WO2008022983A2 - Conductive polymer gels - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to conductive organic polymer gels, a process for preparing them, the use of the conductive organic polymer gels as solid electrolytes in electrochemical applications and also portable batteries, galvanic elements, accumulators or fuel cells which comprise these conductive organic polymer gels as solid electrolytes, as such. The present invention further relates to the production of nanoporous polymer foams comprising these conductive organic polymer gels.

Description

 Conductive polymer gels

description

The present invention relates to conductive organic polymer gels, a process for their preparation, the use of the conductive organic polymer gels as solid electrolytes in electrochemical applications, as well as pocket batteries, galvanic elements, accumulators or fuel cells containing these conductive organic polymer gels as solid electrolytes, as such. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the production of nanoporous polymer foams from these conductive organic polymer gels.

Solid electrolytes are well known. They are used, for example, as leak-proof electrolytes in batteries or fuel cells. As solid electrolytes, there may be used certain metal oxides having mobile ions, for example, sodium aluminates, indium oxide doped with foreign ions, or tin oxide.

Furthermore, solid electrolytes used are polymeric electrolytes comprising polymers containing ionic side groups, for example polycarboxylic acids, polyacrylic acids or polysulfonic acids or salts thereof.

The ionic groups can also be introduced into the polymer by mixing salts with the corresponding polymers. Typical examples are the solid solutions of salts such as LiPF ₆ in polyalkylene oxides.

The ion mobility of these polymeric electrolytes very much depends on the local segmental mobility of the polymer chains and is strongly influenced by the salt concentration and the glass transition temperature of the polymeric electrolyte.

Conversely, a high molecular weight, optionally crosslinked polymer can be dissolved or swollen in a conductive liquid, thus producing a conductive polymer gel.

Particularly interesting as conductive liquids are the so-called ionic liquids. These are salts with a low melting point. They have high ionic conductivity, a broad electrochemical stability window, are non-volatile, thermally stable and non-flammable.

M.-A. Neouze et al. (Chem. COMMUN., 2005, 1082 to 1084) describes the preparation of a solid electrolyte consisting of an inorganic porous silica [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (NIg), where n = 4;

[A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M | 4 ⁴ η] 2+ _[γ] n- (NIh), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ⁵ ] ³⁺ [Y] (NN), where n = 4; or [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ [Y] '(NIj), where n = 3 and

wherein [A ¹ J ⁺ , [A ² ] ⁺ and [A ³ ] ^{+ are} independently selected from the groups mentioned for [A] ⁺ , [Y] "^'has the meaning given below for formula (I) and [M ¹ J ⁺ , [M ² J ⁺ , [M ³ ] ⁺ monovalent metal cations, [M ⁴ J ²⁺ divalent metal cations and [M ⁵ J ³⁺ trivalent metal cations.

3. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the ionic liquid contains at least one cation which is selected from the group consisting of cations of the formulas (IVa) to (I-Vy):

a2 eine ionische Flüssigkeit oder ein Gemisch aus mehreren ionischen Flüssigkeiten, a3 gegebenenfalls mindestens eine nicht vernetzend wirkende Komponente

a2 is an ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic liquids, a3 optionally at least one non-crosslinking component

b) polymerization of the components a1 and optionally a3 by polycondensation or polyaddition to an organic polymer in the presence of the ionic liquid or of the mixture of a plurality of ionic liquids.

The conductive organic polymer gel according to the invention is an organic, three-dimensionally crosslinked polymer which has been polymerized from monomers or prepolymers by polycondensation or polyaddition in an ionic liquid as a solvent, with an ionic liquid embedded in the organic crosslinked polymer. In other words, the organic crosslinked polymer is swollen in the ionic liquid.

The terms "polycondensation" and "polyaddition" are used within the scope of the present invention in accordance with the IUPAC recommendations in Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 66 (12) (1994) 2483-2486. Both in the polycondensation and in the polyaddition are step reactions, the former proceeds with elimination of a low molecular weight compound, the latter without cleavage of molecules. In both reaction types, dimers are first formed from the individual monomers, which react further either with further monomers or with already formed di-, tri-, oligo- or polymers. In most polycondensation and polyaddition reactions, the respective functional groups involved in the reaction have the same reactivities, that is, functional groups attached to monomers or oligomers and polymers react with equal probability. The average molecular weight only increases steeply at the end of the reaction, depending on the interaction parameters of the selected system, a phase separation can take place, which in this case takes place with increasing degree of polymerization or crosslinking.

According to the invention, the reaction is carried out in a process similar to the sol-gel process as polycondensation or polyaddition. This allows for precise control of pore size and morphology. This control is important for the application of the conductive gel as a solid electrolyte, since in this way the diffusion of the ions can be adjusted. The pore size of the conductive gel of the invention can be adjusted in a very wide window between 1 nm to 100 microns. The conductive organic polymer gels of the invention are characterized by a high ionic conductivity and a very high level of safety in handling them, since the ionic liquids used are non-volatile and non-flammable. The Conductive polymer gels according to the invention can be used as solid electrolytes. Devices containing the conductive polymer gels according to the invention as electrolytes are protected against leakage of the electrolyte, since the ionic liquid is retained in the polymer.

By removing the ionic liquid from the polymer gel nanoporous polymer foams are obtained. The removed ionic liquids can be recovered and reused in the production of conductive polymer gels or nanoporous polymer foams. This opens up an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way of producing nanoporous polymer foams, which show very good thermal insulation properties.

Under ionic liquids, also called liquid salts, is generally understood salt melts, which preferably have a melting point of less than 180 ⁰ C. Further preferably, the melting point is in a range from -50 ⁰ C to 150 ⁰ C, more preferably in the range of -20 ⁰ C to 120 ⁰ C and particularly preferably from 0 ° C to 100 ° C.

Ionic liquids in the sense of the present invention are preferred

(A) Salts of the general formula (I)

[A]; [Y] ⁿ - (i),

where n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, [A] ^{+ is} a quaternary ammonium cation, an oxonium cation, a sulfonium cation or a phosphonium cation, and [Yf ^"is a single, double, trivalent or tetravalent anion is;

(B) mixed salts of the general formulas (II) [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [Yf- (IIa) wherein n = 2; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [Yf- (IIb), where n = 3; or

[A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [A ⁴ ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (Nc), where n = 4 and

wherein [A ¹ J ⁺ , [A ² ] ⁺ , [A ³ ] ⁺ and [A ⁴ ] ^{+ are} independently selected from the groups mentioned for [A] ⁺ and [Y] "^' the meaning mentioned under (A) owns; or

(C) mixed salts of the general formulas (III) [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (IIIa), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (NIb), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ [M ³ ] ⁺ [Yf- (Never), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Yf ^" (NId), where n = 3; [A ¹ HM ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ _[γ] n- (NIe), where n = 3;

[A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Yf- (II IfX where n = 2;

[A ¹ I ⁺ [A ² ] ^f [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ [Y] "^" (mg), where n = 4;

[A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ _[γ] n- (NIh), where n = 4;

[A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ⁵ ] 3 _{+ [γ]} n-

(Uli). where n = 4; or

[A ¹ HM ⁴ ] ²⁺ [Y] ^{n "} (INJ) where n = 3 and

where [A ¹ ] ⁺ , [A ² ] ⁺ and [A ³ ] ^{+ are} independently selected from the groups mentioned for [A] ⁺ , [Yf ^"has the meaning mentioned under (A) and [M ¹ ] ⁺ , [M ² ] ⁺ , [M ³ J ⁺ monovalent metal cations, [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ divalent metal cations and [M ⁵ J ³⁺ trivalent metal cations.

Compounds which are suitable for forming the cation [A] ⁺ of ionic liquids are known, for example, from DE 102 02 838 A1. Thus, such compounds may contain oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur or in particular nitrogen atoms, for example at least one nitrogen atom, preferably 1 to 10 nitrogen atoms, more preferably 1 to 5, most preferably 1 to 3 and especially 1 to 2 nitrogen atoms. Optionally, other heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atoms may be included. The nitrogen atom is a suitable carrier of the positive charge in the cation of the ionic liquid from which, in equilibrium, a proton or an alkyl radical can then be transferred to the anion to produce an electrically neutral molecule.

In the event that the nitrogen atom is the carrier of the positive charge in the cation of the ionic liquid, in the synthesis of the ionic liquids, a cation can first be generated by quaternization on the nitrogen atom of, for example, an amine or nitrogen heterocycle. The quaternization can be carried out by alkylation of the nitrogen atom. Depending on the alkylating reagent used, salts with different anions are obtained. In cases where it is not possible to form the desired anion already during the quaternization, this can be done in a further synthesis step. Starting from, for example, an ammonium halide, the halide can be reacted with a Lewis acid to form a complex anion from halide and Lewis acid. Alternatively, replacement of a halide ion with the desired anion is possible. This can be done by adding a metal salt to precipitate the metal halide formed, via an ion exchanger, or by displacing the halide ion with a strong acid (to release the hydrohalic acid). Suitable methods are, for example, in Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, p. 3926-3945 and the literature cited therein. Suitable alkyl radicals with which the nitrogen atom in the amines or nitrogen heterocycles can be quaternized, for example, are C 1 -C ₈ -alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C ₆ -alkyl and very particularly preferably methyl. The alkyl group may be unsubstituted or have one or more identical or different substituents.

Preference is given to those compounds which contain at least one five- to six-membered heterocycle, in particular a five-membered heterocycle, which has at least one nitrogen atom and optionally an oxygen or sulfur atom; particularly preferred are those compounds which contain at least one five- to six-membered heterocycle containing one, two or three nitrogen atoms and a sulfur or an oxygen atom, most preferably those having two nitrogen atoms. Further preferred are aromatic heterocycles.

Particularly preferred compounds are those which have a molecular weight below 1000 g / mol, very particularly preferably below 500 g / mol and in particular below 250 g / mol.

Furthermore, preference is given to those cations which are selected from the compounds of the formulas (IVa) to (IVw)

(IVa) (IVb) (IVc)

(IVe) (IVf)

(IVe)

(IVg) (IVg ') (IVh)

(IVi) (ivj) (IVj ')

(IVm) (IVm ') (IVn)

(IVp) (IVq) (IVq ')

(IVq ") (IVr) (IVr ')

(IVu) (IVv) (IVw) and oligomers containing these structures. Further suitable cations are compounds of the general formula (IVx) and (IVy)

R ^z

3 ^{l +} 1 ^{l +} 1

R-PR SR ¹

R R

(ivx) (IVy) and oligomers containing this structure. In the above formulas (IVa) to (IVy)

• the radical R is hydrogen, a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic radical, unsubstituted or interrupted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and

• the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ independently of one another are hydrogen, a sulfo group or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or interrupted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups Radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ , which in the abovementioned formulas (IV) are bonded to a carbon atom (and not to a heteroatom), may additionally also stand for halogen or a functional group; or

• two adjacent radicals from the series R ¹ to R ^{9 taken} together also for a divalent, carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional

Groups interrupted or substituted radical having 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

Suitable hetero atoms in the definition of the radicals R and R ¹ to R ^{9 are in} principle all heteroatoms in question which are capable of formally a -CH ₂ -, a -CH =, a -C≡ or a = C = group to replace. When the carbon-containing group contains heteroatoms, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and silicon are preferable. As preferred groups, in particular -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO ₂ -, -NR'-, -N =, -PR'-, - PR ' ₂ and -SiR' ₂ - may be mentioned, wherein it the radicals R 'are the remainder of the carbon-containing radical. The radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ are, in the cases in which those in the above formulas (IV) to a carbon atom (and not to a heteroatom) bound also be bound directly via the heteroatom.

Suitable functional groups are in principle all functional groups which may be bonded to a carbon atom or a heteroatom. Suitable examples are -OH (hydroxy), = 0 (especially as carbonyl group), -NH ₂ (amino), = NH (imino), -COOH (carboxy), -CONH ₂ (carboxamide), -SO ₃ H (sulfo ) and -CN (cyano). Fractional groups and heteroatoms can also be directly adjacent, so that combinations of several neighboring atoms, such as -O- (Ether), -S- (thioether), -COO- (ester), -CONH- (secondary amide) or -CONR'- (tertiary amide), are included, for example di- (Ci-C ₄ alkyl) -amino, CrC ₄ - alkyloxycarbonyl or dC ₄ alkyloxy.

Halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The radical R preferably stands for

• C ₁ -C 20 -alkyl which is unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or monosubstituted to hydroxyl, halogen, phenyl, cyano, C ₁ -C ₆ -alkoxycarbonyl and / or sulfonic acid and has a total of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1 Propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert-butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl , 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl , 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2 -pentyl, 2-

Methyl 3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1 butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-undecyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, Trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, heptafluoroisopropyl, nonafluorobutyl, nonafluoroisobutyl, undecylfluoropentyl, undecylfluoroisopentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl and propylsulfonic acid;

Glycols, butylene glycols and their oligomers having 1 to 100 units and a hydrogen or a C 1 to C ₈ alkyl as end group, such as

R ^A O- (CHR ^B -CH ₂ -O) _n -CHR ^B -CH ₂ - or R ^ - (CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n -

CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O- with R ^A and R ^{B is} preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n is preferably 0 to 3, in particular 3-oxabutyl, 3-oxapentyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxaoctyl, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl, 3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 3,6,9,12-tetraoxadridecyl and 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl;

• vinyl; and

N, N-di-C ₁ -C ₆ -alkylamino, such as N, N-dimethylamino and N, N-diethylamino.

Particularly preferably, the radical R is unbranched and unsubstituted C- -C- _{I IS} is - alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecyl, especially for methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl and 1-octyl and for CH ₃ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n -CH ₂ CH ₂ - and CH ₃ CH ₂ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n -CH ₂ CH ₂ - where n is 0 to 3rd The radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ are preferably each independently

• hydrogen;

• halogen;

• a functional group; Optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted and / or interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups CrCis-alkyl;

Optionally C ₂ interrupted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halo, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles and / or interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups cis alkenyl;

Optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted C ₆ -C ₂ -aryl; • optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted _C5-Ci2 cycloalkyl;

• optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted _C5-Ci2 cycloalkenyl; or optionally, a functional group, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy,

Halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur atoms containing heterocycle means; or

two adjacent radicals (R ¹ to R ⁹ ) together represent

• an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic, optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles and optionally substituted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted Imino groups broken ring.

When optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles Ci-Ci ₈ -alkyl is preferably methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2 Butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert-butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3 Methyl 1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1 pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, 2,3- Dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 1,1,3,3- Tetramethylbutyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-undecyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tridecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-pentadecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-heptadecyl, 1-octadecyl, cyclopentylmethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, 3-cyclopentylpropyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 2-cyclohexylethyl, 3-cyclohexylpropyl, benzyl (phenylmethyl), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl), triphenylmethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, α, α-dimethylbenzyl, p-tolylmethyl, 1- (p-butylphenyl) -ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, m-ethoxybenzyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, 2-methoxycarbonylethyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1,2-di- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, formyl, 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2 yl, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 3-aminopropyl, 4- Aminobutyl, 6-aminohexyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-methylaminopropyl, 3-methylaminopropyl, 4-methylaminobutyl , 6-methylaminohexyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl, 2-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl , 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl, 6-ethoxyhexyl, acetyl , C _n F ₂ ( _n +) + (ib) H 2a + b with n being 1 to 30, 0 <a <n and b = 0 or 1 (for example CF ₃ , C ₂ F ₅ , CH ₂ CH ₂ -C _{( n} - ₂₎ F _{2 (n-2) +1} , C ₆ F ₁₃ , C ₈ F ₁₇ , C ₁₀ F ₂₁ , C ₁₂ F ₂₅ ), chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, trichloromethyl, 1, 1-dimethyl-2 -chloroethyl, methoxymethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, diethoxymethyl, diethoxyethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, 2-methoxy-isopropyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2 - (n-butoxycarbonyl) ethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 5-hydroxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl , 1 1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-hydroxy-4-oxa-heptyl, 1-hydroxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-hydroxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-hydroxy 5-oxanonyl, 14-hydroxy-5,10-dioxatetradecyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 1-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxa-undecyl, 7-methoxy 4-oxaheptyl, 1-methoxy-4,8-dioxaunecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-dioxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy 3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 1-ethoxy-3,6,9-tri- oxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15 Ethoxy-4,8,12-tri- oxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.

C ₂ optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles and / or interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups -C ₁₈ -alkenyl is preferably vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, cis-2-butenyl, trans-2-butenyl or C _n F 2 ( _n ) - (ib) H 2a-b with n <30, 0 <a <n and b = 0 or 1. When optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles C ₆ -C ₂ -aryl is preferably phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, α-naphthyl, ß-naphthyl, 4- Diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, / so-propylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, Ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl, ethoxymethylphenyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl or C ₆ F _(S-3) H ₃ with 0 <a <5.

Optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles C ₅ -C ₂ -cycloalkyl is preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, Diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthio cyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl, C _n F ₂ (n- ₃ ) - (ib) H _{2 3} -b with n <30, 0 <a <n and b = 0 or 1 and a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl.

When optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles C ₅ - to C ₂ cycloalkenyl is preferably 3-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, 2.5 -Cyclohexadienyl or C _n F ₂ ( _n - ₃ ) -3 (ib) H 2 ₃ -3b with n <30, 0 <a <n and b = 0 or 1.

An optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur atoms containing heterocycle is preferably furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, Pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxo, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl or difluoropyridyl.

Two adjacent radicals together form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic, optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles and optionally by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups interrupted ring, it is preferably 1, 3-propylene, 1, 4-butylene, 1, 5-pentylene, 2-oxa-1, 3-propylene, 1-oxa-1, 3-propylene, 2-oxa-1, 3-propylene, 1-oxa-1, 3-propenylene, 3-oxa-1, 5-pentylene, 1-aza-1, 3 propenylene, 1-C 1 -C ₄ -alkyl-1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene, 1-aza-1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene or 2 -Aza-1, 4-buta-1,3-dienylene.

If the abovementioned radicals contain oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, the number of oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or imino groups is not restricted. As a rule, it is not more than 5 in the radical, preferably not more than 4, and very particularly preferably not more than 3.

If the abovementioned radicals contain heteroatoms, then between two heteroatoms there are generally at least one carbon atom, preferably at least two carbon atoms.

Particularly preferably, the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ independently of one another are hydrogen;

Unbranched or branched, unsubstituted or monosubstituted to polysubstituted by hydroxyl, halogen, phenyl, cyano, C ₁ -C ₆ -alkoxycarbonyl and / or sulfonic acid, C ₁ -C ₈ -alkyl having a total of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1 Propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl (isobutyl), 2-methyl-2-propyl (tert-butyl), 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3 Pentyl, 2-methyl

1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2 Methyl 3-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1 butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl,

1-heptyl, 1-octyl, 1-nonyl, 1-decyl, 1-undecyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, 1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, benzyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, heptafluoroisopropyl, nonafluorobutyl, nonafluoroisobutyl, undecylfluoropentyl,

Undecylfluoroisopentyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl and propylsulfonic acid;

Glycols, butylene glycols and their oligomers having 1 to 100 units and a hydrogen or a C 1 -C 5 -alkyl as end group, such as R ^A O- (CHR ^B -CH ₂ -O) _n -CHR ^B -CH ₂ - or R ^ - (CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ O- where R ^A and R ^{B are} preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n is preferably 0 to

3, especially 3-oxabutyl, 3-oxapentyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxaoctyl, 3,6,9-trioxadecyl, 3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 3,6,9, 12-tetraoxatridecyl and 3 , 6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl;

• vinyl; and N, N-di-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-amino, such as N, N-dimethylamino and N, N-diethylamino.

Most preferably, the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ independently of one another are hydrogen or C 1 -C ₈ -alkyl, such as, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl Phenyl, for 2-hydroxyethyl, for 2-cyanoethyl, for 2- (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl, for 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, for 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) ethyl, for N, N-dimethylamino, for N, N- Diethylamino, for chlorine and for CH ₃ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n - CH ₂ CH ₂ - and CH ₃ CH ₂ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n -CH ₂ CH ₂ - with n equal to O to third

Very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IVa) are those in which

• one of the radicals R ¹ to R ^{5 is} methyl, ethyl or chlorine and the remaining radicals R ¹ to R ^{5 are} hydrogen;

• R ^{3 is} dimethylamino and the remaining radicals R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ and R ^{5 are} hydrogen;

• all of the radicals R ¹ to R ⁵ are hydrogen;

• R ^{2 is} carboxy or carboxamide and the remaining radicals R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ and R ⁵

Are hydrogen; or

• R ¹ and R ² or R ² and R ^{3 are} 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene and the remaining R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ and R ^{5 are} hydrogen;

and in particular those in which

• R ¹ to R ^{5 are} hydrogen; or

• one of the radicals R ¹ to R ^{5 is} methyl or ethyl and the remaining radicals R ¹ to R ^{5 are} hydrogen.

Very particularly preferred pyridinium ions (IVa) which may be mentioned are 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) pyridinium, 1 - (1-Hexyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -pyridinium, 1 , 2-Dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1 - (1-dodecyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1,2-diethylpyridinium , 1- (1-Butyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-Hexyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-Octyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-Dodecyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1 - (1-Tetradecyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1, 2-dimethyl-5-ethyl-pyridinium, 1, 5-diethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1 (1-butyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium and 1- (1-octyl) -2- methyl 3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium and 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-methyl- 3-ethylpyridinium. Very particularly preferred pyridazinium ions (IVb) are those in which

• R ¹ to R ^{4 are} hydrogen; or

• one of the radicals R ¹ to R ^{4 is} methyl or ethyl and the remaining radicals R ¹ to R ^{4 are} hydrogen.

Very particularly preferred pyrimidinium ions (IVc) are those in which

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ² to R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen or methyl; or

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² and R ^{4 are} methyl and R ^{3 is} hydrogen.

Very particularly preferred pyrazinium ions (IVd) are those in which • R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ² to R ^{4 are} independently of one another

Are hydrogen or methyl;

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ² and R ^{4 are} methyl and R ^{3 is} hydrogen;

• R ¹ to R ^{4 are} methyl; or • R ¹ to R ^{4 are} methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as imidazolium ions (IVe) those in which

R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 1-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, 1-octyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-cyanoethyl and R ² to R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, methyl or Are ethyl.

Very particularly preferred imidazolium ions (IVe) which may be mentioned are 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-Tetradecyl) -imidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -imidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1 Butyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-butylimidazolium, 1- (1 -Octyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) -3-butylimidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1 Dodecyl) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -3-butylimidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -3-octylimidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl ) -3- ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -3-butylimidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -3-octylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl ) -3-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -3-butylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -3 octylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) 2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) -2,3-di- methylimidazolium, 1, 4-dimethylimidazolium, 1, 3,4-trimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 3-butylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1,1,5-trimethylimidazolium, 1, 3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-butylimidazolium and 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-octylimidazolium.

Very particular preference is given as Pyrazoliumionen (IVf), (IVg) or (IVg ') such, in which

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ² to R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particularly preferred pyrazolium ions (IVh) are those in which

• R ¹ to R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given as 1-pyrazolinium (IVi) such as those in which

• independently of one another R ¹ to R ^{6 are} hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given as 2-pyrazolinium (IVj) or (IVj ') those in which • R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ² to R ^{6 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as 3-pyrazolinium ions (IVk) or (IVk ') those in which • R ¹ and R ² independently of one another are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ³ to R ⁶ independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl ,

Very particularly preferred as Imidazoliniumionen (IVI) are those in which • R ¹ and R ^{2 are} independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or

Are phenyl, R ³ and R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and R ⁵ and R ^{6 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to imidazolinium ions (IVm) or (IVm ') those in which

• R ¹ and R ^{2 are} independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ³ to R ^{6 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as imidazolinium ions (IVn) or (IVn ') those in which • R ¹ to R ^{3 are} independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ⁴ to R ^{6 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using thiazolium ions (IVo) or (IVo ') and oxazolium ions (IVp) as those in which

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ² and R ^{3 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as 1,2,4-triazolium ions (IVq), (IVq ') or (IVq ") those in which

• R ¹ and R ^{2 are} independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ^{3 is} hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as 1,3,3-triazolium ions (IVr), (IVr ') or (IVr ") those in which

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R ² and R ^{3 are} independently hydrogen or methyl, or R ² and R ³ together are 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene.

Very particularly preferred pyrrolidinium ions (IVs) are those in which

• R ^{1 is} hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ² to R ^{9 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as imidazolidinium ions (IVt) those in which

• R ¹ and R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl and R ² and R ³ and R ⁵ to R ^{8 are} independently hydrogen or methyl.

Very particular preference is given to using as ammonium ions (IVu) those in which

• R ¹ to R ^{3 are} independently of each other Ci-Ci ₈ alkyl; or

• R ¹ and R ² together are 1, 5-pentylene or 3-oxa-1, 5-pentylene and R ^{3 is} C r Cr alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-cyanoethyl.

As very particularly preferred ammonium ions (IVu) may be mentioned methyl tri (1-butyl) -ammonium, N, N-dimethylpiperidinium and N, N-dimethylmorpholinium. Examples of the tertiary amines from which the quaternary ammonium ions of the general formula (IVu) are derived by quaternization with the abovementioned radicals R are diethyl-n-butylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diethyl-n-pentylamine, diethylhexylamine, Diethyloctylamine, diethyl (2-ethylhexyl) amine, di-n-propylbutylamine, di-n-propyl-n-pentylamine, di-n-propylhexylamine, di-n-propyloctylamine, di-n-propyl (2-ethyl - hexyl) amine, di-isopropylethylamine, di-iso-propyl-n-propylamine, di-isopropyl-butylamine, di-isopropylpentylamine, di-iso-propylhexylamine, di-isopropyloctylamine, di-iso-propyl (2-ethylhexyl ) -amine, di-n-butylethylamine, di-n-butyl-n-propylamine, di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine, di-n-butylhexylamine, di-n-butyloctylamine, di-n-butyl (2 ethylhexyl) amine, Nn-butyl-pyrrolidine, N-sec-butylpyrrodidine, N-tert-butylpyrrolidine, Nn-pentylpyrrolidine, N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N, N-diethylcyclohexylamine, N, N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine, N-n-propylpiperidine, N-isopropylpiperidine, Nn-butyl-piperid in, N-sec-butylpiperidine, N-tert-butylpiperidine, Nn-pentylpiperidine, Nn-butylmorpholine, N-sec-butylmorpholine, N-tert-butylmorpholine, Nn-pentylmorpholine, N-benzyl-N-ethylaniline, N-benzyl Nn-propylaniline, N-benzyl-N-isopropylaniline, N-benzyl-Nn-butylaniline, N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, N, N-diethyl-p-toluidine, N, N-di- n-butyl-p-toluidine, diethylbenzylamine, di-n-propylbenzylamine, di-n-butylbenzylamine, diethylphenylamine, di-n-propylphenylamine and di-n-butylphenylamine.

Preferred tertiary amines (IVu) are di-iso-propylethylamine, diethyl-tert-butylamine, diisopropyl-propylamine, di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine, N, N-di-n-butylcyclohexylamine and tertiary amines of pentyl isomers.

Particularly preferred tertiary amines are di-n-butyl-n-pentylamine and tertiary amines of pentyl isomers. Another preferred tertiary amine having three identical residues is triallylamine.

Very particular preference is given to using as guanidinium ions (IVv) those in which

• R ¹ to R ^{5 are} methyl.

As a very particularly preferred guanidinium ion (IVv) may be mentioned N, N, N ', N', N ", N" - hexamethylguanidinium.

Very particular preference is given to using as cholinium ions (IVw) those in which • R ¹ and R ² independently of one another are methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or 1-octyl, and

R ^{3 is} hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO ₂ OH or -PO (OH) ₂ ;

• R ^{1 is} methyl, ethyl, 1-butyl or 1-octyl, R ^{2 is} a -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OR ⁴ group and R ³ and R ^{4 are} independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO ₂ OH or -PO (OH) ₂ ; or • R ^{1 is} a -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OR ⁴ group, R ^{2 is} a -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OR ⁵ group and R ³ to R ^{5 are} independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, -SO _{2 are} OH or -PO (OH) ₂ .

Particularly preferred cholinium ions (IVw) are those in which R ^{3 is} selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, acetyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxa-pentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 1 1-methoxy 3,6,9-trioxa undecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxa-heptyl, 11-methoxy-4,8-dioxa undecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5 -oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 11-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl , 1-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl.

Very particularly preferred phosphonium ions (IVx) are those in which • R ¹ to R ^3, independently of one another, are C 1 -C ₈ -alkyl, in particular butyl, isobutyl,

1-hexyl or 1-octyl.

Among the above-mentioned heterocyclic cations, the pyridinium ions, pyrazolinium, pyrazolium ions and imidazolinium and imidazolium ions are preferable. Furthermore, ammonium ions are preferred.

Particular preference is given to 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) pyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-Octyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -pyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -pyridinium, 1, 2-dimethylpyridinium, 1- Ethyl 2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) - 2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-methylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1, 2-diethylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) - 2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) - 2-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-ethylpyridinium, 1, 2-dimethyl-5-ethylpyridinium, 1, 5-diethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1- (1-butyl) -2-methyl- 3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-octyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-dodecyl) -2-m ethyl 3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -2-methyl-3-ethylpyridinium, 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1- (1 Butyl) imidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) imidazolium, 1- (1-dodecyl) imidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) imidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) imidazolium, 1, 3 Dimethyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-octyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1 - (1-Dodecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-tetradecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexadecyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3- Trimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium, 1- (1-butyl) -2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1- (1-hexyl) -2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium and 1- (1-octyl) -2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,4. Dimethylimidazolium, 1, 3,4-trimethylimidazolium, 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 3-butylimidazolium, 1, 4-dimethyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1, 4,5-trimethylimidazolium, 1, 3,4, 5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium, 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-butylimidazolium and 1, 4,5-trimethyl-3-octylimidazolium.

The metal cations [M ¹ ] ⁺ , [M ² ] ⁺ , [M ³ ] ⁺ , [M ⁴ ] ²⁺ and [M ⁵ ] ³⁺ mentioned in formulas (IIIa) to (NIj) are generally to metal cations of the 1st, 2nd, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 1 1st, 12th and 13th group of the periodic table. Suitable metal cations are, for example, Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ , Cr ³⁺ , Fe ²⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Cu ^{2 +} , Ag ⁺ , Zn ²⁺ and Al ³⁺ .

As anions, in principle, all anions can be used.

The anion [Y] "^'of the ionic liquid is for example selected from

The group of halides and halogen-containing compounds of the formula:

F, Cl ^" , Br ^" , r, BF ₄ ^" , PF ₆ ^" , AICI ₄ ^" , Al ₂ Cl ₇ ^" , Al ₃ Cli ₀ ^" , AIBr ₄ ^" , FeCl ₄ ^" , BCI ₄ ^" , SbF ₆ ^" , AsF ₆ , ^" ZnCl ₃ ^" , SnCl ₃ ^" , CuCl ₂ ^" , CF ₃ SO ₃ ^" , (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₂ N ^" , CF ₃ CO ₂ ^" , CCI ₃ CO ₂ ^" , CN ^" , SCN ^" , OCN ^" The group of sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates of the general formula: SO ₄ ^2" , HSO ₄ ^" , SO ₃ ^2" , HSO ₃ ^" , ROSO ₃ ^" , R ³ SO ₃ ^"

The group of phosphates of the general formula PO ₄ ^{3 "} , HPO ₄ ^2" , H ₂ PO ₄ ^" , R ³ PO ₄ ^2" , HR ³ PO ₄ ^" , R ³ R ^b P0 ₄ ^"

The group of phosphonates and phosphinates of the general formula: R ³ H PO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b PO ₂ ^" , R ³ R ^b PO ₃ ^"

The group of phosphites of the general formula: PO ₃ ^{3 "} , HPO ₃ ^2" , H ₂ PO ₃ ^" , R ³ PO ₃ ^2" , R ³ HPO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b PO ₃ ^"

The group of the phosphonites and phosphinites of the general formula: R ³ R ^b PO ₂ ^" , R ³ HPO ₂ ^" , R ³ R ^b P0 ^" , R ³ HPO ^" • the group of the carboxylic acids of the general formula: R ³ COO ^"

The group of borates of the general formula:

BO ₃ ^{3 "} , HBO ₃ ^2" , H ₂ BO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b BO ₃ ^" , R ³ HBO ₃ ^" , R ³ BO ₃ ^2" , B (0R ³ ) (0R ^b ) (0R ^c ) (0R ^{d) ',} B (HSO ^_4)', B (R ³ S04) ^"• the group of boronates of the general formula: R ³ BO ₂ ^{2 ',} R ³ R ^{b B0"}

The group of carbonates and carbonic esters of the general formula: HCO ₃ ^" , CO ₃ ^2" , R ³ CO ₃ ^"

The group of silicates and silicic acid esters of the general formula: SiO ₄ ^{4 "} , HSiO ₄ ^3" , H ₂ SiO ₄ ^{2 "} , H ₃ SiO ₄ ^" , R ³ SiO ₄ ^{3 "} , R ^a R ^b Si0 ₄ ^2" , R ^a R ^b R ^c Si0 ₄ ^" , HR ³ SiO ₄ ^{2 "} , H ₂ R ³ SiO ₄ ^" , HR ³ R ^b Si0 ₄ ^"

The group of the alkyl or aryl silane salts of the general formula: R ³ SiO ₃ ^{3 "} , R ³ R ^b Si0 ₂ ^2" , R ³ R ^b R ^c Si0 ^" , R ³ R ^b R ^c Si0 ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b R ^c Si0 ₂ ^" , R ³ R ^b Si0 ₃ ^2" • the group of the carboxylic imides, bis (sulfonyl) imides and sulfonyl imides of the general formula:

• the group of the method of the general formula:

, VIII

The group of alkoxides and aryloxides of the general formulas: R ³ O ^" ;

• the group of halometalates of the general formula [M _q Hal _r ] ^{s "} , where M is a metal and Hal is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, q and r are positive integers indicating the stoichiometry of the complex and s ei - is a whole positive number and indicates the charge of the complex;

The group of sulfides, hydrogen sulfides, polysulfides, hydrogen polysulfides and thiolates of the general formulas:

S ^{2 "} , HS ^" , [Sv] ^{2 "} , [HSv] ^" , [R ³ S] ^" , where v is a whole positive number from 2 to 10 • the group of complex metal ions such as Fe (CN) ₆ ^{3 "} , Fe (CN) ₆ ^4" , MnO ₄ ^" , Fe (CO) ₄ ^" .

Is ³ R, R ^b, R ^c and R ^d are each independently hydrogen, CrC ₃₀ - alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more nonadjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino nogruppen interrupted having C ₂ -C ₈ alkyl, C ₆ -C ₄ aryl, C ₅ -C ₂ cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered, oxygen-, nitrogen- and / or sulfur atoms Heterocycle, two of them together being able to form an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic ring optionally interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more unsubstituted or substituted imino groups, where the radicals mentioned are each additionally denoted by functional groups, Aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles may be substituted.

Therein, optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles Ci-Ci ₈ alkyl, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert. Butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hetadecyl, octadecyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1 , 3,3-tetramethylbutyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, α, α-dimethylbenzyl, benzhydryl, p-tolylmethyl, 1- (p-butylphenyl) -ethyl, p-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, m -Ethoxybenzyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2-cyanopropyl, 2-methoxycarbonethyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl, 2-butoxycarbonylpropyl, 1, 2-di- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-butoxyethyl, diethoxymethyl , Diethoxyethyl, 1, 3-dioxolan-2-yl, 1, 3-dioxan-2-yl, 2-methyl-1, 3-dioxolan-2-yl, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl , 2-isopropoxyethyl, 2-butoxypropyl, 2-octyloxyethyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-chloroethyl, 2-methoxyisopropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, butylthiomethyl, 2-dodecylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4- Hydroxybutyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2-aminopropyl, 4-aminobutyl, 6-aminohexyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-methylaminopropyl, 3-methylaminopropyl, 4-methylaminobutyl, 6-methylaminohexyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, 6-dimethylaminohexyl, 2-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylethyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 2-phenoxypropyl, 3-phenoxypropyl, 4-phenoxybutyl, 6-phenoxyhexyl, 2- Methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, 6-methoxyhexyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 4-ethoxybutyl or 6-ethoxyhexyl.

Optionally interrupted by one or more non-adjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino interrupted C ₂ -C ₈ alkyl, for example, 5-hydroxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6- dioxaoctyl, 1 1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-hydroxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-hydroxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-hydroxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-hydroxy 5-oxononyl, 14-hydroxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxo-octyl, 1-methoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7 Methoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-methoxy-4,8-dioxa- undecyl, 15-methoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-methoxy-5-oxanonyl, 14-methoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl, 5-ethoxy-3-oxapentyl, 8-ethoxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl, 1-ethoxy-3,6,9-trioxaundecyl, 7-ethoxy-4-oxaheptyl, 1-ethoxy-4,8-dioxaundecyl, 15-ethoxy-4,8,12-trioxapentadecyl, 9-ethoxy-5-oxanonyl or 14-ethoxy-5,10-oxatetradecyl. If two radicals form a ring, these radicals can be taken together, for example, as fused building block 1, 3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 2-oxa-1,3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa 1, 3-propenylene, 1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1-C 1 -C ₄ -alkyl-1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene, 1 Aza-1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene or 2-aza-1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene mean.

The number of non-adjacent oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or imino groups is basically not limited, or is automatically limited by the size of the remainder or the ring building block. As a rule, it is not more than 5 in the respective radical, preferably not more than 4 or very particularly preferably not more than 3. Furthermore, at least one, preferably at least two, carbon atoms (e) are generally present between two heteroatoms.

Substituted and unsubstituted imino groups may be, for example, imino, methylimino, iso-propylimino, n-butylimino or tert-butylimino.

The term "functional groups" is to be understood as meaning, for example, the following: carboxy, carboxamide, hydroxy, di- (C 1 -C ₄ -alkyl) -amino, C 1 -C ₄ -alkyloxycarbonyl, cyano or C 1 -C ₄ -alkoxy to C ₄ alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.

Optionally, Cβ-C-u-aryl substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles! are, for example, phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, α-naphthyl, ß-naphthyl, 4-diphenylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, iso-propylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, dodecylphenyl , Methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, hexyloxyphenyl, methylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, chloronaphthyl, ethoxynaphthyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 4 -Bromphenyl, 2- or 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4- or 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, methoxyethylphenyl or ethoxymethylphenyl.

May optionally be substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, halogen, Heteroato- me and / or heterocyclic C ₅ -C ₂ -cycloalkyl are for example cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl,

Methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl, butylcyclohexyl, methoxycyclohexyl, dimethoxycyclohexyl, diethoxycyclohexyl, butylthiocyclohexyl, chlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclohexyl, dichlorocyclopentyl and a saturated or unsaturated bicyclic system such as norbornyl or norbornenyl. A five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocycle is, for example, furyl, thiophenyl, pyryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxy, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyryl, methoxifuryl , Dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl.

Preferred anions are selected from the group of halides and halogen-containing compounds, the group of carboxylic acids, the group of sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates and the group of phosphates.

Preferred anions are chloride, bromide, iodide, SCN ^{", OCN",} CN ^", acetate, Ci-C sulfate ₄ alkyl, R ^{a -COO",} R ³ SO ₃ ^", R ^a R ^b PO ^_4", methanesulfonate, Tosylate, Ci-C ₄ Dialkylphospha- te, hydrogen sulfate or tetrachloroaluminate.

Particularly preferred anions are Cl ^" , CH ₃ COO ^" or CH ₃ SO ₃ ^" .

The following salts are particularly preferably used as ionic liquids:

1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-methylimidazolium fluoride, 1-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1-ethylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethylimidazolium bromide, 1 Ethyl imidazolium fluoride, 1-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium methanesulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium tosylate, 1-ethylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1-propylimidazolium chloride, 1-propylimidazolium bromide, 1-propylimidazolium fluoride, 1-propylimidazolium iodide, 1 - Propylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-propylimidazolium sulfate, 1-propylimidazolium methanosulfate, 1-propylimidazolium tosylate, 1-propylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1-butylimidazolium chloride, 1-butylimidazolium bromide, 1-butylimidazolium fluoride, 1-butylimidazolium iodide, 1-butylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-butylimidazolium sulfate, 1-butylimide azolium methanesulfonate, 1-butylimidazolium tosylate, 1-butylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 2-ethylpyridinium chloride, 2-ethylpyridinium bromide, 2-ethylpyridinium iodide, 2-ethylpyridinium hydrogensulfate, 2-ethylpyridinium sulfate, 2-ethylpyridinium methanesulfonate, 2-ethylpyridinium tosylate, 2-ethylpyridinium diethylphosphate, 1-ethyl-3-yl 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluoride, 3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-ethyl-3 methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium fluoride, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-n-butyl 3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, 1 - n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium fluoride, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-n-butyl-3-yl ethylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium sulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium tosylate and 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium diethylphosphate.

For the purposes of the present invention, organic polymers are polymers which contain carbon atoms in the main chain. The ratio of carbon atoms in the main chain to the other atoms present in the main chain is preferably at least 1:20, more preferably at least 1:10, and most preferably at least 1: 5.

According to the invention, monomers which are crosslinking or prepolymers a1 are polymerizable monomers and prepolymers by polycondensation or polyaddition to give organic polymers. In the context of the present invention, the term "monomer" refers to those molecules which form the basic units from which the polymers are prepared. "Prepolymers" are usually oligomers, but also already polymeric compounds which are used as precursors or intermediates Serve synthesis of polymers.

The terms "polycondensation" and "polyaddition" are used within the scope of the present invention in accordance with the IUPAC recommendations in Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 66 (12) (1994) 2483-2486.

In the context of the present invention, polyaddition is understood to mean according to polyreactions in which polymers are formed without the cleavage of low molecular weight compounds by repeated addition of at least bifunctional starting materials.

For the purposes of the present invention, polycondensation means, in particular, polyreactions in which, with the elimination of low molecular weight compounds, at least difunctional molecules condense to form polymers. Both polycondensation and polyaddition proceed in stages in independent reactions.

By polycondensation, for example, polyamides, polyesters, phenoplasts, polyethers, polyether ketones, polyethersulfones or aminoplasts can be produced. According to the invention, all monomers or prepolymers known to the person skilled in the art which have at least three functional groups capable of polycondensation can be used as crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1. These functional groups include -X, -OH, -COOH, -COX, -COOR ', -CO-O-CO-R', - N = C = O, -SO ₂ Cl and -NR'H, where R 'is H or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted radical and X is a halogen, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine. It is also possible to use mixtures of various crosslinking monomers and prepolymers a1.

According to the invention, polycondensation reactive resins can also be used as cross-linking prepolymers a1. Polycondensation reactive resins include inter alia those resins which are obtainable by addition and subsequent condensation of aldehydes and compounds which contain amino groups and which can react to give polymers of higher molecular weight by adding hardeners or at elevated temperatures. These include aminoplast resins, for example urea, benzoguanamine and melamine-formaldehyde resins or mixtures thereof.

As polycondensation reactive resins, the condensates of formaldehyde and the group of substituted and unsubstituted mono-, di- and trihydric phenols such as resorcinol, pyrocatechol, hydroquinone, hydroxyhydroquinone, phloroglucin and pyrogallol can be used.

According to this invention, polycondensation reactive resins are preferably used as crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1. Particularly preferred is the use of melamine-formaldehyde resin or urea-formaldehyde resin or mixtures thereof as prepolymer a1.

Furthermore, crosslinking monomers and prepolymers a1 are preferably used according to the present invention, the polymerization of which leads to polyether sulfones (PES) and polyether ketones (PEK), particularly preferably to polyaryl ether ketones and polyaryl ether sulfones.

Polyaryl ether ketones contain phenyl groups linked by ether and keto groups. Depending on the number and sequence of the ether and keto groups present in the basic structural unit, the polyether ketones (PEK) are also referred to as PEEK, PEEKEK, PEKK, etc., K stands for a keto group and E stands for an ether group. PEK's can be obtained, for example, by condensation of a phenolic Component can be obtained with a Benzophenonderivat. The phenolic component in this case has at least two OH groups attached to at least one aromatic radical, for example, hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether, phloroglucinol, bisphenol A, C and F, 1, 1, 1-tris can be used as the phenolic component (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane and hexafluoroisopropylidenediphenol. Also suitable are hydroxyaryl ketones. The benzophenone derivative has at least one halogen such as F, Cl, Br or I on each of the two phenyl radicals. For example, 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone can be used as the benzophenone derivative. The benzophenone derivative may also carry an OH group instead of a halide.

PEK's can also be prepared by condensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides with diphenyl ethers in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Diphenyl ethers containing a carboxylic acid chloride group can also be used for this purpose.

Polyethersulfones can also be prepared by polycondensation of a phenolic component with an aromatic halide. As phenolic component all compounds listed above as phenolic component can be used. As the aromatic halide, at least dihalogenated sulfones containing at least two phenyl groups are used, for example, 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl sulfone and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. 4,4'-Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone can be used as further phenolic component.

The abovementioned monomers may carry further substituents on the phenyl rings, for example sulfone groups and halides such as F, Cl, Br and I.

By polyaddition, for example, polyurethanes, polyurea or epoxy resins can be produced. According to the invention, all monomers or prepolymers known to the person skilled in the art which can undergo a polyaddition can be used for the preparation of the conductive polymer gel. Preference is given to monomers or prepolymers which have at least three of the following functional groups: -OH, -COOH, -COX, -COOR'-HCO, -R'CO, -NRΗ, -N = C =O or an epoxide group, where R 'is H or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted radical and X is a halogen, preferably chlorine or bromine. It is also possible to use mixtures of various suitable monomers or prepolymers, so that copolymers are formed. According to the invention, the individual crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1, each carry the same functional groups, so that usually at least two monomer or prepolymer must be used, it will be in this case to cross-link AA components with BB components [-AA- BB] _n - polymers combined; or the functional groups contained in the crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1 can be different, in which case it is sufficient if only one monomer or prepolymer type is used. In this case, crosslinked [-AB] _n polymers are obtained from AB components. However, in each case further monomer or prepolymer types can be used according to the invention.

According to the invention, the polymer swollen in the ionic liquid is chemical, i. through covalent bonds, crosslinked. The crosslinking is caused by the presence of at least one crosslinking component. Usually, polyadditions and polycondensations have crosslinking molecules which carry more than two functional groups. The monomers and prepolymers a1 used according to the invention have a crosslinking effect and have at least 3 functional groups.

Optionally, non-crosslinking monomers and prepolymers a3 can additionally be used. These usually contain 2 functional groups which can be polymerized by polyaddition or polycondensation with the crosslinking component a1. For the selection of non-crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a3, the above-described for the selection of the crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1 above with the difference that the component a3 has a non-crosslinking and therefore usually has not more than two functional groups.

The functional groups contained in component a3 may be the same functional groups as contained in the component a1 used, but components a1 and a3 may also carry different functional groups, but which may be different from those used to carry out the polymerization in step b). the mechanism chosen for the preparation of the conductive organic polymer gel (polyaddition or polycondensation) can react with each other.

According to the invention, the concentration of crosslinking monomer units in the organic polymer is at least 1% by weight, preferably 10% by weight, particularly preferably 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer. In one embodiment of the invention, the organic polymer contains 100% by weight of crosslinking monomer units. According to the invention, the conductive organic polymer gel contains 3 to 90% by weight of organic polymer obtained by the polymerization in step b), preferably 5 to 80% by weight of organic polymer, particularly preferably 10 to 60% by weight of organic polymer.

The polycondensation and the polyaddition are carried out according to the methods known to the person skilled in the art. They can be started by the addition of a catalyst or by heating or photochemically. The catalysts used are those which are known to the person skilled in the art and are suitable for catalyzing the polymerization of the particular monomers and prepolymers used. The polymerization of the components a1 and optionally a3 to a crosslinked organic polymer takes place in the presence of the ionic liquid or the mixture of a plurality of ionic liquids contained in the solution provided in step a). The components a1 and optionally a3 are polymerized by polycondensation or polyaddition to form a crosslinked organic polymer which has swollen in the ionic liquid or the mixture of a plurality of ionic liquids. The ionic liquid or mixture of multiple ionic liquids and crosslinked organic polymer swollen therein are collectively referred to as a conductive organic polymer gel.

According to this invention, the polyaddition or the polycondensation can be carried out in a process similar to the sol / gel process. According to the invention, the solvent used is an ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic liquids. The crosslinking monomers or prepolymers a1 and optionally non-crosslinking components a3 are dissolved or suspended in the ionic liquid and the polymerization is initiated by heating, addition of a catalyst or photochemically. First, small "clusters" of the initially formed oligomers, which can be present as chains, rings, or even three-dimensionally crosslinked ones, are formed as clusters, not the usual metal clusters, but the lower molecular weight precursors of the amines End-of-reaction, crosslinked polymer The homogeneous or colloidal solutions containing these "clusters" are referred to as Sol in the present invention. As the reaction progresses, the aggregation of these "clusters" into a three-dimensionally crosslinked gel begins. For resorcinol-formaldehyde resins in an organic solvent or water, this process is described, for example, by SA Al-Muhtaseb and JA Ritter, Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 101 -1 14 described. In a classical sol / gel process, the sol is prepared by hydrolysis of a precursor molecule. According to the present invention, preferably no hydrolysis takes place prior to the polymerization.

Optionally, according to the invention, a different catalyst may be used for the formation of the sol than for the subsequent formation of the polymer gel.

If prepolymers are used as component a1 for the polymer gel according to the invention, the solution or suspension of these prepolymers a1 in the ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic liquids may already be a sol in the sense of the process described above, so that in this case the sol / gel process is similar to Sol.

The reaction time of the polycondensation or polyaddition is according to the invention below 12 h, preferably below 9 h, in particular below 6 h.

Another object of the present invention is a process for producing a conductive organic polymer gel comprising the steps

a) providing a solution comprising a1 one or more crosslinking monomers or prepolymers, a2 an ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic

Liquids, a3 optionally at least one non-crosslinking component

b) polymerization of the components a1 and optionally a3 by polycondensation or polyaddition, to an organic polymer in the presence of the ionic liquid or the mixture of a plurality of ionic liquids

The conductive organic polymer gel can be used according to the invention as a solid electrolyte. The use of the conductive organic polymer gel as solid electrolyte in accumulators, galvanic elements, pocket batteries or fuel cells is preferred. Likewise subject of the invention are accumulators, galvanic elements, pocket batteries or fuel cells containing a conductive organic polymer gel according to the present invention as electrolytes.

Another object of the invention is a process for the preparation of a nanoporous polymer foam from a conductive organic according to the invention Polymer gel by exchange of the ionic liquid with an organic solvent and subsequent removal of the organic solvent. Depending on the type of polymer and the size of the sample, the exchange is effected if necessary by repeated treatment with the organic solvent. The removal of the organic solvent is preferably carried out under subcritical conditions, more preferably at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.

The exchange of the ionic liquid in the preparation of nanoporous polymer foams from the conductive organic polymer gels according to the invention preferably have a boiling point at atmospheric pressure below 120 ⁰ C. Examples of such suitable organic solvents are linear or branched hydrocarbons having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in particular pentane, hexane or heptene. Particularly preferred solvents are tetrahydrofuran acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate or chloroform.

The nanoporous polymer foams available after drying are characterized by a high overall porosity and low density associated therewith. The pore size is between 1 nm and 100 μm.

A further subject of the present invention are the nanoporous polymer foams which can be prepared by the process described above.

In the following the invention will be explained in more detail by means of examples.

The porosity of the resulting polymer foam after removal of the ionic liquid was measured by means of mercury porosimetry according to DIN 66133. To measure the conductivity, a 4-point measuring cell with gold electrodes was used. The distance between the gold electrodes was 1 cm, the width of the electrodes was 2 cm. The ohmic resistance was determined by means of impedance spectroscopy (tooth EM 6 ix potentiostat / impedance analyzer) in the frequency range 0.1 Hz - 1 MHz at room temperature. The conductivity was calculated from the ohmic resistance and the sample geometry.

FIG. 1 shows the pore size distribution of the polymer obtained according to Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows the pore size distribution of the polymer obtained according to Example 2. example 1

A solution of 20% by weight of a melamine-formaldehyde reactive resin having a MeI-amine / formaldehyde ratio of 1: 1, 5 in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumethylsulfat is prepared at room temperature. Formic acid is added to this mixture, the ratio of reactive resin to acid is 2.5 by weight. The reaction is carried out at 60 ^° C. for 3 hours. The resulting conductive organic polymer gel is added in an excess of acetone to exchange the ionic liquid. Subsequently, the polymer gel is dried at room temperature. The pore size distribution (1) is shown in FIG. The X-axis (X) represents the pore size in nm, the Y-axis (Y) the logarithm of the differential pore volume in ml / g. The pore size distribution (1) shows a maximum at about 200 nm. The resulting polymer foam has a significant amount of pores (1, 3 mL / g) with a diameter <1000 nm. The porosity is 70%, it is defined as the proportion of pore volume on the total volume.

Example 2

A mixture of a melamine-formaldehyde reactive resin having a methylamine / formaldehyde ratio of 1: 1.5 in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate is prepared. Formic acid is added to this mixture, the ratio of reactive resin to acid is 2.5 by weight. The reaction is carried out at 60 ^° C. for 3 hours. The conductivity of the obtained polymer gel is 46 mS / cm at 25 ° C.

The ionic liquid in the organic conductive polymer gel is first exchanged by standing in an excess of acetone at room temperature for 12 hours. Subsequently, the acetone is replaced by pentane, also allowed to stand for 12 hours at room temperature, the pentane separated and the polymer gel dried at room temperature. The pore size distribution (2) can be seen in FIG. The X-axis (X) represents the pore size in nm, the Y-axis (Y) the logarithm of the differential pore volume in ml / g. The pore size distribution (2) shows a maximum at about 1500 nm. The resulting polymer foam has an average pore size of about 1.4 μm. The porosity is 80%.

Claims

Patent claims 1. Conductive organic polymer gel, which can be produced by a) providing a solution containing a1 one or more crosslinking monomers or prepolymers, a2 an ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic ones Liquids, a3 optionally at least one non-crosslinking component b) Polymerization of components a1 and optionally a3 by polycondensation or polyaddition to an organic polymer in the presence of the ionic liquid or the mixture of several ionic liquids. 2. Conductive organic polymer gel according to claim 1, characterized in that the ionic liquid is selected from salts that contain anions and cations of the general formula (I). [A]; [Y] ⁿ - (i), in the n for 1 , 2, 3 or 4, [A] ⁺ represents a quaternary ammonium cation, an oxonium cation, a sulfonium cation or a phosphonium cation and [Yf ^" represents a mono-, di-, tri- or tetravalent anion ; mixed salts of the general formulas (II) [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [Yf- (IIa), where n = 2; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [Yf- (IIb), where n = 3; or [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [A ⁴ ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (Nc), where n = 4 and where [A ¹ J ⁺ , [A ² ] ⁺ , [A ³ ] ⁺ and [A ⁴ ] ⁺ are independently selected from the groups mentioned for [A ^] + and [Y] ^n" has the meaning given above; or mixed salts of the general formulas (III) [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [A ³ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Yf- (purple), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (NIb), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ [M ³ ] ⁺ [Y] ⁿ - (II Ic), where n = 4; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [A ² ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Yf- (NId), where n = 3; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [M ² ] ⁺ [Yf ^" (Nie), where n = 3; [A ¹ ] ⁺ [M ¹ ] ⁺ [Yf- (Nif), where n = 2; Matrix containing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonylimide) by polymerizing tetramethoxysilane in the ionic liquid. FR 2857004 discloses a process for preparing conductive ionic gels by mixing hydrolyzable precursor molecules with an ionic liquid and optionally an acid and then allowing the mixture to stand for at least one day. The precursor molecules listed lead to inorganic polymers; in the examples given, silica gels containing ionic liquids are obtained in this way. N.A. Susan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4976 to 4983 describe the production of polymeric gels containing ionic liquids by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of small amounts of crosslinkers, the monomers being dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) as an ionic liquid are. Radical polymerization is a chain growth reaction in which only molecules with active chain ends grow until the growth of the molecule stops due to termination or transfer of the active site to another molecule. The individual macromolecule is formed in a very short period of time, so phase separation may or may not occur depending on the local concentration conditions. In the presence of a crosslinker, very different distances arise between the individual crosslinking points, and the polymer network becomes very heterogeneous (V.l. Raman and G. R. PaImese; Langmuir 21 (4) (2005) 1539-1546). The morphology of the polymer network, i.e. for example the pore size, cannot therefore be adjusted in a controlled manner. This is a major disadvantage because the ionic conductivity depends on the diffusion rate of the anions or cations through the polymer network and thus also on its pore size or morphology. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a further solid electrolyte, the morphology of which can preferably be adjusted during production. The problem is solved by a conductive organic polymer gel, which can be produced by a) providing a solution containing a1 one or more crosslinking monomers or prepolymers,

(IVi) (ivj) (IVj')

(IVm) (IVm') (IVn)

(IVr") (IVs) (IVt)

(IVu) (IVv) (IVw) ^{Rz Rz} 3' ^{+ 1L +} 1 R ³ — PR ¹ SR ¹ RR (IVx) (IVy) as well as oligomers containing this structure, where • the radical R represents hydrogen or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted radical with 1 to 20 carbon atoms or interrupted or substituted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups; and • the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ independently represent hydrogen, a sulfo group or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or interrupted or substituted by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups Rest with 1 to 20 carbon atoms and where the radicals R ¹ to R ⁹ , which are in the above Formulas (IV) are bonded to a carbon atom, can also represent halogen or a functional group; or • two neighboring radicals from the series R ¹ to R ⁹ together also represent a divalent, carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, unsubstituted or by 1 to 5 heteroatoms or functional groups interrupted or substituted radical with 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the ionic liquid contains at least one anion selected from the group consisting of • Halides and halogen-containing compounds of the formulas: F, Cl ^" , Br ^" , r, BF ₄ ^" , PF ₆ ^" , AICI ₄ ^" , AI ₂ CI ₇ ^" , AI ₃ CIi ₀ ^" , AIBr ₄ " , FeCI ₄ ^" , BCI ₄ ^{" ,} SbF ₆ ^" , AsF ₆ , ^" ZnCI ₃ ^" , SnCI ₃ ^" , CuCl ₂ ^" , CF ₃ SO ₃ ^" , (CF ₃ SOs) ₂ N ^" , CF ₃ CO ₂ ^" , CCI ₃ CO ₂ ^" , • Cyanates, thiocyanates and isocyanates of the formulas: CN ^" , SCN ^" , OCN ^" , • Sulfates, sulfites and sulfonates of the general formulas: SO ₄ ^2" , HSO ₄ ^" , SO ₃ ^2" , HSO ₃ ^" , ROSO ₃ ^" , R ³ SO ₃ ^" , • Phosphates of the general formulas PO ₄ ^3" , HPO ₄ ^2" , H ₂ PO ₄ ^" , R ³ PO ₄ ^2" , HR ³ PO ₄ ^" , R ³ R ^b P0 ₄ ^" , • Phosphonates and phosphinates of the general formulas: R ³ H PO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b PO ₂ ^" , R ³ R ^b PO ₃ ^" , • Phosphites of the general formulas: PO ₃ ^3" , HPO ₃ ^2" , H ₂ PO ₃ ^" , R ³ PO ₃ ^2" , R ³ HPO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b P0 ₃ ^" , • Phosphonites and phosphinites of the general formulas: R ³ R ^b P0 ₂ ^" , R ³ HPO ₂ ^" , R ³ R ^b P0 ^" , R ³ HPO ^" , • Carboxylic acids of the general formula: R ³ COO ^" , • Borates of the general formulas: BO ₃ ^3" , HBO ₃ ^2" , H ₂ BO ₃ ^" , R ³ R ^b B0 ₃ ^" , R ³ HBO ₃ ^" , R ³ BO ₃ ^2" , B(0R ³ )(0R ^b )(0R ^c ) (0R ^d ) ^" , B(HSO ₄ ) ^" , B(R ³ S04) ^" , • Boronates of the general formulas: R ³ BO ₂ ^2" , R ³ R ^b B0 ^" , • Carbonates and carbonic acid esters of the general formulas: HCO ₃ ^" , CO ₃ ^2" , R ³ CO ₃ ^" , • Silicates and silicic acid esters of the general formulas: SiO ₄ ^4" , HSiO ₄ ^3" , H ₂ SiO ₄ ^2" , H ₃ SiO ₄ ^" , R ³ SiO ₄ ^3" , R ³ R ^b Si0 ₄ ^2" , R ³ R ^b R ^c Si0 ₄ ^" , HR ³ SiO ₄ ^{2 "} , H ₂ R ³ SiO ₄ ^" , HR ³ R ^b Si0 ₄ ^" , • Alkyl or arylsilane salts of the general formulas: R ³ SiO ₃ ^3" , R ^a R ^b Si0 ₂ ^{2 "} , R ^a R ^b R ^c Si0 ^" , R ^a R ^b R ^c Si0 ₃ ^" , R ^a R ^b R ^c Si0 ₂ ^" , R ^a R ^b Si0 ₃ ^2" , • Carboximides, bis(sulfonyl)imides and sulfonylimides of the general formulas:

General formula methods: _SO2 ^-R3 R ^b -O ₂ S SO ₂ -RC VIII, • Alkoxides and aryl oxides of the general formula RO ^" , • Halometalates of the general formula [M _q Hal _r ] ^s" , where M is a metal and Hal is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, q and r are integer positive numbers and indicate the stoichiometry of the complex and s is an integer positive number and the charge of the complex; • Sulphides, hydrogen sulfides, polysulfides, hydrogen polysulfides and thiolates of the general formulas: S ² -, HS ^" , [Sv] ² -, [HSv]-, [R ³ S]-, where v is an integer positive number from 2 to 10 ; and • complex metal ions such as Fe(CN) ₆ ^3" , Fe(CN) ₆ ^4" , MnO ₄ ^" , and Fe(CO) ₄ ^" , where R ^a , R ^b , R ^c and R ^d independently of each other are each hydrogen, Ci-Ci ₈ -alkyl, optionally replaced by one or more non-adjacent oxygen and/or Sulfur atoms and/or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups interrupted C ₂ -Ci ₈ -alkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₄ -aryl, C ₅ -Ci ₂ -cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or heterocycles containing sulfur atoms, whereby two of them together contain an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic, optionally by one or more Oxygen and/or sulfur atoms and/or one or more unsubstituted or substituted imino groups can form an interrupted ring, whereby the The radicals mentioned can each be additionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, halogen, heteroatoms and/or heterocycles. 5. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the cation is selected from the group of one or more substituted imidazolium ions or pyridinium ions, the substituent(s) independently containing linear or branched alkyl groups with 1 to 12 carbon atoms are. 6. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the ionic liquid is selected from the group: 1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-methylimidazolium fluoride, 1-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1-ethylimide azolium chloride, 1-ethyl imidazolium bromide, 1-ethylimidazolium fluoride, 1-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium methane sulfate, 1-ethylimidazolium tosylate, 1-ethylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1-propylimidazolium chloride, 1-propylimidazolium bromide, 1-Propylimidazolium fluoride, 1- Propylimidazolium iodide, 1-propylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-propylimidazolium sulfate, 1-propylimidazolium methanosulfate, 1-propylimidazolium tosylate, 1-propylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1-butylimidazolium chloride, 1-butylimidazolium bromide, 1-butylimidazolium fluoride, 1-butylimidazolium iodine id, 1-butylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-Butylimidazolium sulfate, 1-Butylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-Butylimidazolium tosylate, 1-Butylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 2-Ethylpyridinium chloride, 2-Ethylpyridinium bromide, 2-Ethylpyridinium iodide, 2-Ethylpyridinium hydrogensulfate, 2-Ethylpyridinium sulfate, 2-Ethyl pyridinium methanesulfonate, 2- ethylpyridinium tosylate, 2- Ethylpyridinium diethyl phosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluoride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1 - Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium fluoride, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 1-n- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium sulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1- n- Butyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium chloride, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium fluoride, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide, 1-n-butyl-3-ethyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium sulfate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium tosylate and 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium diethyl phosphate. 7. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one crosslinking compound which can be polymerized by polycondensation or polyaddition and which contains at least 3 functional groups selected from -OH, -COOH is used as monomer or prepolymer a1 , -COX, -COOR', -CO-O-CO-R', -N=C=O, -SO ₂ CI, -HCO, -R'CO, -NR'H or an epoxide group and in the case of polycondensation also -X, where R' represents H or a carbon-containing organic, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic or araliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted radical and X represents a halogen, preferably chlorine or bromine. 8. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a polycondensation reactive resin is used as prepolymer a1. 9. Conductive organic polymer gel according to claim 8, characterized in that melamine-formaldehyde resin or urea-formaldehyde resin or mixtures thereof are used as the polycondensation reactive resin. 10. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the polymer gel contains 3 to 90% by weight of polymer which is obtained by the polymerization in step b). 1 1. Conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the concentration of crosslinking monomer units in the polymer, based on the total weight of the polymer, is at least 1% by weight. 12. A method for producing a conductive organic polymer gel comprising the steps a) providing a solution containing a1 one or more crosslinking monomers or prepolymers, a2 an ionic liquid or a mixture of several ionic liquids, a3 optionally at least one non-crosslinking component b) Polymerization of components a1 and optionally a3 by polycondensation or polyaddition to an organic polymer in the presence of the ionic liquid or the mixture of several ionic liquids. 13. Use of a conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 11 as a solid electrolyte. 14. Use of a conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 11 as a solid electrolyte in accumulators, galvanic elements, pocket batteries or fuel cells 15. Accumulators, galvanic elements, pocket batteries or fuel cells, characterized in that they contain a conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 1 1 as an electrolyte. 16. Use of a conductive organic polymer gel according to claims 1 to 1 1 for producing a nanoporous polymer foam. 17. A process for producing a nanoporous polymer foam from a conductive organic polymer gel according to one of claims 1 to 1 1 by replacing the ionic liquid with an organic solvent and then removing the organic solvent. 18. Nanoporous polymer foams can be produced by the method according to claim 17.