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WO2008140618A1 - Appareil comprenant des nanostructures à grande surface pour le stockage d'hydrogène, et procédés de stockage d'hydrogène - Google Patents

Appareil comprenant des nanostructures à grande surface pour le stockage d'hydrogène, et procédés de stockage d'hydrogène Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008140618A1
WO2008140618A1 PCT/US2007/088438 US2007088438W WO2008140618A1 WO 2008140618 A1 WO2008140618 A1 WO 2008140618A1 US 2007088438 W US2007088438 W US 2007088438W WO 2008140618 A1 WO2008140618 A1 WO 2008140618A1
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Prior art keywords
hydrogen
nanostructures
substrate
nanosprings
nanostructure
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Ceased
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PCT/US2007/088438
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English (en)
Inventor
Grant Norton
David Mcilroy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Washington
Idaho Research Foundation Inc
Washington State University Research Foundation
Original Assignee
University of Washington
Idaho Research Foundation Inc
Washington State University Research Foundation
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Publication of WO2008140618A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008140618A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • H01M8/04216—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes characterised by the choice for a specific material, e.g. carbon, hydride, absorbent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C01B3/0084—Solid storage mediums characterised by their shape, e.g. pellets, sintered shaped bodies, sheets, porous compacts, spongy metals, hollow particles, solids with cavities, layered solids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
    • F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of nanostructures having high surface areas with desirable ionic properties for storing hydrogen.
  • hydrogen is also a renewable resource and can be produced from a variety sources, such as steam reforming of natural gas, electrolysis of water, and photosynthesis of CO 2 , H 2 O and sunlight to H 2 and O 2 .
  • hydrogen is environmentally friendly and may lead to reducing greenhouse gas emissions because water is the byproduct of a hydrogen combustion engine or a hydrogen fuel cell.
  • Some light metals such as magnesium and lithium react with hydrogen to produce metal hydrides that can later release high purity hydrogen similar to water in a sponge.
  • the total adsorbed hydrogen is generally 1 % - 2% in gravimetric density (ratio of adsorbed H 2 mass to the total mass), and in some cases storage densities as high as 5% - 7% have been reported (Chen, et al., Nature 420, 302, 2002; Leng et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8763, 2004; Pinkerton, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6, 2005).
  • Metal hydrides are not practical in many applications because high temperatures ( ⁇ 300°C) are needed to achieve sufficient rates of hydrogen release (Crabtree, et al. Physics Today 57, 39, 2004).
  • Another alternative for storing hydrogen is to adsorb hydrogen onto the surfaces of nanomaterials that facilitate low temperature desorption.
  • Lightweight nanomaterials e.g. nanotubes, nanohoms, and other row one and row two main group structures
  • DOE Department of Energy
  • the maximum storage of adsorped hydrogen is currently only 4.1% (Department of Energy, Office of Science, Argonne National Laboratory: Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy, 2003).
  • multilayer adsorption of H 2 is desirable (Department of Energy, Office of Science,
  • Oxide ceramics may represent an alternative to carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage applications. It has been suggested in the art that ceramic oxide nanostructures (e.g. nanotubes and other materials with nanoscale structures) may provide alternative compositions for use in storage. However, little data and few examples have been provided to yield sufficient information to predict suitable compositions (Bradley, et al, UP Patent 6,672,077). Theoretical studies have indicated that vitreous boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) exhibits suitable surface properties for H2 storage (Jhi, et al, Phys. Rev. B 69, 245407, 2005; Jhi, et al., Phys. Rev. B 71 , 035408, 2005).
  • vitreous boron oxide B 2 O 3
  • Figure 1 is an SEM image of as-grown silica nanosprings in which the inset is a bright-field TEM image of an individual silica nanospring that shows an embodiment formed from multiple, intertwined nanowires.
  • Figure 2 is a graph showing XPS spectra of the Si 2p core level state of silica nanosprings (solid line) and silica nanowires (dashed line) in which the points are experimental data and lines are fits of experimental data.
  • Figures 3A and 3B are graphs showing Si 2p XPS spectra of silica nanosprings as a function of H 2 exposure at room temperature ( Figure 3A) and 77 0 K ( Figure 3B).
  • Figures 4A and 4B are graphs showing the binding energy of the Si 2p core level state as a function of H 2 adsorption at room temperature ( Figure 4A) and 77°K ( Figure 4B) in which the solid lines are merely a guide for the eye.
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing the binding energy of the O 1s core level state as a function of H 2 adsorption at room temperature (o) and 77°K (o).
  • Figure 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an apparatus with high surface area nanostructures for storing hydrogen in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a system having apparatus with high surface area nanostructures for storing hydrogen in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • nanostructures formed by these methods can have several different compositions and be used in many different applications.
  • Several embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanostructures composed of glass, ceramic and/or ceramic oxide materials to store or sequester hydrogen.
  • the nanostructures can be formed on
  • one aspect of the nanostructures is that they provide controlled, reversible multilayered hydrogen adsorption.
  • nanostructure mats can comprise either nanosprings and/or nanowires composed of glass (e.g., SiO 2 ), ceramic (e.g., SiC, BN, B 4 C, Si 4 N 3 ), or ceramic oxide (e.g., AI 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 ) materials.
  • ceramic e.g., SiC, BN, B 4 C, Si 4 N 3
  • ceramic oxide e.g., AI 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , ZrO 2
  • Many embodiments of the nanostructure mats have high surface areas (-200 m 2 /g) that are also highly accessible.
  • the nanostructure mats may be formed on any suitable substrate surface capable of withstanding the conditions required for growing the nanostructures (e.g., temperatures of approximately 300-400 0 C and the chemical properties of the precursors).
  • One embodiment utilizes nanostructure mats comprising silica glass (SiO 2 ) nanosprings with high surface areas and unique surface stoichiometry that provides nondissociative storage of hydrogen.
  • silica glass SiO 2
  • multiple layers of hydrogen molecules adsorb at liquid nitrogen temperatures, and more importantly at normal ambient temperatures.
  • at least nearly complete desorption occurs at moderate temperatures (e.g., 100 0 C), and partial or controlled desorption can be provided by controlling the temperature of the nanostructure mats at less than complete desorption temperatures.
  • the silica nanosprings can be formed at temperatures as low as 300°C such that they can be grown on polymer substrates; this enables silica nanostructure mats to be formed in large-surface-area structures that enable practical storage of hydrogen.
  • nanostructure mats composed of glass, ceramic and/or ceramic oxide materials provide a viable approach for hydrogen storage applications.
  • the contiguous or continuous mats of nanostructures can be grown on at least part of a substrate surface such that the nanostructures provide a high surface area that is also highly accessible. Both attributes are useful for molecular storage applications because the high accessibility allows for facile molecular diffusion through
  • highly accessible is generally used to mean a structure with channels, gaps, openings and/or other spacing between the nanostructures within the nanostructure mat.
  • Suitable spacing between nanostructures can be at least about 3 A on average. In other applications, the interstitial spacing can be approximately 1-20 A, and more specifically about 2-5 A.
  • a high surface area generally means a surface with at least 10 m 2 of surface for every gram of material, and more specifically of 100m 2 - 2,000m 2 per gram of material, and still more specifically about 150m 2 -300m 2 per gram (e.g., about 200m 2 /g).
  • Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of individual nanostructures comprising nanometer-scale wires or springs wherein each wire of spring is between about 1 nm and 1000 nm in diameter.
  • nanostructures may be bundled together (e.g. coiled or twisted around one another). The length of any one nanostructure may vary greatly.
  • the nanostructures are grown in a manner that generates surfaces with many nanostructures in close proximity resulting in the formation of a nanostructure mat. Within the nanostructure mat, individual nanostructures may or may not demonstrate an ordering. In most cases the nanostructures form a mat of interwoven nanostructures demonstrating a high degree of disorder.
  • the thickness, dimensions, surface coverage density, and other parameters of the nanostructure mats may all be varied for a particular implementation employing methodology disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US06/024435.
  • only a portion of a substrate surface is coated with the nanostructure mat; this can be independently controlled during the process of forming the nanostructures.
  • nanostructure mats may be grown on any surface capable of withstanding the conditions for growing the nanostructures.
  • the synthesis conditions for forming the nanostructures are a function of the physical properties of the precursor materials, and thus potential substrate materials suitable for one particular nanostructure composition may not be suitable for another.
  • the substrates can also have suitable shapes for
  • nanostructure mats with a large surface area on which nanostructure mats may be grown are generally desired.
  • honeycomb structured substrates, coils or coiled substrates, undulated substrates and/or substrates containing a variety of folds and bends are suitable.
  • simple planar or other non-intricate substrate structures may also be used.
  • one or more substrate structures coated at least in part by nanostructure mats can be contained in a gas tight container that can be controlled to continually regulate the gas pressure, composition and temperature within the container.
  • the nanostructure mats comprise either nanosprings or nanowires composed of glass (e.g., SiO 2 ), ceramics (e.g., SiC, BN, B 4 C, Si 4 N 3 ), ceramic oxides (e.g., AI 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 ), or compositions providing nanostructures wherein the chemical bonding within the nanostructure has a desirable ionic component.
  • the ionic character in the chemical bonding within the nanostructures preferably promotes non-disassociative hydrogen-nanostructure interactions. Generally covalent bonding interactions within a surface leads to weak local electric fields at the surface.
  • ionic bonding produces larger electric fields near the surface of materials.
  • a large local electric field may induce a dipole moment within molecular hydrogen, thereby making a non-disassociative hydrogen-nanostructure interaction more favorable.
  • inventive nanostructure mats provide surfaces that enable more than one layer of hydrogen molecules to adsorb onto the nanostructures. More specifically, the present inventors have discovered that more than one layer of hydrogen adsorbs onto SiO 2 nanosprings or nanocoils. The present inventors, more specifically, believe that SiO 2 nanosprings have a unique ionization state that produces a surface which promotes bonding with hydrogen. As explained in more detail below, the curved or bent structures of nanosprings or nanocoils have an intermediate ionization state that is typically less than the standard Si 4+ ionization state for SiO 2 (e.g., Si 3+ -Si 3 5+ ).
  • WO00/LEGAL13820921.1 -7- molecules tends to act more like a natural ionization state for Si ⁇ 2 (e.g., Si 4+ ).
  • the SiO 2 nanosprings accordingly enable multilayered hydrogen formations on high density, high surface area nanostructure mats that effectively increase the density of hydrogen storage.
  • the multilayered hydrogen formations can be created at normal ambient temperatures, and the hydrogen can be desorbed at controlled rates at temperatures less than 100°C. Therefore, it is expected that nanostructure mats formed from a plurality of SiO 2 nanosprings or nanocoils will provide significantly higher densities of hydrogen storage that can be dispensed at controlled rates in many transportation and other widespread applications.
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the binding energy of an SiO 2 nanowire compared to that of an SiO 2 nanospring.
  • the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the binding energy of the Si 2p core level state of nanowires is at 103.70 eV, which is almost equivalent to SiO 2 and corresponds to an Si 4+ oxidation state.
  • the binding energy of the Si 2p core level of the nanosprings is 102.85 eV, which is indicative of an intermediate ionization state between Si 3+ (100.02 eV) and Si 4+ .
  • FIG. 3A is a series of plots showing the bonding energy at increased dosing steps performed at room temperature.
  • Figure 3A shows that H 2 adsorption shifts the Si 2p to lower binding energies, which is indicative of electron charge redistribution. Although the ionization state is still mixed, the shift moves toward the Si 3+ state which suggests that surface
  • the hydrogen can be completely desorbed from the surface of the nanostructure springs by heating the substrate material to temperatures as low as 100 0 C.
  • heating elements may be controlled to modulate the temperature of the substrate and thereby control the amount of hydrogen released from the nanostructures.
  • silica nanosprings were synthesized in a standard tubular furnace that is operated at temperatures as low as 325°C and atmospheric pressure.
  • the nanosprings were grown via the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism, which was facilitated by the presence of gold nanoparticle catalysts.
  • the nanosprings can be grown on a variety of substrates, including polyimides or other polymers. The only requirement is that the substrate can withstand the process temperature and chemicals.
  • the nanosprings were grown on single- crystal Si substrates to form a nanostructure mat having a surface area of approximately 200 m 2 /g.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on the silica nanosprings was performed in conjunction with H 2 adsorption in order to determine whether H 2 adsorbs dissociatively or molecularly, and if so whether the process one of chemisorption or physisorption. Since hydrogen cannot be measured directly with XPS, the chemical shifts of the Si 2p and O 1 s core levels were used to characterize the H 2 adsorption mechanism.
  • the XPS data were acquired in a vacuum chamber, with a base pressure of 5*10 ⁇ 10 torr, using the Mg K ⁇ emission line (1253 eV) and a hemispherical energy analyzer with a resolution of 0.025 eV.
  • the samples were bombarded by an electron flood gun to eliminate sample charging. The sample could be radiatively heated or cooled by liquid nitrogen in situ. The temperature was determined using a thermocouple in direct contact with the sample.
  • FIG. 3A is a montage of the XPS spectra of the Si 2p core level as a function of room temperature exposures to H 2 .
  • the dots represent the experimental data and the solid lines are fits to the data using a Voigt function convoluted with a Lorenztian function.
  • the binding energy of the Si 2p core level as a function of H 2 is plotted in Figure 4A.
  • the largest single shift of the Si 2p state occurs with the first exposure of 2L H 2 (230 meV) and continues at a slower rate upon subsequent exposures until a maximum shift of 380 meV at 8L H 2 .
  • the Si 2p core level shifts back to higher binding energies at 10L of H 2 , which indicates the completion of a monolayer and the formation of a second layer.
  • the minimum binding energy of the Si 2p core occurs at an exposure of 8L, and then shifts by 30 meV from 102.47 eV to a binding energy of 102.50 eV with two more Langmuirs exposure, for a total exposure of 10L H 2 .
  • This result suggests that the completion of a monolayer of H 2 occurs with an expose of 8L.
  • the shift of the Si 2p core level to higher binding energies for exposures exceeding 8L is indicative of the formation of a second monolayer of H 2 .
  • FIG. 3B is a graph showing plots of the XPS spectra of the Si 2p core level state as a function of H 2 exposure at 77 0 K for different dosing.
  • Figure 4B is a plot of the Si 2p core level binding energy as a function of H 2 exposure doses of 1 L and 2L. Comparing the data in Figures 4A and 4B, the shift of the Si 2p core level states with H 2 adsorption exhibit similar trends.
  • the binding energy shift of the Si 2p is significantly larger.
  • the shift is 510 meV at LN 2 temperature, compared to 380 meV at room temperature, where 2L dosing steps were used for both experiments.
  • Physisorption is typically enhanced at lower temperatures due to decreased phonon-adsorbate interactions.
  • the binding energy of Si 2p shifts back by 190 meV to a higher binding energy.
  • a similar shift of 30 meV was observed at 10L of H 2 at room temperature.
  • a second monolayer of H 2 begins to form at room temperature and an LN 2 temperature, and the sticking coefficient for the second monolayer increases with decreasing temperature.
  • the O 1 s spectra are not shown for the sake of brevity, but core level shift of the O 1s as a function of room temperature H 2 exposure is plotted in Figure 5.
  • the average value of the binding energy of the O 1s as function of exposure is 530.99 ⁇ 0.01 eV.
  • the O 1s core level state is unaffected by H 2 adsorption. This, in conjunction with the shift of the Si 2p core level state, suggests that charge redistribution is due to the interaction of the adsorbed H 2 with the Si surface sites. However, O surface sites cannot be precluded in redistribution of surface charge.
  • glass nanosprings offer a superior alternative to nanostructured forms of carbon for hydrogen storage both at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures.
  • Multilayer physisorption of hydrogen on Si sites at the nanospring surface was verified by XPS.
  • Our results indicate that gravimetric storage capacities of hydrogen exceed 5% at room temperature and are even higher at 77°K.
  • the low (100 0 C) desorption temperature of H 2 from the surface of the nanosprings is superior to that reported for carbon nanoubes and favors quick release of stored hydrogen.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of storage apparatus 100 for storing hydrogen in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • the apparatus 100 has a substrate 110 with a hexagonal shape.
  • the substrate 110 can be substantially planar or have other configurations in other embodiments (e.g., rectilinear, cylindrical, or other configurations).
  • the apparatus further includes a nanostructure mat 120 having a plurality of individual nanostructures 122.
  • the nanostructures 122 can be nanosprings or other types of nanocoils composed of one or more materials that have a desired ionization state at the surface to promote multilayered adsorption of hydrogen onto the nanostructures 122.
  • the nanostructures 122 are silicon oxide nanosprings, but the nanosprings can be composed of ceramics or ceramic oxides in other embodiments.
  • the apparatus 100 can further include an activator 130 for imparting
  • the activator 130 can be a heating element that heats the substrate 110 to a temperature at which hydrogen can be controllably desorbed from the nanostructure mat 122 for delivery to a device that uses the hydrogen as fuel.
  • the activator 130 for example, can be an electrical heating element and/or a chamber through which heated gases pass over the outer surface of the substrate 110.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a storage system 200 having a container 210 with an inlet 212 and an outlet 214.
  • the storage system 200 can further include a plurality of the storage apparatus 100 in the container 210.
  • the storage apparatus 100 can be arranged in a honeycomb configuration that provides a high density of nanostructure mats 120 within the container 210.
  • the individual storage apparatus 100 in the container 210 can optionally include activators, such as the activator 130 shown in Figure 6, to drive desorption of hydrogen molecules from within the container 210.
  • the storage system 200 can optionally include one or more external activators 210 in addition to or instead of the optional activators 130 of the storage apparatus 100.
  • the external activators 220 can be electrical heating elements, gas chambers for containing heated gases, or other suitable devices that impart a suitable energy modality to the hydrogen molecules on the surfaces of the nanostructure mats 120.
  • the activators 220 can be gas chambers operably coupled to the exhaust of a combustion engine or air heated by the combustion engine to heat the external surface of the container 210.
  • the storage system 200 operates by injecting hydrogen into the container 210 through the inlet 212.
  • the activators 130 and/or 200 can impart energy to desorb hydrogen from the nanostructure mats 120.
  • the desorbed hydrogen can pass through the outlet 214 to a combustion engine, fuel cell, or other device that uses hydrogen for energy.
  • the activators 130 and/or 200 control the temperature of the apparatus 100 to provide a desired desorption rate of hydrogen for delivery through the outlet 214.
  • the activators 130 and/or 200 can heat the nanostructure mats 120 to a temperature less than 100 0 C for sufficient desorption of the hydrogen.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil pour le stockage d'hydrogène. Un mode de réalisation d'un procédé de l'invention consiste à utiliser un appareil de stockage qui comprend un substrat et un mat de nanostructures sur au moins une partie d'un côté du substrat. Le mat de nanostructures comprend une pluralité de nanostructures présentant un état d'ionisation de surface qui permet à plusieurs couches d'hydrogène d'être adsorbées sur lesdites nanostructures. Le procédé de l'invention peut également consister à exposer le mat de nanostructures à de l'hydrogène de façon que plus d'une couche d'hydrogène soit adsorbée sur les nanostructures.
PCT/US2007/088438 2006-12-22 2007-12-20 Appareil comprenant des nanostructures à grande surface pour le stockage d'hydrogène, et procédés de stockage d'hydrogène Ceased WO2008140618A1 (fr)

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US8877137B2 (en) 2012-12-03 2014-11-04 Intelligent Energy Inc. Hydrogen generator
CN106270534A (zh) * 2016-08-08 2017-01-04 玉环县中科应用技术成果中心 有序金属纳/微米环的制备方法
CN106931307A (zh) * 2015-12-29 2017-07-07 海卓2动力责任有限公司 用于储存并运输氢气的金属氢化物装置

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WO2010063841A3 (fr) * 2008-12-05 2010-07-29 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique - Cnrs - Procédé pour dissoudre, récupérer et traiter le dihydrogène, installation pour stocker le dihydrogène et procédé de production du dihydrogène
US8877137B2 (en) 2012-12-03 2014-11-04 Intelligent Energy Inc. Hydrogen generator
CN106931307A (zh) * 2015-12-29 2017-07-07 海卓2动力责任有限公司 用于储存并运输氢气的金属氢化物装置
CN106931307B (zh) * 2015-12-29 2020-11-24 海卓2动力责任有限公司 用于储存并运输氢气的金属氢化物装置
CN106270534A (zh) * 2016-08-08 2017-01-04 玉环县中科应用技术成果中心 有序金属纳/微米环的制备方法
CN106270534B (zh) * 2016-08-08 2018-02-06 玉环县中科应用技术成果中心 有序金属纳/微米环的制备方法

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