WO2008083418A1 - Optical element - Google Patents

Abstract

An optical element, preferably glasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses, used to correct myopia or hyperopia, wherein the optical element modifies the distribution of intensity of applied electromagnetic radiation on the retina of the eye of a user. The optical element has regions of varying degrees of transmission, which modify the distribution of intensity of applied electromagnetic radiation such that a distribution of intensity of a myopic eye can be achieved in a refractively corrected myopic eye, and a distribution of intensity of a hyperopic eye can be achieved in a refractively corrected hyperopic eye.

Description

 Optical element

The invention relates to an optical element, preferably spectacles, contact lens or intraocular lens, for use in the correction of myopia or hyperpiegies, wherein the optical element alters the intensity distribution of incident electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user's eye. Moreover, the invention relates to a method for producing an optical element.

Currently, models are being discussed to explain the pathogenesis and progression of axial myopia (= myopia). These include, among others, genetic, pharmacological and biochemical models as well as animal experiments. The myopia can basically be divided into two forms: on the one hand in a refractive myopia, in which the refractive power of the eye is too high, but the axial length is in the norm, on the other hand in an axial myopia, in which the eye is too long. In both forms, the focal point of rays incident in parallel to the eye is in front of the retina.

The axial myopia can in turn be divided into three forms: first, in a Myopia simplex or school myopia which usually begins at the end of the first decade of life and usually stabilized after the second decade of life, the refractive error can be up to -8D (= diopters). The second form is referred to as benign progressive myopia, in which stabilization does not occur until the age of 30, whereby values up to - 12D can be achieved. The third form is malignant progressive myopia, which is a chronic disease that progresses independently of currently known external influences. In malignant progressive myopia, values as low as -30D can be achieved. In malignant progressive myopia, all layers of the eye - from the retina to the choroid to the sclera - show characteristic changes. It comes more frequently to retinal detachment, to various Maculopathien such as the myopen Maculadegeneration, more to glaucoma (glaucoma), it comes to the occurrence of cataract (cataracts), often blindness threatens. The myopia has to be compensated by means of optical media (eg glasses, contact lenses, intraocular lenses), a generally accepted and established treatment does not yet exist. At present, studies are underway to slow down the progression of eye-length growth using atropine and similar substances such as pirenzepine in early forms of axial myopia. The exact mechanism of action of these substances is unknown. Nor is it known which internal and external factors are ultimately responsible for the growth of the eye. But you know from animal experiments, especially in chickens, that the length growth of the eye is controlled and regulated by the retina and that no higher visual pathway share or the brain are responsible for the growth regulation. It is postulated that the retina produces factors promoting length growth (= axial go) and inhibiting growth (= axial stop), which regulate growth. A precise identification of all factors involved or their control has not been successful.

Data from epidemiology show an increase in the frequency of axial myopia in much of the world, especially in Asia. So one finds in statistics that the

The frequency of myopia in children is over 90% in Japan, between 70% and 80% in Singapore, and around 70% in Taiwan and South Korea. In Taiwan, about 15% of the population is more than

-7D myopic macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in this country. Other statistics show that the proportion of the population aged between 5 years and 65 with an extremely high myopia of more than -10D is 3% for Malaysia, 0.9% for India and 0.8% for China.

Although the remarks above only relate to findings on myopia, hyperopia (farsightedness) can also be described as a problem related to myopia.

The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an adjunct with which the problems occurring due to myopia or hyperopia can be reduced.

This object is achieved for the myopia with the features of claim 1 and for the hyperopia with the features of claim 2.

For a myopes eye, therefore, an optical element, preferably spectacle lens, contact lens or intraocular lens is provided, wherein the optical element changes the intensity distribution of incoming electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user's eye, wherein the optical element has regions with different transmittance, the intensity distribution of the To change the electromagnetic radiation incident on the retina such that in a refractive corrected myopic eye, an intensity distribution of a myopic eye can be achieved. For a hyperopic eye, therefore, an optical element, preferably a spectacle lens, contact lens or intraocular lens is provided, wherein the optical element changes the intensity distribution of incoming electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user's eye, characterized in that the optical element has regions with different transmittance Change the intensity distribution of the incident on the retina electromagnetic radiation such that in a refractive hyperopic eye, an intensity distribution of a hyperopic eye can be achieved.

Refractive correction means that visual acuity is transferred to an emmetropic eye in a hyperopic or myopic eye. For example, in the eye with a certain myopia using a negative lens, the visual acuity is again corrected to OD.

The invention is based on the finding that the intensity distribution of the electromagnetic radiation incident on the retina exerts an influence on the growth of growth or factors which influence the growth of the eye's length. With the invention, at least a progression of myopia can be prevented, a normal vision, which is absent in severe hyperopia, can be induced.

It has proven to be advantageous if in a myopic eye, the transmittance steadily decreases in the radial direction of the optical axis.

The opposite is the case with the hyperopic eye, in which it is advantageous if the transmittance in the radial direction continuously increases from the optical axis.

For a long-term improvement in myopia or hyperopia, the correction of the intensity distribution can be over-corrected, ie the regions of different transmittance not only correct the erroneous intensity distribution to the original myopen or hyperopen state, but also to a stronger myopen or hyperopen state. For example, in an eye with myopia -7D, visual acuity is refractive corrected by a conventional negative lens of the appropriate thickness (transition to the emmetropic state). The intensity distribution of the electromagnetic radiation correct in the myopic eye is changed by the lens, which can subsequently lead to a worsening of the myopia. By introducing inventive areas of different degrees of transmission (eg. Filter), the The "false" intensity distribution at the retina caused by the lens is transformed back into the intensity distribution of a myopic eye (eg -3D), ideally at least into the intensity distribution of the original (uncorrected) eye (-7D) Intensity distribution to -10D would be corrected to achieve a longer-term improvement of myopia or analogous to the hyperopia (by controlling the length growth factors of the eye).

Decisive for the stimulation of the longitudinal growth or the inhibition of the longitudinal growth of the eye is primarily the electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the eye, which is why it proves to be advantageous if the regions of different transmittance are formed such that at least the intensity distribution of electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm is changed.

In the simplest way it can be provided that the areas with different degrees of transmission are achieved by a filter.

The above object is also achieved by a method of manufacturing an optical element. The method is as follows: Method for producing an optical element, preferably spectacles, contact lens or intraocular lens, for use in correcting ametropia of an eye, wherein an actual intensity distribution profit of incident electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user is determined as a function of the ametropia is compared with a desired intensity distribution profile, wherein the optical element is provided with a filter which converts the actual intensity distribution profile into the desired intensity distribution profile.

For example, the filter can be subsequently applied by coating or applying absorbent materials. It is equally conceivable to introduce absorbing substances into the optical element which are already integrated in the production. These may be dyes, etc. For example, if the optical element is made of plastic by polymerization, substances absorbing in the relevant wavelength range could be included. Even with optical elements made of glass, the dyes could be incorporated directly. It is favorable in any case, the absorption in the range of visible light (electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength from 380 to 780 nm), ie that the transmission in the range 380 to 780 nm as a function of the wavelength is substantially constant.

The details of the invention and the underlying concepts will be explained with reference to the following figures and description of the figures and explained with reference to exemplary embodiments.

It shows:

1 shows a perimeter P for determining the visual field of an eye on the left, right retina / eye,

FIG. 2 shows two representations of perimeters with electromagnetic radiation incident parallel to the optical axis of the eye and refracted by the optical system of the eye (FIG. 2A) and central rays which pass unbroken through the optical system of the eye (FIG. 2B), FIG. Figure 3 shows the image of electromagnetic radiation behind the optical system of the

Eye, which starts from a point P ₀ of the perimeter, Fig. 4 intensity distributions of the incident on the retina electromagnetic

Radiation of 3 different states with hyperopic eye (Figs. 4A and 4B) ₁ emmetropic eye (Figs. 4C and 4D) and myopic eyes (Figs. 4E and 4F) in two-dimensional representation, ie as a longitudinal section through the retina along the optical Axis (upper representations 4A, 4C, 4E), and in three-dimensional

Representation (lower illustrations 4B, 4D, 4F),

5 shows the intensity distribution for myopia, emmetropia and the difference intensity, FIG. 6 shows the intensity distribution for hyperopia, emmetropia and the difference intensity, FIG. 7 shows 1 normalized intensity distributions for myopia (FIG. 7A) and an enlargement of the difference Intensity (Fig. 7B) and Fig. 8 to 1 normalized intensity distributions for hyperopia (Fig. 3A) and an increase in difference intensity (Fig. 8A).

In Fig. 1, reference characters P are perimeter, R is retina, O is optical system, r is position vector of retina, t is tangent vector, n is normal vector, x _{f is} focal length, a is axial length of eye Poynting vectors (shown without arrows). A detailed description of Fig. 1 can be found below.

Fig. 2A shows parallel beams focused at the focal point and Fig. 2B central beams which pass unbroken through the optical system. FIG. 3 shows central and parallel rays (shown thick here) intersecting behind the lens at the point of convergence P _c , which is the construction point of the Poynting vectors emanating from a point P ₀ and obliquely through the optical System run.

FIGS. 4A to 4F show three intensity distributions: the intensity distributions are represented as functions (two-dimensional model, upper representations) and as surfaces (rotationally symmetrical three-dimensional model, lower representations). The axial length a was chosen according to a power of + 60D, the hyperopia relative to + 10D, the myopia -10D. The figures show the following states (shown are the intensity distributions

⁷ ^) (top) and I _R (y, z) (bottom)):

Fig. 4A + 4B: Hyperopia + 10D Fig. 4C + 4D: Emmetropia OD

Fig. 4E + 4F: myopia -10D

FIG. 5 shows the intensity distribution ^IR &) of the radiation in the retina for myopia

(Line A), the intensity distribution ^lR ( ^φ ) for emmetropia (line B) and the difference intensity (line C). By analogy, FIG. 6 shows the intensity distribution ^IR 1 of the radiation in FIG

Retina for hyperopia (line A), the intensity distribution ^IR ^ for emmetropia (line B) and the difference intensity (line C).

FIG. 7A shows three normalized intensity distributions for the myopia, normalized to 1. Line A shows the nominal intensity distribution ^Is ^ ^φ ) for the myopia, line B the normalized actual intensity distribution Ii {ψ) for the correction = emmetropia, line C the absorption profile ^A (f) for the myopia. Fig. 7B: enlarged absorption profile ^ (v) for myopia (line C).

Fig. 8A shows three normalized intensity distributions for hyperopia normalized to 1. Line A shows the desired intensity distribution ^Is ^ ^φ ) for the hyperopia, line B the normalized actual intensity distribution hiψ) for the correction = emmetropia, line C the absorption profile ^A (ψ) for the hyperopia. 8B: enlarged absorption profile Mv) for hyperopia (line C). The goal of physical modeling is to qualitatively calculate the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation in the retina that results when a constant and homogeneous intensity distribution of the radiation around the eye is imaged by the optical system onto the retina. As a standardized environment, the illumination of the background during the visual field examination in the perimeter should be used. When examining the visual field in the perimeter, a point-like light stimulus is projected into an illuminated hemisphere with a homogeneous and constant light intensity. By means of modeling, we try to model the light intensity of the perimeter background imaged by the perimeter on the retina, whereby the punctiform light stimulus, which is used for the actual determination of the field of view, should not be taken into account. Since a rotationally symmetric model is assumed, the modeling can be reduced to a two-dimensional problem. We use as space the two-dimensional Euclidean space with the standard scalar product, which as usual induces the norm,

As coordinates we use the Cartesian and the polar coordinates,

The perimeter P is represented by a semicircle with a radius p in the left half-plane, wherein the radius p is usually about 50 cm to 70 cm,

The retina R is represented by a semi-ellipse in the right half-plane with a variable semiaxis of the ellipse a in the direction of the positive x-axis,

In the direction of the y-axis at x = 0, the optical system O of cornea and rigid lens reduced to a vertical line (the ability of the lens for accommodation is neglected in this model formation) should be located,

As shown in Fig. 1, chaotically diverging light emanates from each point PQ of the perimeter P. From the part that reaches the retina through the optical system, we want to calculate the flux ^ and, over the flux, the intensity / electromagnetic radiation, which is described by the Poynting vector field ^s , at the retina,

das differentielle und orientierte Oberflächenelement der Retina mit Normalenvektor

Da wir die differential-geometrische Beschreibung im zweidimensionalen Raum durchführen, entspricht dem orientierten und differentiellen Oberflächenelement ein orientiertes und differentielles Linienelement sodass

A here is the surface of the retina and

the differential and oriented surface element of the retina with normal vector

Since we perform the differential-geometric description in two-dimensional space, the oriented and differential surface element corresponds to an oriented and differential line element so

gehen wir von einer Ortsdarstellung der Retina in Form von Polarkoordinaten aus

und erechnen zunächst den Geschwindigkeitsvektor als Ableitung des Ortsvektors

nach der Variablen ¹^,

Der normierte Tangentialvektor

an die Retina bestimmt sich aus dem Quotienten des Geschwindigkeitsvektor

durch seine Norm,

In the following we will determine the normal vector ™ and the differential line element ds of the retina. For the normal vector to be determined

Let us assume a spatial representation of the retina in the form of polar coordinates

and first calculate the velocity vector as the derivative of the position vector

after the variable ¹ ^,

The normalized tangent vector

to the retina is determined by the quotient of the velocity vector

through his norm,

an die Retina ist orthonormal zum Tangentialvektor

und ergibt sich somit zu

Of the

to the retina is orthonormal to the tangent vector

and thus results in

sodass sich schließlich das orientierte differentielle Linienelement ergibt zu

Für die Bestimmung des Flusses Φ und der Intensität / der elektromagnetischen Strahlung in der Retina haben wir jetzt den ersten, differential-geometrischen Anteil des Oberflächenintegrals mit der Bestimmung des differentielten und orientierten Oberflächenelements der Retina, welches in der zweidimensionalen Beschreibung einem differentiellen und orientierten Linienelement gleich ist,

abgeschlossen. Für den zweiten Anteil des Oberflchenintegrals ist nun noch die Bestimmung des Poynting- Vektorfeldes ^₁ welches das optische System und in der Folge die Netzhaut durchsetzt, ausständig. Um das Vektorfeld S zu bestimmen, nehmen wir Bezug auf die geometrische Optik, vergleich dazu die Fig. 2. In Anlehnung an die geometrische Optik fordern wir erstens, dass ein Strahl durch das Zentrum des optischen Systems keine Brechung zeigt, und zweitens, dass ein Strahl, der parallel zur Achse des optischen Systems verläuft, durch das optische System in einen Strahl abgebildet wird, der durch den Brennpunkt des optischen System verläuft. Geht also erstens ein Strahl von einem Punkt P₀ = (x₀, y₀) des Perimeters aus und verläuft durch das Zentrum des optischen Systems, so ist die die Graden-Gleichung gegeben durch 2/-(³O = zW³^-For the differential line element ds to be determined we use

so that eventually the oriented differential line element results

For the determination of the flux Φ and the intensity / electromagnetic radiation in the retina we now have the first, differential-geometric component of the surface integral with the determination of the differentiated and oriented surface element of the retina, which in the two-dimensional description equals a differential and oriented line element is

completed. For the second part of the surface integral, the determination of the poynting vector field ^ _1, which penetrates the optical system and subsequently the retina, is now obsolete. In order to determine the vector field S, we refer to the geometric optics, compared to Fig. 2. Based on the geometric optics, we firstly require that a ray through the center of the optical system does not show refraction, and secondly, that a Beam, which is parallel to the axis of the optical system, is imaged by the optical system into a beam passing through the focal point of the optical system. First, if a ray passes from a point P ₀ = (x ₀ , y ₀ ) of the perimeter and passes through the center of the optical system, the equation given by 2 / - ( ³ O = zW ³ ^ -

Secondly, if a ray passes from the same point P ₀ = (* o, / o) parallel to the optical axis and is then refracted by the optical system, then the degree equation behind the optical system is y2 ( ^χ ) = yo ^χ / ^χ f - Here, X _{f is} the focal point of the optical system measured from the origin of the coordinates. Reference should be made to FIG. 3 for comparison. In the following we use for the description of the coordinates for the point P ₀ = (xo, Yo) polar coordinates with x ₀ = r ₀ cos ^ o _ur , dz / o = ro sin ^ o _{ι where} b _e j for the angle ^< *> »We [π / 2, 3π / 2} ._ _{If one} equates _the two straight line equations, 2/1 ( ³ O = 2/2 ( ³ O), one finds that the point of intersection of the line Jz ₁ (X) and y ₂ (x) in the so-called convergence point ^ = 0c ^c , 2 ^/ _c ) [where the coordinates of the point of convergence are given explicitly by

wobei für die Norm der Poynting-Vektoren des Feldes gilt

If an arbitrary ray passes from a point P ₀ = (x ₀ , yo) of the perimeter through any point of the optical system, then behind the optical system - in the right half-plane on the side of the retina - the refracted ray should pass through run this convergence point. The convergence point should now be the construction point for the vector field. For the Poynting vectors to be calculated, we assume that they are on the rays of geometric optics should lie. The searched vector field S then consists of the normalized Poynting vectors

where for the norm of the Poynting vectors of the field

Perimeters ausgeht, bestimmt werden. Fluss ^⁰ und die Intensität I₀ sind gegeben durchWith the determination of the differential and oriented surface element and the Poynting vector field all components for the calculation of the flux and the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation are determined. First let the flux ^ ⁰ and the intensity I _{0 of} the radiation be that of a single point P _{0 of} the

Perimeters go out, be determined. Flux ^ ⁰ and the intensity I ₀ are given by

In order to determine the total flow .phi.R and the total intensity I _R of the radiation emanating from the perimeter and is imaged on the retina must be summed over all points of the perimeter, which emit radiation,

In our description we replace the sum by the integral over the angle

Wir haben bei der Integration einmal die Integrationsreihenfolge vertauscht, um so für die Gesamt-Intensität I_R durch Vergleich den Ausdruck zu erhalten

We once interchanged the order of integration in the integration so as to obtain the expression for the total intensity I _R by comparison

wobei die Gesamt-Intensität l_R dann explizit gegeben ist durch

where the total intensity l _{R is} then explicitly given by

The integral for the total intensity I _{R of} the radiation in the retina can not be solved by means of tables or computer algebra systems in a closed form. However, this parameter integral can be numerically calculated point by point and thus represented as a function. If we also take the axis length of the eye a and the focal length of the optical system x _f as parameters, the total retinal intensity is then a function in Ψ of the form

IR = IR (^ X f ^ ψ) -

If one substitutes y = ^{sin ι} P and one additionally assumes a rotational symmetry of the considered system consisting of perimeter P, optical system O and retina R around the x-axis, then the total intensity distribution of the radiation in the retina can be transferred over as area the (y, z) plane, which depends on the parameters focal length x _f and axis length a,

IR = IR (V, *) - Compared with the axial length a of the eye, we use the familiar terms for the refractive power of the eye x _f : If x _f <a, then the eye is myop (= nearsighted), then X _f = a, the eye is emmetropic (= normal-sighted), and for x _f > a the eye is hyperopic (= farsighted). For an arbitrary but fixed ^α ° ^{e [αmi} n, α _ma ^χ] can be for myopia with x _f <a _0, emmetropia with x _f = a ₀ and hyperopia with x _f> a _0, the accompanying intensities I ^{R Determine} (Ψ) ^or - ^lR (y> ² ) and represent as in Fig. 4. With the appropriate letters as indices for myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia

IM {Ψ) = IR ( ¹ P) with Xf <α ₀ IE (Ψ) = IR ( ¹ P) ^with Xf = ^Q o IH (ψ) = IR (Ψ) with Xf> αo can be named with this name Set up the following relations in the graphics:

IM (Ψ) <IE (Ψ) <IH (Ψ) Ψ e [-π / 2, τr / 2] \ {0} The detection of the intensity of the radiation at the retina requires the following mechanisms:

1. The different local intensities of the radiation are detected in the area of the retina by the first neurons of the retina. The cells of the retina have a mechanism with which they can detect the local intensity of the radiation (eg by measuring the number of photons). 2. The rods and cones of the retina recognize not only the local intensity of the radiation, but also the intensity of radiation in the adjacent retinal neurons (directly through cell-cell contacts or mediated by the retinal pigment epithelium, horizontal cells or Müller cells).

3. The retina is able to detect a global intensity distribution for the retina according to the modeled intensity distribution. According to the intensity distribution "measured" by the retina, factors for growth regulation are produced. The ideal reference intensity distribution ^IB ^ is the intensity distribution at the emmetropia. If changes in the length of the eye a and changes in the refractive power x _{f of} the eye occur, they cause an altered intensity distribution ■%) • The

Differential intensity ^AI ^ ^~ ^ ^{IU> ~ 1} ^ between the intensity distributions is measured and according to the sign of this difference intensity we postulate the expression of promoting and inhibiting factors that regulate the growth and power of the eye.

With the concept of \ oka \ s and global detection of the intensity distribution ¹ If) - of the radiation and the detection of the difference .DELTA.I {φ) = I _B {φ) - l {φ) _e j _ner intensity distributions Hf) - from an ideal reference Intensity distribution ^ (^) we posit for free selectable but fixed focal lengths x _f three different growth effects for the growth of the eye:

1. intensity difference Δ / = 0: (no figure)

If the intensity distribution measured by the retina no longer changes, a stationary equilibrium state with emmetropia is reached, in which the factors (signals) for growth promotion (= axial go) and the factors for growth inhibition (= axial stop) are in balance hold, Axial-go / Axial-stop = 1.

2. Intensity difference Δ /> 0: (Fig. 5) If Δ / = / _B (¥>) - / ( ⁽ ₍ σ)> O _{1 s0} ) has a myopic intensity distribution for the eye

I {φ) = IM {Ψ). We postulate that the quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop <1 and thus the growth stimulus (= Axial-go) for the growth of the eye is smaller than the inhibition of the growth of the eye (= Axial-stop).

3. Intensity difference Δ / <0: (Fig. 6) If ^{Δ / ~ IE} ^ ¹ ^ ^κ °, the eye recognizes that there is a hyperopic intensity distribution i {φ) ~ I ^H {Ψ). We posit that the quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop> 1 and thus the growth stimulus (= Axial-go) for the growth of the eye is greater than the inhibition of the growth of the eye (= axial-stop) and the eye Length increases.

Through this modeling with which we the detection of an intensity distribution or the

In order to assign a differential intensity distribution through the retina to the growth regulation, we try to explain the following three phenomena: the emmetropisation, the lack of emmetropisation in severe hyperopia, and the progression of axial myopia.

1. The emmetropization:

As a rule, there is a hyperopia at birth, which is compensated in the course of life and leads to emmetropia. The emmetropization by modeling can now be explained by the fact that a hyperopic eye has an intensity difference Δ / <0 and thus a hyperopic intensity distribution ^{/ fl} dadurch, thus a preponderance of growth promotion over growth inhibition with a quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop > 1 and the eye grows until an equilibrium state between growth promotion and growth inhibition with emmetropia and a quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop = 1 is reached, where then the intensity difference Δ / = 0.

2. The lack of emmetropisation in severe hyperopia:

In case of severe hyperopia, lack of emmetropia may prevent the eye from becoming normal. The explanation by means of the model could be that the original hyperopic intensity distribution ^ {ψ) with the associated intensity difference Δ / <0 is converted into an emmetropic intensity distribution ^ (ψ) with the associated intensity difference Δ / = 0 by compensation of the refractive error by plus lenses. This restricts the relative preponderance of growth promotion in favor of growth inhibition, thereby eliminating further growth in length for emmetropization. By correcting the refraction error, the actual quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop> 1 is reduced to a value close to one, Axial-go / Axial-stop «1.

3. The progression of axial myopia:

If, in the context of emmetropisation, excessive growth occurs with an excessively long eye, axial myopia results, with the eye too long and the eye too long Refractive power is relatively low. The too long and myopic eye has a myopic intensity distribution ^I M {Ψ) with the associated intensity difference Δ /> O, whereby the growth inhibition predominates and a quotient Axial-go / Axial-stop <1 results. If the refraction error is compensated with minus lenses, so that the eye is converted into an emmetropic intensity distribution ¹ E [P ¹ ] with the associated intensity difference Δ / = 0, then the preponderance of the growth inhibition is throttled. Additional hypoakkomodation in close work causes a relative excess of growth promotion with Δ / <0 and a progression of longitudinal growth, and axial myopia is the result. According to this model, the myopia development of the overly long eye represents the natural counterregulation process to slow down the growth of length. However, because the refractive deficit due to visual acuity reduction has to be compensated to see sharply, the natural counterregulation process is partially reversed, and additional hypoaccommodation creates a preponderance of the growth-promoting processes.

It is possible with the invention

1. to compensate for the refraction error, and

2. to influence the intensity distribution of the radiation at the level of the retina in such a way that the regulation of growth coupled with the intensity distribution becomes controllable. In concrete terms, the goal of the treatment should be efficient growth support for insufficient or missing emmetropisation in severe hyperopia and, in order to avoid the progression of axial myopia, an efficient growth inhibition.

With regard to the corresponding descriptions above, we also have the cause for the missing ones in the refractive correction of the refractive error

Emmetropisation in severe hyperopia or the cause of the progression of the axial

Myopia is seen to be unfavorable in the mechanisms of refractive correction

Growth regulation of the eye is intervened. Consequently, after this

Model now in addition to the refractive correction also the intensity distribution of the radiation in the level of the retina can be changed by filters to bring the regulation of growth back into the

Lot to move back, so the intensity distribution to modulate so that the level of the retina an intensity distribution is generated as a refractive uncorrected eye. The optical filter should be an optical glass (eg spectacle lens), a contact lens or a

Be intraocular lens with a specific transmission gradient, such that in the retina around the macula at Ψ = ^Q radially symmetric target intensity distribution is produced. This desired intensity distribution should correspond to the intensity distribution of the refractive uncorrected eye.

The transmission gradients apply to the model. In the model, only spherical refractive errors were considered. If, in addition, there is astigmatism or a defective vision of a higher order, the corresponding spherical equivalent shall be converted. For an individual calculation, the respective axial length and refractive power should also be used in order to then correspondingly transform the transmission profile to the given conditions.

The desired intensity distribution ^Is ^ for the myopia is the normalized myopic intensity distribution ^I M (Ψ) (see FIG. 7),

Die Ist-Intensitätsverteilung // (φ) ist für die Myopie die entsprechende emmetrope Intensitätsverteilung

The actual intensity distribution // (φ) is the corresponding emmetropic intensity distribution for the myopia

Bei vernachlässigbarem Reflexionskoeffizienten bestimmt sich der Transmissionskoeffizient T(Ψ) _zu The absorption coefficient ^Λ ^ then results too

With a negligible reflection coefficient, the transmission coefficient T (Ψ) is determined _{to be}

The desired intensity distribution ^Is ^ is the hyperopie normalized to one hyperopic intensity distribution ^IH ^ (see Fig. 8),

The actual intensity distribution // (φ) for the hyperopia is again the emmetropic intensity distribution ^IB ^> related to the normalized desired function,

The absorption coefficient " ⁴ ^ for hyperopia then results

With a negligible reflection coefficient, the transmission coefficient T (Ψ) is determined _{to be}

In conclusion, it can be explained by way of explanation

• a myopes eye without correction (for example, without glasses) has the "right" intensity distribution but the "wrong" focal length (= blurred vision)

• a myopes eye with correction (for example with glasses) has the "correct" focal length (= sharp vision) but the "wrong" intensity distribution

• a myopes eye with correction and filter should have the "correct" focal length and the "right" intensity distribution.

Claims

claims Optical element, preferably spectacles, contact lens or intraocular lens, for use in the correction of myopia, wherein the optical element detects the intensity distribution of incoming electromagnetic radiation on the retina of the Altered eye of a user, characterized in that the optical element has regions with different transmittance, which change the intensity distribution of the incident on the retina electromagnetic radiation such that in a refractive corrected myopic eye, an intensity distribution of a myopic eye can be achieved. 2. Optical element, preferably glasses, contact lens or intraocular lens, for use in the correction of hyperopia, wherein the optical element changes the intensity distribution of incoming electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user's eye, characterized in that the optical Element has regions with different transmittance, which change the intensity distribution of the incident on the retina electromagnetic radiation such that in a refractive hyperopic eye, an intensity distribution of a hyperopic eye can be achieved. 3. An optical element according to claim 1, characterized in that the optical element is a negative lens. 4. An optical element according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical element is a positive lens. 5. An optical element according to claim 1 or claim 3, characterized in that the transmittance steadily decreases in the radial direction of the optical axis. 6. An optical element according to claim 2 or claim 4, characterized in that the transmittance steadily increases in the radial direction of the optical axis. 7. Optical element according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the regions of different transmittance are formed such that at least the intensity distribution of electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm is changed. 8. An optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the regions with different degrees of transmission are achieved by a filter. 9. A method for producing an optical element, preferably spectacles, contact lens or intraocular lens, for use in the correction of ametropia of an eye, wherein, depending on the ametropia, an ACTUAL Intensity distribution profile of incident electromagnetic radiation on the retina of a user is determined and compared with a target intensity distribution profile, wherein the optical element is provided with a filter that converts the actual intensity distribution profile into the target intensity distribution profile. 10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the filter is subsequently applied, preferably by coating. 11. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that the filter is introduced into the optical element, preferably by absorbing substances.