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WO2008027596A2 - Stabilisants contenant des dérivés de benzophénone pour fluorooléfines - Google Patents

Stabilisants contenant des dérivés de benzophénone pour fluorooléfines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008027596A2
WO2008027596A2 PCT/US2007/019289 US2007019289W WO2008027596A2 WO 2008027596 A2 WO2008027596 A2 WO 2008027596A2 US 2007019289 W US2007019289 W US 2007019289W WO 2008027596 A2 WO2008027596 A2 WO 2008027596A2
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Prior art keywords
butene
chf
cfcf
pentene
trifluoromethyl
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WO2008027596A3 (fr
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Thomas J. Leck
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/10—Components
    • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
    • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/52—Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and a stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative.
  • the stabilized compositions may be useful in cooling systems as replacements for existing working fluids with higher global warming potential.
  • Fluoroolefins have been proposed as working fluids alone or in mixtures. However, it has been observed that fluoroolefins can exhibit degradation when exposed to high temperatures or when contacted with other compounds (e.g., moisture, oxygen, or other compounds with which they may undergo condensation reactions. This degradation may occur when fluoroolefins are used as working fluids in heat transfer equipment (refrigeration or air-conditioning equipment, for instance) or when used in some other application. This degradation may occur by any number of different mechanisms. In one instance, the degradation may be caused by instability of the compounds at extreme temperatures. In other instances, the degradation may be caused by oxidation in the presence of air that has inadvertently leaked into the system.
  • other compounds e.g., moisture, oxygen, or other compounds with which they may undergo condensation reactions. This degradation may occur when fluoroolefins are used as working fluids in heat transfer equipment (refrigeration or air-conditioning equipment, for instance) or when used in some other application. This degradation
  • a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of a stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative.
  • composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin selected from the group consisting of HFC-1225ye, HFC- 1234yf, HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1243zf; and an effective amount of stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative and at least one amine.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of a stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative.
  • compositions have a variety of utilities in working fluids, which include blowing agents, solvents, aerosol propellents, fire extinguishants, sterilants or heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few.
  • blowing agents such as blowing agents, solvents, aerosol propellents, fire extinguishants, sterilants or heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few.
  • a blowing agent is a volatile composition that expands a polymer matrix to form a cellular structure.
  • a solvent is a fluid that removes a soil from a substrate, or deposits a material onto a substrate, or carries a material.
  • An aerosol propellant is a volatile composition of one or more components that exerts a pressure greater than one atmosphere to expel a material from a container.
  • a fire extinguishant is a volatile composition that extinguishes or suppresses a flame.
  • a sterilant is a volatile biocidal fluid or blend containing a volatile biocidal fluid that destroys a biologically active material or the like.
  • a heat transfer medium (also referred to herein as a heat transfer fluid, a heat transfer composition or a heat transfer fluid composition) is a working fluid used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink.
  • a refrigerant is a compound or mixture of compounds that function as a heat transfer fluid in a cycle wherein the fluid undergoes a phase change from a liquid to a gas and back.
  • fluoroolefins describes compounds which comprise carbon atoms, fluorine atoms, and optionally hydrogen atoms.
  • the fluoroolefins used in the compositions of the present invention comprise compounds with 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • Representative fluoroolefins include but are not limited to all compounds as listed in Table 1 , Table 2, and Table 3.
  • R 1 and R 2 are, independently, C 1 to C 6 perfluoroalkyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) 2 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 )CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) CF 2 C 2 F 5 , and C(CF 3 ) 2 CF 2
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Exemplary, non-limiting Formula I compounds are presented in Table 1.
  • the contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature.
  • Suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel® nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy® nickel based alloys and Inconel® nickel-chromium alloys.
  • reaction may take be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • the ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1:1 to about 4:1 , preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).
  • Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 150°C to 300°C, preferably from about 170°C to about 250°C, and most preferably from about 180°C to about 230°C.
  • Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
  • the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
  • the dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance.
  • Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime.
  • Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
  • Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ⁇ -butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformarnide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane.
  • solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel.
  • Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
  • Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 10°C to about 100°C, preferably from about 20°C to about 70°C.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure.
  • dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula I is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
  • an alkane e.g., hexane, heptane, or oc
  • Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethyfammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylarnmonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
  • Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
  • the compound of Formula I may be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula II have at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula Il have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula Il have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula Il are listed in Table 2.
  • compositions of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula I or Formula II, for example, one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may comprise a combination of compounds of Formula I or Formula II.
  • fluoroolefins may comprise those compounds listed in Table 3.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CHFCF 3 ) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature.
  • 1,1 ,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in US 6,066,768.
  • 1 ,1,1 ,4,4,4- hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1 ,1 p 1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2- iodobutane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF3) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 6O 0 C.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH 2 FCF 2 CHFCF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,1 , 2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,3 ,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1 , 3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CHF 2 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1 ,1 , 2,2, 3-hexafluorobutane (CH 2 FCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorinatiort of 1,1 ,1 ,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 F) using solid KOH.
  • 1 ,1,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1 ,1,1 ,3,3-pentafluorobutane ( CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 3 ) with aqueous KOH at 120°C.
  • 1 ,1 ,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60°C.
  • the synthesis of 4-iodo- 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,3- trifluoropropene at about 200°C under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1,1 ,1 ,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF 3 CF 2 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60°C.
  • perfluoroethyliodide CF 3 CF 2 I
  • CF 3 CF 2 CH CH 2
  • 1 ,1 ,1 ,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 , 1 ,2,5, 5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo- 2-(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 ) with KOH in isopropanol.
  • 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1 ,1 ,2,2,3, 3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • 2, 3,3,4,4,5,5, 5-ocatafIuoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofiuorination of 2, 2,3,3,4,4,5,5, 5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
  • 1 ,2, 3,3,4,4,5, 5-octafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofiuorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and a stabilizer comprising an effective amount of at least one benzophenone derivative.
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin and a stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative combined with at least one additional stabilizer comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, phosphites, terpenes, terpenoids, fullerenes, aryl alkyl ethers, functionalized perfluoropolyethers, polyoxyalkylated aromatics, alkylated aromatics, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes,
  • the stabilizer comprises at least one benzophenone derivative.
  • Benzophenone derivatives comprise benzophenone that may be substituted with side groups including halides, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, amino groups, hydroxyl groups, alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl groups, aryl groups such as phenyl, nitro groups, or any combinations of such groups.
  • benzophenone derivative stabilizers include but are not limited to: 2,5-difluorobenzophenone; 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2- aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone; 2-fluorobenzophenone; 2- hydroxybenzophenone; 2-methylbenzophenone; 2 ⁇ amino-4'- chlorobenzophenone; 2-amino-4'-fluorobenzophenone; 2-amino-5-bromo- 2'-chlorobenzophenone; 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone; 2-amino-5- chloro-2'-fluorobenzophenone; 2-amino-5-nitrobenzophenone; 2-amino-5- ⁇ itro-2'-chlorobenzophenone; 2-amino-2',5-dichlorobenzophenone; 2- chloro-4'-fluorobenzophenone; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; 2- hydroxy-5-chlorobenzophenone; 2-methyl
  • the additional stabilizers comprise at least one thiophosphate.
  • the thiophosphate stabilizers of the present invention are compounds derived from phosphoric acids by substituting divalent sulfur for one or more oxygen atoms. These may be monothiophosphates, dithi ⁇ phosphates or higher order triphosphates.
  • a representative dithiophosphate is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals of Basel, Switzerland (hereinafter "Ciba") under the trademark Irgalube ® 63.
  • thiophosphates include dialkylthiophosphate esters.
  • a representative dialkylthiophosphate ester stabilizer is commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube ® 353.
  • the additional stabilizers comprise at least one butylated triphenylphosphorothionate.
  • the butylated triphenylphosphorothionate stabilizers of the present invention are as depicted by Formula A.
  • the additional stabilizers comprise at least one organophosphate.
  • organophosphate stabilizers suitable for use as a stabilizer according to the present invention include but are not limited to amine phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates, mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates (alkyldiaryl, dialkylaryl or alkylated aryl), alkylated triaryl phosphates, and cyclic phosphates, and mixtures thereof.
  • a representative amine phosphate is commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube ® 349.
  • Representative trialkyl phosphates include: trimethyl phosphate ((CH 3 ) 3 PO 4 , Cas reg. no. 512-56-1); triethyl phosphate ((CH 3 CH 2 ) 3 PO 4 , Cas reg. no. 78-40-0); tributyl phosphate
  • triaryl phosphates include: triphenyl phosphate ((C 6 H 5 O) 3 PO, CAS reg. no. 115- 86-6); tricresyl phosphate (TCP, (CH 3 C 6 H 4 O) 3 PO, CAS reg. no.
  • trixylenyl phosphate ((CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 O) 3 PO, CAS reg. no. 25155-23- 1).
  • Representative mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates include: isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (IPPP, (C 6 H 5 O) 2 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHO)PO, CAS reg. no. 68782- 95-6) and bis(t-butylphenyl) phenyl phosphate (TBPP, (C 6 H 5 O)2((CH 3 ) 3 C)PO, CAS reg. no. 65652-41-7).
  • IPPP isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate
  • TPP bis(t-butylphenyl) phenyl phosphate
  • TBPP bis(t-butylphenyl) phenyl phosphate
  • the alkylated triaryl phosphates include butylated triphenyl phosphates, tert-butylated triphenyl phosphate, iso-propylated triphenyl phosphates.
  • alkylated triaryl phosphates include a butylated triphenyl phosphate, commercially available from Akzo Nobel (Arnhem, the Netherlands) under the trademark Syn-O-Ad ® 8784; a tert-butylated triphenyl phosphate commercially available from Great Lakes Chemical Corporation (GLCC, West Lafayette, IN) under the trademark Durad ® 620; and iso-propylated triphenyl phosphates, also commercially available from GLCC under the trademarks Durad ® 220 and 110.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one phosphite.
  • Phosphite stabilizers may be derived from substituted phosphites, including hindered phosphites.
  • hindered phosphites are derivatives of alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl phosphite compounds.
  • the hindered phosphites include tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, and iso-decyl diphenyl phosphate.
  • Tris- (di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite is sold under the trademark Irgafos ® 168
  • di-n-octyl phosphite is sold under the trademark Irgafos ® OPH
  • iso- decyl diphenyl phosphite is sold under the trademark Irgafos ® DDPP 1 all by Ciba.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one phenol.
  • Phenol stabilizers comprise any substituted or unsubstituted phenol compound including phenols comprising one or more substituted or unsubstituted cyclic, straight chain, or branched aliphatic substituent group, such as, alkylated monophenols including 2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-buty!-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6- tertbutylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones including t-butyl hydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4'-thio-bis(2-rnethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6- tertbutylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); and the like,
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one terpene.
  • Terpenes comprise hydrocarbon compounds characterized by structures containing more than one repeating ⁇ soprene (2-methyl-1 ,3-butadiene) unit.
  • Representative terpenes include but are not limited to myrcene (2-methyl-6-methyl-eneocta-1 ,7-diene), allo- ocimene, beta-ocimene, terebene, limonene (in particular d-limonene), retinal, pinene, menthol, geraniol, farnesol, phytol, Vitamin A, terpinene, deIta-3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fe ⁇ che ⁇ e, dipentene, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the terpene stabilizers listed in this paragraph.
  • Terpene stabilizers are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known in the art or isolated from natural sources.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one terpenoid.
  • Terpenoids comprise natural products and related compounds characterized by structures containing more than one repeating isoprene unit and usually contain oxygen.
  • Representative terpenoids include carotenoids, such as lycopene (CAS reg. no. [502-65- 8]), beta carotene (CAS reg. no. [7235-40-7]), and xanthophylls, i.e. zeaxanthin (CAS reg. no. [144-68-3]); retinoids, such as hepaxanthin (CAS reg. no.
  • dammarane (CAS reg. no. [545-22-2]); drimane (CAS reg. no. [5951-58-6]); eremophilane (CAS reg. no. [3242-05-5]); eudesmane (CAS reg. no. [473- 11-0]); fenchane (CAS reg. no. [6248-88-0]); gammacerane (CAS reg. no. [559-65-9]); germacrane (CAS reg. no. [645-10-3]); gibbane (CAS reg. no. [6902-95-0]); grayanotoxane (CAS reg. no. [39907-73-8]); guaiane (CAS reg. no.
  • terpenoids of the present invention are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known in the art or may be isolated from the naturally occurring source.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one fullerene.
  • Fullerenes comprise closed carbon cages that are bonded as hexagonal carbon rings (benzene) linked to each other partly via pentagons.
  • Representative fullerenes include but are not limited to Buckminsterfullerene (C60, or "bucky ball", CAS reg. no. [99685-96-8]), and [5,6]fullerene-C7o ( C70, CAS reg. no.
  • fullerene-C 76 (CAS reg. no. [135113-15-4]), fullerene-C 78 (CAS reg. no. [136316-32-0]), and fullerene-C 8 4 (CAS reg. no. [135113-16-5]), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the fullerene stabilizers listed in this paragraph.
  • Fullerenes are commercially available.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one aryl alkyl ether.
  • the aryl alkyl ether stabilizers comprise compounds as depicted by Formula B, wherein n is 1 , 2 or 3 and R 1 is an alkyl group of 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • aryl alkyl ethers include but are not limited to anisole, 1 ,4- dimethoxybenzene, 1,4-di th b d 1 3,5-trimethoxybenzene, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the aryl alkyl ethers listed in the paragraph.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one polyoxyalkylated aromatic.
  • the polyoxyalkylated aromatics are compounds represented by Formula B wherein the R 1 group is a polyoxyalkylated group comprising at least one -CH 2 CH 2 O- moiety.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one alkylated aromatic.
  • alkylated aromatics which can be used as additional stabilizers according to the present invention include but are not limited to aikylbenzene lubricants, both branched and linear, commercially available under the trademarks Zerol ® 75, Zerol ® 150 and Zerol ® (linear alkylbenzenes) 500 from Shrieve Chemicals and HAB 22 (branched aikylbenzene) sold by Nippon Oil.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one epoxide.
  • Epoxides comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1 ,2-propyIene oxide (CAS reg. no. [75-56-9]), 1 ,2-butylene oxide (CAS reg. no.
  • butylphenylglycidy ether pentylphenylglycidyl ether, hexylphenylglycidyl ether, heptylphenylglycidyl ether, octylphenylglycidyl ether, nonylphenylglycidyl ether, decylphenylglycidyl ether, glycidyl methylphenylether, 1 ,4-glycidyl phenyl diether, 4-methoxyphenylglycidyl ether, naphthyl glycidyl ether, 1 ,4- diglycidyl naphthyl diether, butylphenyl glycidyl ether, n-butyl glycidyl ether, isobutyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one fluorinated epoxide.
  • the fluorinated epoxides comprise compounds as depicted by Formula C, wherein each of R 2 through R ⁇ is H, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or fluoroalkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms with the proviso that at least one of R 2 through R ⁇ is a fluoroalkyl group.
  • Representative fluorinated epoxide stabilizers include but are not limited to trifluoromethyloxirane and 1 ,1-bis(trifluorornethyl)oxirane, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing fluorinated epoxide stabilizers.
  • Such compounds may be prepared by methods known in the art, for instance by methods described in, Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. volume 24, pages 93-104 (1984), Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 56, pages 3187 to 3189 (1991), and Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, volume 125, pages 99-105 (2004).
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one oxetane.
  • the oxetane stabilizers comprise compounds with one or more oxetane groups. These compounds are represented by
  • Ri-R ⁇ are the same or different and can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl.
  • oxetane stabilizers include but are not limited to 3-ethyl-3- hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3- ((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); and 3- ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the oxetanes listed in this paragraph.
  • the additional stabilizers of the present invention comprise ascorbic acid (CAS reg. no. [50-81-7]).
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one thiol.
  • the thiol compounds also known as mercaptans or hydrosulfides, comprise sulfur analogs of the hydroxyl group containing alcohols.
  • Representative thiol stabilizers include but are not limited to methanethiol (methyl mercaptan), ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan), Coenzyme A (CAS reg. no. [85-61-0]), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, CAS reg. no. [2418-14-6]), grapefruit mercaptan (( R)-2-(4- methylcyc!ohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol, CAS reg. no.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one thioether.
  • Thioethers include but are not limited to benzyl phenyl sulfide (CAS reg. no. [831-91-4]), diphenyl sulfide (CAS reg. no.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one amine.
  • amines comprise at least one compound selected from the group consisting of triethylami ⁇ e, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, triisobutylamine, p- phenylenediamine, and diphenylamine.
  • the amine stabilizers comprise dialkylamines including (N-(1-methylethyl)-2- propylamine, CAS reg. no. [108-18-9]).
  • the amine stabilizers include hindered amine antioxidants.
  • Hindered amine antioxidants include amines derived from substituted piperidine compounds, in particular derivatives of an alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or aikoxypiperidinyl compounds.
  • Representative hindered amine antioxidants include 2,2 ) 6,6-tetramethy!-4-piperidone; 2,2 1 6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1 ,2,2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidyl)sebacate (CAS reg. no.
  • di-(2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate such as the hindered amine commercially available under the trademark Tinuvin ® 770 by Ciba
  • Tinuvin ® 770 by Ciba
  • poly- (N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetrarnethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate CAS reg. no.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise nitromethane (CH 3 NO 2 ) CAS reg. no. [75-52-5].
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one alkylsilane.
  • Alkylsilanes include but are not limited to bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS, CAS reg. no. [22705-33-5]), tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS, CAS reg. no. [1873-77-4]), vinyltriethyoxysilane (VTES, CAS reg. no. [78-08-0]), and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO, CAS reg. no. [2768-02-7]), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the alkysilanes listed in this paragraph.
  • DMAMS bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane
  • TTMSS tris(trimethylsilyl)silane
  • VTES vinyltriethyoxysilane
  • VTMO vinyltrimethoxysilane
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one aryl sulfide.
  • the aryl sulfides comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of benzyl phenyl sulfide, diphenyl sulfide, and dibenzyl sulfide, and mixtures of any of the foregoing aryl sulfides.
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one terephthalate.
  • the terephthalates according to the present invention include divinyl terephthalate (CAS reg. no. [13486-19-0]) and diphenyl terephthalate (CAS reg. no. [1539-04-4]), and mixtures of the foregoing terephthalates.
  • the additional stabilizer comprises at least one functionalized perfluoropolyether.
  • functionalized- perfluoropolyethers comprise perfluoropolyether- or perfluoroalkyl- containing and phosphorus-containing partially esterified aryl phosphates, aryl phosphonates and salts thereof, containing either (i) a mono- or poly- alkylene oxide linking group between the phosphorus and a fluorocarbon group, or (ii) no linking group between the phosphorus and fluorocarbon group as described in U. S. Patent No. 6,184,187, and references therein.
  • the functionalized perfluoropolyether stabilizers may be compounds as represented by Formula B,
  • the functionalized perfluoropolyether stabilizers may be perfluoropolyether alkyl alcohols comprising a perfluoropolyether segment and one or more alcohols segments having a general formula, -CH 2 (CqH 2 q)OH, wherein-C q H 2q represents a divalent linear or branched alkyl radical where q is an integer from 1 to about 10 as described in U. S. Patent Application No. 11/156,348, filed June 17, 2005.
  • the functionalized perfluoropolyether stabilizers of the present invention may comprise substituted aryl pnictogen compositions having the structure
  • Rf I is a fluoropolyether chain having a formula weight ranging from about 400 to about 15,000, comprises repeat units, and is selected from the group consisting of:
  • J is a fluoroalkyl group selected from the group consisting of CF 3 ,
  • Z is F, Cl or CF 3 ;
  • J 1 is a fluoroalkyl group selected from the group consisting of CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , CF 2 CI, C 2 F 4 CI, and combinations of two or more thereof; e and f are numbers such that the ratio of e:f ranges from about 0.3 to about 5;
  • Z 1 is F or Cl
  • J 2 is C2F 5 , C 3 F 7 , or combinations thereof;
  • j is an average number such that the formula weight of R f ranges from about 400 to about 15,000;
  • J 3 is selected from the group consisting of CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , and combinations of two or more thereof;
  • k is an average number such that the formula weight of R f ranges from about 400 to about 15,000; each Q is independ g, h and i are numbers such that (g + h) ranges from about 1 to about 50, the ratio of i:(g + h) ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.5;
  • J 4 is CF 3 , C2F 5 , or combinations thereof; r is an average number such that the formula weight of Rf ranges from about 400 to about 15,000; and each R and R ⁇ is independently H, a C 1 -C 10 alkyl, a halogen,
  • R 2 is independently H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or combinations of two or more thereof;
  • R 3 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl
  • M is hydrogen or a metal, preferably not aluminum; t is equal to (6+u); u is any combination of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16; v is independently either 2 or 4; n is 0 or 1;
  • the functionalized perfluoropolyether stabilizers of the present invention may comprise aryl perfluoropolyethers, which are monofunctional aryl perfluoropolyethers having the formula of R f -(Y)a-(C t R(u+v))-(O-C t R 1 (u+v) ) b -R.
  • R f 1 difunctional aryl perfluoropolyethers having the formula of R f 1 -[(Y) a -(C t R (u+v) )-(O-C t R 1 (u+v) )b-R] 2 , or combinations thereof, wherein: each of R f and R f 1 has a formula weight of about 400 to about 15,000; R f comprises repeat units selected from the group consisting of (a) J-O-(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) C (CFXO) d CFZ-, (b) J 1 -O-(CF 2 CF 2 O) e (CF 2 O) f CFZ 1 -, (C) J 2 -O-(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) j CF(CF 3 )-, (d) J 3 -O-(CQ 2 -CF 2 CF 2 -O) k -CQ 2 -,
  • J is CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , CF 2 CI, C 2 F 4 CI, C 3 F 6 CI, or combinations of two or more thereof; c and d are numbers such that the c/d ratio ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5;
  • X is -F, -CF 3 , or combinations thereof;
  • Z is -F, -Cl or -CF 3 ;
  • Z 1 is -F or -Cl,
  • J 1 is CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , CF 2 CI 1 C 2 F 4 CI, or combinations of two or more thereof; e and f are numbers such that the e/f ratio ranges from about 0.3 to about 5;
  • J 2 is -C 2 F 5 , -C 3 F 7 , or combinations thereof; j is an average number such that the formula weight of R f ranges from about 400 to about 15,000;
  • J 3 is CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 , or combinations of two or more thereof; k is an average number such that the formula weight of R f ranges from about 400 to about 15,000; each Q is independently -F, -Cl 1 or -H; g, h and i are numbers such that (g + h) ranges from about 1 to about 50, the i/(g + h) ratio ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.5; J 4 is CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , or combinations thereof; k' is an average number such that the formula weight of Rf ranges from about 400 to about 15,000; each R is independently -H 1 a halogen, -OH, -SO 3 M, NR 3 2l -NO 2 , - R 4 OH, -R 4 SO 3 M, -R 4 NR 3 2 , -R 4 NO 2 , -R 4 CN 1 -C(O)OR 4 , -C(O)
  • M is a hydrogen or metal ion; a is O or 1 ; b is 0-5;
  • Y is a divalent radical -CH 2 OCH 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 0 -O-, -(CF 2 ) n -, -CF 2 O-, - CF 2 OCF 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, or combinations of two or more thereof; n is about 1 to about 5; o is about 2 to about 5; t is equal to 6+u; u is any combination of O 1 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16; v is independently either 2 or 4;
  • Rf 1 is -(CF 2 CF 2 O) e (CF 2 O) f CF 2 -, -(C 3 F 6 O) p (CF 2 CF 2 O) q (CFXO) r CF 2 -,
  • the additional stabilizer may comprise at least one lactone.
  • Lactones comprise cyclic esters that may be produced by the reaction of an alcohol group with a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
  • Representative lactone stabilizers of the present invention include but are not limited to gamma-butyrolactone (CAS reg. no. [96-48-0]), delta-gluconolactone (CAS reg. no. [90-80-2]), gamma- undecalactone (CAS reg. no. [104-67-6]), 6,7-dihydro-4(5H)- benzofuranone (CAS reg. No.
  • Single benzophenone derivatives may be used in the present invention.
  • multiple benzophenone derivatives may be combined in any proportion to serve as a stabilizer blend.
  • the stabilizer blend may contain multiple stabilizer compounds from the same class of compounds or multiple stabilizer compounds from different classes of compounds.
  • a stabilizer blend may contain 2 or more benzophenone derivatives, or one or more benzophenone derivatives in combination with one or more additional stabilizer compounds (e.g., lactones, amines, or phenols, for example).
  • additional stabilizer compounds e.g., lactones, amines, or phenols, for example.
  • some of the stabilizer compounds exist as multiple configurational isomers or stereoisomers.
  • Single isomers or multiple isomers of the same compound may be used in any proportion to prepare the stabilizer blend.
  • single or multiple isomers of a given compound may be combined in any proportion with any number of other compounds to serve as a stabilizer blend.
  • the present invention is intended to include all single configurational
  • stabilizer compositions comprising combinations of compounds that provide an unexpected level of stabilization. Certain of these combinations may serve as synergistic stabilizer compositions, that is, the compositions of compounds that augment each others' efficiency in a formulation and the stabilization obtained is larger than that expected from the sum of the contributions of the individual components.
  • Such synergistic stabilizer compositions may comprise at least one benzophenone derivative and any of the additional compounds selected from the group consisting of terpenes and terpenoids, fullerenes, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, divinylterephthalate, and diphenylterephthalate, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing additional compounds with a benzophenone derivative.
  • a limiting factor in the effectiveness of a stabilizer composition is the consumption of stabilizer and loss of functionality over the time of active use.
  • synergistic stabilizer compositions comprising mixtures of stabilizers that include components capable of regenerating the consumed stabilizer during active use, hereinafter referred to as regenerative stabilizers.
  • regenerative stabilizers comprising small "synergistic" stabilizers function with higher mobility and higher stabilization rates (meaning higher rates of reaction by which the stabilization is occurring).
  • Regenerative stabilizer composition contains one or more stabilizers that can replenish itself or themselves after use, so that over long-term use, the composition's efficacy is maintained.
  • a regenerative stabilizer is a benzophenone derivative and at least one amine.
  • Amines for inclusion in the regenerative stabilizer compositions may comprise any of the hindered amine antioxidants as described previously herein.
  • hindered amine antioxidants are 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- piperidone; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1 ,2,2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidyl) sebacate (CAS reg. no. [41556-26-7]); di-(2,2,6,6- tetramethyi-4-piperidyl)sebacate, such as the hindered amine commercially available under the trademark Tinuvin ® 770 by Ciba; poly- (N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate (CAS reg. no. [65447-77-0]), such as that commercially available under the trademark Tinuvin ® 622LD from Ciba, and mixtures thereof, including mixtures of any of the hindered amines described in this paragraph.
  • regenerative stabilizer is a stabilizer which comprises at least one benzophenone derivative combined with at least one phosphite.
  • phosphites which can be derived from substituted phosphites in particular, derivatives of alky, aryl phosphite compounds.
  • phosphites which can be used for regenerative stabilizers include (tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite), sold under the trademark Irgafos ® 168, (di-n-octyl phosphite), sold under the trademark Irgafos ® OPH and (Iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite), sold under the trademark Irgafos ® DDPP (all from Ciba).
  • any suitable effective amount of stabilizer may be used in the compositions of the present invention.
  • the phrase "effective amount" refers to an amount of stabilizer of the present invention which, when added to a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, results in a composition that will not degrade to produce as great a reduction in refrigeration performance when in use in a cooling apparatus as compared to the composition without stabilizer.
  • Such effective amounts of stabilizer may be determined by way of testing under the conditions of standard test ASHRAE 97-2004.
  • an effective amount may be said to be that amount of stabilizer that when combined with a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin allows a cooling apparatus utilizing said composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin to perform at the same level of refrigeration performance and cooling capacity as if a composition comprising 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), or other standard refrigerant (R-12, R-22, R-502, R-507A, R-508, R401A, R401B, R402A, R402B, R408, R-410A, R-404A, R407C, R-413A, R-417A, R-422A, R- 422B, R-422C, R-422D, R-423, R-114, R-11, R-113, R-123, R-124, R236fa, or R-245fa) depending upon what refrigerant may have been used in a similar system in the past
  • Certain embodiments include effective amounts of stabilizer for use in the present invention that comprise from about 0.001 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, even more preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 4 weight percent and even more preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin as described herein.
  • effective amounts of stabilizer for use in the present invention that comprise from about 0.001 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, even more preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 4 weight percent and even more preferably from about 0.3 weight percent to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of compositions comprising at least one fluoroolefin as described herein.
  • the total amount of the mixture or stabilizer blend may be present in the concentrations as described herein above.
  • compositions of the present invention as described above herein may further comprise at least one metal deactivator selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS reg. no. 6629-10-3); N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine) (CAS reg. no. 32687-78-8); 2,2 > -oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-d-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydorcinnamate) (CAS reg. no. 70331-94-1); N,N'-(disalicyclidene)-1 ,2-propanediamine (CAS reg.
  • at least one metal deactivator selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS reg. no. 6629-10-3); N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxy
  • a stabilizer composition comprises at least one benzophenone derivative, at least one amine, and at least one metal deactivator.
  • the metal deactivator is selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide; N,N'-bis(3,5-di ⁇ tert ⁇ butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine); 2,2'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-d- tert-butyI-4-hydroxyhydorcinnamate); N,N'-(disalicycIidene)-1,2- propanediamine; ethyenediaminetetraacetic acid and salts thereof; triazoles; benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, tolutriazole derivatives, N,N-disalicylidene-1 ,2-diaminopropane, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing metal deactivators listed in this paragraph.
  • a stabilizer composition comprises at least one benzophenone derivative; at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of epoxides, oxetanes, divinyl terephthalate, and diphenyl terephthalate; and at least one metal deactivator selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide; N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine); 2,2'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-d-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxyhydorcinnamate); N,N'-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-propanediamine; ethyenediaminetetraacetic acid and salts thereof; triazoles; benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, tolutriazole derivatives, N,N-disalicyliden
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of fluoroolefins (as described previously herein), hydrofluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether, CF 3 I, ammonia, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the additional compounds listed in this paragraph.
  • additional compounds comprise hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compounds.
  • Hydrofluorocarbons comprise saturated compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. Of particular utility are hydrofluorocarbons having 1-7 carbon atoms and having a normal boiling point of from about -90°C to about 80°C.
  • Hydrofluorocarbons are commercial products available from a number of sources such as E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA, or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • Representative hydrofluorocarbon compounds include but are not limited to fluoromethane (CH 3 F, HFC-41), difluoromethane (CH 2 F 2 , HFC- 32), trifluor ⁇ methane (CHF 3 , HFC-23), pentafluoroethane (CF 3 CHF 2 , HFC- 125), 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane (CHF 2 CHF 2 , HFC-134), 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane (CF 3 CH 2 F, HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF 3 CH 3 , HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF 2 CH 3 , HFC-152a), fluoroethan
  • HFC-227ca 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CF 3 CHFCF 3 , HFC-227ea), 1,1, 2,2,3, 3,-hexafluoropropane (CHF 2 CF 2 CHF 2 , HFC-236ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3- hexafluoropropane (CF 3 CF 3 CH 2 F, HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3- hexafluoropropane (CF 3 CHFCHF 2 , HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoropropane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 3 , HFC-236fa), 1,1,2,2,3- pentafluoropropane (CHF 2 CF 2 CH 2 F, HFC-245ca), 1,1,1,2,2- pentafluoropropane (CF 3 CF 2 CH 3 , HFC-245cb), 1,1,2,3,3- pentafluoropropane (CHF
  • the additional compounds comprise hydrocarbons.
  • Hydrocarbon compounds of the present invention comprise compounds having only carbon and hydrogen. Of particular utility are compounds having 3-7 carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are commercially available through numerous chemical suppliers. Representative hydrocarbons include but are not limited to propane, n- butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2- dimethylpropane, cyclopentane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,2- dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 3-methylpentane, cyclohexane, n- heptane, and cycloheptane.
  • additional compounds comprise hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms, such as dimethylether (DME, CH 3 OCH 3 . DME is commercially available.
  • additional compounds comprise iodotrifluoromethane (CF 3 I), which is commercially available from various sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • CF 3 I iodotrifluoromethane
  • additional compounds comprise ammonia (NH 3 ), which is commercially available from various sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • additional compounds comprise carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is commercially available from various sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • additional compounds comprising compositions including: HFC-1225ye and HFC-32; HFC-1225ye and HFC- 134a; HFC-1225ye, HFC-134a, and HFC-32; HFC-1225ye and HFC- 1234yf; HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234yf, and HFC-32; HFC-1225ye, HFC- 1234yf, HFC-32, and CF 3 I; and HFC-1225ye, HFC-1234yf and HFC-125.
  • additional compounds include compositions comprising fluoroolefins as disclosed in U.S. Patent application no. 11/369,227 filed March 2, 2006, U.S. Patent application no. 11/393,109 filed March 30, 2006, and U. S. Patent application no. 11/486,791 filed July 13, 2006, are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise at least one lubricant.
  • Lubricants of the present invention comprise those suitable for use with refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. Among these lubricants are those conventionally used in compression refrigeration apparatus utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, chapter 8, titled “Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems", pages 8.1 through 8.21 , herein incorporated by reference.
  • Lubricants of the present invention may comprise those commonly known as "mineral oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e.
  • Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those commonly known as "synthetic oils" in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and naphthenes, silicones, and poly-alpha-olefins.
  • Representative conventional lubricants of the present invention are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), naphthenic mineral oil commercially available under the trademark from Suniso ® 3GS and Suniso ® 5GS by Crompton Co., naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Pennzoil under the trademark Sontex ® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Calumet Lubricants under the trademark Calumet ® RO-30, linear alkylbenzenes commercially available from Shrieve Chemicals under the trademarks Zerol ® 75, Zerol ® 150 and Zerol ® 500 and branched alkylbenzene, sold by Nippon Oil as HAB 22.
  • BVM 100 N paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils
  • naphthenic mineral oil commercially available under the trademark from Suniso ® 3GS and Suniso ® 5GS by Crompton Co.
  • naphthenic mineral oil commercially available from Pennzoil under the trademark Sontex ® 3
  • lubricants of the present invention further comprise those which have been designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and are miscible with refrigerants of the present invention under compression refrigeration and air-conditioning apparatus' operating conditions.
  • Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in "Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Fluids", R. L. Shubkin, editor, Marcel Dekker, 1993.
  • Such lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs) such as Castrol ® 100 (Castrol, United Kingdom), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan), and polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).
  • Lubricants of the present invention are selected by considering a given compressor's requirements and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed.
  • compositions of the present invention may be prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amount of the individual components.
  • a preferred method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine the components in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be used, if desired.
  • the present invention further relates to a method for stabilizing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin, said method comprising adding an effective amount of a stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative to the composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
  • the present invention further relates to a process for producing cooling comprising condensing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of stabilizer comprising at least one lactone in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
  • a body to be cooled may be any space, location or object requiring refrigeration or air-conditioning. In stationary applications the body may be the interior of a structure, i.e. residential or commercial, or a storage location for perishables, such as food or pharmaceuticals.
  • the body may be incorporated into a transportation unit for the road, rail, sea or air.
  • Certain refrigeration systems operate independently with regards to any moving carrier, these are known as “intermodal" systems.
  • Such intermodal systems include “containers” (combined sea/land transport) as well as “swap bodies” (combined road and rail transport).
  • the present invention further relates to a process for producing heat comprising condensing a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin and an effective amount of stabilizer comprising a benzophenone derivative in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating said composition.
  • a body to be heated may be any space, location or object requiring heat. These may be the interior of structures either residential or commercial in a similar manner to the body to be cooled. Additionally, mobile units as described for cooling may be similar to those requiring heating. Certain transport units require heating to prevent the material being transported from solidifying inside the transport container.
  • a method for reducing degradation of a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin wherein said degradation is caused by the presence of inadvertent air; for example in a refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump system, said method comprising adding an effective amount of stabilizer comprising a benzophenone derivative to the composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
  • a method for reducing reaction with oxygen for a composition comprising at least one fluoroolefins comprising adding an effective amount of stabilizer comprising at least one benzophenone derivative to the composition comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
  • Refrigeration system chemical stability A chemical stability test is run under conditions described in ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) Standard 97-2004 to determine chemical stability of the stabilized compositions of the present invention as compared to compositions with no stabilizers.
  • ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
  • the tubes are sealed with a glass blowing torch. 5.
  • the sealed tubes are heated in an oven for 14 days at the specified temperature.
  • the sealed tubes are removed from the oven and examined for metal/liquid appearance, proper volume of liquid, appearance of glass, and absence of extraneous materials such as metal fines.
  • Ucon ® PAG 488 is a trademark for a polyalkylene glycol lubricant commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company.
  • Irgalube ® 63 is a trademark for a dithiophosphate commercially available from Ciba.
  • Irgalube ® 232 is a trademark for a butylated triphenyl phosphorothionate commercially available from Ciba.
  • Irgalube ® 349 is a trademark for a mixture of amine phosphates (an example of an organophosphate) commercially available from Ciba.
  • Irgalube ® 350 and Irgalube ® 353 are trademarks for dialkyl dithiophosphate esters from Ciba.
  • Krytox ® 157FSL is a trademark for a functionalized perfluoropolyether commercially available from DuPont.
  • Zerol ® 150 is a trademark for an alkyl benzene lubricant sold by Shrieve Chemical.
  • OXT-101 is 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane from Toagosei Company.
  • Tinuvin ® 622LD is a trademark for a hindered amine antioxidant commercially available from Ciba.
  • HP-136 is 5,7-di-t-butyl-3- (3-4-dimethylphenyl)-3H-benzofuran-2-one (an example of a lactone) from Ciba.
  • the lubricant Ucon ® PAG 488 is combined with the working fluid as set forth in Table 4 below to produce a composition that was 50 wt% working fluid and 50 wt% lubricant.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions contenant au moins une fluorooléfine et une quantité efficace d'un stabilisant comprenant au moins un dérivé de benzophénone. Les compositions stabilisées peuvent être utilisées dans des appareils de refroidissement, par exemple des appareils de réfrigération, de climatisation, des refroidisseurs et des pompes à chaleur, ainsi que dans des applications telles que des agents gonflants pour mousse, des solvants, des agents propulseurs d'aérosol, des agents extincteurs et des stérilisants.
PCT/US2007/019289 2006-09-01 2007-08-31 Stabilisants contenant des dérivés de benzophénone pour fluorooléfines Ceased WO2008027596A2 (fr)

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WO2012004487A2 (fr) 2010-07-09 2012-01-12 Arkema France Composition stable de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
WO2012143652A1 (fr) 2011-04-08 2012-10-26 Ceca S.A. Procédé de réduction de l'acidité totale de compositions frigorigènes
WO2012168607A1 (fr) 2011-06-07 2012-12-13 Arkema France Compositions binaires de 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene et d'ammoniac
KR101247484B1 (ko) 2010-08-04 2013-03-29 세퀘이아 래드큐어 컴퍼니 리미티드 냉각제 배합방법
CN105189423A (zh) * 2013-03-13 2015-12-23 阿科玛股份有限公司 用于纯化及稳定氢氟烯烃和氢氯氟烯烃的方法
US9254468B2 (en) 2008-03-07 2016-02-09 Arkema Inc. Stable formulated systems with chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
US9605230B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2017-03-28 Ceca S.A. Use of zeolites for stabilizing oils
US9908828B2 (en) 2015-03-18 2018-03-06 Arkema France Stabilization of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
EP3040326B1 (fr) 2014-09-26 2020-01-08 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Composition a base d'haloolefine
US10913881B2 (en) 2014-09-26 2021-02-09 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Method of stabilization of a haloolefin-based composition
US11083915B2 (en) 2013-07-16 2021-08-10 The Procter & Gamble Company Antiperspirant spray devices and compositions
US11186424B2 (en) 2013-07-16 2021-11-30 The Procter & Gamble Company Antiperspirant spray devices and compositions
CN117965084A (zh) * 2024-01-24 2024-05-03 广东意博门窗实业有限公司 涂覆有功能涂料的隔热玻璃及其制作方法

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EP1951838B1 (fr) * 2005-11-01 2013-07-17 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions comprenant des olefines fluorees et leurs utilisations
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US9254468B2 (en) 2008-03-07 2016-02-09 Arkema Inc. Stable formulated systems with chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
US10072192B2 (en) 2008-03-07 2018-09-11 Arkema Inc. Stable formulated systems with chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
WO2012004487A2 (fr) 2010-07-09 2012-01-12 Arkema France Composition stable de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
US10119055B2 (en) 2010-07-09 2018-11-06 Arkema France Stable 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene composition
US10662357B2 (en) 2010-07-09 2020-05-26 Arkema France Stable 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene composition
KR101247484B1 (ko) 2010-08-04 2013-03-29 세퀘이아 래드큐어 컴퍼니 리미티드 냉각제 배합방법
US9587202B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2017-03-07 Ceca S.A. Process for reducing the total acidity of refrigerating compositions
US9605230B2 (en) 2011-04-08 2017-03-28 Ceca S.A. Use of zeolites for stabilizing oils
WO2012143652A1 (fr) 2011-04-08 2012-10-26 Ceca S.A. Procédé de réduction de l'acidité totale de compositions frigorigènes
US8951432B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2015-02-10 Arkema France Binary compositions of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and ammonia
WO2012168607A1 (fr) 2011-06-07 2012-12-13 Arkema France Compositions binaires de 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene et d'ammoniac
US20160023034A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-01-28 Arkema Inc. Methods for purifying and stabilizing hydrofluoroolefins and hydrochlorofluoroolefins
CN105189423A (zh) * 2013-03-13 2015-12-23 阿科玛股份有限公司 用于纯化及稳定氢氟烯烃和氢氯氟烯烃的方法
US10022576B2 (en) * 2013-03-13 2018-07-17 Arkema Inc. Methods for purifying and stabilizing hydrofluoroolefins and hydrochlorofluoroolefins
US11186424B2 (en) 2013-07-16 2021-11-30 The Procter & Gamble Company Antiperspirant spray devices and compositions
US11083915B2 (en) 2013-07-16 2021-08-10 The Procter & Gamble Company Antiperspirant spray devices and compositions
EP3040326B1 (fr) 2014-09-26 2020-01-08 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Composition a base d'haloolefine
US10913881B2 (en) 2014-09-26 2021-02-09 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Method of stabilization of a haloolefin-based composition
US10968378B2 (en) 2014-09-26 2021-04-06 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Haloolefin-based composition
US10618861B2 (en) 2015-03-18 2020-04-14 Arkema France Stabilization of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
US10399918B2 (en) 2015-03-18 2019-09-03 Arkema France Stabilization of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
US9908828B2 (en) 2015-03-18 2018-03-06 Arkema France Stabilization of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene
CN117965084A (zh) * 2024-01-24 2024-05-03 广东意博门窗实业有限公司 涂覆有功能涂料的隔热玻璃及其制作方法

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