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WO2008016673A2 - Échafaudages bioactifs - Google Patents

Échafaudages bioactifs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008016673A2
WO2008016673A2 PCT/US2007/017242 US2007017242W WO2008016673A2 WO 2008016673 A2 WO2008016673 A2 WO 2008016673A2 US 2007017242 W US2007017242 W US 2007017242W WO 2008016673 A2 WO2008016673 A2 WO 2008016673A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cells
tissue
scaffold
transgenic
bioactive molecule
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/017242
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2008016673A3 (fr
Inventor
Daniel A. Grande
James M. Mason
Original Assignee
Thefeinstein Institute For Medical Research
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thefeinstein Institute For Medical Research filed Critical Thefeinstein Institute For Medical Research
Publication of WO2008016673A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008016673A2/fr
Publication of WO2008016673A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008016673A3/fr
Priority to US12/322,262 priority Critical patent/US9089117B2/en
Priority to US14/994,478 priority patent/USRE46402E1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
    • A01K67/0271—Chimeric vertebrates, e.g. comprising exogenous cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1841—Transforming growth factor [TGF]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1858—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
    • A61K38/1875—Bone morphogenic factor; Osteogenins; Osteogenic factor; Bone-inducing factor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/30—Insulin-like growth factors, i.e. somatomedins, e.g. IGF-1, IGF-2
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6901—Conjugates being cells, cell fragments, viruses, ghosts, red blood cells or viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
    • A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
    • A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
    • A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/56—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to tissue engineering. More specifically, the invention is directed to improved tissue scaffolds that comprise transgenic bioactive molecules.
  • Tissue engineering using scaffolds seeded with vertebrate cells are widely used to produce varied tissues that are utilized in vivo.
  • Scaffolds can be used to make numerous tissue types including vascular tissue (US Patent Application Publication 2003/0068817), cardiac or skeletal muscle, nervous tissue (US Patent Application Publication 2004/0078090), skin (WO99/43787), and others (See, e.g., US Patent Application Publications 2004/0175366, 2004/0078090 and US 2003/0068817, and PCT Publications WO99/43787, WO03/041568, WO03/044164, and WO03/082145).
  • Scaffolds for various connective tissues are particularly well developed (Sharma and Elisseeff, 2004; Frenkel and DiCesare, 2004; Almarza and Athanasiou, 2004; US Patents 6,737,053; 6,214,369; 6,398,816; 5,906,934; 5,700,289; 4,846,835; PCT Publication WO03/043486).
  • Rotator cuff tears are a very common cause of pain and disability.
  • the tendon stabilizes the shoulder by holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula (Dahlgren et al., 2001).
  • Occupational shoulder injuries are one of the most frequent patient complaints, second only to back pain (Soslowsky et al., 1997).
  • the supraspinatus tendon is the one often most affected (Thomopoulos et al., 2002). Even though the incidence of rotator cuff tear and shoulder injury is high, the pathophysiology of rotator cuff injury and healing is poorly understood.
  • Tendon architecture consists of collagen fibrils embedded in a matrix, of proteoglycan (Wada et al., 2001). Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type within tendons, and they are arranged in spaces between the parallel collagen bundles (Soslowsky et al., 1997; Abboud and Soslowsky, 2002). The major constituent of tendon is type 1 collagen (Wada et al., 2001). During the first week of tendon healing, proliferating tissue from the paratenon penetrates the gap between the tendon stumps and fills it with undifferentiated and disorganized fibroblasts. Capillary buds invade the area and together with the fibroblasts compose the granulation tissue between the tendon ends.
  • Collagen synthesis can be detected by the third day. After about two weeks, the tendon stumps appear to be fused by a fibrous bridge. Dramatic fibroblast proliferation and collagen production in the granulation tissue continue. Between the third and fourth weeks, fibroblasts and collagen fibers near the tendon begin to orient themselves along the long axis of the tendon as a result of stress. Only collagen near the tendon reorganizes, the more distant scar-like tissue remains unorganized (Wada et al., 2001).
  • Type XII collagen is fibril-associated collagen that binds to type 1 collagen and projects into ground matrix (Thomopoulos et al., 2002).
  • MMP-2 matrix metalloprotinease
  • Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloprotinease 1 Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloprotinease 1 (TIMP-I)
  • SMA smooth muscle actin
  • CDMP 1 Cartilage-derived morphogenic protein 1
  • BMP bone morphogenic protein
  • GDF-5 the mouse homologue of CDMP-I reportedly induces the development of tendon tissue in vivo when implanted ectopically and enhances tendon healing in rats (Nakase et a!., 2002; Aspenburg and Forslund, 1999).
  • GDF-5 The pattern of localization of GDF-5 was found to be similar to that of collagen 1 (Col 1) messenger RNA (mRNA) Nakase et al., 2002; Aspenburg and Forslund, 1999).
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • TGF- ⁇ TGF- ⁇
  • Surgically demonstrable full thickness tears are present in about l/5th of all elderly patients.
  • the etiology of the tear includes impingement syndrome, instability, trauma, etc. (Malickey et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2001).
  • Impingement syndrome which constitutes 75% of rotator cuff etiology, describes pain in the subacromial space when the humerus is elevated or internally rotated (Malickey et al., 2002; Rickert et al., 2001).
  • Cells seeded onto scaffolds generally do not produce sufficient cytokines to provide for optimum growth and colonization of the scaffold. Improved colonization of the scaffold can be achieved by utilizing cells that are genetically engineered to produce increased cytokine levels. See, e.g., U.S. Patent 6,398,816.
  • transplantation of scaffolds comprising viable transgenic cells can lead to problems such as excessive production of the transgenic cytokines and/or spread and growth of the transgenic cells away from the transplanted area.
  • scaffolds comprising cells expressing a transgenic bioactive molecule are advantageously treated such that the cells are rendered unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the invention is directed to tissue scaffolds colonized by vertebrate cells expressing a first transgenic bioactive molecule, where the vertebrate cells are unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the invention is directed to methods of growing tissue in a mammal.
  • the methods comprise implanting the above-described tissue scaffold into the mammal.
  • the invention is directed to methods of delivering a first transgenic bioactive molecule to a tissue of a mammal.
  • the methods comprise implanting the above-described tissue scaffold into the mammal in or adjacent to the tissue.
  • the invention is directed to methods of making the above- described tissue scaffold.
  • the methods comprise seeding a scaffold with vertebrate cells comprising a transgene encoding bioactive molecule, incubating the scaffold under conditions and for a time sufficient for the cells to colonize the scaffold and express the transgenic bioactive molecule, then treating the cells colonizing the scaffold such that the cells are unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the invention is also directed to the use of any of the above invention tissue scaffolds for controlling tissue growth in a mammal.
  • the invention is directed to the use of any of the above invention the tissue scaffolds for delivering the first transgenic bioactive molecule to a mammal.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an in vitro model of an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG.2 is a graph showing measurements of collagen (as 3 H-proline) and DNA (as 3 H- thymidine) synthesis in naive tendon cells seeded and grown for three days on a scaffold containing killed tendon cells that were transduced with an IGF-I gene (“IGF”), or a PDGF gene (“PDGF”) or no gene (“CONTROL”) and grown on the scaffold for three weeks.
  • IGF IGF-I gene
  • PDGF PDGF gene
  • CONTROL no gene
  • FIG.3 is a graph showing measurements of collagen (as 3 H-proline) and DNA (as 3 H- thymidine) synthesis in naive tendon cells seeded and grown for three days on a scaffold containing killed tendon cells that were transduced with an IGF-I gene (“IGF”), or a PDGF gene (“PDGF”) or no gene (“CONTROL”) and grown on the scaffold for six weeks.
  • IGF IGF-I gene
  • PDGF PDGF gene
  • CONTROL no gene
  • FIG.4 is a graph showing measurements of collagen (as 3 H-proline) and DNA (as 3 H- thymidine) synthesis in naive tendon cells seeded and grown for three days on a scaffold containing killed tendon cells that were transduced with an IGF-I gene (“IGF”), or a PDGF gene (“PDGF”) or no gene (“CONTROL”) and grown on the scaffold for nine weeks.
  • IGF IGF-I gene
  • PDGF PDGF gene
  • CONTROL no gene
  • scaffolds comprising cells expressing a transgenic bioactive molecule are advantageously treated such that the cells are rendered unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the nondividing cells are unable to further colonize the scaffold, or multiply at a site away from the scaffold.
  • the cells of the scaffold are killed, wherein the cells then become a slow release source of the transgenic bioactive molecule.
  • allogeneic tissue or “allogeneic cell” refers to a tissue or cell that is isolated from an individual and used in another individual of the same species.
  • xenogeneic tissue or “xenogeneic cell” refers to a tissue or cell that is isolated from an individual of one species and placed in an individual of another species.
  • autogeneic tissue or “autogeneic cell” refers to a tissue or cell that is isolated from an individual and grafted back into that same individual.
  • transgenic refers to an organism in which DNA has been artificially introduced, or a compound that is produced in the organism encoded by the DNA that has been artificially introduced.
  • the transgenic compound can be the DNA itself, RNA transcribed from the DNA, a protein that has been translated from the DNA, or combinations thereof.
  • a cytokine is a protein that is secreted by various vertebrate cells and that can affect growth or maturation of cells (e.g., a growth factor), or influence inflammatory responses.
  • the invention is directed to tissue scaffolds colonized by vertebrate cells expressing a first transgenic bioactive molecule.
  • the vertebrate cells are unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the vertebrate cells can be rendered unable to undergo mitosis by any means known in the art, e.g., sublethal chemical or radiation treatment.
  • the vertebrate cells are dead.
  • the cells can be killed by any means, including treatment with a cytotoxin, a lethal radiation treatment, or, preferably freezing then preferably thawing.
  • the vertebrate cells are killed, then the scaffold is preserved for later implantation, e.g., by freezing, or, preferably, lyophilizing.
  • the cells can also be killed by lyophilization.
  • the invention is not narrowly limited to any particular class of transgenic bioactive molecule.
  • the molecule can be a protein or peptide (e.g., an enzyme, a cytokine, a structural protein such as collagen, an antibody or other protein comprising an antibody binding site, a hormone, a detectable protein such as green fluorescent protein, a chimeric or fusion protein, a protein having a general systemic metabolic function, such as factor VlII, a virus such as a vector, etc.), a nucleic acid (e.g., a ribozyme, an antisense molecule, an aptamer, an siRNA, etc.) or a combination (e.g., a virus). Bioactive fragments of these molecules are also included.
  • a protein or peptide e.g., an enzyme, a cytokine, a structural protein such as collagen, an antibody or other protein comprising an antibody binding site, a hormone, a detectable protein such as green fluorescent protein, a chimeric or fusion protein, a protein having a general systemic metabolic function, such as
  • the bioactive molecule will typically be not normally expressed in the cells, although they can also be molecules that are expressed but in different quantities, with different activities, or under the control of different mechanisms controlling expression.
  • the vertebrate cells can also express a second, third, fourth, etc. transgenic bioactive molecule.
  • the transgenic bioactive molecule is a protein that enhances the temporal sequence of wound repair, alters the rate of proliferation, increases the metabolic synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, or directs phenotypic expression in endogenous cell populations. Examples include cytokines and structural proteins.
  • the bioactive molecule is a bone growth factor, a nerve growth factor, a cartilage growth factor, a fibroblast growth factor, a skeletal growth factor, an osteoblast-derived growth factor, a growth factor affecting wound healing, or a growth factor affecting tissue repair.
  • bioactive molecules include pleiotrophin, endothelin, tenascin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin, V-CAM, I-CAM, N-CAM, selectin, cadherin, integrin, larninin, actin, myosin, collagen, microfilament, intermediate filament, elastin, fibrillin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), endothelial derived growth supplement (EDGS), cartilage-derived morphogenic protein, hepatocyte growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor (KCF), osteogenin, skeletal growth factor (SGF), bone-derived growth factors (BDGFs), retinoids, growth hormone (GH), bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) including BMP2 to BMP 15, a transcription factor, a member of the hedgehog family, and transfer
  • the bioactive molecule is a bone morphogenic protein (BMP), TGF ⁇ , or an insulin-like growth factor (IGF).
  • BMP bone morphogenic protein
  • IGF insulin-like growth factor
  • the first bioactive molecule is PDGF- ⁇ or IGF-I.
  • One or more than one bioactive molecule can also be incorporated into the scaffold extracellularly either before, during or after colonization of the scaffold by the vertebrate cells.
  • These extracellular bioactive molecules can be any of the above-described bioactive molecules, or any other useful bioactive molecule, e.g., compounds that cannot be encoded genetically, such as compounds or agents that prevent infection (e.g., antimicrobial agents and antibiotics), compounds or agents that reduce inflammation (e.g., anti- inflammatory agents), compounds that prevent or minimize adhesion formation, such as oxidized regenerated cellulose (e.g., INTERCEED and SURGICEL, available from Ethicon, Inc.), glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin sulfate, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid), analgesics, and compounds or agents that suppress the immune
  • Vertebrate cells from any species can be used in these scaffolds. It is preferred that the vertebrate cells are from the same species as the intended recipient of the scaffold (allogenic or autogenic), although xenogenic transplants are also envisioned as within the scope of the invention. More preferably, the cells are from the intended recipient (autogenic), although this may be impractical for many applications, since the cells must be taken from the recipient, transfected with the gene for the transgenic bioactive molecule, cultured on the scaffold for days or weeks, and then rendered unable to undergo mitosis before implantation of the scaffold into the recipient. For most purposes, the vertebrate cells are preferably mammalian cells, and most preferably human cells.
  • the invention is not narrowly limited to the use of any particular cell type.
  • Cell type will typically be selected based on the tissue to be repaired or formed. For example, chondrocytes or fibroblasts can be selected to form cartilage; muscle cells to form muscle. Undifferentiated, or less differentiated, cells may be preferred in some situations. Representative of these cell types include stem cells and mesenchymal cells. Reprogrammed cells may also be used (see, e.g., Li et al., 2005). In a preferred embodiment, mesenchymal cells are obtained from periosteum, then genetically engineered.
  • cells that can be used to aid healing, repair or formation of bone include osteocytes/osteoblasts and periosteal cells, particularly in combination with the use of the bioactive molecule BMP- 2-15 and/or IGF, made by the cells transgenically, or added extracellularly to the scaffold.
  • cells that can aid healing, repair or formation of cartilage include chondrocytes and periosteal cells, particularly in combination with CGF and/or TGF ⁇ .
  • cells that can aid healing, repair or formation of skin include dermal and epidermal cells, particularly in combination with PDGF, VEGF, IGF, and/or GH.
  • cells will be obtained from a tissue biopsy, which is digested with collagenase or trypsin to dissociate the cells.
  • cells can be obtained from established cell lines or from embryonic cell sources.
  • the cells are nerve cells, epidermal cells, dermal cells, periosteal cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, tendon cells, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, myoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, or fibroblasts.
  • the scaffolds used in the tissue scaffolds of the present invention can be made from any material known for that purpose, which can be derived from a vertebrate or be artificially synthesized.
  • the materials for use in the scaffold must meet the mechanical and biochemical parameters necessary to provide adequate support for the cells with subsequent growth and proliferation.
  • the materials can be characterized with respect to mechanical properties such as tensile strength using, e.g., an Instron tester, for polymer molecular weight by, e.g., gel permeation chromatography (GPC), glass transition temperature by, e.g., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and bond structure by, e.g., infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
  • Toxicology can also be tested by initial screening tests involving Ames assays and in vitro teratogenicity assays, and implantation studies in animals for immunogenicity, inflammation, release and degradation studies, as are known in the art.
  • the scaffold can be formed using tissue grafts, such as may be obtained from autogeneic tissue, allogeneic tissue and xenogeneic tissue.
  • tissue grafts such as may be obtained from autogeneic tissue, allogeneic tissue and xenogeneic tissue.
  • tissues such as skin, cartilage, ligament, tendon, periosteum, perichondrium, synovium, fascia, mesenter and sinew can be used as tissue grafts to form the biocompatible scaffold.
  • tissue from a fetus or newborns can be used to avoid the immunogenicity associated with some adult tissues.
  • the scaffolds can be formed from a biocompatible polymer, including bioresorbable or bioabsorbable materials, reinforcing materials (e.g., woven, knitted, . warped knitted, non-woven, or braided structures), natural polymers (e.g., fibrin-based materials, collagen-based materials, hyaluronic acid-based materials, glycoprotein-based materials, cellulose-based materials, silks and combinations thereof), biocompatible ceramic material, polymeric foam, and non-bioabsorbable materials (e.g., biocompatible metals such as stainless steel, cobalt chrome, titanium and titanium alloys, bioinert ceramic particles and bioinert polymers). All of the above materials are known in the art as useful scaffolding materials. See, e.g., US Patent Application Publication 2004/0078090 and US Patent No. 6,398,816. Scaffolds that are a combination of a tissue graft and a biocompatible polymer are also within the scope of the invention.
  • biocompatible polymer including bioresorb
  • the scaffold comprises collagen, alginate, chitosan, poly(paradioxanone), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (also known as poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA)), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), and/or a copolymer of poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid) (PLA/PGA).
  • PLA poly(paradioxanone)
  • PLA poly(lactic acid)
  • PGA poly(glycolic acid)
  • PLA/PGA a copolymer of poly(lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid)
  • the vertebrate cells can be transfected using any appropriate means, including viral or plasmid vectors, using chemical transfectants, or phy si co-mechanical methods such as electroporation and direct diffusion of DNA. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,816 and references cited therein.
  • tissue scaffolds can be further seeded with living cells, for use after rendering the vertebrate cells unable to undergo mitosis.
  • these living cells are capable of mitosis, so they can colonize the area where the scaffold is implanted.
  • the living cells can then be allowed to colonize the scaffold in vitro.
  • these additional vertebrate cells are stimulated to grow by the transgenic bioactive molecule, for example to facilitate tissue engineering applications, including tissue repair or regeneration.
  • the additional transgenic bioactive molecule can be any of those previously described (e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, or combination). In some embodiments where the additional transgenic bioactive molecule is a protein, it is preferably an enzyme, a cytokine, a marker protein or an antibody. In other embodiments where the additional transgenic bioactive molecule is a nucleic acid, it is preferably an RNAi molecule, a ribozyme, an antisense molecule, or an aptamer. A virus is also envisioned as an additional transgenic bioactive molecule.
  • the additional transgenic bioactive molecule in these embodiments can be constitutively expressed or operably linked to an inducible promoter, where it can be expressed only under specified conditions. Numerous examples of inducible promoters are known in the art.
  • the present invention is also directed to methods of controlling tissue growth in a mammal.
  • the methods comprise implanting any of the above-described tissue scaffolds into the mammal.
  • the transgenic bioactive molecule becomes available to the surrounding tissue. In some preferred embodiments, this results in more rapid and/or better-structured scaffold colonization from the surrounding tissue, e.g., when the transgenic bioactive molecule is a cytokine or a vector encoding a cytokine.
  • controlling tissue growth includes promoting growth or controlling the type of tissue formed during growth.
  • the transgenic bioactive molecule is a nucleic acid or viral vector that is taken up by the surrounding cells, transfecting those cells.
  • these embodiments can be utilized to, e.g., supply a protein or nucleic acid to the mammal that is inadequate or missing in the mammal, such as a missing enzyme in a genetic disease.
  • These embodiments can also be utilized to synthesize an antibody or aptamer with a particular specificity, or a ribozyme. antisense or RNAi molecule that reduces or eliminates expression of a protein.
  • the vertebrate cells on the scaffold can come from a different or, preferably, the same species as the mammal.
  • the vertebrate cells are cells derived from the mammal itself.
  • the mammal can be of any species, including humans.
  • the invention is not limited to the growth of any particular tissue, and could be utilized for any tissue to which scaffolds can be made. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publications 2004/0078090, 2003/0211130, and 2003/0068817; PCT Patent Publications WO99/43787, and WO03/041568; and U.S. Patent 6,737,053, all incorporated by reference.
  • Non-limiting examples include cartilage tissue, meniscal tissue, ligament tissue, tendon tissue, skin tissue, bone tissue, muscle tissue, periosteal tissue, pericardial tissue, synovial tissue, nerve tissue, fat tissue, kidney tissue, bone marrow, liver tissue, bladder tissue, pancreas tissue, spleen tissue, intervertebral disc tissue, embryonic tissue, periodontal tissue, vascular tissue, blood and combinations thereof.
  • connective tissue suitable for growth using these methods are bone, cartilage, tendon, meniscus, fibrocartilage and ligament.
  • the connective tissue is tendon.
  • preferred first transgenic bioactive molecules are PDGF ⁇ or IGF-I, since those molecules support improved scaffold colonization. See Example.
  • the invention is directed to methods of delivering a first transgenic bioactive molecule to a tissue of a mammal.
  • the methods comprise implanting the above- described tissue scaffold into the mammal in or adjacent to the tissue.
  • the scaffold allows the slow-release of the transgenic bioactive molecule, assuring exposure of the tissue to the transgenic bioactive molecule continuously for an extended time period.
  • the first transgenic bioactive molecule is preferably a bone growth factor, a nerve growth factor, a cartilage growth factor, a growth factor affecting wound healing, or a growth factor affecting tissue repair.
  • the tissue is a connective tissue, e.g., bone, cartilage, tendon or ligament.
  • the first transgenic bioactive molecule is preferably PDGF ⁇ or IGF-I .
  • the scaffold further comprises living cells seeded onto the scaffold after the death of the vertebrate cells.
  • These living cells may or may not themselves express an additional transgenic bioactive molecule, such as a protein or a nucleic acid.
  • the additional transgenic bioactive molecule is a protein, it can be, for example, an enzyme, a cytokine, a marker protein or an antibody.
  • the additional transgenic bioactive molecule is a nucleic acid, it can be, for example, an RNAi molecule, a ribozyme, an antisense molecule, and an aptamer.
  • the additional transgenic bioactive molecule can be constitutively expressed or operably linked to an inducible promoter, and the living cells can be capable or mitosis or not.
  • the invention is also directed to methods of making the above-described tissue scaffold.
  • the methods comprise seeding a scaffold with vertebrate cells comprising a transgene encoding bioactive molecule, incubating the scaffold under conditions and for a time sufficient for the cells to colonize the scaffold and express the transgenic bioactive molecule, then treating the cells colonizing the scaffold such that the cells are unable to undergo mitosis.
  • the treatment kills the cells, for example with freezing and thawing, preferably followed by lyophilization of the scaffold.
  • These methods can also comprise subsequent seeding with additional vertebrate cells that are alive.
  • additional vertebrate cells preferably advantageously utilize the transgenic bioactive molecule available from the vertebrate cells.
  • either the vertebrate cells or the additional vertebrate cells, or both are mammalian cells, most preferably human cells.
  • the invention is also directed to the use of any of the above invention tissue scaffolds for controlling tissue growth in a mammal.
  • tissue scaffolds for controlling tissue growth in a mammal.
  • the scope of the uses encompassed in these embodiments is no narrower than the methods of controlling tissue growth in a mammal described above.
  • the invention is directed to the use of any of the above invention the tissue scaffolds for delivering the first transgenic bioactive molecule to a mammal.
  • the scope of the uses encompassed in these embodiments is no narrower than the methods of delivering the first transgenic bioactive molecule to a mammal described above.
  • Example 1 Tendon cell-conditioned tissue scaffold.
  • the aim of this study was to assess the metabolic response of freshly seeded tendon cells into a cell-free scaffold conditioned by IGF-I or PDGF transduced cells.
  • PDGF ⁇ has been shown to stimulate DNA and matrix synthesis (Kobayashi et al., 2001) especially in stretched tendon cells (Yoshikawa and Abrahamson, 2001). PDGF ⁇ also resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in expression of cell surface integrins (Dahlgren et al., 2002). Integrins such as fibronectin are important mediators of cell attachment and angiogenesis, which would be critical to augmenting repair.
  • IGF-I administered by direct injection was shown to reduce swelling and lesion size and increase cell proliferation, collagen content and stiffness in a model of collagenase-induced flexor tendonitis (Hardwood et al., 1999).
  • Other studies have shown IGF-I increases collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, as well as DNA content suggesting a potent anabolic response (Dahlgren et al., 2001 ). Further, there is speculation that IGF-I could enhance tendon repair if delivered locally (Jann et al., 1999).
  • Transduced tendon cells expressing PDGF or IGF-I were seeded into polymer scaffolds as illustrated in FIG. 1, and allowed to grow for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. After the specified culture period cells were killed by freezing and lyophilization. The bioactive scaffolds were then seeded with naive non-transduced tendon cells and measured for rate of collagen synthesis and DNA synthesis. Controls included tendon cells alone for preconditioning minus the engineered gene.
  • FIGS. 2-4 Marked stimulation of collagen synthesis in bioactive scaffolds prepared for the six week time period and increasing with the scaffolds examined at the nine week time point (FIGS. 3 and 4).
  • PDGF- ⁇ and IGF-I are potent mitogens that have been shown to augment tendon healing.
  • PLLA poly(L-lactic acid)
  • RTFs that were either wild-type or transduced with the gene for PDGF- ⁇ or IGF-I were seeded onto PLLA scaffolds and incubated for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. Scaffolds were then frozen at -80 0 C, lyophilized, and stored to create a unique, "off-the-shelf bioactive scaffold.
  • wild-type RTFs were seeded onto experimental and control scaffolds, cultured for 3 or 7 days, and labeled with markers for collagen and DNA synthesis.
  • 24 rats underwent surgical transection of their Achilles tendon and primary repair by either suture alone, suture plus control scaffold, or suture plus preconditioned scaffold. Rats were sacrificed at 2 or 4 weeks, and studied for histological quality of repair.
  • Histology Grading The specimens were graded histologically using a modified Soslowsky score evaluating collagen grade (measuring degree of organization), and degree of angiogenesis.
  • the scoring system utilized the following 0-3 score.
  • the collagen grades were confirmed by further observation and grading of the repair sites under polarized light after picosirius red staining.
  • GDF-5 growth and differentiation factor-5

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des échafaudages tissulaires colonisés par des cellules de vertébrés exprimant une molécule bioactive transgénique, les cellules de vertébrés étant incapables de subir une mitose. L'invention concerne également des procédés pour développer du tissu chez un mammifère et des procédés pour administrer une molécule bioactive transgénique à un tissu d'un mammifère, à l'aide des échafaudages tissulaires. De plus, l'invention concerne des procédés de fabrication des échafaudages tissulaires.
PCT/US2007/017242 2006-08-01 2007-08-01 Échafaudages bioactifs WO2008016673A2 (fr)

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CA2986702C (fr) 2015-05-21 2023-04-04 David Wang Fibres osseuses corticales demineralisees modifiees
US10912864B2 (en) 2015-07-24 2021-02-09 Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation Acellular soft tissue-derived matrices and methods for preparing same
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EP2538791A4 (fr) * 2010-02-22 2013-08-14 Biomimetic Therapeutics Llc Compositions de facteur de croissance dérivé des plaquettes et procédés pour le traitement de tendinopathies

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USRE46402E1 (en) 2017-05-16

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