-04 1957-12-05 Heraeus Gmbh W C Dampfentladungslampe
JPS61208742A (ja) * 1985-03-13 1986-09-17 Toshiba Corp 無電極放電灯
US5438244A (en) * 1994-09-02 1995-08-01 General Electric Company Use of silver and nickel silicide to control iodine level in electrodeless high intensity discharge lamps
JPH11238488A (ja) * 1997-06-06 1999-08-31 Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corp メタルハライド放電ランプ、メタルハライド放電ランプ点灯装置および照明装置
EP1548797A1 (fr) * 2003-11-07 2005-06-29 Harison Toshiba Lighting Corporation Lampe aux halogénures métalliques, phare pour véhicule l'utilisant et procédé de fabrication d'une lampe aux halogénures métalliques

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130049630A1 (en) * 2010-05-12 2013-02-28 Osram Ag Method for operating a high-pressure discharge lamp on the basis of a low frequency square wave operation and a partially high frequency operation for arc stabilization and color mixing
CN112771644A (zh) * 2018-06-08 2021-05-07 塞拉维申有限公司 低金属卤化物剂量的等离子体光源

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